XAY DUNG VA HOAN THIEN NEN DAN CHU XA Hdi CHU NGHIA YEU CAU KHACH QUAN CUA C O N G CUdC DOI MCfl
ThS BUI THI PHUONG LIEN '
1. Xdy dung vd hodn thien nen ddn chii XHCN Id yeu cdu ciia qud trinh xdy dtmg nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN vd ddy mgnh CNH, HDH ddt nudc trong giai dogn hien nay
Tien trinh xay dung nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN va su nghiep CNH, HDH dat nudc dang di vao ca chieu rdng va chieu sau. Dd la qua trinh phat trien luc lugng san xuat, tao ca sd cho su phat trien ciia nen kinh te thi trudng d nudc ta, tung budc dua nudc ta trd thanh mdt nudc cong nghiep theo hudng hien dai.
Tuy nhien, qua trinh CNH, xay dung va phat trien kinh te thi trudng d nudc ta trong nhiing nam gan day da va dang lam hinh thanh nhiing quan he kinh te mdi va keo theo dd la su bien ddi cua ca cau xa hgi - dan cu. Mgt bd phan Idn lao dgng ndng nghiep chuyen sang lam tieu thii cdng nghiep, cdng nghiep va dich vu; hinh thanh cgng ddng dan cu hdn hgp gdm ndng dan, cdng nhan, tieu thuong, tieu chu... thay the cho lang xa thuan ndng trudc kia; ddng thdi hinh thdnh cac do thi mdi, nhung chua trd thdnh do thi theo diing nghTa ma van mang bdng dang cua ndng thdn tu ca sd ha tdng, nghe nghiep den thdi quen sinh boat, van (*) Truong can bo Le Hong Phong.
hda. Qua trinh dd cung ddt ra nhieu van de mdi cdn giai quylt nhu: quan he chu - thg vdi nhiing bat cdng trong lao ddng vd phan phdi thu nhap; van de giai quyet viec lam cho ndng dan; su phan hda giau - ngheo trong xa hdi, dao diic, ldi sdng cd nhieu bien doi... Ddi sdng dan cu ca d ndng thon vd thanh thi trong kinh te hang hda la ddi song gan lien vdi qua trinh xa hdi hda, dan xen, dau tranh giua cai mdi va cai cu, cai tien bg va cai lac hau, tdn trgng, de cao su phat trien cua ca nhan ben canh tu tudng binh quan cua cdng ddng. Vi the, nhu cau ve dan chu dang dat ra biic xiic hon liic nao het.
Thuc hien dan chu hda ddi sdng xa hgi, nhat la dan chu trong kinh te la bien phdp tot nhat de han che nhtrng mat trai cua kinh te thi trudng, dam bdo cdng bang xa hgi.
Khdng nhtrng the, khi dan chu dugc thye hien, nd lai trd thanh ddng luc thiic day tang trudng kinh te. Qud trinh md rdng dan chu se thuc day su phan cdng lao dgng xa hdi, phdt trien lyc lugng sdn xudt theo hudng cd lgi nhat cho sd ddng, cho cdng ddng, phu hgp vdi quy luat khach quan.
Dan chii hda trong viec phdn phdi phiic lgi se dem lai cdng bang cho dai bd phdn nhan dan, tu dd se han che tae dgng cua su phan hda gidu - ngheo trong xa hdi. Su thdng nhdt giua tang trudng kinh t l vd phdt huy
40 LY LUAN CHINH TRI 12-2010
ddn chu Id d ehd, chung diu cd muc tieu chung Id phdt triln xa hdi md trung tdm la phdt trien con ngudi, phdt huy nhdn td con ngudi. Do dd, su phat triln cd hieu qud nhat la 1dm cho kinh tl vd dan chu phdt trien ddng thudn, tuong tdc, thuc ddy nhau, nhu the se bdo ddm duge trang thdi dn dinh trong phdt trien, cdng phdt trien cdng dn dinh. Nguge lai, neu phdt trien kinh te khdng di kem vdi ddn chu hda ddi sdng, thye hien cdng bang xd hgi, tang trudng bang mgi gia, thi kinh te cdng phdt trien cang nay sinh nhieu bat cdng, xa hgi cang phan hda ddn den chech hudng XHCN.
