KGHIEN C l / U ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ M
KHAI NIEM, NGUON GOC, DAC D I £ M VA BAN CHAT QUYEN CON NGU:cn TRONG QUAN NIEM CUA CAC NHA SANG LAP CHU NGHIA MAC
N g u y i n T h i H ^ n g Hanh***
'*' Thac sT, Tmdng Cao ding Kinh tl, Ky thugt va Thuy sdn, Bac Ninh.
Email: [email protected]
Nhgn ngay 5 thang 2 nam 2020. Chap nhgn dang ngay 20 thang 4 nam 2020.
T6m t i t : Tu tudng ve quyen con ngudi da co tir xa xua frong lich su nhan logi, dudi cac hinh thitc khac nhau va frong tit ca cac nen van hoa. Quyen con ngudi la san pham cua cac dieu kifn va hoan canh lich su eg the, phan dnh trinh do phat trien kinh te, van hda ciia xa hgi.
Dong thdi, quyen con ngudi ciing phan anh qua trinh diu franh cua con ngudi chdng lgi ap biic, boc lot, bat cdng, gianh lai quyln va lgi ich chinh dang cho con ngudi. Tu tudng ve quySn con ngudi da c6 tir xa xua trong lich sii nhan logi, dudi cac hinh thirc khac nhau vd frong tat ca cac nen van hoa. Mac dii khong co tac pham chuyen bift ban ve quyen con ngudi, nhung cd the noi, frong di san Iy lugn cua cac nha sang lgp chii nghTa Mac, d dau, chung ta ciing thay "bdng dang" eua quyln con ngudi; bdi le, muc dich ciia cac ong la giai phong con ngudi khdi nhirng ap birc, bat cong ciia xa hpi duang thdi, de con ngudi gianh lay nhung quyen ca ban cua minh. Chinh vi vgy, quan nifm ciia cdc ong ve quyen con ngirdi, ve giai phong con ngudi vin co y nghia va gia tri frong thdi dgi ngay nay, la ca sd ly luan de Dang va Nha nude ta ke thiia, phat trien frong vifc xay dyng chinh sach va dam bao quyen con ngudi 6 Vift Nam hifn nay.
Tir khoa: QuySn con ngudi, chu nghia Mac, quan nifm cua cac nha sang lap chu nghia Mac ve quyen con ngudi.
1. Ve khdi niem quyen con nguoi ban ve quyen con ngudi", va eiing khdng Trong di sdn ly lugn cua C.Mdc vd thay cdc dng dua ra mgt dinh nghTa cd tinh Ph.Angghen, chiing ta khdng tim thay chat khdi quat vd tryc tiep ndo v l quyln nhiing chuyen khdo, nhung tac pham rieng con ngudi. Song, thdng qua cdc tac phim.
NGUYEN THI HONG HANH cac luan dilm cd lien quan, chiing ta cd
thi hiiu duge quan nifm ve quyen con ngudi ciia cdc dng.
C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen cho rang, con ngudi ludn tdn tgi frong mdt xa hgi nhit dinh, vdi nhiing mdi quan he. Trong nhiing thdi ky nhat dinh, giiia ca nhan va xa hgi ludn cd mdi quan hf chat che vdi nhau, bdi "bdn chdt con ngudi Id tdng hod cdc mdi quan he xa hgi". Chinh vi vay, quyen cua ea nhan, quyen cua cgng ddng ciing cd mdi quan hf chat che vdi nhau.
Quyen cua cgng ddng la dieu kifn cho quyen ciia cd nhan, quyen ciia cd nhan ndy Id diSu kifn cho quyen cua cd nhdn khac.
Dieu nay ndi len rang, quyen con ngudi khdng chi dugc hinh thanh fren nhiing diSu kifn san xuat vat chat ciia xa hgi, md cdn phu thugc vao yeu td xa hgi, vdo mdi quan hf giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi frong xa hgi. Nhiing tu tudng nay the hien tu duy bifn chiing duy vat cua cac dng khi lugn gidi ve nhung dieu kien, tien de ciia quyen eon ngudi.
