Cuoc canh tranh toan cau ve nhan tai: Doi sach cua Singapore va go'i ma cho Viet Nam^
PHAM MANH HUNG
Torn tat: Bdi viit ndy tap trung phdn tich ba vdn di chinh, mot Id, ddc diem vd tinh chdt cua cuoc canh Iranh loan cdu vi nhdn tdi. Hai la. nhung doi sdch ve chinh tri. kinh te, xd hoi vd gido due cita Singapore trong icng pho vdi cuoc cgnh tranh todn cdu ve nhdn tdi. Ba la. de xuat mot s6 gai md cho Viet Nam trong irng pho vdi cuoc cgnh tranh todn cdu ve nhdn ldi.
Tii- khda: Cgnh tranh vi nhdn ldi. thu hut vd giu chdn nhdn tdi, Singapore.
Gioi thieu
Kd tir khi thual ngir "cugc canh tranh toan cau vd nhan tai" duge Cdng ty tu van McKinsey dua ra nam 1997 dc chi su gia lang nhanh chong ciia cudc eanh tranh khde liet trong tuydn dung va giir chan nhan lai giira cac cdng ty, cdc nude trdn pham vi todn eau. Cho tdi nay, ciing vdi su phat tridn manh me ciia nen kinh te Iri thirc, toan cau hod va su xuat bien eiia cudc cai:b mang khoa hpc va cdng nghe (KH&CN) lari thii 4, eupc eanh tranh loan cau vd nhan lai didn ra ngay cang khdc liel, dai ra nhung thach thiic vd chinb trj, kinh td, xa hdi va giao due ehua timg co vdi nhiing bidu hicn, tac ddng khae nhau liiy thudc b6i canh eu thd moi nude.
Vict Nam sau 30 nam Ddi mdi dang diing trudc budc ngoat cua ticn trinh phai tridn ddi hdi phai eo duge dpi ngu nhan tai nong col dap img yeu eau phat tridn dai nude mgt each biil pha va ben vung. Tuy vay, thue td cho thay mdi trudng xa hgi dc phai Irien dpi ngu nhan tai
*Vicn Kinh te v^ Chinh tri The gioi
'' Nf^hiin cihi nciy ta san plmni ciia De lai Doc Idp cap Quoc gia "Cue diin kinh te the giai hien nay va tdc d(Jngd4n lieiNam". Ma s6 DTDL-XH 17/15
ndng c6t d Viel Nam hien nay, tir thu hut, su dung, ddo tao, b6i dudng ddn giir chan nhan lai ddu chua thue su hidu qua.
Bai viet nay tim hieu luat choi eiia eupe canh tranh loan cau vd nhan lai va ddi sdch ciia Singapore trong ling phd vdi cudc canh tranh toan cau vd nhan lai, lir dd dd xuat mot sd ggi md cho Viet Nam Irong iing phd vdi cuge canh tranh nay.
1. Dac dicm, tinh chat ciia cuoc canh tranh toan cau vc nhan tai
Cudc eanh tranh loan cau ve nhan tdi co nhimg dac didm, tinh chat rat khac so vdi trudc day, tir doi tugng canh tranh, pham vi, ddn ngudi chai va lual chai. Tnrac hit, vd ddi lugng eanh Iranh, cugc eanh Iranh nay khong phai vd nhiing ngudi co tai nang lam thudng hay nhung ngudi "thong kim bac cd", hidu bidt "thien kinh van quyen" ma la ve nhung tai nang d6i mdi sang lao xuat chiing, vdi nang luc giai quydt van dc va ra nhthig quyet djnh sang tao trong cac tinb hudng kh6ng ngimg bidn dgng cua hoan eanh. The gidi da di vao thdi dai kinh td tri thirc yd d6i mdi sang lao la dgng lue chii ydu cho nen kinh Id Iri thirc. Chinh nhung -tai nang
W/iLffig i/^n (fig KINH T ^ V A C H I N H T R I T H ^ GIOI S6 1 2 ( 2 4 8 ) 2 0 1 6 -
Cupc canh tranh toan ciu vd nhan tai: D6i sach cua Singapore.. Phgm Manh Hung
ddi mdi sdng tao" mdi nang cao sire canh tranh eua ndn kinh td. Chinh tdi nang ddi mdi sang tao eiia nhihig nhd quan trj, didu hdnh da ldm nen su khdc biet quydt dinb giOa nhimg cdng ty phdt tridn va nhung cdng ty yeu kem hay chi du dd tdn tai. Thue td cho thdy phdn ldn vipc sinh ldi eho cdng ty la do ddng gdp eiia thieu sd nhirng nhd quan tri, didu hdnh day tdi nang ddi mdi sang tao. CJ tdm qudc gia cung vay, nhimg nhan tdi ddi mdi sang tao dugc lua chpn vdo cac vi tri lanh dao vd quan tri qudc gia se dua dit nude di theo quy dao ddi mdi sang tao vd phdt trien.
