HO CHf MINH V6l CONG CHUfC VA CONG VU CUA NEN HANH CHINH DAN CHO CQNG HOA
PGS. TS NGUYEN DANG THANH
•6 Chi Minh co y thu'c tCr rat sdm va sau sSc ve viec xay dung mot nen .hanh chfnh mdi ciia chinh thd dan chii cong hoa. Hai yeu to' co ban gop phan lam nen chat lugng mdi cua nen hanh chfnh ay la doi ngu cdng chiic cdng tam, thao viec, mSn can va nen cdng vu gin dan, VI dan. Ho Chf Minh da sir dung cac bien phap khoa hoc va hieu qua de xay dung mot nen hanh chfnh mdi va theo do nhieu quan niem, nguyen ly da dinh hinh, den nay con nguyen gia tri.
1. Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve cong chuc va cdng vu cua nen hanh chinh.
a. Che do mdi, chdt litdng mdi cua nen hanh chinh ddn chii cong hda dqt yeu cdu mdi vol cong chdc va cong vu.
Trong Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap ngay 02-9- 1945, Ho Chf Minh da khang dinh: Dan ta da danh do xieng xfch thuc dan gan 100 nam de xay dung nen Nha nuac Viet Nam doc lap. Dan ta lai danh do che do quan chii may muoi the ki ma lap nen che do cong hda. Ban chat ciia che do mdi la dan chii, edng hoa. "Do la mgt eudc thay doi cue ky to Idn trong ljeh sir cua nudc ta"l.
Che do ay da tao ra va doi hdi mot nen hanh chfnh mdi vdi chat lugng, to chirc hoat dgng va bg may nhan su khac ve chat so vdi trudc day.
Ho Chi Minh da thuc hien mgt cuoc cdch mang trong quan niem ve ban chdt, vi the', chitc ndng, nguyen tac van hdnh cua
nen hanh chinh mdi. Cach mang thang Tam da khdi dau cdng cuoc xay dung che do mdi va nen hanh chfnh mdi tiep tuc hien thuc hda su thay ddi ay. Ban chat cua su thay ddi ay la mgi quyen hdnh vd luc I Udng deu d noi ddn. Ho Chf Minh da dira ra mgt quan diem mdi me va cu the ve chfnh the dan chii, cong hoa, rang: "Nudc ta la nudc dan chii: Bao nhieu Igi fch deu vi ddn. Bao nhieu quyen han deu cua ddn.
Cong viec doi mdi, xay dung la trdch nhiem cua ddn. Su nghiep khang chien, kien qudc la cong viec cua ddn. Chfnh quyen tir xa den Chfnh phu trung uong do ddn cii ra. Doan the tir trung uang den xa, do ddn to chdc nen. Ndi tdm lai, quyen hanh va luc lugng deu 6 nai ddn"^. Ngudi quan niem: "Nhan dan la ong chu xAm.
ehfnh quyen. Nhan dan bau ra dai bieu thay mat minh thi hanh chfnh quyen ay.
The la ddn chu"^. O mgt dat nudc ma nha nudc xuat hien ttr rat sdm va mang nang
"truydn thdng" quan lieu, xay dung dugc mgt nhd nuac ddy ta ciia ddn la dieu ma nhieu nha tu tudng Idn ciia loai ngudi da tirng ap u. Nhung, van de la Ho Chf Minh da sdm dua ngay y tudng dd vao viec to ehii:c mgt Nha nudc kieu mdi va cd gdng thuc hien.
Chii the quyen lire ciia che do mdi cung
Pho Giam d d c Hoc vien Chfnh tri Hanh chmh quoc gia Ho Chf Minh;
- Giam doc Hpc vi^n Hdnh chfnh.
KI NIEM 120 N A M N G A Y SINH CHU TICH HO CHI MINH
dugc Ho Chf Minh xac dinh ro rang "Nhan dan la: bdn giai cap cdng, ndng, tieu tu san va tu san dan tdc... Trong nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa ciia chiing ta, tat ca mgi quyen luc deu ciia nhdn ddn, t\jic la eiia eae giai cap cdng, ndng, tieu tu san va tu san dan toe. Bdn giai cap ay do giai cap cdng nhan lanh dao, lay cong nong lien minh lam nen tang, doan ke't eae giai cap dan chu va cac dan tdc trong nudc, de thuc hanh dan ehii chuyen chfnh"^.