C.Mac va Ph.Angghen cdn cho rang, quyen con ngudi ludn gan vdi ty do, binh dang: "Ty do va binh dang phdi dugc tuygn bd Id nhiing quyen cua con ngudi" . Ve ty do, cac dng cho rang, "thdi ky khdng cd ty do frong lich su the gidi ddi hdi nhiing phdp ludt bieu hifn sy khdng ty do ay, bdi vi cdi quyen dgng vat ay - khdc vdi cdi quyen ciia con ngudi vdi tu each la hien than ciia ty do - la hien than cua sy khdng ty do"^. Ban than sy tdn tgi cua con ngudi da chimg minh cho sy ty do; ty do
frong suy nghT, hdnh ddng, frong cai biln the gidi hien thuc de phuc vu cugc sdng;
ty do gan vdi con ngudi va thugc vl con ngudi. De vugt qua nhung bit cdng, cd dugc CO hgi phat trien nang lyc vd hifn thyc hda cdc quyen cua minh, con ngudi phdi ty gidi phdng, vugt qua sy If thugc, sy mat ty do. Do vay, quyen con ngudi ddng nghTa vdi ty do eon ngudi. Cdn vl binh dang, do Id sy binh dang ve phap iy, ve quyen lgi chinh tri, kinh te, van hda giiia mgi thdnh vien frong xa hgi, khdng phdn biet ddn tgc, tdn gido, giai cap... cua cdc chil the.
Theo C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen, quyen con ngudi dugc the hifn frong Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen eua Phap nam 1789 va khi dugc luat phdp hda vao nude Phd, nd da the hien sy vi phgm quyen cua con ngudi, vi do Id sy gidi hgn, sy quy dinh frong hf thdng phdp lugt, khdng the hifn het tap quan ty do cua con ngudi; frong khi dd, quyen con ngudi dugc the hien theo tap qudn ty do thi lgi khdng dugc phan dnh frong hf thdng phdp luat. Phdp lugt chi la nhiing quy dinh tdi thilu dl ghi nhan quyen con ngudi vd nhiing quyen ciia con ngudi can dugc vugt ra khdi khudn khd eiia lugt phdp. Vdi nhiing nhdn xet nay, cae dng cho rang, nhung quyen md con ngudi dang cd dugc khdng phdi do luat phdp mang lai: "Cho ' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995). Todn tap, t.20, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Npi, tr.l52.
^ C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd., t.l, Nxb Chinh tri QuIc gia. Ha Npi, tr. 183.
73
tdi nay, hau nhu chua ndi gi din nhiing quyln ciia cdng dan; frong gidi han cua hiln phap theo dung nghTa cua nd thi cd nhan d Anh khdng cd quyln ndo ca.
Nhiing quyen nay tdn tai hogc do tap quan, hoac do nhiing quy udc rieng bift khdng dinh ddng gi tdi hiln phdp"^
Cac nhd sdng lap chit nghia Mdc cho rang, quyen con ngudi ddnh cho tit ca mgi ngudi, d mgi tang Idp, giai cap, mgi qudc gia, ddn tgc, khdng cd sy phdn biet ddi xu.
Da Id con ngudi thi deu phdi ed quyen, khdng ai dugc cdn frd mgi ngudi thyc hifn quyen eua minh, ke ed nhung quyen da dugc ghi nhgn frong hf thdng phap ludt hay la nhiing quyen chua dugc ghi nhan nhung the hifn tinh diing dan, khoa hgc va mang gid tri nhan van, vi con ngudi va cugc sdng cua con ngudi.
Chimg ta cd the khdi quat quan nifm ciia C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen ve quyen con ngudi nhu sau; Quyen con nguai la nhimg nhu cdu cdn thiet, chinh ddng vd phd bien ciia con ngu&i, trong mdi quan he vai tu nhien vd xa hpi. Quyen con ngu&i dugc xd hpi thica nhan vd khong bi tu&c bd bai bdt cic ai vd bdt cie chinh the ndo.
Quan niem ve quyen eon ngudi cua cac dng the hifn sy thdng nhat bien chiing giira hoat ddng thyc tien vdi tinh ly lugn va gia tri nhan van; vira khang dinh pham gid cua con ngudi, vua thiic day xa hgi phdt trien.
Quan nifm dd ve quyen con ngudi da thi hien nhung ngi dung ea ban sau:
Thie nhdt, de con ngudi vd xa hgi lodi ngudi tdn tai va phat trien, con ngudi can
ed nhung nhu ciu vd thda man nhu cau.
Nhu eiu vl vat chit, tinh thin, vl sy khang dinh ban than trudc ty nhien va xa hgi, khdt vgng vl ty do, hda binh, ve nhung quyln vd lgi ich ca bdn, ve sy phat tiien nang lyc vdn cd ciia ban than... Nhiing nhu cdu nay dugc nay sinh frong ddi sdng cgng ddng, gan lien vdi mgt ehe do xa hgi, mgt nhd nude cu the. Nhu cau ciia cd nhdn phai phu hgp vdi hodn cdnh sdng, vdi dieu kifn thye te eua ddt nude, kit hgp hdi hda vdi quyen lgi, nghTa vu doi vdi cdng ddng, xa hgi. Ddy la nhiing nhu cdu chinh ddng cua con ngudi, can dugc dap img. Trong dd cd nhirng nhu cau quan frgng, gan lien vdi sy tdn tai vd phat trien ciia con ngudi, can dugc thyc hien trudc, cd nhiing nhu cdu cd the thyc hifn dan dan. Nhiing nhu cau nay phai frd thdnh phd bien ddi vdi mgi ngudi, the hien tmh can thiet ddi vdi cgng ddng ngudi. NIU nhu cdu chi Id mong muon mang tinh cd nhdn, khdng dgi difn eho cdng dong thi chua the frd thdnh quyen ciia con ngudi.
