KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
So 03/2020
Van 6e xay dyng va thiet ke he thdng cay xanh cho cac dif an cong trinh giao thong
• TS. LE X U A N THAI; ThS. CHU PHI/ONG NHUNG Trudng Dgi hgc Cong nghe Giao thong vdn tdi
TOM TAT: Bai bao da trinh bay so lupc lich SLJ quy hoach cay xanh cho cac tuyen dudng tren the gioi va Viet Nam, neu duoc cac vai tro chij chot ciia cay xanh tren cac tuyen dudng bo, dua ra dupe viec quy hoach cay xanh phu hop v6i he thong giao thong duong bo va dinh huong xay dung cac chinh sach quy hoach cay xanh theo huong phat tnen giao thong ben vung.
T u KHOA: He thong cay xanh, quy hogch cay xanh, cdng trinh giao ttiong, dudng bo, moi truong giao thong ABSTRACT: The article prosented a brief history of green trees planning for roads In the world and in Vietnam, identify the key roles of green trees on roads; proposing green trees planning suitable to the road traffic system and the orientation to formulate green trees planning policies towards sustainable transport development
KEYWORDS: Green trees system, green trees planning, transport works, roads, traffic environment.
l.OATVANOE
Cay xanh da duac trong t d lau dpc theo cae tuyen dudng vdi nhieu Iy do khac nhau. TU nhUng thdi ky so khai ciia nen van minh nhan loai, eay xanh da giQ mot vai tro quan trpng ve mat trang tri canh quan. NgUdi Ai Cap, Brazil, HyLap,Trung Hoa va La Ma xua rat tran trgng eay xanh va cd trudng hgp thd ciing cay. Khi thuong mai va giao thong phat tnen, cay trong duoc ehuyen di tir nude nay sang nUde khac va cac vudn thue vat Idn nho b^t dau ra ddi d tat ca eac quoe gia, dieu nay lam gia tang chimg loai eay trong, dan tdi kien thde ve trdng cay va cham soc cay ngay cang phong phu va da dang hon. Cay xanh la mgt phan quan trpng eua kien true tuyen dudng, ludn duoc quy hoach mot each khoa hpe va dong bo cung vdi viec xay dUng tuyen dUdng. Pans, New York, London, hay Berlin - nhUng thanh phondi tieng the gidi lam me dam Idng ngudi mot phan bdi duge ed khong gian thoang mat, trong lanh va tao dau an khd quen ve do thl xanh, saeh, van minh.
2. SO Ll/CfC TiNH HiNH B 6 TRf CAY XANH TREN THEGlOlCHOCACDLrANCdNGTRlNHGIAOTHONG
2.1. Chon ciy phu htfp nhat
Neu tdlTP. London ciia Anh, chiing ta se cd Ccim giae nhu lac vao mdt rirng eay tieu huyen (London Plane).
Day la mgt gidng lai ghep duoc trong rat nhieu tren eac tuyen pho 6 thanh phd nay. Mdt trong nhUng dae diem tuyet vdi ciia loai cay nay la ed the chju duge 6 nhiem. La sang bong, than eay to va song dUOc tren nhUng khu dat can eung nhUcd nhOng uu diem ly tUdng cho mgt loai eay trong trong do thi.
Khdng ehi tai London, cay tieu huyen cung kha phd bien d nhieu thanh pho khac tren the gidi. Nd dugc trong 6 vung khi hau am hon nhu mien Bic nUdc y hay mien Nam nUde Phap vdi nhurng hang cay tieu huyen tuyet dep phii bdng dgc kenh dao Canal du Midi eung nhu eae kenh rach khac va cae tuyen dudng chinh d Phap. Tai Geneva (Thuy Si) loai cay nay cung dugc trong vdi so luong tdn.
Mgt dieu kha thii vj la d tdng bang eua nUde My, cay tieu huyen deu dUoc binh chon la cay tieu bleu cho bang, khong ehi bdi ehiing moc k h i p noi tai cac tieu bang ma cdn bdi ehung mang lai nhieu loi ich ve kinh te, sinh thai va moi trudng. Trong danh sach nay, ed the ke den cay la phong, hong sdi, tung, de, cay hoang dUong...
2.2.Tam nhin quy hoach
Nhan thUe dUpc loi ich thiet thUc ciia cay xanh, ehinh quyen nhieu thanh pho tren the gidi rat chii trong den viec quy hoach eay do thi. Sudt thdi vua Henry IV (Henry Navarre 1579-1610) ciia Phap, dng da cho thiet ke lai cae tuyen qudc 16 vdi nhUng hang cay rpp bdng mat.