Nen hanh ehfnh mdi phai la cdng eu ddc lue de nhan dan la ehii the dfch thue va td'i cao ciia quyen luc: "Che do cua ta la che do dan chii. Nhan dan la chii. Chfnh phii la day td cua nhan dan. Nhan dan cd quyen ddn ddc va phe binh Chfnh phii. Chfnh phu thi viec to, viec nhd deu nhSm mue dfch phuc vu lgi fch cua nhan dan. Vi vay, nhan dan lai cd nhiem vu giup dd Chfnh phu, theo dung ky luat ciia Chfnh phii va lam diing chfnh sach ciia Chinh phii, de Chfnh phii lam trdn phan su ma nhan dan da giao phd cho"^.
Hd Chf Minh phe phan quyet liet ban chat cua bd may nha nudc thue dan, phong kien va chuan bi nhu'ng eo sd ly luan va thuc tidn de hinh thanh nen tu tudng ve mdt nha nudc kieu mdi, that su dan chu.
Trong Dudng kdch menh, Ngudi viet lam each mang thi nen lam eho den noi, nghia la lam sao each mang rdi thi q^uyen giao cho dan chiing sd nhieu, chd de trong tay mdt bgn ft ngudi. The mdi khdi hi sinh nhieu lan, the dan chiing mdi hanh phuc.
Bdi vay, khi chfnh quyen each mang da duge xae lap thi Hd Chf Minh da lam mdt eudc each mang vdi quan niem: "Chfnh phii la day td cua nhan dan", "can bd la cdng bgc ciia dan". Thuc chat day la su trd lai vdi nguyen ly democratos eiia dan chii - cai nguyen ly ma ai va d dau cung ndi nhung hien thuc hda nd trong thue te nhu Hd Chf Minh thi cd rat ft.
Quan diem quyen lire thudc ve nhan dan va the che, thiet che nha nudc phai phue vu cho lgi fch ciia nhan dan trong tu
tudng Hd Chf Minh la rat hien dai. Ngudi diing khai niem "uy thae" de ndi den viec nhan dan trao mdt phan quyen luc ciia minh cho chfnh quyen. Quyen luc ciia Nha nudc tir trung uang den dia phuong, tir Chii tich nudc de'n can bd xa deu do nhan dan
"uy thae" cho va nhan sir "do dan bau nen .
Viee bdu ra bd may lap phap va hanh phap thdng qua pho thdng dau phieu, theo Hd Chf Minh, la thao tac dau tien de cd nen dan chii: "Tong tuyen cu la mdt dip cho toan the qudc dan tu do lira ehgn nhirng ngudi cd tai, ed dire de ganh vac edng viec nudc nha... Do tdng tuyen eit ma toan dan bSu ra Qudc hdi. Qudc hdi se eir ra Chfnh phu. Chfnh phu dd that la Chfnh phii cua toan dan"^. Quyen lue va bd may hanh chfnh la do dan "uy thae",
"giao quyen", "bau ra", "trao quyen"... la sir khang dinh quyen lire thudc ve nhan dan. Nd phan anh nhifng nguyen tac can ban eiia mdt nen hanh chfnh hien dai ma eae nha khoa hgc tirng khang dinh: quyen lire thudc vd nhan dan, nhan dan la chii the td'i cao ciia quyen lire.
Hd Chf Minh cdn quan niem, phai dem chfnh tri vao giifa dan gian trude het la gdn hoat ddng ciia chfnh quyen vdi ddi sdng thudng nhat eua nhan dan: "Vi vay chfnh sach cua Dang va Chfnh phii la phdi het sdc chdm nam de'n den sdng cua nhdn ddn.
Neu dan ddi, Dang va Chfnh phii ed Idi;
neu dan ret la Dang va Chfnh phu ed Idi;
ne'u dan ddt la Dang va Chfnh phii cd Idi;
neu dan dm la Dang va Chfnh phii ed Idi"^.
Them vao dd, nen hanh chfnh tao dugc cai "chfnh tri d gitra dan gian", cdn khoi day su quan tam ciia nhan dan va phat huy dugc tfnh tfch cue ciia hg: "Chfnh phu rat mong ddng bao giiip dd, ddn dd'c, kiem soat va phe binh de lam trdn nhiem vu eua minh la ngudi day td trung thanh, tan tuy cua nhan dan"^. Ngudi cung yeu eau mgi ngudi phai biet quyen lgi cua minh, phai cd kien thire de ed the tham gia vao cdng cude xay dung nudc nha. Ngudi dan can
TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUdC - SO 172 (5-2010)
KI NIEM 120 NAM NGAY SINH CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH I
phai cd nhu'ng nang luc nhat dinh va Nha nudc phai tao dieu kien, co hdi de nhan dan cd dugc nhung nang luc ay.
b. X:iy dung dpi ngu cong chuc Id cong hoc cua ddn.