2. Md rpng ddn chit XHCN Id yeu cdu ciia qud trinh xdy dung Nhd nudc phdp quyen XHCN vd hodn thien he thdng chinh tri d nudc ta
Thuc te lich sir da cho thay, tuong iing vdi kinh te hdng hda, kinh te thi trudng thi the che nhd nudc phdi Id nha nudc phap quyen, trong dd, nha nudc qudn ly xa hdi tren ea sd phdp ludt vd bdng phdp ludt la chu yeu. Nhd nude phdp quyen trd thdnh hien thirc trong che do tu bdn nhung khdng.
phdi la Clia rieng giai cdp tu sdn, cung gidng nhu kinh te thi trudng khdng phdi chi cd trong xa hdi TBCN. Nha nudc phdp quyen cd bdn chat chinh tri giai cap khae nhau ttiy theo ca sd kinh te cua nd. Kinh te thi trudng TBCN thi cd nhd nudc phdp quyen tu sdn, cdn kinh te thi trudng XHCN thi cd nhd nude phdp quyen XHCN eua dan, do dan, vi dan.
Viet Nam du da chuyen ttr ca che kinh tl kl hoach hda tap trung sang ca che kinh tl thi trudng duge hon 20 nam, nhung the chi nhd nudc chua thue su Id the che nhd nudc phdp quyin XHCN cua ddn, do ddn.
vi ddn. Trong do, bd mdy nhd nude cdn chdm ddi mdi, chua theo kip su phdt trien kinh te, xd hdi; viec thuc hien dan chu true tiep vd dan chu dai dien cdn thdp cd ve hai phia: trinh do, y thuc cua ca quan lanh dao, qudn ly vd trinh do ddn tri... Vi the, thuc hien ddn chu hda ddi sdng xd hgi Id mdt phdn quan trgng khdng the thieu trong tien trinh hodn thien md hinh nhd nudc phdp quyen XHCN d nudc ta. Qud trinh md rdng ddn chii true tiep se lam chuyen bien cdn bdn thai do cua nhdn dan ve quyen - nghTa vu ddi vdi Nhd nude theo hudng tich cue vd cung ndng cao trach nliiem cua cdc ca quan nhd nudc, can bd, cdng chiic nhd nude vdi nhdn ddn, ttrng bude hinh thdnh y thiic phdp ludt trong qudn ly xa hdi, qudn ly nhd nudc, tang cudng phdp che. Thue hien tdt che do dan chu true tiep va ddn chu dai dien chinh Id mdt ca che bun hieu de bdo dam vd bao ve cac quyen, lgi ich chinh dang cua cdng dan, ddng thdi gdp phdn xay dung bd may nhd nude trong sach, vtrng manh. Ndi cdch khdc, qua trinh xay dung Nha nudc phdp quyen XHCN d nude ta se khdng the thanh cdng neu tdch rdi vdi viec ddy manh dan ehu hda ddi sdng xa hdi.
Tuy nhien, mdt van de cung can dugc nhan thiic diing la dan chu khdng ddng nghTa vdi tu do, vd chinh phu. Dan chu ludn gdn vdi nha nudc. Ndi dung cua che do ddn chu ludn bao ham hai mat: ddn chu vd chuyen chinh. Nhdn dan duge tu do thuc thi quyen lam chu eua minh, nhung chi dugc lam nhiing gi phdp ludt khdng cdm.
Nhu vdy, nhung bieu hien eua su tu do, vd chinh phu trong qud trinh phdt triln kinh tl nhu: canh tranh khdng Idnh manh, gian doi trong kinh doanh,... khdng the coi Id nhung bieu hien cua dan chu bdi vi nd chi dem lai
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lgi ich cho mdt nhdm nhd ma di ngugc lai lgi ich Clia ddng ddo nhan ddn. Mat khdc, cung can trdnh mgt quan diem sai 1dm la ddi lap ddn chu vdi chuyen chinh cua nha nudc, vdi sir dieu chinh cua phdp ludt.