Thif hai, vd pham vi vd ngudi choi, cupc canh tranh nay khdng gidi han trong pham vi bidn gidi qudc gia ma didn ra trdn pham vi todn cau, khong chi giira eae nude phat tridn vdi nhau ma loi keo ca eae nude dang phat trien, cdc nude mdi noi nhap cugc. Ban than ede nude phat tridn chii ddng thue hidn nhung thay doi ldn trong ehinh sach nhap cu, giao due, kinh te va xa hpi, thuc thi chinh sach "sir dung va Ihu hiit nhan tai" trdn toan thd gidi, chap nhan su bat binh dang Idn ban d ca pham vi loan cau, viing mien hay trong moi qudc gia, chap nhan hoac la su bat binh dang ldn vd thu nhap hoac mat nhan tai do cac xir sd khac mdi chao bang nhung nhirng chinh saeh hap dan hon. Thuc td cho Ihay nhung ngudi "xuat sac nhat" dang cd thu nhap vugl Irgi vi cuge eanh tranh loan eau ve nhan lai da ha gia moi thir ngoai trir nhimg thanh tuu 'hang dau'.
Thir ha, ve lual chai, euge canh tranh loan eau vd nhan tai van dgng iheo quy lual "dat lanh ehim dau", do vay. nai nao khong biet trgng dung nhan lai, nghta la, da day nhan tai ddn noi khac. Bdi va\. trong cuge eanh tranh toan eau vc nhan tai nay khdng ton tai hien tuong "an ban lac dao" ciia bac tri gia Nguyen Binh Khiem hay ihoi chai ngdng ngao nghe cua bac thay Nguyen Cdng Tru. Thay vao dd, khi tai nang eiia Nguyen Ha Dong khdng thd phat huy d Vidt Nam. Nguydn Ha Dong eo dit dung vo d
My. Do vay, mudn thang trong cudc eanh tranh nay ddi hdi cdc nude khdng phdi chi Id ddo tao dugc dpi ngu nhan tdi ddi mdi sang tao ma quan trpng ban phai kidn tao dugc mdi trudng xd hpi thudn lgi va dpng luc dd nhihig nhan tdi ddi mdi sdng tao bdt kd Id ngudi trong nude hay nuac ngodi ddu mudn sdng vd lam viec.
2. Cac doi sach ciia Singapore ung pho voi cuoc canh t r a n h toan cau ve n h a n tai
2.1. Gidi thieu vi Singapore
Singapore la mdt nude nhd d Ddng Nam A, dan s6 khoang 5,6 trieu ngudi, dien tich 700 km^. Singapore cd mpt ndn kinb td manh va thu nhap binh qudn d i u ngudi thudc tdp ddu the gidi. Xir sd nay khdng giau tdi nguydn thien nhidn nen ngudn nban lyc dugc xac djnh la mot Igi thd canh tranh trdn thi trudng qudc td khi phdi tranh gianh vdi ihd gidi mieng banh sinh Igi trong ITnh vuc ky thuat cao va djch vu cong nghe cao. Dd phat tridn va phdn thinh, phai tap trung manh vao nang luc sang lao, tri thiie cong nghe, dac bicl la cdng nghe thdng lin, cong nghe y sinh va djeh vu chat lugng eao.
Chinh pbil ciia Ddng Nhan dan hanh dpng cam quydn duge ddnh gia la thuc dung, nhung ngudi CO ldi, quydn luc nhung dpc doan, Hp dugc menh danh la "nhiing nha sieu thuc dung vd loan eau hoa". Thay vi dd bj Iran ngap vd vdi dap bdi Ian song loan cau hda hay bj dgng trudc nhung thach thirc ciia cudc canh tranh loan cau vc nhan tai, Chinh phii Singapore tin ring no c6 the du bao va ehuycn hda thdnh nhung thuan Ipi eho su phat tricn dai nude.
Thuc id cho thay Singapore da no lire ihirc hidn mpt loat giai phap, lir ehinh iri, kinh td, xa hgi den giao due dc mdt mat, tao •'ddt lanh" hay moi tnrdng xd hoi thudn lai vd dgng hrc dd thu hill nhan tai ddi mdi sang tao nude ngoai den sdng va ldm viec d Singapore. Mat khac, Singapore da nd lue khdng ngimg trong cai
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Pham Manh Hung Cudc canh tranh toan cau vd nhan tai: Bdi sach cua Singapore..
each gido due dd ddo tao va giQ- chan nhan tdi ddi mdi sang tao trong nude.