Cho den ddi Napoleon III, cac hang eay xanh mudt khap eae eon phd Paris mdi dupe gay dUng quy md Idn va phat tnen thanh Thil do Paris hoa le nhu ngay hdm nay.
Trong khi do, Thu do Berlin eua Ddc quy hoach cay xanh dudng phd thudng chpn mot loai cay lam chu dao.
Dai 16 ndi tieng nhat Berlin • "Unter Den Linden" la vf du dien hinh eho viec nay. Chay doe dai 16 nay la hang cay phil mot mau xanh mudt cho nhUng lau dai cd. Day duge xem nhu la mot trong nhdng danh t h i n g noi tieng khdng chi ciia thii do nUdc DUc ma cua ea chau Au.
6 cae nUde Bie chau My, su phat trien trong q u i khir eiia cay xanh tren eac tuyen dUdng bg tap trung vao viec trong cay, bao quan va kien triie eanh quan - d i e biet la dUdng trong dd thi. Den nam 1970, co quan lam nghiep Hoa Ky da dUa ra dinh nghia ve lam nghiep mdi
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KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
trudng {environmentforestry):"Lam nghiep moi trudng bao gom nhirng khia eanh tai nguyen lien quan den viec phue vu lpi ich cua eon ngudi, ket hgp vdi eie tai nguyen do vdi cac gia trj hdu hinh hay vd hinh ciia thuc vat rUng trong va xung quanh khu vUe do thi. CIc thuc vat tao rCmg nhu vay bao gdm mgt pham vi rgng rai cae hoan canh ri/ng: phan bd tCr moi trudng edng vien do thj den cac vanh dai xanh va rdng gd tren cac khu vUc nong thon...".
Viee trong cung mdt loai cay tren mot tuyen dudng dan dan trd thSnh truyen thdng va lan sang My, Canada, mgt sd nudc khac va dUgc xem nhu quy dmh. Ngay nay, ngudi ta khdng con quy djnh trong eiing mgt loai cay tren mot tuyen dUdng ma day chi la mgt each trong nhieu each khic. Vi du trong trudng hpp cd mot loai dich benh nao do x i y ra doi vdi c3y xanh, viec trdng nhieu loai cay xanh tren mgt tuyen dudng se giup cay xanh khdng chet hang loat. Do do, trdng nhieu loai cay tren mgt tuyen dudng cijng la mgt g i l i phap trong cay.
Ben eanh do, mdt sd qude gia nhu Trieu Tien, Sri Lanka... cung da cd nhUng phat trien dang ghi nhan trong linh vUc nay. Cac ghi chep ljch sir d Trieu Tien chi ra ring, trong Vuong quoc Shilla bat dau tif nam 57 TCN cay da duge trdng xung quanh ngoi mg vua, trong cac khu vudn Hoang gia doe theo ven dudng, doc theo con sdng va bd bien nham muc dich kiem soat xdi mdn.
Den thdi ky hien dai, viec quy hoach cay xanh dugc hinh thanh cu the hon, cung nhd do viec quan ly duoc nang len mgt tam eao mdi. Mat dudng nhua, nen gaeh, via he, san be tdng, chat lieu bao ehe nha bang kinh, da, gach... da xuat hien ngay mgt nhieu, lam giam di lupng eay xanh, anh hudng den sure khoe, t i m ly ngudi dan xung quanh. Chinh vi vay, d mpt so nudc da dUa ra cac phuong an nhU:
- Xay dung tieu chi va quy hoach phat trien thanh pho vudn;
- Xay dung ti^u chi v^ quy hoach phat trien thanh phd tuyen.
3. THLTC TRANG Bd TRI CAY XANH CHO CAC DlT A N C O N G TRiNH GiAO T H O N G TAI V l i T NAM
Cay xanh n g i y cang ed vai trd quan trgng va trd thanh tieu chi can co cho nhUng doan dudng di qua khu vuc dan cu va trong viee phat trien giao thdng ben vUng.
Bdi le, cay xanh cd tinh nang cai thien mdi trUdng khdng khf v l khf hau rat tdt tren cae tuyen dudng bo. Cay xanh hai ben dudng phd ed the g i l m lupng bui trong khong khi ddi vdi nhdng tang tren cua nha cao tang tU30 - 60%.