Trong giai doan hien nay, chuyen chinh cua Nhd nudc d nudc ta la cdng cu can thiet de xda bd nhung tan du cua che do cu, trdn dp cdc boat ddng phd hoai lat do cua bgn phdn ddng, bdo ve cdng eugc xdy dung hod binh, phdt trien kinh te thi tardng de dem lai dan chu cho nhdn ddn. Ndi cdch khdc, chuyen chinh cua nhd nudc phdi nhdm muc dich the che hda, thuc thi vd bdo ve ddn chu XHCN. De thuc hien dieu dd va tranh su ttiy tien, lam dung quyen luc trong quan ly nha nude thi khdng cd cdng cu nao dieu chinh tdt hon Id phdp ludt. Phdp luat mdt mat ghi nhdn nhtrng quyen tu do, dan chii cua nhdn ddn, mat khdc quy dinh gidi han su tu do cua mdi ca nhdn de khdng lam dnh hirdng den tu do chung cua cgng ddng. Do do, sy ghi nhan va dieu chinh cua phap luat Id bieu hien rd rang nhat tinh ddn chu cua xa hdi, ddng thdi cung la ca sd, cdng cu hiiu hieu nhdt de bao ve nen dan chu.
Nha nudc la mdt bg phan quan trgng, la trung tam cua he thdng chinh tri. Nhd nudc phdp quyen XHCN chi cd the tdn tai va phat trien trong he thdng chinh tri XHCN dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Cgng san. Vi vdy, qud trinh xdy dung Nha nudc phdp quyin XHCN d Viet Nam phdi dugc ddt trong tdng the cua qud trinh hoan thien he thdng chinh tri XHCN. Qua trinh ddi mdi, hodn thien td chiic vd boat ddng cua he thdng chinli tri nudc ta cung chinh la qua trinh ttmg budc xdy dung vd hoan thien nen dan chii XHCN. Bai vi, he thdng chinh tri vd dan chii la hai pham tni cd quan he mat
thilt vdi nhau. Miic do dan chu trong xa hdi se phan dnh ban chdt ciia he thdng chinh tri, va ngugc lai, mdt trong nhung chiic nang quan trgng cua he thdng chinh tri hien nay la chuc nang thuc hien ddn chu, vi dan chu. Do dd, mudn xay dung he thdng chinh tri XHCN vung manh thi phai lam cho ngudi dan chu dgng, tich cue tham gia xay dung he thdng chinh tri. Cac td churc dd phdi la cua ddn, do dan vd vi ddn. Ndi each khdc, muc do hoan thien cua nen ddn chu XHCN cung chinh la thude do danh gid muc do hoan thien cua he thdng chinh tri, cua Nhd nude phdp quyen XHCN.
3. Xdy dung nen ddn chii XHCN la ddi hdi cdp thiet ciia qud trinh phdng, chdng tham nhiing d nudc ta
Nhin lai toan bd qua trinh thuc hien vd phat huy dan chu XHCN trong Id trinh doi mdi d nudc ta, khdng ai khdng thtra nhdn nhtrng thanh tuu tren cdc mat ciia ddi sdng xa hgi. Mac du vay, qud trinh dan chu hda d nudc ta da va dang gap khdng it khd khan, thdeh thuc, cdn nhieu van de tdn tai chua dugc giai quyet va nhieu bieu hien tieu cue nhu: te quan lieu, menh lenh, ctra quyen, tham nhQng, sach nhieu, gay phien ha cho dan chua bi ddy lui, ngan chan. Tren thuc te, nan tham nhung da va dang lam cho ddt nudc bi tdn thdt Idn ca ve mat kinh te lan uy tin trudc the gidi. Theo ddnh gia cua Td chiic Minh bach qudc te (Transparency International), ttr ndm 1997 din nam 2005, thdng qua viec chdm diem, Viet Nam ludn la nudc cd tinh trang tham nhQng d muc nghiem trgng vdi diem sd dao ddng tu 2,4 din 2,7^'I Nhung nam gdn day, Viet Nam cd nhieu no luc phdng, chdng tham nhQng, nhung van chua du manh va chua mang lai nhung budc dot pha cdn thilt. Nlu tinh
42 LY LUAN CHINH TR! 12 - 2010
trang tham nhQng khdng bi ngan chan va day lui se 1dm han ebl hieu qua boat dgng cua bd may nhd nudc, lam xdi mdn Idng tin cua nhdn dan ddi vdi Ddng va Nhd nudc, lam suy yeu vai trd lanh dao cua Ddng, lam mdt uy tin cua mdi trudng kinh doanh d Viet Nam...Vi vdy, ndng cao hieu qud chdng tham nhQng da trd thdnh yeu cdu cdp thiet trong sy nghiep ddi mdi d nudc ta hien nay.