Thu hai, nhimg nhu cdu cua con ngudi phai dugc xa hgi thira nhan. Vifc thua nhan cd the thdng qua sy ghi nhdn va bao vf bang hf thdng phap luat. Khi cd hf thdng van ban quy phgm phap lugt quy dinh, nhu cau se trd thdnh quyen, frd thanh gid tri xa hgi dn dinh vd hifn thyc frong cudc sdng. Cd nhiing nhu ciu chua dugc quy dinh frong he thdng phdp luat
' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. i.I. Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia. Ha Npi, tr.S74
NGUYEN THI HONG HANH nhung da thi hien dugc sy diing dan, can
thiet cho cugc sdng eon ngudi thi sdm mudn cung se dugc xa hgi thua nhan va phdp lugt quy dinh. Viec phdp luat ghi nhdn chi Id nhiing quy dinh tdi thilu, quyen cua con ngudi can vugt ra khdi khudn khd do, dd Id sy ghi nhan, la quy udc, lugt If tdn tgi frong cgng ddng, xa hgi dd, dugc mgi ngudi biet din, thira nhan va mong mudn dugc thye hien, mac dii chua dugc quy dinh frong he thdng phap lugt van Id nhung quyen con ngudi.
Cdc quyen eon ngudi dugc thira nhdn phdi phii hgp vdi ehe do chinh tri, kinh te, xa hgi, lich sir... ciia mdi qudc gia nhit dinh. Ludt phap khdng phdi la nhiing bien phdp dan dp ty do, ma la tieu chuin ro rang, phd bien, khdng phy thugc vao sy tiiy tifn cua cd nhan rieng le. Nhd do, quyen con ngudi frd len phd bien vd dugc hifn thyc hda frong toan xa hgi.
Thic ba, quyen eon ngudi khdng bi tude bd bdi bat cu giai cdp, tang Idp nao.
Quyen con ngudi la nhung gid tri nhdn van cao quy. Id mong mudn ciia con ngudi dugc vuon tdi gia tri ciia ty do, binh dang, hgnh phiic, la sy khdng dinh ban than trudc ty nhien vd xa hgi, lich sir dau franh cho quyen con ngudi la lich su dau franh day mdu va nude mat cua nhan loai, vi vay nhirng quyen ma con ngudi da ed can dugc tdn frgng va bao ve, bat cir ai, bat cii chinh the ndo ciing khdng dugc xda bd quyen con ngudi.
Khi bdn ve khdi nifm quyen eon ngudi.
Lien hgp qudc cho rang, quyen con ngudi
"duge hieu chung la nhiing quyln ciu thanh va vdn ed ciia con ngudi"^. Quyln con ngudi la nhiing gi thugc vl con ngudi, khdng the bi tdch rdi, vdi nhiing quyln do, nd cho phep con ngudi dugc tdn tai theo diing nghTa Id con ngudi, chi con ngudi mdi cd. Quyen eon ngudi la cdi thugc vl mdi con ngudi, khdng ed su phan bift vl qudc gia, ddn tdc, gidi tinh, tdn gido, quan diem chinh tri... Quan diem ndy tuong ddng vdi quan nifm ciia cac nha sdng lap ehu nghia Mdc khi deu khang dinh nhan quyen Id cdi vdn cd cua con ngudi, dl con ngudi khang dinh va the hien siic mgnh ciia minh tmdc ty nhien vd xa hdi, la sy khang dinh vd ddm bdo nhiing quyln, nhu eau thilt yeu ciia minh frong cugc sdng, va sy can thiet phdi dugc xa hgi ghi nhgn vd bao ve.