Ciy xanh lam g l i m thieu khf n h i kfnh, lam giam p h i n xa bijrc xa mat trdi ra xung quanh. Theo cac tai lieu nghien ctru, trung binh 01 ha rdng hay vudn cay ram rap ed the hap thu 1.000kg CO^ va t h i i ra 730kg O^ moi ngay. NhU vay, moi ngudi dan do thj can dien tfeh khoang 1 Om^ eay xanh hoae 25m^ t h i m ed de dam bao khong khi trong lanh cho cupe sdng. Cay xanh cd kha nang hap thu tieng on va phu thudc vao dai cay xanh ram rap hay thua thdt, rdng hay hep, cao hay thap, la day hay mdng, la rong hay be... Cay xanh cd t i e dyng sit trung, diet mdt sd vl trung.
vl khuan ddc hai, hap thu eac khi dde hai va dam b i o ve sinh mdi trudng.
Doi vdi c i n h quan tuyen dUdng, he thdng cay xanh lam tang tham my c i n h quan, tao ra cam giae em diu ve mau sac va moi trudng khi hau thanh binh.
3.1. Quy hoach cay xanh phu hdp vdi he thong giao thong dudrng bo
Trong nhCTng nam qua, he thdng ket eau ha tang giao thong nUde ta phat trien theo chieu hudng md rong ve quy m6, nang cao ve chat lupng. Tuy nhien eho den nay 6 Viet Nam, viee quy hoach cay xanh eho cac tuyen dudng bd van chUa ed eong trinh nghien cdu hoac van b i n nao quy djnh cu the. Viec trong cay dgc cae tuyen dudng phan Idn deu mang tinh chii quan cua chil dau t u ma chUa mang tfnh quy hoaeh lau d l l va chii y den giai phap bao ve moi trUdng.
De phat trien cac dai cay ben dudng giao thong khdng the tien hanh mgt each tiiy tien ma can phai dam b i o mdt sd nguyen tac: d i m bao dp phii xanh, dien tich xanh, so cay xanh... eho tdng khu vUc, dae biet la doan di qua khu ddng dan eU - noi dien tich nhd nhung mat do dan cU Idn, lam nay sinh nhieu van de lien quan den ve sinh moi trudng. Cac tieu ehuan nay phu thupc vao sd dan, su p h i n bd dan eU, cac hoat dpng san xuat, xay dung, lugng xe lUu thong tren tuyen dUdng... Ddng thdi, viec bd trf trdng cay, phat trien eay xanh phai dam bao yeu cau eai thien moi trUdng, ehii y den viec ngan chan sU lan toa eiia eac chat gay 6 nhiem, tieng dn tCr cac nha may, xf nghiep, khu edng nghiep, khu ehe xuat, CO sd tieu thil edng nghiep, xe eg, giao thong. Can tinh den tinh lien tuc eiia he thong eay xanh trong tong the tuyen dUdng. Cac thanh phan ciia cay xanh bao gdm:
eay via he, cay d dai phan cieh, cay trdng phii xanh ta- luy dudng.
Ket hop dieu kien tU nhien, dae diem khi hau nhU hudng gid, tdc dd, che d6 nhiet, luong mUa, tfnh chat dat dai... khi bd trf trdng eay, phat tnen cay xanh eho tirng khu vUc, tren co sd"dat nao eay ay", dae biet ehu y den dat dai da thay doi cau true bdi eac edng trinh xay dUng; ket hpp vdi cic di tfeh hch sU, di tfeh van hda, danh lam thang canh, vi do la mpt bg phan ciia boat ddng nghi ngoi giai tri, giao due van hda eho dan eU.
Cay xanh doc cac tuyen dUdng bp khong nhat thiet phai phan bd deu, ma cd the dugc phat trien d nhCrng noi thu hilt ddng dao dan eU nhat. Nguyen t i e nay con la phuong ehlm "mem deo" bdi nd phii hgp vdi thuc tien phat trien eiia xa hdi, nhat la ndi thanh - noi mpi vi trf kien triie ve co ban da duoc an bai. Ddi vdi nhdng cay xanh da tdn tai can thay the eae loai cay trdng hai ben dudng khdng phii hop vdi dieu kien khi hau, dat dai, ATGT van hoa dan eU. Trdng mdi eay xanh tren cae doan dudng mdi md, cai tao tren mdi mot tuyen dUdng nen trdng mpt loai cay nham tao nen net dae trung eiia tuyen. Tren doan dUdng di qua giUa trung tam thanh phd can chu y p h i t trien ciy xanh hai ben via he. Neu dieu kien eho phep nen phat trien nhdng dai eay xanh each ly giCra tuyen dudng nay vdi khu dan cu. NhUng dai cay xanh nay ngoai nhUng eay than go con ed the phdi ket vdl cae cay byi, bdn hoa, tham cd. Chung vCra ed tac
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KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
So 03/2020
dung tao canh quan vda gdp phan chong dn, ehdng rung, ngan can bui, lam giam tac ddng xau den ddi song khu d i n cU.