Khiii niem cdng bgc ma Hd Chf Minh diing de chi chiic trach va bdn phan ciia nguoi cdng chuc che do mdi cung la mdt dot pha trong tu duy ve nhim sir cua bd may hanh chinh. Trong xa hgi cu, vi the ciia ngudi cdng bgc la chiu su sai khien ciia tat ca. Cdng bgc cd nghia la "ngudi day td cua ehung". Tan tuy, cdn mdn thuc hien mgi yeu cdu eiia nhan dan, cua xa hgi la ham y ciia khai niem dd. Nd thay cho quan niem "phu mdu chi dan". Day cung la mgt sir dao Ion mang tinh each mang trong quan niem ve vi the ciia CB,CC trong nen hanh chfnh qudc gia.
Quan he cua ngudi dan vdi Nha nudc dugc Hd Chi Minh lam rd trong quan he vdi ddi ngu (CB,CC). Hg la cdu ndi giifa chfnh sach va thuc tidn. Hd Chf Minh quan niem rdng, hg "la nhting ngudi dem chfnh sach ciia Dang, ciia Chfnh phii giai thich cho dan chiing hieu rd va thi hanh. Ddng thdi, dem tinh hinh cua dan chiing bao cao eho Dang, cho Chfnh phii hieu rd, de dat chfnh sach cho dung"^.
Trach nhiem va bdn phan ciia CB,CC trude het la do phan cdng lao dgng xa hgi va khdng he cd dac quydn, dac lgi. Ngudi viet: Nudc ta la nudc dan cRii, dia vi cao nhat la dan, vi dan la ehii. Trong bd may each mang, ttr ngudi quet nhd, nau an cho den Chii tich nudc deu Id phan edng 1dm day td eho dan.
Ngudi cdng bde ay phdi het ldng phung suTd qudc, phung su nhan dan. Ngudi yeu cdu CB,CC nha nudc phai ludn ghi nhd quydn han vd trach nhiem vd cung nhdc nhd cho nhan dan ve mdt dia vi hodn todn mdi cua hg trudc chinh quyen. Hd Chf Minh da dan: "Chung ta phdi hieu rdng, cdc ca quan cua Chfnh phu ttr todn qudc cho den cac ldng, deu Id cdng bgc cua dan, nghia la de ganh vdc viec ehung cho dan.
chif khdng phai de de ddu dan nhu trong thdi ky dudi quyen thdng tri cua Phap, Nhat. Viec gi lgi cho dan, ta phdi het sire 1dm. Viec gi hai den dan, ta phai het sifc tranh. Chung ta phai yeu dan, kfnh dan thi dan mdi yeu ta, kfnh ta"!^ Ve tu each cua CB,CC, theo Ngudi, phai tan tuy vdi sir nghiep each mang, phai trung thdnh vdi Dang, vdi To qudc, "vd luan hodn canh the ndo, long hg cting khdng thay ddi". Hd Chi Minh luu y rdng: "Dang khdng phai Id mot td chirc de lam quan phat tai"^^. Vi vay, ngudi cdn bd each mang khdng phai la ngudi "1dm quan each mang", lam edng chirc khdng phdi Id de "thang quan tie'n ehifc" hay "mdt ngudi lam quan ea ho dugc nhd", de "de ddu cudi cd dan ehiing nhu dudi thdi thuc dan - phong kien", v.v.
Chuan hda cdng chirc de phti hgp vdi yeu cau edng viec va khdch quan trong su lira ehgn la dieu md Hd Chf Minh quan tam ttr kha sdm. Sdc lenh sd 188/SL ngay 29-5-1948 do Chu tich Hd Chf Minh kf ban hdnh da neu kha todn dien vd eu the cac mdn thi tuyen edng chuc vao bien che nhd nudc vdi nhung yeu cau kha eao ddi vdi cdng chire liie dd ve hieu biet chfnh tri, phap luat, dia ly, lich sir, ngoai ngu...^2.
Tinh thdn trach nhiem vdi cdng viee la phdm chat Hd Chf Minh de cao vdi ngudi cdng ehirc. Bieu hien trudc he't la thai dp cdng tam. Cdng chirc phai: "Dem ldng chi cdng vd tu ma ddi vdi ngudi, vdi viec"^^.
