CHAT THd TRONG TIEU THUYET MIEN TAY CUA NHA VAN TO HOAI
VUTHITHUONG**'
Tom tdt: T6 Hoai Id mot trong nhdng gUOng mat tieu bieu eUa nin vdn hgc Viet Nam hien dai Tieu thuyet "Mien Tay" cua ong thdm ddm chdt thcf, dUOc the hien qua bite tranh thien nhien, phong tuc tap qudn vd phdm chdt tdt dep cua con ngiidi miin nUi vdi mot ngon ngii gidu dm thanh, hinh dnh, nhip dieu, giong dieu trd tinh sdu lang. Bdi vie't de cap den chdt thd trong tieu thuyet ''Mien T6y" cua nhd vdn Td Hoai, tit do thdy diidc tdi ndng, phong cdch vd dong gop cua ong dd'i vdi thelog.i tieu thuyet noi riing vd nin van hgc Viet Nam hien dg.i noi chung.
TU khoa: Chdt thd; tieu thuyet; To Hodi; Miin Tdy.
Abstract: To Hoai is one of the key writers in modern Vietnamese literature. His "The Wesf novel was filled with poetry portrayed through a beautiful picture of nature, local habits and good characteristics of mountainous people. The language in this novel was rich in sounds, images and rhythms, the tone was deeply romantic. This article discussed the poetic values of"T/ie West" novel by To Hoai to highlight his talents, writing style and contributions to the novel genre in particular and to modern Vietnamese literature in general.
Keywords: Poetic value; novel; To Hoai; The West.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/11/2018; Ngdy sita bdi: 20/01/2019; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 27/4/2019.
1. Dat van de
Thd la mpt the loai van hpc nay sinh rat sdm trong ddi sdng van hpe. Dac trUng e i a thd bieu hien rat sau sic t i cam htJtng sang tao, tinh y trong thd dg'n ngdn ngfl, nhae dieu... Thd la nhflng rung ddng va cam xuc eia con ngfldi trudc cupe sd'ng difde bdc 16 mpt each chin tinh, tfl nhidn.
Khi nhflng dac triing nay e i a thd di vao tac pham van xudi thi dflpc gpi la chat thd trong van xudi. Chat thd trong van xudi gop phin lam cho tac pham van xudi them mUdt ma, xuc cam, giau hinh anh va nhae dieu hdn. Theo Td dien Thuat ngd Vdn hoc, eac tac gia cho rang; "Chat thd dg chi nhflng sang tac van hpc bing van van hoELC van xudi giau xuc cam, npi dung cd dpng, ngdn ngfl giau hinh anh va nhip di6u"">. Chat thd dUdc hieu la ve dep gdi
SH 5-2019
cam, gdi cam xuc tam hon, gdi Udc md, gin vdi eai dep. Trong van xudi, chat thd dupe bieu hien d nhieu cip dp, cd the la nhflng bflc tranh thien nhien tUdi dep nen thd, cd the la nhflng hdi fle tha thiet, la nhflng hanh dpng, viec lam eao dep, tao nen sfl thi vi trong cudc sd'ng. Chat thd cdn dUde bieu hidn d each s i dung kdt cau, gipng dieu, ngdn t i . . . khdi gdi, danh thflc dUde nhflng cam xuc trong sang, phat huy dupc kha nang tudng tUdng bay bdng eia ngUdi doe.
Trong cud'n So tay vii't vdn, Td Hoai ting tam sU ve nhflng y thd trong van
<•» NCS. Khoa Van hoc, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hpi;
TrUdng Dai hoc Thu do Ha N6i
'11 L6 Ba Han, Tran Dinh Stt, Nguyen Khac Phi (d^ng chu bien) (1992), Tii dien thuat nga udn hoc, Nxb, Giao due, tr. 310.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
CHAT THO TRONG TIEU THUYET MIEN TAY CUA N H A V A N TO HOAl xudi: 'Vang, dung la nhflng y thd, da tfl
Idu tdi lam, tdi cam tha'y ma chfla phan tieh dude"*^'. 6 tac pham nao ciing vay, Td Hoai da dfla yeu td ddi thfldng phang phit chat thd vao boi canh s i thi mot each tfl nhien, nhuan nhi, dung nhfl Phan CU De nhan xet: "Trong tac pham Td Hoai, nhflng bflc tranh xa hpi du mau sic tdi tham, du dUdng net t r i n trui den dau vdn le ldi mpt anh sang, bang bac mot chut thd"'^\ Cai anh sang thd ea iy khdng den vdi truyen, ki Td Hoai mot each ngau nhien ma xuit phat tfl quan niem e i a chinh dng: "Tdi cho ring, van xudi cin dudm hdn thd. Cd the, van xudi mdi trong sang va cd sic bay cao"*"*'. Gdn lien chit hien thflc vdi chit t r i tinh thd mdng, nhung khdng noi dam ma chi man mac d i gdi, dd la mot dac diem phong each Td Hoai. Chinh dac diem nay da tao nen phong vi midn nui r i t thUe va rat ridng trong tieu thuyet Miin Tdy eia Td Hoai, cd thd ndi khdng gid'ng vdi bat c i nha van nao eung vie't ve mien nui.