2. Ve nguon goc quyen con ngudi Ke thua quan diem tien bd cua cdc trudng phai triet hgc trudc, C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen da dua ra quan nifm duy vat bien chung ve ngudn gdc ciia quyen eon ngudi. Quyen con ngudi khdng phdi la thien phii, khdng phai do Thugng de ban cho, khdng phdi do mdt the lyc frong xa hdi ban tang, md dugc phdt sinh tii mdi quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi, phan dnh nhu cau ciia con ngudi ve ty do, binh dang, quyen lgi va nghTa vu. Quyen con ngudi gan lien vdi lich sir loai ngudi, cd
* Hoang Mai Huong, Nguyen Hong Hai (2010), Tu tu&ng ciia V.I.Lenin vi quyen con ngu&i vd gid tri thuc tiin a Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi, tr.l6.
mdi quan hf mat thilt vd chiu sy chi phdi ciia CO sd kinh te - xa hdi d tiing thdi ky iich sir. Xuat phat tii quan dilm con ngudi Id mdt thyc the sinh hgc - xa hdi, bdn chit con ngudi Id tdng hda cdc mdi quan he xa hgi, cdc dng da khang dinh quyen con ngudi ra ddi dya fren hai ngudn gdc ty nhien vd xa hgi,
Thic nhdt, quyen con ngu&i cd ngudn gdc tu nhien. Ban than con ngudi xuat phdt tir ty nhien va frdi qua mgt qua trinh tien hda lau dai ciing vdi gidi ty nhien.
Trong qua trinh sinh sdng, nhihig thay ddi eua mdi trudng sdng va nhimg ddi hdi ngay cang cao cua cugc sdng Id ea sd de con ngudi phai van ddng vd bien ddi. Trai qua qud trinh lao dgng, vdi viec che tao ra cdng cu lao dgng, sy ra dcri eiia ngdn ngir, tieng ndi, chii viet da bien lodi vugn frd thanh ngudi. Con ngudi xuat phdt tir ty nhien, la mdt phan ciia ty nhien, do vdy ciing mang ban chat ty nhien (ciing cd the ggi Id bdn chat sinh hgc). Ngay cd khi budc vao xa hgi, mang bdn chat xa hgi, eon ngudi van khdng mat di bdn chat sinh hgc. Vi le do, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen cho rang, quyen con ngudi eiing cd ngudn gdc ty nhien: "Nhung vi quyen cua con ngudi ciing dugc ggi la quyen ty nhien, bam sinh... do do quyen ay la do tu nhien dem lai cho tdi, tiie la do sy ra ddi mang lai"'.
Thic hai, quyen con ngu&i cd ngudn gdc xa hpi. Quyen con ngudi la mdt hien tugng lich su - xa hgi, gan lien vdi sy ra ddi ciia giai cap, dau tranh giai cap vd tien bg xa hdi, quyen con ngudi dugc "san
sinh ra frong lich su"*. Trong xa hdi chua cd sy phan chia giai cip (xa hgi cdng san nguyen thiiy), chua cd dp hire, bdc Igt, quan he xa hgi so khai va don nhat, nen nhiing y nifm vl quyln con ngudi chua dugc dgt ra. C.Mdc vilt: "Quyen cua eon ngudi, ma eon ngudi nay khdng the la con ngudi ciia nude cgng hda cd dgi cung nhu nhung quan hf kinh tl va cdng nghiep cua anh ta khdng phai la quan he ciia thdi cd dgi"^. Khi che do chilm hiru nd If ra ddi, xuat hifn giai cap chu nd - nd If, ed dp biie, bdc lot, nha nude da ra ddi de bdo vf eho quyen Igi ciia giai cap thdng tri vd bit dau cd sy chdng lgi nhiing dp biic, bdc Igt dd de gianh nhiing quyen va lgi ich chinh dang cho mmh. Nhiing y tudng dau tien ve quyen con ngudi da ra ddi. Dd chinh Id ca sd vd ngudn gdc hifn thyc ciia quyen con ngudi. C.Mae cho rang, quyen con ngudi phdt sinh "tir nhiing quan hf vgt chat giiia ngudi vdi ngudi va tir sy dau franh giiia ngudi vdi ngudi do nhimg quan he do gdy ra" . Quyen con ngudi khdng phdi dugc suy ra tii "y nifm" mang tinh chil quan ma xuat phat tir frong Idng xa hgi. Quyen eon ngudi la mgt gia tri xa hpi, thiic ddy xa hgi phat trien phu hgp vdi quy luat khach quan cua lich sir. Trai qua nhiing che dg xa hdi khdc nhau, qua qud trinh tdn tgi va phat trien, nhimg quyen
* C.Mic va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd, t.3, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi. tr.469.
" C.Mic va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. i,2. tr.l73.
' C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen (1995). Sdd.. 1.2! tr.l86.
* C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen (1995). Sdd. i 3^ tr.456.
NGUYEN THI HONG HANH con ngudi ngay cdng dugc bd sung hoan
thien nhim dua din su tir do va phdt trien todn dien eho con ngudi, hudng tdi cugc sdng am no, ty do, hanh phuc.