Hd Chf Minh khang dinh vi lgi fch ehung Id tu cdch quan trgng nhat cua ngudi cdng bgc ddi vdi Nhd nudc va nhan dan. Nhung ngu'di triing eir (vdo bd may nhd nudc) se phai ra sue giii: virng nen ddc lap eiia To qud'e, ra sire muu sir hanh phiic cho ddng bao. Phai ludn ludn nhd va thuc hdnh cau:
Vi lgi nudc, quen lgi nha; vi lgi ehung, quen lgi rieng; phai biet "lo trudc thien ha, vui sau thien ha".
Hg phai thuc sir vi dan ma lam viec, biet hi sinh vi sir nghiep ehung, phai biet hi sinh mdt chiit ve tinh than de tham du vao cdng cude kien qudc. Cd chiu kham kho
Ki NIEM 120 NAM NGAY SINH CHU TICH HO CHI MINH
bay gid, mai sau mdi duge hudng nhieu quydn lgi. De giiip cdng viec Chfnh phu mdt each ddc lire, de nang cao tinh than khang chien, cdn bg, vien chifc phdi co 4 ddc tinh la: cdn, kiem, liem, chinh. Phai cd mdt tinh than chf cdng, vd tu; phai ghi sau nhifng chii cdng binh chfnh true vdo ldng.
Neu mudn danh, lgi thi danh 1dm sao eho dan tdc minh cd danh vdi the gidi vd lgi lam the nao eho tranh duge lgi vdi the gidi - dd la danh chfnh va lgi chfnh...
CB,CC phai cd nang lire lanh dao, td chuc va guong mdu thuc hien dudng loi, phap luat cua Dang, Nha nude. Mudn the, phai "chuyen" tire Id virng ve chuyen mdn, nghiep vu va thudng xuyen ddi mdi phuong phdp lam viec; biet ehgn trinh tu uu tien cdng viec; thudng xuyen tdng ket cdng tac; phai ludn ludn cd sang kien; sau sat, gan gui nhan dan, cd tinh than phu trach, biet lanh dao ehung, nhung biet lira ehgn trgng diem; phai kiem tra, kiem sodt chat ehe... Ngudi cdn yeu cdu cdng chirc phai dac biet "guong mdu trong viec thi hanh Hien phap va cac luat le". Ngudi cdn bd, bdng hanh ddng thue te eua minh, phai lam eho dan tin, dan yeu, dan kfnh, dan phuc va noi guong.
Phai cd phong each cdng tde "Sat quan ehiing, hgp qudn chung"^'^. Gdn dan, hieu dan va dugc dan tin, lam theo Id pham chat va phong each lam viee edn thiet eua cdng chire, phai ''Td trong qudn chiing ra. Ve sdu trong qudn chiing"^^; can phdng va chdng tac phong chu quan, quan lieu, dai khai, ham chuong hinh thirc, phd truong cho oai, lam dai khdi, qua loa. Vdi tu duy bien chiing, Hd Chf Minh can dan: "Chiing ta tuyet ddi khong theo dudi qudn ehung.
Nhung phai kheo tap trung y kien cua qudn ehiing, hda nd thdnh cai dudng Idi de lanh dao qudn ehiing. Phai dem each nhan dan so sanh, xem xet giai quyet cac van de, md hda nd thanh each chi dao nhan dan"^^.
Hd Chf Minh dua ra quan diem cho cap tren khi lua chon sic dung cdn bg vdi 5 ndi dung: "... Phai cd do lugng vT dai thi mdi
cd the dd'i vdi can bd mdt each chf cdng vd tu, khdng cd thanh kien, khien eho can bd khdi bi bd roi. Phai cd tinh than rdng rai, mdi cd the gdn gui vdi nhtrng ngudi ma minh khdng ua. Phai ed tfnh chiu khd day bao, mdi ed the nang dd nhtrng ddng chf edn kem, giup eho hg tien bd. Phai sang sud't, mdi khdi bi bgn vu vo bao vay, ma each xa can bd tdt. Phai cd thai do vui ve, than mat, cdc ddng chf mdi vui ldng gdn gui minh"^^.