2.2, Thuyit phuc vd dan d&t ngirdi dan trong ntrdc chao ddn niian tai nu&c ngoai
Trong cudc eanh tranh toan cau vd nhan tai, Singapore giong nhu nhidu nude khae, ddi mat vdi mot thicc te mdi phai gidi quydt Id nhan tai Singapore dugc sdn ddn vdi nhimg mdi chdo hap dan khd cudng lai duge. Cuu Thii tudng Gob Chok Tong da ednh bdo trong Didn vdn chao mimg ngdy Qudc khanh nam 1997:
"Khi cdc cong ty da quoc gia khdi su cong viec hay triin khai hogt dong a Trung Quoc ho thuang thue ngudi Singapore. Cdc cong ty My thudng nhdm din cdc sinh vien Singapore dang theo hoc a My vd khong chi nhii'ng ngudi da co bdng MBA md ngay cd nhirng sinh vien chua to!
nghiep vl ho muon tuyen dung cho nhung du dn d Dong Nam A vd nhdt Id a Trung Quoc. Su mdi chdo cua cdc cong ty qud hdp ddn kho co the cudng lgi dugc. Do ihuc su Id mot vdn di. Rdt nhiiu sinh vien cita chiing ta hiin nay dang dong gop cho cdc nen kinh le khdc thay vi trd ve Singapore Ho ldm dieu ndy khong phdi Id tam thdi md Id ddi hgn... Ddy khong phdi la su phi phdn md Id thira nhdn mot vdn de mdi trong cuoc song. Mot khia canh cita todn cdu hoa vd dia phirang hoa doi hoi chung fa .siiy nghi vd gidi quyel. " (Gob, 1997, doan van 35 va36).
Theo Goh (1997), Idi giai eho van dd nay ehinh la licb cue thu but nban tai tir nhirng xir sd khae. Ong ndi:
....quy tu cdc nhdn ldi vd ldm cho Singapore trd thdnh mot thdnh pho da sdc toe Singapore dd trd nen thinh virgng v'l chung ta idi keo dugc tdi ndng tren todn the gidi ddc biet Id trong khu vi.rc. Ddy ciing chinh la cdch thirc dd giiip cdc thdnh pho nhu London, New York.
Hong Kong vd Thuang Hdi (Irudc chien tranh) dgt dugc thdnh cong" (Goh,1997, doan van 46).
Dd quy tu nhan tai, Goh (1997) xem Thung lung Silicon Id mdt md hinh mdu:
"Niu chi dira vdo nguai ddn a Palo Alto.
California hay ngay cd todn nu&c My thi Thung lung Silicon khong thi ndo Ird (hdnh mgt trung tdm sdng choi vd ndng dong luon trdn ddy nhirng du dn khdi nghiip vd ddy kich thich.
Thung lUng Silicon phdt triin Id nhd cdc nhd khoa hoc, ky su, cdc nhd lap trinh vd cdc doanh nhdn hdng ddu din lit khdp nai trin thi gidi, dgc biet Id tir chdu A" (Goh, 1997, doan van 47).
Goh (1997) dien gidi ro thdm rdng:
"Chung ta co the xdy dung ngoi nhd toi nhdt cho moi ngudi ddn Singapore bdng viic thu hut nhdn tdi thi gidi De co dugc nhitng dgi hoc hdng ddu the gidi, chiing la phdi thu hut dugc nhitng sinh viin vd gido su gioi. Di co viic ldm tot cho mgi ngudi lao dgng chung ta phdi loi keo dugc nhung dng chii gioi nhdt - nhiing chuyin gia, doanh nghiep vd nhitng cong ty mgnh nhdt thi gidi chdng hgn nhu Shell, Compaq hay Sony. Thu hut duoc nhdn tdi the gidi Id chia khoa de tgo nen diiu tot nhdt cho ngudi ddn Singapore" (Gob, 1997, doan van 49).