Tiiu thuyet Miin Tdy dUde sang tac vao nam 1967, la sU dd'i sanh day dan giia hai cudc ddi, vdi ban le chia ddi la each mang, la sU sd'ng ma nha van mud'n tao dUng bing chinh hinh anh c h i khdng phai chi bang ldi kd eia mdt nhan ching, va xuc ddng eia ngfldi ke chuyen. Tidu thuye't Mien Tdy la sfl dd'i ldp gifla hai bflc tranh:
canh ddi cu md mit td'i tam cua ngfldi dan mien ndi trong nhflng nam thing dai dau khd va canh rfle rd tUdi sang eia Phieng Sa trong nhflng nam dau xay dflng c h i nghia xa hdi, Chau Yen ddng vui, rdn ra.
Tieu thuye't Miin Tdy eia Td Hoai tham dim chat thd dUdc thd hien qua bflc tranh thien nhidn, phong tuc tdp quan va pham chit td't dep eua con ngfldi mien nui vdi
mdt ngdn ngfl giau am thanh, hinh anh, nhip dieu, gipng dieu trfl tinh sau lang.
Chit thd trong tieu thuydt Miin Tdy e i a Td Hodi la mdt trong nhflng net dac sac gdp phin khang dinh ten tudi, vi tri e i a dng trong nen van hpe Vigt Nam hien dai.
2. Chat t h d t o a r a t i bijfc t r a n h thign n h i e n midn nui Tay Bac
Td Hoai la mpt nha van ludn say dim vdi ve dep thien nhign, cung vdn t i ngfl bieu hien mau sic, am thanh phong phu, sfl tim tdi sang tao, Td Hoai da tao nen dfldc nhflng trang mieu ta thign nhign thdt dac sic. Thign nhien trong tieu thuyg't Miin Tdy la nhflng hinh anh thign nhien tfldi dep vdi nhflng mau sde rfle rd cua CO eay hoa la nhUng cung la hinh anh thign nhien dfl dpi, khie nghiet, dem lai khdng it nguy hidm cho con ngfldi.
Md dau tac pham gay an tfldng vdi ngfldi dpc la hinh anh doan ngfla thd eia Khach Sin thd hang hudn len Phin Sa trong khung canh thien nhidn ghg rdn.
Canh ddc deo, nui ddi hidm trd, hoang vang nhu bao hieu nhflng lo au, b i t trac, nguy hiem se xay ra vdi con ngfldi. Trong khung canh hudn ba, ghg rdn, xuat hidn nhflng "tieng hat, tieng hd hay tie'ng kd id than van cua ngudi phu ngfla dot ngpt cit len, lg the, Ifldt qua", day la am thanh duy nhat eia con ngfldi trong bflc tranh thien nhidn nay, nhflng nd khdng cd tac dung gdi sfl sd'ng ddng eho bic tranh ma ngflde lai nd khien eho "cai doc n i i cang ret khiep, cang ving, cang ehd vd". Thien
'^' To Hoai (1997), So tay viit vdn, Nxb. M6i, t r . l 3 5 . '^' Phong Le (gidi thieu). Van T h a n h (tuyen chon, 2000), To Hodi ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb. Giao due, tr. 89.
''" Phong Le (gidi thieu). Van T h a n h (tuy^n chgn, 2000), To Hodi ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb Giao due tr. 543.
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI 50 5-2019
v u THI THlTONG nhiSn dUdc mieu ta phu hdp vdi canh ngo
cua con nguai, canh ngo cua nhQng nguoi phu ngila kho nhoc, vat va nhQng nam tnlSc each mang.
NhQng hinh anh dac trUng cua thien nliien mien mii hung vi: mii, sUdng, gio, cdn lu... dUdc tac gia mieu ta rat nhieu.