Chii trgng ren luyen, giao due, phe binh CB,CC. Chi hon mdt thdng sau khi thdnh lap chfnh qvyen each mang, trong thu giri Uy ban nhan dan cac cap, Hd Chf Minh da chi rd: "Tdi vdn biet trong cac ban ed nhieu ngudi 1dm theo diing chuong trinh ciia Chfnh phu va rat duge ldng nhan dan.
Song cung cd nhieu ngudi pham nhtrng Idi 1dm rat nang ne"^^. Ngudi da thang thdn chi ra nhifng Idi 1dm chfnh nhu trai phep, cay the, hu hda, tu tiii, chia re, kieu ngao.
Nhtrng bieu hien cu the la benh tham d, xa hoa, lang phf, quan lieu vd hach dich, tham chf dting phdp cdng de bdo thti tu. Thdi do dd 1dm mat ldng tin cay cua dan va uy tfn cua Chfnh phii.
Hd Chf Minh nhan manh den viee chdng chu nghia be phai, cue bd, dia phuang, hep hdi trong cdng tac va trong chfnh sach can bd. Ngudi phe binh mdt each nghiem khde viec ua ke ninh ciia ngudi 1dm edng tdc edn bd, tim each lgi dung chiic quyen de dua anh em, hg hdng, ban be than quen vao ehiie nay chiic ng.
Phe phan nhtrng khuyet diem tren eua can bd, Hd Chf Minh mong mudn mgi ngudi sira chua de chfnh quyen ngay cang hoan thien va lam viee tdt hon. Bien phap la: "Sira chira sai 1dm, ed nhien cdn dting each giai thfch thuyet phuc, cam hoa, day bao. Song khdng phai tuyet nhien khdng dting xir phat. Ldm Idi cd viee to, viec nhd... Vi vay, hodn toan khdng dting xir phat la khdng diing. Md chiit gi cung dting den xir phat eung khdng dung"!^. Ngudi cdn ndi, chiing ta khdng sg sai ldm, nhung
TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6c - SO 172 (5-2010)
Ki NIEM 120 N A M NGAY SINH CHU TICH HO CHI MINH
da nhan biet sai ldm thi phai ra sire sira chua. Vi vay, ai khdng pham nhtrng ldm Idi thi nen chii y tranh di vd gdng sire cho them tien bd. Ai da pham nhu'ng lam loi thi phdi het sire sira chira; neu khdng tu sira chtfa thi Chfnh phu se khdng khoan dung.
c. Xdy dung nen cong vu vi ddn, khoa hgc.
Nhan manh tinh chat dan chu cua Nha nudc, Hd Chi Minh cung rat coi trgng quan ly dat nudc, xa hdi bdng phdp luat, quan tam xay dung nhd nude phap quyen hop phdp - hgp hien, nen cdng vu vi dan va khoa hgc.
Hd Chf Minh da chu ddng xay dung Nhd nudc Viet Nam dan ehii edng hda - nhd nude phap quyen, hgp phdp, hgp hien, dan chu va coi trgng tinh hieu luc, hieu qua thuc te - mdt each bdi ban, quy cu, diing ddn. Ngudi da quan tam ea hai mat: nhanh chdng td chiic ede thiet ehe eua bd may nhd nudc va ban hanh ede the ehe (Hien phdp vd phap luat) tao co sd phap ly va khoa hgc de td chiic "mdt chfnh quyen manh me va sdng sudt ciia nhan dan". Dd Id mdt nha nudc ed eo cau td chiic va co ehe hoat ddng thfch hgp vdi dieu kien lich sir Viet Nam, mang tfnh khoa hgc ve chfnh tri hoe, xa hdi hgc, luat hgc va khoa hoe td chire hdnh chfnh.
Ngay ttr khi di tim dudng ciiu nudc, nam 1919, Nguydn Ai Qudc da ndu rd tu tudng: "Tram dieu phdi cd thdn linh phap quyen". Trude Cdch mang thang Tam nam
1945, sau khi Nhat ddo ehfnh Phap, Hd Chf Minh da chu truang thanh lap chfnh quyen each mang d can ctr dja, cac khu gidi phdng liic bay gid. Dd'n dau thang 8- 1945, mac dti tinh hinh rat khan truang, Ngudi da kien quyd't trieu tap Dai hdi qudc dan d Tan Trao, cir ra Uy ban dan tdc giai phdng Viet Nam - mdt td chiic "tien chfnh phii" de ddm bao tfnh hgp phap vd hidu luc quan ly ciia ehfnh quyen mdi.