Cac su kien thuc Id cung cho thay ro lap trudng kidn djnh va nhat quan ciia Chinh phii Singapore trong thue hidn chinh sach chao ddn nhan tdi nude ngoai. Su kidn bd nhiem Dane Flemming Jacobs Iam CEO (lir 1999 ddn 2003) cua Neptune Orient Lines, mdt cong ty ldn vd van tai quoc gia lien kdt vdi nha nude, la Ihdng diep manh me ve su kidn dinb chinh saeh tuydn dung nhan lai nude ngoai eua Chinh phii Singapore. Trudc khi bo nhiem, trong bai didn van nhan ngay Quoc khanh nam 1998, Thii tudng Goh da nban manh:
Neu cdc cong ty cita chimg ta mudn thiinh cong nhu Microsoft thi chiing ta phdi biil dgt ini den sii dung nhCrng nhdn tdi (...). Khi thue ngudi thi phdi tim ktim ngudi gioi nhdi bdt ki Id ngudi Singapore hay ngudi nude ngodi"
(Goh, 1998).
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Cupc canh tranh toan cdu vd nhan tai: Ddi sach cua Singapore... Pham Manh Hung
Goh (1998) cdn nhdn manh rdng chu nghTa ddn tdc khong ndn dupe eoi la ydu td quydt dinh trong vide lua chpn CEO eua cdc cdng ty. Thay vao dd, ngudi gidi nhat nen duge bd nhiem vdo vj tri ndy bat kd qudc tich ndo.
Cau chuyen d Ngdn hang Phat tridn Singapore (DBS) cung cho thdy ro vd lap trudng sir dung nhan tai nude ngoai. DBS la mpt trong nhihig nai ddu tidn myen dung nhan tai nude ngoai dam nhiem nhung vj tri cao nhdt.
Da nhidu nam vj tri CEO cua DBS ludn do nhiing ngudi tai gioi nude ngoai ddm nhiem trong dd CO John Olds, mgt ngudi My timg lam vide cho JP Morgan, Jackson Tai eung la ngudi My timg lam vide cho JP Morgan, sau do la Richard Stanley, ngudi My timg lam cho City Group va Piyush Gupta, ngudi An Do tir ngan hdng City.
Nhan lai nude ngoai khong ehi la mot ngudn vdn kinh Id ma cdn la bieu tugng cd y nghia dae trung eho nhip dp phdt tricn d tam cao cua guong may kinh td Singapore so vdi eae ndn kinh te khac. Bdi vay, van dc su dung nhan tai nude ngoai luon la mdi quan tam hang dau eua cac nha lanh dao ddt nude Singapore. Thii tudng Ly Hidn Long (2006) Irong didn van ehao mirng ngay Qu6c khanh nam 2006 nhan manh rang:
"Ngdy cdng co nhieu nhdn tdi Singapore duac nhdm den vd tuyen dting ldm viic a nuoc ngodi. Singapore cdn ddn thdn manh me vdo
"cuoc canh tranh khdc liel" ve nhdn tdi vd ddy manh viec nhdp cu de bii ddp cho nhung ngudi Irong nirdc ra dt" (LV. 2006).
Quan dicm nhat quan \'a kien dinh \ c chfnh saeh lim kicm va mdi ehao nhan tai nude ngoai dirge tai khang dinh vdi vice thanh lap Vu dan sd va quoe tieh thupc van phong thii tudn^ dd xuc ticn cac ehucmg trinh nhap cu vao
Singapore. Goh Chok Tong (2008), gid day da trd thanh cuu thu tudng, chi ro rang:
Niu ngudi ldi dugc ddo Igo trong nude khong dit, nhieu xir sd chudn bi nhdp cu khong han chi nhdn tdi nude ngodi. Chdng hgn nhu nirdc Anh dd co he thdng chdm diem di thu hui nhiiu han nhitng di ddn co ky ndng Cdc ntrdc khdc nhu My vd Australia da co nhitng ldc dong vdo hi thing gido due de khuyin khich nhitng sinh vien nude ngodi a lai ldm viec sau khi lot nghiep. Hong Kong dd ban hdnh Qui dinh vi chdp thudn nhdng di ddn eo ky ndng ndm 2006.
Singapore eUng da ldm tuang lu vd vdi mgng ludi tiip cdn sdu rgng cita minh, Singapore thudn lgi han trong viic "tdng Ihu chdt xdm"
(Goh. 2008).
Nhu vay, vd mat chinh tri, cdc nhd lanh dao qudc gia Singapore thdng qua cac didn van va bai pbai bieu quan trpng cimg nhihig su kien thue te de khang dinh quan didm nhat quan ve chinb sach thu hiit nhan tai nude ngodi, dong tbdi de thay ddi nban Ihiie, thuydt phuc va ddn dat ngudi dan Irong nude chao ddn nhan tai nude ngoai.