Tac gia dac ta "nhQng cdn lu" bang mpt loat tQ ngQ chi cam giac manh ctia con ngxtcii "goi", "gam thet duel theo nhau",
"tran len", "doa 16i di, xoa di", "don xuong" khien cho ngUdi dpc cam thCy nhu dang dUdc chQng kien cdn lu khiing khiep ma c6 le khong co each nao vUdt qua dQdc. ThcJi tiet mien mii vung cao TSy Bac thlit khac nghiet, luon de dpa rinh rdp tinh mang con ngudi. Qua do, ngQdi dpc cang hi§u them nghi iQc song cua nhQng con ngUdi ndi day.
BSnh canh do, ngUcii dpc con tha'y trong ti^u thuyet Miin Tdy bQc tranh thien nhien giau mau sac, tUOi tan va tran dly sQ s6'ng: "anh nSng nhat nghieng vao, long bong nhQng cay sd day la trSn vet co xanh diu. Con dQdng do nang tru6c mat khong bong ngUdi. Mpt dong nQdc phd ph4't rdi tren da. Mot lan may trSng vQdng qua, thucjt tha nhQ toe nhu td". Chi trong mpt doan ta ngan ma chiing ta bat gap r4't nhieu sQ v^t, sQ vat nio cung dQdc mieu ta cu the vdi mau sic dac trQng nhQng nhe nhang: "anh nSng nhaf, "cen dQdng do nSng", "cay so diy la", "v§t co xanh diu", "dong nUdc pho phSt", "lan may trang thQdt tha".
Canh vat dep de, em a diu dang nhQ tam hon cua can bp Nghia luc ay - tam h8n cua chang trai dang yeu. Dd eon la canh thien nhien Tay BSc vao luc sang sdm that thd mpng va lang man, ngUdi dpc hiem khi cam nhan dQdc cupe song Sis-zoig
thanh binh ndi day "NSng sdm cuon cupn long len tQng tang sUdng tan xanh Id, di lo nhQng mep nui long lanh sang". Canh nui rQng that hung vi, trong sang va tinh khoi. Phai la ngQ6i ra't am tQdng, quan sat gioi thi thien nhign Tay Bac mdi hiSn ra that dep va lung Unh huyIn ao de'n nhQ vay.
BQc tranh thien nhien dQdc tac gia mieu ta dep nhQ mpt bQc hpa. Tac pham Mien Tdy dQdc kd't thuc trong cai khung canh dep, hoa vdi long ngQdi nhQ the:
"RQng xuan sdm cupn len mpt mau xanh ngd ngd tran khap cac nui. Hoa be 1^ do nhQ mam soi gac bay tren la. TQng do'm hoa ma mil trang lam tam rSc hQdng xu6'ng mat da't. Sap d§'n dp tra lua nUdng, mat da't va hoe da nha mui thdm". Xem xet nhQng doan mieu ta trong tieu thuyet Miin Tdy, ta nhan tha'y To Hoai da dQa rat dung luc mau sac, hinh anh, nhae dieu vao doan van mieu ta khig'n eho chung nhQ mpt khuc nhae, mpt bQc hpa, mpt bai thd. Trong tac pham, tac gia sQ dung 47 doan ta eo tinh chat dpng, 15 doan ta co tinh cha't tinh. Ro rang, doan ta dpng chie'm Qu thg' hdn, di^u dd gop phan lam cho canh vat thien nhien eo hon, co sQc song, khie'n nhflng cau van xuoi trong tac pham tran day cha't thd.
3. Chat the* toa r a tir cuoc song, con ngiidri mien nui Tay Bac
To Hoai khong ehi thanh cong mieu ta bQc tranh thien nhien mien nui thd mpng nhung cung he't sQc dfl dpi, ma tac gia con dac biet thanh cong d nhflng bflc tranh mieu ta canh sinh hoat xa hpi va phong tue tap quan ciia ngQdi mien nui.