Theo Td chiic Minh bach qudc te, tham nhQng sinh ra bdi su chi phdi cua yeu td:
dge quyen, thieu thdng tin vd trdch nhiem gidi trinh yeu. O Viet Nam, do co che qudn ly cdn bdt cap, che do tien luong chua hgp ly, dan chu chua dugc phdt huy ddy du trong ddi sdng xa hdi... nen tinh trang tham nhQng edn ndng ne. De cudc chien phdng, chdng tham nhQng thye sy dem lai hieu qud, chiing ta phdi khdc phuc nhiing yeu kem tren, dac biet la tang cudng, md rdng dan chu trong xd hdi. Qud trinh md rdng dan chu cQng chinh la qud trinh tang cudng kha nang tiep can thdng tin cua ngudi ddn, tang tinh minh bach trong boat ddng cua bd may nhd nudc theo hudng "phuc vu nhan dan", ttr do giam dan te quan lieu, tham nhQng, phien ha, sach nhieu nhan dan. Mat khdc, khi thdng tin dugc cdng khai thi ngudi dan cQng cd ca sd de tang cudng kiem tra, giam sdt viec tuan thu phap luat trong boat ddng ciia ca quan nha nudc, cdng chiic nha nudc. Khdng nhung the, khi thong tin vl boat ddng quan Iy nha nudc dugc cdng khai, chiing ta cd the de dang phat hien ra nhung ylu kem, ban chi, khuyit dilm trong boat dgng cua bd may nha nudc dl tu dd cd gidi phap khdc phuc kjp thdi. Vi vay, cd the ndi, thuc hien cdng khai, dan chu trong boat ddng cua bd may nha nudc la each tdt nhat dl khdc phuc
nhung tieu cue trong cac ca quan cdng quyin, gdp phdn nang cao hieu qua cudc ddu tranh phdng, chdng tham nhung d Viet Nam dl xay dung bg mdy nhd nudc trong sach, vtrng manh, hieu qua.
4. Md rpng ddn chit XHCN d Viel Nam Id yeu cdu ciia xu the hpi nhgp quoc te hien nay Todn cdu hda vd hdi nhap kinh te qudc te dd vd dang trd thdnh mgt trong nhung xu the chu yeu cua quan he kinli te qudc te hien dai. Nhdn thue rd tinh tdt yeu khdeh quan cua xu the qudc te hda nen kinh te the gidi, Viet Nam da vd dang tirng budc vung chdc hdi nhap sau, rgng vdo nen kinh te khu vyc vd the gidi.
Qua trinh nay hien khdng chi gidi ban trong ITnh vue kinh te md da dnh hudng den cd cdc ITnh vue khdc nhu: chinh tri, van hda, khoa hgc, gido due... Trong tien trinh hdi nhap, ddi bdi mdi qudc gia phdi dieu chinh nhieu dieu luat cho phu hgp vdi ludt phdp qudc te, trudc bet la trong ITnh vyc kinh te.
Thuc tbi nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN ddi hdi he thdng chinh tri nudc ta mgt mat phdi gift viing ban chat, muc dich Clia he thdng chinh tri XHCN, mat khdc cQng phai ddi mdi td chuc va ngi dung boat ddng de phuc vu cho yeu cau cua dudng ldi ddi ngoai va hdi nhap kinli te cua dat nudc.
Mdt van de dugc qudc te rat quan tdm hien nay la van de thye hien dan chu, md rdng quyen tu qudn cho cap chinli quyen dia phuong. Chinh quyen ty qudn dia phuong hien dugc nhin nhan trong bdi canh toan cdu nhu la mdt yeu td chu yeu cua qud trinh phat trien ddn chu. Chau Au da ed bdn Hien chuong ve chinh quyin tu qudn dia phuang cd hieu luc tu nam 1998. Thi gidi cQng dang tien hanh xay dung Hiin chuang
LY LUAN CHlNH TR! 12-2010 43
qudc te ve chinh quyen tu qudn dia phuang.