2.3. Kien tgo mot xd hgi todn cdu md, da dgng va ddng song
Khong ehi nd lire thuydt phuc va dan dat ngudi dan trong nude chao don nhan lai nude ngoai, cac nha lanh dao quoe gia Singapore con hudng tdi kicn lao Singapore Id thanh phd loan eau dang sdng nhal vdi ea sd ha tang cimg va mdm hap dan va !di cudn nhan lai nude ngoai ddn song va Iam vide. Kidn lao Singapore ihanh mgt xa hdi md. da dang vdi moi trudng xanh saeh dep, cham sde y lc vdi lidu chuan dang cap the gidi. CO sd ha tang tuyet hao va an ninh lot.
eac trung tam vui choi giai tri dang cdp the gidi.
Vide lao dung eo sd ha Idng mdm thuan Iai, ldi cuon nhan tai nude ngoai ciing nhan duge su quan lam dae bict ciia cae nha lanh dao quoe gia
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Pham Manh Hung Cudc canh tranh toan cSu MB nhan tai: Doi sach cua Singapore..
Singapore. Goh (1998) nhdn manh rdng ngudi dan Singapore cdn thay ddi nhan thiic vd van dd nban tai nude ngodi vi lgi ich dat nude. Ong keu gpi ngudi ddn trong nude ehao ddn nhan tdi nude ngodi va "thieh iing vdi hp nhu vdi ngudi dan trong nude bat ky liic nao cd the". Ddng thdi. Gob (1997) eung dac bidt nhan manh rang phai khac sau va thdm nhudn long trung thanh vd y thiic lam chii dat nude cua ngudi dan Singapore. Ong ndi:
"Viic duy tri moi rdng buoc vdi gia dinh, bdng huu vd long tning thdnh vdi ddt nude Id dieu rdt quan trgng trong tinh hinh mdi ndy.
Chung ta khong bao gid dugc phep quen rang ngudi ddn Singapore na nhau mgt mon na trdch nhiem vd ngudi cdng co nhieu nang lire vd ddt nude cdng ddu tu nhieu cho minh. thi cdng phdi eo bdn phdn ddc biet ddi vdi xd hgi.
Chung la phdi ehung lay di xdy dung ddt nude ndy... Viee xdy dung "phdn cot ldi" cita Singapore quan trgng han viic xdy dung mot khu trung ldm ihuang mgi hay mdt khu gidi tri De ngudi ddn ludn hdnh dien vd tu hao ve ddi nude, hg phdi cdm nhdn dugc ve su sd huu vd ldm chit ddt nude irong tdm tri" (Goh, 1997, doan van 38).
Nhu vdy, vd mat xa hdi, ede nha lanh dao quoe gia Singapore hudng ldi kidn lao mpi xa hdi vdi nhung dieu kicn ihuan lgi va tot nhat eho cdng vide va cugc sdng cua nhan lai doi mdi sang lao, mdi xa hpi nudi dudng nhirng ngudi xual sac nhal bat kd la ngudi trong nude hay ngudi nude ngoai va tan dung tai nang eua hp, giao due dd hg cd y ihiic vd Iraeh nhiem phai "nang cao trinh do" eho nhirng ngudi khac.
Nhiing ngudi cdn Iai dugc udn nan dc nhan bidt va tu y thirc rang khdng ndn gay trd ngai cho nhimg ngudi xuat sac vi thdi do ky hay thir ehii nghTa binh quan lac ldi.
2.4. Kiin tgo nin gido due lidp dSn nhiin tdi nude ngodi
Mdt sang kidn minh chimg cho vide Iam thd ndo dd ndn gido diic Singapore thu hut dugc cac nhan tdi nude ngodi la du dn 'Nha Irudng toan cdu' nhdm muc tidu dua Singapore trd thdnh mdt trung tam gido due hang ddu thd gidi. Mdt mat, Singapore nhdm ddn mdi chdo cdc dai hpc hdng ddu thd gidi vdo Singapore dc ldm miii nhpn cho ITnh vuc nghidn ciru vd phdt trien (R&D) dd chuydn giao tri thirc cdng nghe va dua Singapore ldn vj tri hang dau thd gidi vd gido due. Thuc te Id mdt sd dai hpc hang ddu thd gidi da thidt lap ca sd giao due d Singapore, nhu Institut Europeen d'Administration des Affairs, University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technische Universiteil Eindhoven, Technische University Munchen, Georgia Institute of Technology. Mat khdc, hdi thiic manh me cac dai hpc trong nude hudng tdi tidu chudn hang ddu the gidi va thich ung vdi vide eanh tranh.