Tieu thuye't Mien Tdy hien Ign trQde mat ngQdi dpc canh sinh hoat xa hpi mang
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H O I ^
CHAT THO TRONG TIEU THUYET MIEN TAY Ctk N H A VAN TO HOAl ddm sic thai rieng e i a mien nui nhat la
mien nui trong sfl doi thay e i a hai ehe' dp, hai cupe ddi mdi - eu thdng qua canh migu ta chd ngay nay, canh tet trfldc va tet nay, canh ngfldi, ngfla chd thude phien di trong sfldng nui, canh ngfldi dan sd'ng trong trai tap trung, canh tap nap cua ngfldi dan nd nflc di lao ddng xay dflng e h i nghia xa hpi
Mau sic dia phfldng, tinh dan tdc ddc dao noi len ro n h i t trong tuyen tdp Miin Tdy la nhflng doan ta ve nhflng phien chd vung eao. Md d i u tac pham la phien chd vung eao ngay xfla. Phien chd dfldc b i t diu tfl chieu td'i hdm trfldc vdi canh doan ngfla tho hang eua khach Sin cung nhflng ngfldi phu ngfla khdn kho ehd hang Idn ehd. Tac gia da migu ta phien chd he't s i c cu the va diy d i , hien trfldc m i t ngfldi dpc canh hdn loan, nhd nhang, buon t i i . Nd nhfl mpt b i c tranh m i mit, xam mit, td'i tham e i a ngfldi dan vung eao trong nhflng nam dai dau kho trfldc each mang. Dd'i lap vdi canh ddi td'i tham tham i y la canh rfle rd tfldi sang cua Phieng Sa nhflng nam d i u xay dflng CNXH. Bay gid phien ehd vung cao trd thanh ngay hdi tflng b i n g e i a eac dan tpc. Chd v i n g cao van cd nhflng hang rfldu, hang t h i n g cd, hang banh ngd, banh day va ngfldi ra vao che chen nhflng eau chuyen e i a hp da khac di. Vui nhat la cae chang trai, cd gai mang niem thfldng ndi nhd tdi chd, cac cd khdng eon phai cdi mat vi vay ao rach rfldi nfla, dd la: "Nhflng cd gai Meo dd xung xinh vay den ao dd... Cac ed Meo tring, dep ldp den, vay t r i n g xde, vat ao xanh den so le, ehi dd t h i m vien len tan co ao...". Tit ea deu da thay doi, dg'n ca am thanh nao nhiet e i a phidn ehd eung khac trfldc.
[Qi] NHAN LUG KHOA HOC X A H O I
Trong ti^u thuyet Mien Tdy, canh sinh hoat xa hpi thfldng dfldc ke't hdp vdi viec mieu ta phong tuc tap quan cua ddng bao dan tpc mien n i i . Td Hoai la nha van cd biet tai ve midu ta phong tuc.
Chat phong tue chinh la chat men ndng lam ngn sfle h i p d i n trong van chfldng Td Hoai va ciing chinh phong tue la mpt trong nhflng phfldng dien lam nen phong each nghe thuat e i a dng. Khi viet ve nhflng h i tuc lae hau, i u tri b midn nui Tay Bic, ngdi but cua Td Hoai trd nen sic sao, tinh tg' tdi mic dng dfldc danh gia la mpt trong nhflng nha van vidt nhieu va vie't hay n h i t vd nhflng phong tuc ndi day.
Trong tie'u thuyet Miin Tdy, Td Hoai da mieu ta nhflng h i tuc lac hau, me tin di doan vdi mudn van nhflng cai sd: sd ma trdi, ma dit, ma rflng, ma ngfldi...
e i a ngfldi dan mi^n n i i . Nan mg tin di doan van cdn de nang len ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n hp. Ngfldi dan qua tin vao nhflng chuygn ma chai, t h i n linh. Chong ba Giang Sua di chd thud'c phien eho quan, khdng biet vi li do gi ma khdng quay ve.
Vay ma ngfldi ta tfldng tfldng nen bao cau chuygn hoang dfldng. Ngfldi thi cho ring tai chdng ba sd qua, nhay lieu theo ngfla va thud'c phien. Ngfldi thi ddn thoi chdng ba phai ma chai nen danh m i t thud'c phien nha quan, quan b i t nd ehd^t rdi. Ke t i dd, ea lang ddn thoi la nha Giang Sua ed ma. Ngay ca ba Giang Sua cung tfldng minh cd ma that. Me eon nha Giang Sua sud't ngay sd'ng trong cam lo ling va khie'p sd, lie thi bi ngfldi dan then det lie thi bi ngfldi lang xdn xao, gian dfl ban tan, lie thi bi mdt tie'ng quat ehd qua khe eia. Chinh vi sfl mg tin eia ngfldi dan ma ea gia dinh ba Giang
S6 5-2019
vu i n i inuujNii Sua phai dem nhau trg'n vao rQng sau,
quanh nam vat vd nhQ nhQng ngfldi bi hui, ngQdi dm lau bi lang dem bo vao rtoig ddi chet, me con nha Giang Sua gap tieng ngQa hi cung sd, tie'ng chan ngQdi cung lo lang. Cuoc ddi cua bon me con nhu sQdng khoi mit mu, khdng bie't de'n hao gid mdi thoat khdi canh u dm dd.
Den vdi tieu thuye't Mien Tdy, ngQdi doc cdn dQdc chQng kig'n canh chQa bgnh vo cung "dpc" ciia ngQdi dan mien nui.