Quyln con ngudi do chinh sy phat triln ciia eon ngudi tgo ra. Trong qud trinh sdng, eon ngudi phdi cd mdi quan he vdi ty nhien va xa hgi; frong qud frinh chinh phyc tu nhien, hg cau ket vdi nhau tao thdnh cdng ddng, xa hdi. Dieu do da lam phat frien y thiic xa hgi ciia con ngudi, hg biet giiip dd, hgp tdc vdi nhau.
Qua qud trinh sinh sdng vd lao dgng, con ngudi ddi hdi minh phdi dugc ddm bdo nhiing quyen vd lgi ich co ban, duge ty do, ddi xir binh dang. Quyen con ngudi da dugc nay sinh tir day. De trd thanh
"ngudi" thi mdi ca nhan ludn phai tdn tgi frong mdt xa hdi nhat dinh; xa hdi mang lai ty do, siic mgnh vd ddp iing nhu cau cho mdi cd nhdn, "neu nhu con ngudi bam sinh da Id sinh vat cd tinh xa hgi thi do do con ngudi ehi cd the phat frien bdn tinh chan chinh ciia minh frong xa hgi va can phai phdn dodn lyc lugng ciia bdn tinh cua anh ta, khdng phdi can cii vdo lyc lugng ciia cd nhdn rieng le ma can cOr vao Iyc lugng ciia todn xa hgi"^. Ngugc lgi, ddng gdp cua mdi ca nhan tao thdnh siic mgnh vd thinh vugng cua cdng ddng.
Khi nhd nude ra ddi da gdp phin bao vf quyen con ngudi tdt hon, dieu ndy the hifn ro nhit ngudn gde xa hgi cua quyen con ngudi.
Quyln con ngudi la san pham ciia sy phat friln kinh tl - xa hdi nhat dinh, chinh
su phdt trien cua sdn xuat, cu thi la sy phdt trien ciia phuong thirc sdn xuit vd sy chiem hiiu tu nhan tu lieu san xuit da Idm ndy sinh quyln con ngudi. Sy thye thi, dam bdo quyen con ngudi d miic do ndo Id do trinh do phdt trien kinh tl - xa hdi dd quyet dinh.
Giua ngudn gdc ty nhien va xa hgi cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, ciing la co sd de tao nen quyen, dae diem va bdn chat ciia quyen con ngudi. Ngudn gdc ty nhien da hinh thanh tinh phd bien, tinh nhan logi eua quyen, edn ngudn gde xa hgi tao ra tinh lieh su, tinh giai cap, tinh dac thu ciia quyen eon ngucri.
3. Ve dac dilm va ban chat cua quyen con ngirM
3.1. Dgc diem cua quyen con ngudi Thii- nhdt, C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen khing dinh, quyen con ngudi mang tinh lich su vd bien ddi trong lich sic. Quyen con ngudi khdng phai Id khdi niem dugc sinh ra tii y thuc con ngudi, khdng phdi la mgt khdi nifm trim tugng, bit biln, ma ludn van ddng, bi6n ddi vd phat trien, gan vdi cugc dau franh chdng dp biie va bdc lot, gin vdi trinh do tien bd xa hdi trong ding thdi ky lich sir, hay ndi each khdc, gan lien vdi dieu kifn lich su - xa hdi ey thi d mgt giai doan lich sii nhit dinh, gan vdi phuang thiic sdn xuat, vdi quan hf san xuit thdng tri quy djuh nen che do chinh tri-xa hdi ay. Theo C.Mdc, quyln con ngudi khdng phdi Id bam sinh, ma Id
" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd. t.2, tr.200.
sdn san pham ciia Iich sii. Quyln con ngudi khdng tdn tai mdt each chung ehung, ap dyng eho mgi qudc gia vd chi do chinh tri, ma ludn gin liln vdi ehl do kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi d mdt giai dogn nhat dinh, dgc bift la phu thugc vao che do kinh te, vao phuong thiic dl thyc hien quyen sd hiiu ddi vdi tu lieu san xuat, "quyen khdng bao gid cd the d miic cao hon che do kinh tl va sy phat trien van hda do ehe do kinh te dd quyet dinh" . Vdi nhiing ca sd kinh te - xa hgi vd thdi dai khac nhau thi quyen cung khde nhau.