Gia tang dau tu eho R&D ' va djnh vj Singapore Id nai tidn hdnh nhiing nghidn ctiu eo dnh hudng Idn, tdm thd gidi dd thu hut cdc nha khoa hpc hang ddu the gidi. Thdng qua Quy Nghidn ciin qudc gia National Research Foundation, Quy Khoa hpc, Ky thuat va Nghidn ciiu (A*STAR) va eac vidn nghien eiiu cao cdp khac. chinh phii nham ddn vide phat tridn nang lire R&D. A*STAR thu hiit nhiing lai nang sang gia nhal ciia the gidi dd dap img nhu cau vd ngudn nban luc R&D chdt lupng eao. Cac cdng nghe va ky nang mdi dupe dua vao Singapore giup day nhanh su phai tridn cae nang luc nghidn cim cua Singapore. Cdc tai nang todn eau den Singapore cung giup eho Singapore kdt noi duoc vdi nhiing nha khoa hgc va Id chire khoa hgc danh tieng the gidi, tang cudng mang ludi toan cau ciia Singapore. Didu dd cung giup 2.0]%GDP nam 2010, 2,15% nam 201 I, 2% nam 2012.
2% nam 2013 va 2,2% nam 2014.
NhO'ng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TR\ THt GIOI S6 12 (248) 2 0 1 6 - - 2 5
Cudc canh tranh toan cdu vd nhan tai: Doi sach cua Singapore.. Pham Manh Hung
tao ra mdt cdng ddng nghidn cuu phdm chat tdt, tao didu kidn dd Singapore trd thdnh dau mdi then chdt cho boat ddng nghien ciiu KH&CN.
Thuc td, da ed nhiing ten mdi Idn gan bo vdi Singapore vd lam vide d Singapore nhu nhd sinh hoc ngudi Anh Sydney Brermer doat gidi Nobel y khoa ndm 2002; Alan Colman cting la ngudi Anh vdi nhdm nghien eiiu ve sinh san vd tinh cim Dolly; vd cap ddi ngudi My Neal Copeland, Nancy Jankins thue hien nhiing nghidn cim vd ung thu.
Trudng hpe danh cho tre em eiing la co sd ha lang quan trpng de thu but nban tdi qudc te ddn sdng vd lam vide d Singapore. Dd phuc vu con em eiia nhirng nhan lai nude ngoai, chinh phii no luc khuydn khich va bdi ibiic cac trudng hidn lai va eae trudng qudc te md rpng vd thidt lap nhihig boat ddng mdi d Singapore. Sd tdi nguyen Dat phdi hgp vdi Ban Phdt trien kinh Id (EDB) vd edc co quan khae cua ehinh pbii dd edp nhung dja didm xdy dung dugc sii dung eho mue dieh giao due phuc vu eho nhirng ydu cdu ngay cang gia lang. Thue Id, da cd nhidu trudng qudc td dang sir dung dai cdng Iam ea sd giang day bao gdm Canadian Intemational School, United Wodd College of South East Asia, International Community School va Avondale Grammar School. He thdng giao due Ire em eiia Singapore da rat ndi tieng vd hieu qiia vd song ngii, la trong lam ihu biit su chii y khi cac nhdn tai hay nha dau lu nude ngoai xem xel va can nhac vd van de giao due eon em cua hp.
Tai Irg eho nhirng sinh vien nude ngoai xudt sac den hge tap tai Singapore cung la mot trong nhiing each Iam eiia he thong giao due Singapore dd thu hiit tai nang nude ngoai. Bg Giao due da tai trg manh lay cho nhung sinh vicn gioi ngudi nude ngoai ddn hgc d 3 trudng dai hoc eong lap. Bk duge tai trg, cac trudng dai hpc phai bao dam rang ehi nhirng sinh vidn
cd phdm chat cao dua tren cdc tieu chudn nghidm ngat mdi duge chap nhdn. Nhimg sinh vidn qudc td dugc nhan tai trg cua ehinh phu bit budc phdi viec tai Singapore tdi thidu la 3 ndm sau khi tdt nghidp va do vdy, hg la luc lugng bd sung vdo sd lugng nhan tai hidn e6.