Trong phien hop dau tidn ciia Chfnh phu lam thdi, ngay 03-9-1945, Chii tjch Hd Chf Minh neu rd: "Trudc chiing ta da bi che do
quan chii chuyen che cai trj, rdi dd'n che'do thuc dan khdng kem phdn chuyen che, nen nude ta khdng cd hien phdp. Nhan dan ta khdng dugc hudng quyen tu do dan chu.
Chung ta phdi co mot hien phdp ddn chii"'^.
Vdi tu each la ngudi diing dau Nha nudc vd Chfnh phu, Trudng ban soan thao Hien phdp, Chii tjch Hd Chf Minh da phat huy tri tue cua Dang, toan dan cting vdi Qudc hdi, soan thdo ban Hien phdp dan chii dau tien trong Ijch sir nudc nha. Hien phdp nam 1946 khdng djnh: Tat ca quyen binh trong nude la ciia toan the nhan dan Viet Nam. Nhtrng quy djnh cua Hien phdp nam 1946 ve td chiic bd may nha nudc ttr Qudc hdi, Chfnh phii dd'n Hdi ddng nhan dan va Uy ban hdnh chfnh cac cap va co quan tu phap deu chira dung sau sdc ban chat ciia mdt nha nudc phap quyen kieu mdi, cua dan, do dan va vi dan.
Khac vdi thuyet phap trj trong xa hoi phong kien coi phdp luat la cdng cu bao ve lgi fch ciia thieu sd cam quyen, khac vdi ly luan phap quyen cua xa hdi tu san coi phap luat la cdng cu duy ly chat che va vd tinh de quyen luc sao cho cd lgi cho giai cap tif sdn, quan diem ve phap luat ciia ehe dp mdi theo Hd Chi Minh ludn xoay quanh van dd xay dung Nha nudc cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan, ddng thdi, hinh thanh phap luat phuc vu cho quyen lgi cua nhan dan. Nhan dan vtra la chu the quyen luc vtra la ngudi dugc phap luat bdnh vuc, bao ve va theo dd, tfnh tfch cue chfnh trj cua cdng dan cd vai trd quan trgng. Ngudi cung nhan manh rdng, de Hidn phap va phap luat dam bao tfnh khach quan, phu hgp va phan anh diing ddn y chf, nguyen vgng cua nhan dan, Nha nudc phai thuc hien trung cau y dan. Hd Chf Minh la ngudi da nhieu lan keu ggi nhan dan ung hd Chfnh phu, giiip dd Chfnh phu trong cdng viec hay tim ngudi cd tai dire cho bd may nhan sir. Cd le day la diem khac bidt Idn nhat cua che' do Viet Nam dan chii cdng hda so vdi cac nen dan chii
Ki NIEM 120 NAM NGAY SINH CHU TICH HO CHf MINH
duong thdi.
Nen hdnh chfnh dan ehii cdng hda theo Hd Chf Minh cdn la nen edng vu "chii trgng thuc td' va nd lire ldm vide".
Cdi thue td' ma Hd Chf Minh quan tam ddu tien (va cung chfnh Id ham mudn tdt bae eua Ngudi) Id ddc lap cho dan tdc, tu do, hanh phiic cho nhan dan. Trong eudc hgp ddu tidn cua Uy ban nghien ciru kd' hoach kid'n qudc sau thang 8-1945, Ngudi neu rd mue tidu ciia Nha nudc Id: Lam eho dan ed an; Lam eho dan cd mac; Lam cho dan ed chd d; Lam cho dan cd hgc hdnh.
Ngudi cdn ndi, chiing ta dau tranh dugc tu do, ddc lap rdi ma dan cir chet ddi, chet ret, thi tir do, doe lap eting khdng ed nghia ly gi. Ngudi dan chi bid't rd gia trj eua tu do, ddc lap khi ma hg dugc an no, mac du. Bdi vay, hoat ddng ciia nen hdnh chfnh nhd nudc trude he't phai phuc vu cho "ddc lap - tu do - hanh phiic cua dan". Chfnh Hd Chf Minh da ehgn tieu ngtt ay cho mgi van bdn hanh ehfnh ciia chd' do dan chii edng hda.
Ngudi neu quan niem ve nen hdnh chfnh mdi: "Chfnh phu Cdng hda Dan chii la gi? La ddy td ehung cua dan, ttr Chii tjch toan qudc dd'n ldng. Dan la chu thi Chinh phu phai la day td. Lam vide ngay nay khdng phai de thang quan, phdt tai. Neu Chfnh phu ldm hai dan thi dan cd quyen dudi Chfnh phu. Nhung khi dan dung ddy td lam vide eho minh, thi phdi giiip Chfnh phu. Ne'u Chfnh phii sai thi phai phe binh, phd binh nhung khdng phai la chiri"^^.