Con trai cila trQdng thon Pang hi tieu chay, de lau nen nhiem trung, lai can nUdc trong ngudi, dQa be trong tinh trang nhQ cdi xac 6 t r i n , chan va tay gan bang nhau, cdn eai dau thi cang to ra. Ca ngudi be xam Idn vdi bdng td'i, nghe tig'ng moi chdp chep. Hp tin rang, dQa be chQa chet vi dd'ng liia trong nha chQa tat, chdng nao liia tat thi dQa be se khdng thuong cha me nQa md bd di xa. Khi dQa b6 dm rdng ra nhieu ngdy, ngUdi dan bao cung. Pang di theo each mang thi cUdng quyg't khdng cung. NhQng nhflng cdu xdm lang ria rdc, do' ldi cho Pdng lam trudng thdn nen ma bat con ciia Pang. The' la Pang lai tim de'n thdy cung di dud'i td ma. Cling mdt Idn rdi hai lan. NhUng Cling roi ma thang be van rQOn rQdt heo ngoeo "nhu cay thud'c phien dflt re".
Viet vg" mien nui, To Hoai khdng chi tap trung migu ta bflc tranh thien nhien tuoi dep, bflc tranh sinh boat vdi nhflng phong tuc tap qudn, ma cdn mieu ta con ngudi mig'n nui vdi nhQng ph^m cha't td't dep. Tdc pham da dflng Ign rat sinh dpng cuoc sd'ng qua khfl ciia cae ddn tpc vung cao, lam nen de ngu bat cudc ddi mdi hien nay da hinh thdnh tren nui rflng Tay Bae. Chinh trong cupe sd'ng cu dd xua't hign mpt ldp ngfldi ma edng ve" sau siiihZDig
anh sang cua xa hdi mdi cdng roi td trong tam hon hp, hp trd thanh mpt Iflc iQdng cdt can ciia edeb mang. Dd la VQ Sda Toa, Id ba Gidng Sua, la dng cu gia ngQdi xa... Ba Giang Sua dQdc khde hpa trong hinh anh cua mdt than phan u ua't sd'ng vat vd nhu mpt bdng ma. Ba da song trd lai thdnh con ngQdi, tQ mot ngQdi me cha't chfla nhieu dau thQdng, tui nhuc trd thdnh ngQdi me chie'n si, gdp cdng, gdp sfle vdo each mang. VQ Sda Toa la mpt ngQdi thd due eay ndi tie'ng trQde Ida, nhQng cuoc ddi efl cung vdi long tham vd dp, sQ tan ac da man cua ten Mua Sd'ng Co' va bon phong kig'n da day dan toe dng, ddng hp vd ca ban than ong vao con dudng dau khd'. Ong gia ngQdi Xa la mpt nhan vat dang chu y. Cd le qua nhan vat ndy, tac gia mud'n lam sang td rang eon dudng di de'n ehu nghia xa hpi khdng phai la eon dQdng bdng phang, nhQng mpt khi da cd anh sang cua chinh nghia roi vao thi tQ nhQng tam hdn u to'i nhat nhu dng gia thay mo ngudi Xa vln cd the vUdn len trd thdnh ngudi td't. Qua cae nhdn vat dng gia ngfldi Xa, VQ Sda Tda, ba Gidng Sua cung nhu qua mot sd nhan vat khac trong tieu thuye't Mien Tdy, ngQdi ta tha'y Td Hoai nhin cupe sd'ng khdng ddn gian. Moi loai nhan vdt de"u cd mpt mau thudn rieng biet ben trong, ed nhQng tam trang rieng va bflde dQdng di len theo each mang cua hp cung cd nhQng mQe dp va each thflc khac nhau.