Qua qua trinh lao dgng sdn xuat, con ngudi ngay cang nhan thirc day du hon ve quyen con ngudi, va quyen con ngudi ciing cd nhiing thay ddi nhdt dinh cho phii hgp vdi sy phdt tiien ciia lich sii. Trong xa hgi cgng sdn nguyen thiiy, chua cd sy phan chia giai cap, thi tit cd mgi ngudi deu binh dang vd tii do, ke cd phu nil, chua cd nd If vd chua cd sy nd dich nhiing bg Igc khac. Khi xa hgi xuat hifn giai cap, nhd nude, cd bdc lot va bat cdng thi quyen con ngudi da dugc ap dung khac nhau vdi nhimg ting lop khac nhau. Khi do, "quyln mang ten thi tgc. Quyen nay dugc duy tri mai cho den thdi dai de che; ngudi ta cho phep nhirng nd If da dugc giai phdng dugc lay ten thi tdc ciia chii cii eua hg, nhung hg vdn khdng cd nhimg quyen ciia cdc thanh vien thi tdc"" Tir khi giai cap tu sdn budc len vii dai chinh tri vd bat dau nen thdng fri ciia nd, thi "quyen con ngudi khdng cdn chi tdn tgi tren ly ludn nira"'^.
quyen con ngudi da frd thdnh mgt he thdng ly luan vd gin liln vdi ddi sdng thyc tien va cudc diu franh gianh quyen con ngudi da frd len manh me va dien ra khip thi gidi. Vdi mdi ehl do xa hgi khdc nhau, ndi dung ciia quyln con ngudi ciing khdc nhau, ngay cdng dugc bd sung day dii, tir quyen cd nhan din quyen tap the, tu quyen chmh tri, dan sy den cdc quyen kinh te, xa hgi, van hda vd do dieu kifn thdi dai khdc nhau nen tieu ehudn ddnh gid ciing khac nhau.
Thu hai, theo C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen, quyen con ngudi mang tinh giai cdp. Tu khi cdng xa nguyen thuy tan ra den nay, lich sir lodi ngudi la lich sii dau franh giai cap giiia giai cap thdng tri vd giai cdp bi thdng fri. Quyen con ngudi bi chi phdi bdi lgi ich, quyen luc va y thiie hf eua giai cdp thdng tri, ludn mang tinh giai cap rd rf t, ty do cua giai cap thdng tri la sy han che ty do ciia giai cap bi tri. Chang han nhu, "che do phong kien,... sy bat binh dang ciia nd chang qua chi Id sy khuc xg mudn mau ciia su binh dang ma thdi"'^. C.Mdc viet: "Trong mgi thdi dai, nhiing tu tudng cua giai cap thdng tri la nhiing tu tudng thdng tri. Dieu dd cd nghTa la giai cap ndo Id lyc lugng vat chat thdng tri frong xa hgi thi cung Id lyc lugng tinh than thdng tri trong xa hgi"'**
"• C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995). Sdd.. 1.19, tr.36.
" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995). 5<W.. t.2Ln-.184.
'^ C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), 5dy., i,2, tr.l87.
" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995). 5(A/.! \.\\ trJSs' '^ C.Mac vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd. t.3. tr.66
NGUYEN THI HONG HANH Rang, "nhiing tu tudng thdng hi ciia mdt
thdi dai bao gid ciing ehi Id nhiing tu tudng cua giai cip thdng tri"''. Trong xa hgi tu ban chu nghTa, quyen con ngudi chi thugc ve giai cdp thdng tri, dd la
"quyen ty do chiem hihi tu lifu sdn xuat",
"quyen bdc lot mgt cdch cdng nhien",
"quyen vi ky chii nghia". Trong xa hgi cd sy phan chia giai cap dd, phap lugt ciing ehi bao vf cho quyen lgi ciia giai cap thdng tri, dieu ndy ciing tgo ra sy bat binh dang frong xa hgi va "xet theo quan dilm phdp quyen tu nhan, day cung cd hai thu quyen: phdp quyen tu nhdn ciia ke chilm hiiu vd phdp quyen tu nhdn eua ngudi khdng chiem hihi"^*. Giai cip tu san chi thira nhdn nhung quy^n con ngudi cd lgi cho hg, cdn nhiing giai cdp, ting Idp khac frong xa hgi it dugc cdng nhan vd cd sy bdo ve quyen.
Thu ba, quyen eon ngudi mang tinh phd bien vd tinh dac thu. Tinh phd bien eiia quyen eon ngudi the hien d chd cdc quyen con ngudi la nhiing gi bam sinh, vdn cd ciia con ngudi; la mdt gia tri chung, phan dnh nhu cau ty nhien khdch quan vd muc dich hudng tdi ciia con ngudi; Id sdn pham cua sy phat frien lich sir nhan logi. Quyen con ngudi phdi dugc ddm bdo d tat ca cdc qudc gia, eac khu vyc va cho tat ed mgi ngudi, khdng phan bift chiing tdc, giai cap, gidi tinh, tdn gido, nghe nghiep, do tudi...; nd
"ddi hdi phai tir cdi thude tinh chung la con ngudi, tu sy binh dang cua mgi ngudi vdi tu each la con ngudi, nit ra cdi
quyen cd mdt gid fri ngang nhau vl chinh tri va xa hgi cho tit cd mgi ngudi, hay it ra Id cho mgi cdng dan frong mdt nude, hay cho mgi thdnh vien frong mgt xa hgi" '. Nhung quyln cy thi cua con ngudi cung dugc coi la phd biln, thude vl tit cd mgi ngudi, "khdng mgt ngudi ndo chdng lgi ty do... chi cd dilu la trong trudng hgp nay thi vdi dgc quyln rieng, frong trudng hgp khdc thi vdi tu cdch la mgt quyen chung"^^ hay "dgc quyen tin nguong la mdt quyln phd biln ciia con ngudi"'^ Tinh phd biln ciing bao ham y nghia cd thi dp dung doi vdi tat ea cac giai dogn phat trien cua lich sd. Do vay, tinh phd bien la thugc tinh hihi CO eiia quyen con ngudi.