Trong pham vi khu vue, cdc nudc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong cung cd cung nhdn dinh rdng, su tham gia eua qudn chung Id yeu td quan trgng thiic day ddn chu vd phdt trien chinh quyen dia phuang. Trong dd, nguyen tac quan trgng nhat dugc de cap Id, quyen ra quyet dinh phdi thugc ve cap gdn vdi ddn nhdt, gdn vdi vdn de nhdt vd chi nhung nhiem vu md chinh quyen dia phuang, ca sd khdng the thuc hien dugc mdt minh thi mdi chuyen len cdp tren gidi quyet.
Khdng the diing ngoai xu the dd, trong tien trinh hdi nhap qudc te, Viet Nam vtra ke thtra nhung gid tri truyen thdng tdt dep cua ddn tdc, ddng thdi cQng cdn tiep thu nhiing gia tri tien bg chung cua nhdn loai, nhdt Id nhting gid tri ve dan chu. Do dd, trong qud trinh ddi mdi td chuc, boat ddng cua Hdi ddng nhdn ddn vd IJy ban nhdn ddn cdc cdp hien nay, chung ta cQng cdn phdi xem xet toan dien vdn de ndy ed ve ly luan vd thuc tien de vua dat dirge hieu qua qudn ly nhd nudc tdt nhdt, ddp ung ddi bdi cua su phdt trien dat nude vd yeu cdu chung cua the gidi, vtra dam bdo gift vting djnh hudng XHCN trong qud trinh phdt trien. Mudn vay, khdng ed cdch ndo khde Id phdi thue hien qud trinh dan chu hda ddi sdng xd hdi vdi nhiing budc di thich hgp. Mdt trong nhftng budc di md chiing ta da tien hanh dd Id thuc hien md rdng dan chu bat dau tu ca sd vd day manh phan cap nliiem vu, quyen ban cho chinh quyen dia phuong theo nguyen tdc: cdng viec d cdp chinh quyen ndo gidi quyel hieu qud hon thi giao cho cdp do.
Tu kit qud tdng ket qud trinh 10 ndm thirc hien ddn chu d ca sd da chiing td, dd Id budc di dung ddn, can dugc tiep tuc md
rdng vd nang cao hieu qud thye hien trong thdi gian tdi.
5. Tiip tuc xdy dung vd hodn thien nen ddn chu XHCN la yeu cdu ciia qud trinh ddn chit hda vd hien thuc hda quyen lam chii cita nhdn ddn trong su nghiep ddi nidi d nude ta
Qud trinh ddi mdi todn dien tren cdc ITnh vue cua ddi sdng xa hgi di ddi vdi tdng eudng vd md rdng dan chu XHCN d nudc ta trong nhftng ndm qua da dem lai nhung thdnh tuu to Idn cd vl vat chat va tinb thdn eho nhdn ddn. Nhung kit qud dat dugc dd da chiing td, md rdng ddn chu XHCN Id xu thi phdt triln tdt yeu cua xa hgi, ddng thdi cQng la ddng luc chinh thuc day tien trinh ddi mdi d nude ta. Song ben canh nhung ket qua dat duge, qud trinh xdy dung nen dan chu XHCN d nudc ta thdi gian qua cQng da bdc Id nhieu khiem khuyet, ban che. Quyen lam chu cua nhdn dan chua phdi da dugc thye sy ton trgng vd phdt huy d mgi luc, mgi nai. Viec thuc hien cdc quyen "ddn biet, dan ban, dan kiem tra" d nhieu nai cdn mang tinh hinh thuc, chieu le. Tinh trang vi pham quyen lam chu cua nhdn ddn d mdt sd nai cdn xdy ra nghiem trgng. Mdt trong nhftng bieu hien rd nhat cua tinh trang dd la cdc vu viec khieu kien tap the, khieu kien vugt cdp, keo ddi cua nhdn dan da xay ra d nhieu dia phuang trong nhung nam qua khdng nhftng khdng gidm md cdn cd xu hudng tang len, lam anh hudng khdng nhd den su phdt triln chung.