Ben canh nhflng nhdn vat ma cudc ddi hp da trai qua hai che' dp, tac gia Mien Tdy cdn dung len ea mpt khdi dong dao nhflng con ngQdi hodn toan lam chu cupe sd'ng mdi tren nui rQng Tay Bdc, dac biet la mdt ldp thanh nien, tieu bieu eho
NHAN LUE KHOA HOC XAHfil | Q ]
CHAT THO TRONG TIEU THUYET MIEN TAY CUA N H A VAN TO HOAI nhflng eon ngfldi ed nang Iflc, ed y chi va
quyg't tam xay dflng cudc ddi mdi. Dd la Nghia, Thao Khay, Thao My, Khua L^, Hudi Ca, Pang... ehung ta khdng b i t gap b n h i n g nhan vat nay nhflng tinh each thdt sac net, hoac nhflng tam trang diy phflc tap nhfl ba Giang Sua nhflng nhin chung b tat ea nhflng con ngfldi dd, ching ta t h i y ro mpt sfle manh dang di len, cd the thay rd mpt ldp ngfldi ma tac gia da nhin dung, nghi dung va mieu ta chan thflc ve hp. Cac nhan vat khac nhfl Thao My, Huoi Ca, Khua Ly, Pang la ldp thanh nien Idn Ign tfl sau ngay khang chig'n chdng Phap t h i n g Ipi. Hp rat tha thig't vdi cupe sd'ng mdi, moi ngfldi mdi ve, bieu hien nhflng flde md phdi phdi e i a thg' he tre ed ly tfldng, cd tinh than ydu nfldc va yeu c h i nghia xa hpi ndng nan, cd quyet tam va ca nang Iflc dd xay dflng cupe sd'ng mdi
Qua cae nhan vdt trdn, Td Hoai da khic hpa dfldc mot bflc tranh tfldi sang ve xa hpi mdi d mien nui. Hp la Iflc Ifldng tien tien nhat trong quan ching nhan dan, da dUng len va dang quan ly nhflng e i a hang bach hda cd hang tram mat hang, nhflng trfldng hpc cd nhieu ldp, nhflng benh vien cd nhi^u gifldng, tao nen canh chd ddng due, dim am, tao nen cudc sd'ng tfldi vui cua mien nui ngay nay. T i t ca nhflng cai do ndi len tfl tfldng xa hpi chu nghia, che' dp xa hdi e h i nghia da chie'n thing va sfl thay doi cua ngfldi dan mien nui Tay Bic.
Nhin chung, trong tuyen tdp Miin Tdy, Td Hoai da dflng Idn bflc tranh mien nui Tay Bie vdi nhflng canh sinh hoat, nhflng phong tuc tdp quan va pham chit td't dep eia nhflng con ngfldi mdi v i n g cao. Mpt bflc tranh sinh ddng,
QjQ N H A N LUC KHOA HOC X A H O I
ed dfldng net, cd khdng khi, dieu do gdp p h i n gay i n tfldng va sfl hap ddn ddi vdi ngfldi dpc.
4. Chat thd the hien qua mot thii ngdn ngiif giau am thanh, nhip di§u va giong dieu trijf tinh sau lang
Ngdn ngfl trong tieu thuyet Miin Tdy giau am thanh, hinh anh, nhip didu. Cd dfldc dieu nay la nhd Td Hoai da s i dung nhieu bien phap va cae phfldng tien tu tfl khac nhau trong tac pham. T i lay cd tinh chat gdi ta kha rd ret, nhflng tfl lay tfldng thanh, tfl lay tfldng hinh, t i lay bi^u thai da giip eho sfl bieu dat hinh anh, am thanh, hoat ddng, trang thai e i a thidn nhien, sfl vat, con ngfldi... trd ngn gdi hinh, gpi cam, ngn thd hdn: "Trdi Phin Sa nhe thgnh Ign. Nui nhfl dai thgm ra mdt dai big'e mau cd tranh. Con sud'i da kiet ddng trd lai hien lanh rdc rich trong khe da. Tig'ng sudi bay gid ni non nhfl tie'ng me ru con. tja... pfl a... mi nhua a di... Ngi di... eon a con di...
Chudng ed bd loong coong. Dan bd dung dinh ra nfldng. Con den con vang chen gifla lu dg t r i n g lon to chay len chay xud'ng". Canh vat hien Ign that sd'ng dpng nhd sfl phd'i hdp e i a t i lay tfldng thanh mieu ta tie'ng sud'i "rdc rach", "ni non", tieng chudng ed bd "loong coong" vd cae tfl lay tfldng hinh midu ta dang di
"ding dinh" e i a dan bd, "lon ton" eua lu dg tring. Cae tfl lay nay gdp phan th^
hien mpt sfle sd'ng tran diy, mpt eupc sd'ng em a, no d i b Phin Sa.