Tai cac vdng xoay, dao giao thdng tren cae tuyen dudng trong thanh phd cd the xay dung eac bdn nudc dong, phdi ket vdi bon hoa hoae tham ed, tranh trdng eac loai cay cao de lam ehe khuat tam nhin, nham tang ve sinh dong va tao canh quan cho do thi, tranh viec xay dung dao giao thong la cae khdi be tdng tro trgi. Mat khac, mudn lam edng tae quan ly eay xanh phai nam duge tae dung ciia cay xanh ve moi mat (ve sinh, cai tao khf hau..,), nhUng I n h hudng den ddi sdng eiia eon ngUdi va phai co nhQng bien phap de dat tdi nhUng muc dfch lau dai va ben vdng. Mdt sd tieu ehuan chpn eay trdng via he: cay c6 than thang tU nhien, go tdt, khong gidn, de gay bat thudng gay tai nan. Cay ed t i n , canh la ggn, re cai va phan Idn bg re an sau trong dat, gid cay vCrng chie, khd bj ehiie do; khdng ed hoae it re an noi gan mat dat de tranh lam hu hai via he, mat dudng va edng trinh xay dung xung quanh gdc cay; la cd ban rpng, hoa, qua khong hap dan ruoi nhang lam I n h hudng den ve sinh...
Vdng ddi song cay tuong ddi dai de dd tdn kem khi phai trdng lai; co sUc phat trien chieu cao tUong ddi nhanh, khdng qua eham desdm phat huy tac dung. Cay ed sUc chdng chju tdt vdi dieu kien t u nhien va sau hai pha hoai. Cay co kha nang chong vi khuan trong khdng khf, cay ed gia tri kinh te. Cac tieu ehuan can lUa ehgn linh hoat vi khd ehgn dupe loai eay dap irng day dii cac tieu ehuan do; luu y cae tieu ehuan ve than, re, la; nen chu y tao net neng cho mdi con dUdng bang loai dae trUng va tren mot dUdng hay mgt doan dai nen trong mgt loai eay de vira de cham sde, vira dep va can trdng thang hang.
Ben canh viec quy hoaeh cay xanh phu hop he thdng giao thdng, tren cac dUdng chfnh trong khu do thi cd the td chdc vUdn eay chay dgc giUa dai lg hoae hai ben he pho. Rieng ddi vdi phan dao giao thdng gida quang trudng thi nguyen tac td chUe eay xanh, mat nudc hoan toan khac. De tranh han ehe tam nhin, khdng eho phep trdng cay cao tren cae d i o giao thdng, vi vay d day td ehirc cay xanh chi eho phep ket hpp bdn hoa, tham cd va cd the td chde nho cao dan d phia tam dao. CJ cac dao giao thong Idn c6 the td ehde bon nUde ddng (ed the la nUde phun hay nudc chly) d t i m dao, ket hgp vdi cae bdn hoa, tham cd xung quanh.
3.2. Djnh hudng xay diTng chinh sach quy hoach cay xanh theo hiTdng phat trien giao thong ben vufng Thdnhdt, Nha nUde can ban hanh chfnh saeh, quy dinh cu the ve viee td chUc quan ly eay xanh tren dudng dam b i o phai hai hoa vdi einh quan va he thong giao thong, quy dinh each thde va tieu chuan trdng, ky thuat, cham soc eay xanh giao thong; chii trpng den yeu td tham my, tao hinh de mang xanh hai hda vdi canh quan kien true, to nhien va ddng thdi la mot phan tao nen tinh doe dao, diem nhan cho eie edng trinh.
Thdhai, tang cUdng s U g i l m sat eiia xa hgi ddi vdi bao ve va cham soc eay xanh; dao tao nhan lUc co kien thii'c khoa hoc va kinh nghiem trong linh vuc quy hoach
va phat trien cay xanh, xac dinh cu the dat danh cho cay xanh; xay dung edng trinh g i n vdi bao v^ cay xanh hien hUu; quan ly ehat che dat danh eho cay xanh; xay dUng va cu the hda cac tieu ehi"xanh" trong danh gia, xep loai;
quy dinh rd loai cay nao khuyen khfch trdng va loai cay camtrongdcae edng trinh giao thong.