2.5. Ddo tgo vd giii- chan nhdn tai doi m&i sdng tao trong niede
Mgt cot moc quan trgng trong nhiing c^i each giao due d Singapore la tam nhin chien luge "Nha trucmg lu duy, quoe gia hge lap"
(Thinking Schools, Learning Nation)^ dirac khdi xudng nam 1997. Theo do, phat trien tai ndng ddi mdi sang tao trong nude Id chii diem duge dua vdo chuong trinh hdnh ddng. Phat trien tai nang ddi mdi sang tao dugc nhan manh la mdt phan quan trgng trong phdt tridn tdi nang Irong nude. Chuong trinh "Ddi mdi va dan thdn" (Innovation and Enterprise) dugc khoi xudng ndm 2004, da ddt lai trpng tam trong van dc phat trien lai nang ddi mdi sdng tao trong nude. Tbarman (2004) ngudi sau nay la Bg Irudng Giao due lap ludn rang:
"Khong phdi moi xd hoi hay mgi Ihdnh pho deu se vual len ddn ddu trong cugc cgnh tranh todn cdu ndy Nhung xa hoi muon vugl len phdi biil nhin vi phia Inrdc. biet Itm kiem nhitng cdch ihire tgo ea hgi cho doi mdi sdng Igo.
nhung CO hgi mdi eho ddn chiing- noi cdch khdc, nhung xd hgi vd nhirng ihdnh phi ddp img dirae su canh tranh mdi ndy - su cgnh iranh eiia nhirng ngudi chai hodn loan mdi vd dgt ldi mot vi tri Iren dudng cong gid tri (value curve). Chinh hg dang vuan cao han iren dudng cong ndy hay Igo ra nhiing dudng cong mdi ve .sdng lao ddy gid tn "
Mgl nd luc dang chii y khac Ihd hien nhung budc di lieh cue ciia Chinb phii Singapore trong thict kd nguon nhdn tai Irong nude cho tuong lai Id hdi thiie nha Irudng lap trung vao ehdl lugng
- NhO'ng vin di KINH it VA CHINH TRj TH^ GIOI So 12(248) 2016
Pham Mgnh Hung Cudc canh tranh toan cdu ve nhan tai: Ddi s^ch cOa Singapore...
thdng qua nhiing cai each va ddi mdi vd ehuang trinh gidng day va phuang phap su pham. Thay vi chi dan thuan tap trung vdo ndi dung vd diem so, nhd trudng giiip hpe sinh phat trien kidn thirc, ky nang va tu duy ddi mdi, sang tao phii hgp vdi bdi canh mdi. Cae quy dugc danh ridng cho nhd trudng dd phat trien nhihig sd Irudng dac bidt ciia nhiing hgc sinh tdi nang. Vdi pham chdt tdt vd cam kdt phung su ddt nude, hp la ngudn nhdn tai quy gia eho luang lai Singapore.
Chinb pbil Singapore cung ddc bidt chii trpng van de gido due tinh than phung su ddi nude cho the he tai nang trd. Dd ngan ngira nhiing lai nang Ue cua Singapore bi cuon theo eon sdng todn eau hda, hp dugc khuyen khich mao hidm tim kidm nhiing co hpi mdi vd kinh td trong Ihd gidi loan cdu nhung tdm tri bao gid ciing bam re viiO dat nude Singapore. Chuong trinh "giao due qudc gia" (National Education) dugc khdi xudng nam 1997 eo phdn su kd vd ddt nude, vd edeh Singapore da vugt qua nhihig khd khan, trd ngai, nham gido hudn ludn ly cho thd be tai nang Ire, de hp tham nhudn va khac sdu long trung thanh vdi ddt nude, khdng suy xuyen trudc lan song loan cau boa. De ngudi the he tai nang trd nhan thdy minh la nhung ngudi cimg sd hiiu mai am tot nhdt ciia ngdi nhd chung Singapore, trong nhidu nam nira Singapore phai lidp tue vun dap eho hp nhimg gia trj, thai do.
tap quan dd tao nen moi rang huge linh cam vdi dat nude.
"Giao due qudc gia" nham den giao due nhung gid tri va thai do licb cue eho gidi tre hudng ve dat nude, that chat su gan bd va niem tu hao vd dat nude, vd vai trd ciia chinh phii trong vide cdi bidn Singapore lir mgl "lang chai lac hau'' thanh mdt xii sd hang ddu thd gidi. Pho ihii tudng Ly Hicn Long 1997 da noi:
"Vdt lir edeh ngudi thdy, hihi Irudng edc hgn mang trgng trdch dem din cho ngudi hge mot nen gido due todn dien (...) Viec udn ndn
thi he mai sau dang ndm trong tdm tay, cdc ban phdi thdm nhudn hg bdng nhirng cdm xuc ve ddt nude vd trdch nhiem dii vdi xa hot Niu chung la that bai, ldi cd nhung gi chiing la kho cong gdy dung nhiiu thdp ky qua se dd va lan lanh chi Irong mgl vdi ndm. Nhung, vdi Idt cd no luc don eho cong viec mang linh song cdn ndy, chiing ta nhdt dinh thdnh cdng (Lee, 1997, doan van 44, 45).