Ben canh do, Td Hoai eon van dung nhflng bai ca dao dan ca mdt each linh hoat. Dd la n h i n g bai dan ea the hidn net sinh hoat van hda e i a ngudi Meo trgn v i n g nui eao, tig'ng sao eua Thao Khay trgn dfldng ve ban: "Dfldng ngfldi Sd 5-2019
v u THI THUONG Meo/Bao nhieu ddc bao nhieu nui/ Bao
nhigu cdu hat khd nhoc/ DQdng ndo qua Ta Siia"; tieng sao gpi ban tinh tha thie't, diu dat: "Mfla la'p bdng rflng/Vdn nghe tieng sao/Tie'ng sao anh ndi/Chang qugn em"; "Con chim trang bay qua suo'i/Hoa n5 khdng tha'y hoa/Cay nUdng ba luo'ng cay/Em vg" ngii dflng say", tie'ng sao nhfl gio thoi sudt dem giai bay tinh cam cua ngiidi trai ban: "Hoa dao nd dep/Hoa ddo nd nhi^u/Anh yeu em anh de'n day". Dd con la ldi ca mieu ta ve dep ciia Thao Khay cua ngQdi dan vung cao: "Sudi chay trgn da/Me anh dn gi de ra anh/Dep nhu ma dong bac trdng". NhQ vay, nhQng cau tho, cau hat da lam cho tieu thuye't ctia To Hoai mang dam chd't trfl tinh, giau cha't tho. NhQng bdi thd, cau hat dd di vao trong tac ph^m eua Td Hodi mdt each rat tQ nhien nhu hdi thd ciia cudc sdng, nd khdng anh hudng de'n cdt truyen ma Idm eho ddi sd'ng sinh boat cua con ngudi trd ngn thi vi hdn.
Trong ddi sd'ng hdng ngay, gipng dieu la giong ndi, ldi ndi bieu thi mpt thai dp nha't dinh. Cdn trong van hpc, gipng dieu chinh la "mpt hien tflpng nghe thudt todt ra tQ ban thdn tac pham va mang mpt noi ham tQ tQdng tham mi" (Tran Dinh Si). Mdi nha tieu thuyg't deu ed gipng di&u chu dao - gipng dieu "trdi phu" Idm nSn ban sde rigng. Neu gipng digu eua Nguyin Hdng la gipng trfl tinh tho'ng thi^t hoc Id tinh thfldng vd han ciia tac gia trudc nhflng con ngfldi cung khd' thi Siong dieu trfl tinh trong tieu thuye't Mien Tdy cua Td Hodi dua ngQdi dpc dg'n chigm ngudng bQc tranh sinh dpng, gidu chft thd cua ddi so'ng thflc. Cam nhdn ton ven ve dep tfl than cua hien thflc, thing bay bd'ng du dfldng, gipng dieu trfl 811^21119
tinh the hien tinh cam tha thie't vdi cudc so'ng, vdi con ngudi, vdi thign nhien eua tac gia. Vi the, gipng digu trfl tinh cua Tc Hodi thudng tha thiet, sau Idng, nhe nhang trfldc ve dep tQ than cila eupc so'ng. Dd la ve dep cua bQc tranh phong tuc, ve dep eiia canh sde thign nhign.
Canh dem trdng d vung nui cao that dep.
BQc tranh thien nhign dQdc td din bdng nhflng net dam, nhQng chQ tao nen hinh anh: d&y, ddm, u, gidn sao, sdng rdn, vdng vac khig'n cho ve dep eua anh trang d Phin Sa trd nen huyen ao, thi vi, giau cha't thd.
Gipng dieu trQ tinh tha thie't, sau Idng cdn dUde hoc Id khi nhd vdn Td Hodi mieu ta tinh canh cua bd Giang Sua:
"Cudc ddi xQa kia chang bao gid bd Giang Sua cd khi dupc d Idu mot chd.
Nha d lau, cai cdi, cdi bac ciia, cai chan bg'p, cai ghg' quanh be'p len nude khdi nhan bdng. Chang bao gid ba Gidng Sua Qdc dQdc ed cai khung det cQi, ed cupn lanh tn bupe iQng, cd dd'ng phdn ngQa vun cao lfl lu gdc nha de dpi dem bdn nfldng lanh. Chang bao gid ba Gidng Sua nghi cd nhflng ngay mfla, nghi di nfldng, thung Cham d nhd dac sanh dpi nhudm vai da sdn trong vaeh rdi". Cach ndi:
Chang bao gid bd Gidng Sua Qdc...;
Chang bao gid bd Giang Sua nghi... gdi ngn mpt am dieu buon ba nhu chinh cupe ddi tam td'i eiia ba. Bd nghi, Qdc nhQng dig"u ddn gian nhUng sd'ng trong chg' dd xa hpi eu ba khdng the' cd. Phai thau hieu, cam thdng, Td Hoai mdi mang den cho doan van sfic thai bui ngui, man mdc, pha chut bang khuang, xdt xa khig'n eho gipng dieu trfl tinh them dam thdm, hap din hdn dd'i vdi ngfldi doc.