Thu'do, Nha nUde nen ehii ddng keu gpi eae to ehUe, ea nhan trong va ngoai nUde dau tU eae dU an phat tnen ely xanh eho cac eong trinh giao thong, eac dU an Ung pho vdi bien doi khf hau; cd co ehe hd tro tai chinh eho b i o ve va phat trien cay xanh nhU gia e l nguyen vat lieu, cay trdng...; chfnh sich ho trg phat trien, xay dung co sd ha tang tren ca sd bao ve cay xanh. Ben canh do, khuyen khich va huy dgng ngudn luc toan xa hdi tham gia vao phat trien, bao ve he thdng cay xanh.
Thd td, tuyen truyen cho mpi tang Idp nhan dan nang cao nhan thdc ve bao ve va phat trien cay xanh theo dpc tuyen dUdng; dua vao phd cap giao due cho eae em hgc sinh hieu va bao ve cay xanh.
Thd nam. tuan thii eac quy t i c cua quy hoach cay xanh: dam bao ATGT, dam b i o ve sinh mdi trudng, dugc sU chap nhan ciia ngudi dan.
Thdsdu, loai eay dUpc lUa chpn phli phii hpp vdi dieu kien sinh thai, thd nhudng va mdi trUdng dae thiJ ciia dudng bg; cd eo ehe khuyen khfch cac ea nhan, tap the tfeh cUc tham gia trdng, cham soc va bao ve cay xanh.
4. Kil LUAN
NhUvay, eay xanh cho cac cdng trinh giao thdng da duoc eae nUde tren the gidi quan tam, phat trien tU rat lau.Trong thdi dai hien nay, mdtsd nude phat trien dacd nhCrng budc tien vuot bae trong viee tdn tao, duy tri va phat trien eay xanh. Ho da cd cac che tai ran de dii manh cung nhuthuehiendupe nhCrng ban quy hoach cosd ha tang GTVT eo tam nhin dai han va dae biet la y thUe cgng ddng tham gia giao thong la rat cao. Day la nhufng van de edt loi ma Viet Nam ean phai ap dyng de ed the duy tri va phat trien duge he thdng eay xanh cho cac cdng trinh giao thdng mdt each ben vUng.
Tai lieu tham Ichao
[1]. Che Dinh Ly (1997), Cdy xanh phat tnen va qudn ly trong moi trddng do thi, NXB. Ndng nghiep,TR Ho Chf Minh.
[2]. Tran Viet My (2001), Nghien edu cosd quy hogch eay xanh vd chgn ioai eay trong phu hap phue vu qud trinh do thi hoa TP Ho Chi Minh, Luan an Tien syNdng nghiep.
[3].Trung tam DU bao va Nghien cUu do thj - PADDI (2011), Khoa tap huan quy hoqch vd qudn ly khong gian xanh, ehinh sdch bao ton va phdt tnen cdy xanh (tir ngay 18-22/4/2011).
[4]. HttpJ/vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/226343/singapore- chat-3-eay-bi-phat-6-000-usd.htmi
[5], Http://news.zing.vn/tam-nhin-phu-xanh-singapore- cua-ong-ly-quang-dieu-post523609.htmL
[6]. Http://danviet.vn/tin-tuc/5-loai-cay-tao-nen-dao- quoc-rung-xanh-singapore-599652.htmi
[7], Http-y/www.travetsingapore.com.vn/chi-tiet-du-
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Sa 03/2020 lich/cai-thien-khong-gian-xanh-o-singapore-5456-1755.
html#.V4dqlPl97IU.
[8]. Bd GTVT (2013), Bdo cdo tong hap Chien luac GTVT Viit Nam.
[9]. Truong Mai Hdng (2010}, Bdi giang cdnh quan do thi.
[10]. Che Dinh Ly (1997), Cay xanh phdt trien va qudn ly trongmd/fn/dngddf/i/, NXB. Nong nghiep TRHd ChiMinh.
[11]. Tran Viet My (2001 ),Wg/j(enciJ'L;cOsd(7uy/ioac/i cdy xanh vd chgn loai cdy trong phu hop phue vu qud trinh do thi hoa TP. Ho Chi Minh, LATSnong nghiep.
[12]. HanTat Ngan (1999), K/entmccd/i/j quan, NXB.
Xay dung Ha Ngi.
[13]. Nguyen ThjThanhThiiy (1997), To chdc va quan lymoi trddng cdnh quan do thi. NXB. Xay dUng.
Ngay nhan bai: 12/12/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang: 05/01/2020 NgUcri phhn bien:TS. Pham Anh Hung
TS. Vu Van Ooanh