Thuc td' ay cdn la sir nghidp "vtra khang ehid'n, vua kidn qudc", la ke' thtra dugc nhiing gia trj truyen thdng dan tde va nhirng thanh tuu td chirc nha nudc cua cac nudc tidn tie'n de td chiic mdt bd may nha nudc phap quyen phu hgp vdi thuc tidn cua Viet Nam. Tinh than thuc td' cdn la bid't dieu chinh khi hoan canh da thay ddi. Khi true tie'p ehii tri va chi dao vide sira ddi Hien phdp nam 1946, Hd Chf Minh khang djnh rang, dd la ban Hien phap dan chu dau tidn ciia nudc ta, thfch hgp vdi tinh hinh va nhiem vu each mang trong thdi ky
dd. Nd da hodn thdnh sii menh cua nd.
Nhung so vdi tinh hinh mdi va nhiem vu each mang mdi hidn nay thi nd khdng thfch hgp nifa. Vi vay ma chiing ta phai sira ddi Hidn phdp ay.
2. Gia trj cua tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve cdng chiifc va cong vu cua nen hanh chinh mdi.
a. Hd Chi Minh - ngUdi dgt nen mong cho nen hdnh chinh Viet Nam hien dgi.
Hd Chf Minh da ddnh nhieu edng sire, trf tue de xay dung nen hanh ehfnh ciia che' do mdi tren tat cd cac phuong dien. Trudc tien Id tren mdt quan niem va triet ly tidn tien, khoa hgc dd xay dung nen hanh chfnh qudc gia theo ehfnh the dan chii, cdng hda.
(3d the thay rat rd dau an eiia chu nghia duy vat ljeh sir trong vide Hd Chf Minh lua ehgn md hinh, td chiic, phuang phap van hdnh nen hdnh ehfnh mdi. Nhu cdu ciia thuc tidn khdng ehid'n kidn qudc, phdt trien siie san xuat va cham lo ddi sdng nhan dan ludn dugc quan triet trong qua trinh xay dung Nha nudc mdi. Cdng cude xay dung nen hdnh chfnh mdi cung trudc tidn phdi phuc vu eho sir nghidp "khdng ehid'n, kidn qudc" va xay dung chu nghia xa hdi.
Quan niem ciia Hd Chf Minh ve mdt nen hdnh chfnh ciia dan, do dan, vi dan vtra mdi me vtra phdn anh diing quy luat phat trien dan ehii. Nen hdnh chinh gan dan, vi dan vd cd bdn phan "dem chfnh trj vao d gitra dan gian" da la mdt hidn thuc cua ehe do Viet Nam dan chii cdng hda. Dd la nen hdnh chfnh ngay ttr ddu tidn da cuang quye't chdng lai nhtrng bieu hien cua eae can bdnh dugc coi la "man tfnh" eua nha nudc nhu quan lieu, xa dan, edng kenh, giay td vd xa thuc tidn.
Ttr kha sdm, trong be bdn eua edng viec
"khang ehid'n, kien qudc", nhieu tidu chf can ban cua edng chirc va cdng vu cua ehe' do mdi da dugc Hd Chf Minh xae lap vdi nhtrng quan diem khoa hgc - each mang va ehi ddn rat chi tiet ve pham chat, nang lire eua cdng ehiic va td ehirc, hoat ddng eua bd may hanh chfnh.
TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU6c - SO 172 (5-2010)
KI NIEM 120 NAM NGAY SINH CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH
b. Cdc tu tudng vd bien phdp md Ho Chi Minh thuc hien trong qud trinh xdy dung nen hdnh chinh, cong vu vd cong chuc mang tinh gai md Idn cho cong cuoc cdi cdch hdnh chinh hien nay.
Rat nhieu nguydn tdc do Hd Chf Minh quy djnh hien nay vdn edn nguydn gia trj.
Chang han, nguyen tdc phap quyen dan chu; nguydn tdc "nhifng gi cd lgi eho dan phdi het site lam, nhtrng gi cd hai cho dan phdi hdt siic trdnh"; nguydn tdc "vi vide ma tim ngudi chu khdng vi ngudi ma dat vide"; nguyen tdc "xay dung mdt nhd nude ft ton kem"; xay dung mdt nen hdnh chfnh gdn dan, vi dan va ggn nhe.