Tinh dgc thu ciia quyen con ngudi dugc bi^u hien cu the frong mdi quan he giira cd nhan vdi nhd nude, giiia lgi ich rieng vdi lgi ich chung, ddng thdi the hien tinh giai cap, tinh lich sir frong nhung xa hgi cu the. Theo Ph.Angghen, "tinh chat dae thu tu san cua nhung quyen eua eon ngudi ay: Hien phap cua nude My, hien phap dau tien thira nhan quyen cita eon ngudi, ddng thdi ciing lai ehudn y ludn ed che do nd If cua ngudi da mau dang tdn tai d nude My; dac quyen giai cap bi cam chi, dgc quyen chiing tdc duge than thanh hda"^**. Giiia tinh dgc thu va tinh phd bien '^ C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. t.4, tr.625.
'* C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd. t.l, tr.l88.
•' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. t.20, tr.l49.
'* C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd. t.l, tr.85.
' ' C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. t.l, tr. 549.
-° C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd. t.20, tr 153.
ciia quyen con ngudi frong xa hdi tu san cd sy tdch rdi, bift lap nhau. Giai cip thing tri da biln lgi ieh dgc thii ciia minh thanh lgi ich phd biln cua xa hdi. Cai dac thu dugc the hien ra la sy rieng bift dl bao ve quyen lgi cho giai cip thing tri, do nhung dieu kifn kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi quy dinh.
Quyen eon ngudi Id sy thdng nhit bifn chiing giira tinh phd bien vd tinh dac thu.
C.Mdc da chi ra rang, xet den ciing, nhung quyen con ngudi mang tinh dac thii deu la sy the hifn rinh phd bien ciia nd. Con ngudi la "con ngudi mang tinh loai" - phd bien, ddng thdi con ngudi phai sdng frong mdt xa hgi nhat dinh vdi mgt phuang thirc sdn xudt nhat dinh, do vgy tinh phd bien vd tinh ddc thu cimg tdn tai va thdng nhat vdi nhau. Tinh dgc thu khi the hifn dugc sy hgp ly, dugc dp dung d nhieu nude, nhieu khu vyc se dan frd thanh tinh phd bien.
Thic tu, quyen con ngudi cdn mang tinh nhdn logi sau sac. Tu khi xa hdi cd sy phan chia giai cap thanh giai cap thdng fri vd giai cap bi thdng tri, cd dp biie, bdc lot vd sy dau franh chdng lai dp biic dd, khdng phdi d mdt nude ma fren pham vi the gidi, quyen con ngudi la ket qud ciia cugc dau franh Idu ddi, gian kho cua cdc giai cap, dan toe bi dp biic nham lat dd ach thdng fri, xda bd bat cdng, bit binh dang, gianh nhiing quyen co bdn vd lgi ich cho con ngudi. Sy nghifp giai phdng dy gan lien vdi xa hdi, vdi lich sOr the gidi, la sy nghiep chung ciia tat cd cdc
qudc gia, dan tgc, "sy gidi phdng mdi cd nhdn rieng re ciing se dugc thye hien theo chiing mye lich sir se hoan todn bien thdnh lich sir thi gidi"^' va sy phat triln ty do ciia moi ngudi la dieu kien eho sy phdt friln ty do ciia tit ca mgi ngudi.
Thdnh tyu vl quyln con ngudi cimg la thanh tyu ciia nhan loai, mgi ngudi deu dugc thy hudng. Vi vgy, quyen con ngudi mang tinh nhan logi sdu sic.