Thuc trang dd cho thdy, mac du nguyen tdc: "tat cd quyen luc thugc vl nhdn ddn"
dd dugc Hien phdp ghi nhdn, ddng thdi Nha nudc cung da ban hdnh nhieu van bdn phdp
(Xem tiep trang 39)
44 LY LUAN CHlNH TRI 12-2010
dd thi vd ndng thdn phti hgp vdi tinh chat quan ly tren dia ban. Xac djnh rd thdm quyin, trach nhiem ciia chii tich Uy ban nhdn dan va tap the Uy ban nhan dan. Tilp tuc hodn thien phuang thiic hoat dgng cua ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc theo hudng de cao vai trd vd trach nhiem cd nhdn ngudi dung dau.
Thic tu, xay dung vd thuc hien tdt hon ca che, chinh sdch thu hiit nhan tai, tao dgng luc khuyen khich cdng chiic nang cao trach nhiem vd hieu qua cdng tac; day manh cdng tac dao tao, bdi dudng, tuyen chgn phan cong, de bat ddi ngu can bg, cdng chiic tre theo quy dinh ciia Luat Cdn bg, cdng chuc, khdc phuc tinh trang hdng hut cdn bd qudn ly, lanh dao ke can d cdc cap, cac ngdnh;
day nhanh tien do cdi cdch tien luong, tinh du cdc thanh phdn cdu thdnh nen luong de cdn bd, cdng chiic va gia dinh sdng dugc bang luong theo miic trung binh cua xa hdi.
Thit ndm, tiep tuc cai cdch viec phdn bd vd sir dung ngdn sdch, ndng cao hieu qua dau tu cdng, ddm bdo su dung tiet kiem va hieu qua cac khodn chi tai chinh trong khu vyc cdng, thuc hien viec cung ung cdc dich vu cdng cdng cdng bang va hieu qud; tiep tuc phdn cap ngdn sach, phdt huy tinh chu ddng, sang tao cua dia phuang va cac nganh trong viec quan ly tai chinh va ngan sdch dugc phdn cap; tiep tuc thuc hien ddi mdi ca che tdi chinh ddi vdi cac don vi hanh chinh va su nghiep theo Nghi dinh sd 130/2005/ND-CP vd Nghi dinh sd 43/2006/ND-CP cua Chinh phu da ban hanh; ddi mdi ca che qudn ly vdn, tang cudng hieu qua trong sir dung vdn ODA; tang cudng thu hiit va dinh hudng cdc ddng vdn FDI tap trung dau tu vao co sd, ket cdu ha tdng ky thudt trgng ylu, chuyin giao cdc cdng nghe hien dai vao Viet Nam; ddi mdi cdng tdc thanh tra, gidm sat tdi chinh trong quan ly vd sir dung tdi chinh cdng.
XAY DUNG VA HOAN THIEN NEN DAN CHU XA HOI CHU NGHiA -
YEU CAU K H A C H QUAN...
(Tiep theo trang 44)
ludt quy dinh ve van de nay nhu: Luat Khieu nai, Td cao; Phdp lenh thuc hien ddn chu d xa, phudng, thi tran;
Quy che dan chu trong ca quan nha nude..., song nhin vao hieu qua thue hien cac van ban nay cd the thay rang, chiing ta van dang thieu mdt ca che htru hieu de phdt huy vai trd lam chu cua nhdn dan tren thye te. Khdng nhting the, che do trdch nhiem cua co quan nha nudc, cdn bd cdng chiic nhd nudc trong viec bdo ddm cho nhdn dan dugc thye hien quyen lam chu cua minh cdn chua thuc su ro rdng cung nhu he thdng che tai hien nay chua du manh de cd the ngan ngtra, ban che tinh trang vi pham quyen lam chu cua nhdn dan. Vi vay, su nghiep xay dung nen dan chu XHCN d nudc ta trong giai doan hien nay dang ddt ra yeu cau phdi tiep tuc hoan thien ca ve ca sd phdp Iy va ca che td chiic thuc hien de hien thuc hda quyen lam chu Clia nhan dan, bao dam cho nhdn dan thue su dugc la chii vd lam chu; hi do tao ra nhtrng chuyen bien manh me, tich cue tren tdt ed cdc ITnh vue cua ddi sdng xa hdi.
(1) Theo Bao dien tir "Trung tam thong tin va du bao kinh te - xa hoi qudc gia"
cua Bo Ke hoach va Ddu tu ngay 17-2- 2006.
LY LUAN CHlNH TR! 12-2010 39