Tu duy bien chiing ciia Hd Chf Minh ve xay dung nen hdnh chinh ciing rat nhieu ddc dao. Ngudi chi ra sir khde biet ve ban chat ciia nhd nudc va nen hdnh chinh khi so sanh vdi cdc nen hdnh chfnh duang thdi, thdy dugc su bat cdng ciia nen hdnh ehfnh thuc dan nhung eting thay dugc nhifng yd'u to hgp ly ciia nhd nudc phdp quyen tu sdn.
Mdt so thao tdc ciia qudn ly truyen thdng hoac CLia nen hdnh chfnh nudc ngodi cd tfnh hgp ly eung dugc Hd Chf Minh kd' thtra, chang han "chi thj tim ngudi tdi dire"; phdt huy dan chii dd' ehgn diing ngudi cho edng vide ket hgp vdi thi tuyen;
de cao su gidm sat ciia nhan dan ket hgp vdi ehe' do trach nhiem va tinh ndu guong ciia ngudi lanh dao; thuc hidn che dd qudn lyCB,CC...
Khd nhieu trf thirc, edng chiic ciia ehe' do cu da dugc Hd Chi Minh "ddc nhan tam", sir dung va hg da tan hidn cho ehe do mdi. Chang han, Gido su Vu Dinh Hde da hodn thanh sir iiy thdc eiia Hd Chu tjch, cung ed Bd Tu phap, xay dung he thdng co quan tu phap ttr trung uang dd'n dja phuang, ddc luc giiip Ngudi dat nen mdng cho Nhd nudc phdp quyen trong sudt 14 nam (1946 - 1960). La ngudi dirng ddu Bd, dng da kidn tri nguyen tde "tu phdp nhan dan" va "tu phap ddc lap vdi hdnh chfnh"
dugc ghi trong Hien phdp 1946 cua nudc Viet Nam dan chu cdng hda.
Trong tu tudng ciia Hd Chf Minh, chiing ta edn thay su ke thtra kha nhieu nguyen ly khoa hgc phap quydn hidn dai va kinh nghiem phap ly - hanh chfnh ciia nhieu qudc gia duong dai cd nen hanh chfnh phap quyen, dan chu. Hd Chf Minh da ke' thtra hgp ly nhiing kinh nghiem nhung khdng he xa rdi thuc tidn Viet Nam. Luat gia Vu Dinh Hde da nhan xet: "Ngudi cd mdt tu duy phap ly nhay ben tuyet vdi, gan nhu thidn bam, thau hieu va thi hanh mdt each sdng tao ly luan va thuc tidn chd' dp phap quyen ciia thdi dai va cua the gidi van minh. Vdi quan diem rat mdi ve nha nudc va phdp quydn, Ngudi xay dung chfnh quyen nhan dan trdn dat Viet Nam ngdn nam van hien, vtra thoat vdng nd Id eua phuang Tay"^-^.
Ttr nhtrng nen mdng dd so va rat can ban ay, Nha nudc Viet Nam dan ehii edng hda non tre cting nen hdnh chfnh cua minh da hodn thdnh trach nhiem Ijch sir trong sir nghidp lanh dao ca dan tdc khang ehid'n, kien qudc, xay dung chd' do dan chu cdng hda thdnh edng va lanh dao dat nudc trong sud't su nghiep xay dung CNXH d mien Bde, dau tranh giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc.
Nhirng thanh tuu Ijch sir, to Idn cua nen dan chu edng hda khdng tach rdi nhting tu tudng rat khoa hgc ciia Hd Chf Minh ve cdng vu, edng chire va nen hanh ehfnh mdi ma ehinh Ngudi da day cdng xay ddpG
1, Ho Chf Minh toan tap, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H. 1995, rap 6, tr. 160.
2, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21. Ho Chi Minh, Sdd, tap 5, tr. 698, 269, 249, 186, 247, 248, 298, 279, 284, 60.
3,4, 5, 7, 8. m Chi Minh, Sdd, tap 7, tr. 218- 219, 217, 368, 572, 361-362.
6, 10, 18, 20. H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, tap 4, tr.
133, 56-57, 57, 8
12. Sdc lenh sd 188/SL ngay 29-5-1948, nam 1948, Website Thu vien Luat.
22. H6i ki Vu Dinh Hoe, NXB Hoi Nha van, 2004, tr. 701.