3.2, Bdn chdt cda quyen con ngudi Xudt phdt quan nifm coi tii con ngudi Id mdt thyc the thdng nhat giiia mgt ty nhien vd mat xa hgi, mang ban chat Id
"tdng hda cdc mdi quan hf xa hgi", Id
"cgng dong chdn chinh cua con ngudi"^^
cdc nha sdng lap chit nghia Mdc da khang dinh quyen con ngudi, mang ban chat xa hgi, phdn dnh cdc mdi quan hf xa hgi cua con ngudi. De tdn tgi va phdt frien, con ngudi trudc het phai thda man nhiing nhu cau vgt chat cua minh (dn, d, mac...), sau do la nhu cau tinh than, dieu dd ddi hdi mdi ngudi phai lao dgng sdn xuat, phai cd mdi quan he vdi cgng ddng, xa hgi, chiu sy rang huge ciia mgi quan he xa hdi. Mat khac, con ngudi can cd siic manh de chdng lai lyc lugng ty nhien vd xa hgi, siic manh dd chi cd dugc khi con ngudi d trong mgt cgng ddng xa hgi, siic mgnh ciia cgng ddng se mang lai siic manh eho moi ca nhdn.
C.Mac viet: "Chi cd trong cdng ddng, cd
" C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen (1995). Sdd.. t.3. tr 53.
" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995). Sdd.. t L tr.8I4.
NGUYEN Tm HONG HANH nhan mdi cd dugc nhirng phuang tifn de
cd the phdt triln todn difn nhiing nang khieu ciia minh, va do do, chi cd frong cfng ding mdi cd ty do ca nhan"". Chi cd frong xa hgi va thdng qua xa hdi, con ngudi mdi cd dugc quyen dich thyc ciia minh vd thye hifn dugc nhiing quyln do.
Con ngudi cang dgt dugc sy tu do vd tang them siic mgnh cho minh khi con ngudi cd nhiing mdi quan he xa hgi va quan hf vdi gidi ty nhien ngdy cdng phong phii vd thiet thyc. Vi vay, quyln con ngudi phdt trien theo sy phdt friln ciia xa hgi, gan vdi sy phdt trien cua xa hgi va bdn chat ciia quyen con ngudi la d trong xa hgi, do xa hgi mang lgi. Xa hgi chinh la nhdn td quan trgng frong sy thira nhgn, ddm bdo va bdo vf quyen eon ngudi. C.Mdc vilt: "Vi vgy, hiln nhien khi nhirng cd nhan la nhung ngudi mang nhiing chiic nang vd quyen lyc nhd nude thi nhirng ea nhan do phdi dugc xem xet can cii theo pham chdt xa hdi ciia hg, ehii khdng phai can cii theo pham chat ty nhien cua hg"^'*
De con ngudi cd dugc ty do vd quyen thi hg phdi sdng frong xa hgi, eung vdi thiet che nha nude, chinh tri, phap ludt de bdo vf cho nhiing quyen do, chitih dieu nay mang lai bdn chat xa hgi cua quyen con ngudi cdn ban chat ty nhien cdu thanh nen con ngudi khdng phdi Id ban chat cua quyen. C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen khang djnh:
"Vi sy sinh de chi dem lgi cho con ngudi sy tdn tai cd nhan... cdn nhiing tinh quy dinh nha nude nhu quyen lap phap.... thi
lai Id nhung san phim xa hdi, la nhung con de ciia xa hgi, chii khdng phai la nhiing sdn pham cua cd nhdn ty nhien"^^, chinh ban chit xa hdi, bdn chit giai cip da quy dinh nen ban chit eiia quyln con ngudi vd dd chinh Id bdn chit xa hgi cua quyen con ngudi.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, quan niem ciia C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen vl quyln con ngudi la mdt hf thdng ly lugn khoa hgc, mang tinh each mgng. Vdi cac dng, tdn tgi va phdt trien, con ngudi ludn phdi sdng frong cgng ddng xa hdi, cd nhiing nhu cau vd can dugc dap iing nhung nhu cdu ve mat kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi. Nhiing nhu cau nay dugc xa hdi thira nhdn, dugc phap Iugt bao ve vd trd thdnh quyen con ngudi. Nhiing quyen con ngudi cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, tgo nen mgt the thdng nhat, tgo dieu kifn de con ngudi duge ty do va phat trien todn dien nang lyc bdn than. Qud trinh hien thyc hda cac quyen con ngudi ciing la qua trinh con ngudi dau franh ty giai phdng minh va dau franh nham thye thi quyen con ngudi. Quan niem ndy dugc cac dng xay dyng fren ca sd khoa hgc vd ca sd phuang phap ludn duy vdt bifn chimg, do vgy nd van cdn nguyen gia tri va y nghTa hifn thdi, lam eo sd Iy ludn cho vifc xay dung quan diem, dudng ldi va chinh sdch ciia Dang, Nha nude ta ve quyen con ngudi. O
" C.Mac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Sdd.. t.3, tr.l08.
'" C.Mac va Ph Angghen (1995), Sdd.. t.l, tr.337.
-^ C.Mac va Ph Angghen (1995). 5A/, t.l, tr.271.