Nhfl vdy, giong dieu trfl tinh trong NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHfil [Q]
CHAT THO TRONG TIEU THUYET MIEN TAY CUA NHA VAN TO HOAl trang van Td Hoai it dfldc tao bdi tfl he
thd'ng ngdn ngfl s i thi hay ngdn t i cau ki mi le. Chit trfl tinh bang bac trong nhieu trang van e i a dng c h i yg'u dfldc hien dien tfl ehinh ve dep e i a cudc sd'ng.
Con m i t quan sat tinh te' khie'n nha van chpn loe nhflng yeu to' t h i m my tfl than dem lai ve dep mpc mac, gian di tren t i n g trang van e i a dng.
Cd thg ndi, bflde vao thg' gidi Mien Tdy cua Td Hoai, ngfldi dpc dfldc chiem ngUdng mdt b i c tranh thien nhien dam chit thd vdi mudn sic mau, dfldng net, am thanh sd'ng dpng. Bflc tranh thien nhien thd mpng, tfldi dep ay khdng ehi dfldc tao ndn bdi sic hoa, dang n i i , tig'ng sud'i do, chim ca, ma cdn dfldc det Idn b i n g tinh ygu thign nhign, bdng sfl gan bd mau thit vdi n i i r i n g e i a Td Hoai.
Dfldi ngdi but e i a nha van, thien nhien, van vat hien len sd'ng dpng, gin gui vdi nhflng mau sic tfldi sang rfle rd, nhflng am thanh trong treo, thi vi mang ddm tinh nhae, tinh thd khien tam hon ta nhe nhang, sang khoai va thay yeu big't bao canh sac mien nui Tay Bae. Dfldi ngdi b i t e i a mpt nha van, eung sfl tinh te', nhay cam e i a mpt nha thd va bang tinh yeu nui r i n g tha thig't, Td Hoai da vie't len nhflng trang Mien Tdy vdi nhflng bflc tranh thien nhidn mang ddm chit hpa, chit nhae, ludn gin bd, hda quyen vdi eon ngfldi. Bflc tranh thidn nhign nen thd i y dfldc det b i n g nhflng t i ngfl, hinh anh so sanh, vi von sinh dpng eung nhflng gam mau tfldi sang, nhflng am thanh dac trflng cua nui r i n g ngn dpng lai trong long ngfldi dpc nhieu rung cam sau xa.
5. Ket luan
Co the ndi, ehi rieng v6i chit thd trong
tieu thuyg't Mien Tdy, To Hoai da tao dflng eho minh mot phong each sang tao dpc dao, ludn di tien phong trong viec kham pha ve dep cua thien nhidn, eupc sdng con ngfldi mien nui. Bang cai nhin nhan van sau sic, eung de quan sat tinh te' nhay cam, Td Hoai da sang tao^ Idn nhflng trang Miin Tdy dac sic, de lai nhieu dfl am td't dep trong long ngfldi doc.
Vdi nhflng thanh tflu tren, Td Hoai xflng dang la nha van xuat sic e i a nd'n van hpe Viet Nam hign dai. Nhflng nghien cflu vg' chat thd trong tieu thuye't Mien Tdy e i a Td Hoai, ehung tdi mong mud'n dfldc gdp mpt phin nho be vao viee khang dinh, tdn vinh tdi nang nghe thu^t eung nhflng ddng gdp to Idn cua Td Hoai eho mang tieu thuye't mien n i i ndi rieng va nen van hpc Viet Nam ndi ehung.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Le Ba Han, Trin Dinh Si, Nguydn Khic Phi (ddng chu bien, 1992), Td dien thuat ngd vdn hpc, Nxb. Giao due.
2. Dinh Thi Thu Hien (2007), Bac diem tieu thuyet Td Hodi, Ludn van Thae si Khoa hoe Ngfl Van, Dai hpc Sfl pham Ha Npi.
3. Dd Die Hieu, Nguygn Hue Chi, Phung Van Tiu, Tran Hflu Ta (2004), Td dien Vdn hpc bp mdi, Nxb. Thg'gidi.
4. Td Hoai (1967), Miin Tdy, Nxb.
Van hpc.
5. Phong Ld (gidi thieu), Van Thanh (tuyen chon, 2000), Td Hodi ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb. Giao due.
6. Phan Qudc Lfl (2003), Vdn xudi trd tinh thdi ki 1930 - 1945 mdy dac diim ve vdn di thi phdp, Luan an Tig'n si Ngfl Van, Dai hpc Sfl pham TP.HCM.
NHAN LUl; KHOA HOC XA Hdi SO 5-2019