"Gido due qudc gia" khdng giang day nhu mgt mon hgc ridng ma dugc long ghep vdo cae mdn hpc, dae bict la nhirng mdn hpe xd hdi mang tinh tich hop, bat budc, cd kidm tra.
"Gido due qudc gia" tap trung vao vide ndng eao nhdn thiic eua hpc sinh vd nhiing van dd gan lien vdi su phat trien eua Ijch sir, kinh td vd xa hpi Singapore, edc vdn dd dia phuong hay qudc id cd tdc ddng ddn dat nude. Gido due vd quydn eong ddn thdng qua nhirng mdn hpc xa hpi duge hoach dinh than trgng vdi nhiing muc dich vd ydu cdu dugc xde dinh ro rang dd trang bi cho hpc sinh cd quan didm toan didn vd van hda eiia xa hdi Singapore.
2.6. Nhirng thdch thdc ddi vdi Singapore Singapore dugc menh danh la "Trung tam thu hilt nhan tai" cua the gidi, luon d cac vj tri bang dau trong bang xep hang nang lue canh tranh (Singapore dirng thu 2/109). Tuy nhidn, Singapore eung vap phdi nhung thdch thiic khdng nhd. Trudc bet, dd la su rdng co giiia vide "sir dung ngudi theo tai nang" vdi ehu nghTa dan toe. Chinh phii Singapore co xu hudng du dua giiia hai ddu day. Mgl mat. kdu gpi "mgt xa hgi rdng md, cdng khai chao ddn nhan lai nude ngoai va chdp nhan mgi quan dicm khae biel". Mat khae. ehinh phii Iai ky vpng pbai Iricn mpt xa hgi "mpi ngudi giin kdl va CO CLing cam xiic vd muc tidu ehung".
Thu hai, each thire quan ly toan dicn eiia chinh phu Singapore vdi nhirng ydu l6 then chot nhu thidt kd than trpng, phuang phap tidp can cd tinh loan va su kidm soal chien luge ngay NhO-ng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THg GIOI S6 12 (248) 2016- -27
Cudc canh tranh toan cdu ve nhan tai: Boi sach cua Singapore . Pham Manh Hung
cdng bi thach thirc bdi toan can hda. Chinh phii da kidn tao mdt xa bdi Singapore rdt thanh cdng trong qua khii. Song hidn nay, su phiic tap ciia nhirng mdi tuang tae xa bdi ciia mdt dat nude todn edu hod manh me nhu Singapore thi rdt khd cd thd kidm soat loan dien. Ddng ngudi tdi cimg vdi gia dinh ciia hp tidp tuc dd vd Singapore va su mdi chdo, ldi keo nhan tdi Singapore eiia cae xii sd khdc khien ndn van hda trd nen phiic tap ban nhieu ddi vdi vide quan ly loan didn.
Thir ba, ehinh saeh thu biit nhdn tai nude ngoai tao ra su hodi nghi vd su thdnh tam cua ehinh phu trong trung edu ddn y. Ngudi dan cam thdy cbinb pbii da sap dat mgi ibii trude khi ngudi dan co eo hdi bay id quan diem hay moi quan lam eiia minh. Nhihig tranh ludn trong eong chung don thuan cbi la each dd ngudi ddn dugc "xa hoi", Iam giam ap luc khidn su tich tu dan chil khong lam nd lung chd dp kidm soat chat che vd loan didn eiia chinh phu.
3. Gpi md cho Viet Nam
3.1. Mot so vdn de nhdn tdi & Viet Nam
Sau ba muai nam Ddi mdi. Vict Nam dang diing trudc bude ngoat ciia lien trinh phat Iricn doi hoi phai ed duge dpi ngii nhan tai ndng cdt dap ling yeu cau phat tridn dat nude birt pha va bdn vu-ng. Trong khi thue le eho thdy moi trudng xd hoi dd phai tridn dpi ngO nhan tai ndng cdt d Viet Nam hicn nay, tir thu hiit, sii' dung, dao lao, bdi dudng den giir chan nhan lai ddu ehua thuc su hidu qua.
Vc thu bill nhan tai. Vict Nam dang d vung trung vdi thir hang rdt ihdp trong bang xdp hang nang lire canh tranh nban lai toan edu 2015 - 20! 6.
xep thii 82/109 nude va vimg lanh thd, trong do xep thii 82 ve thu hiit nhan lai, 87 vd phat Iridn nban lai va 89 vd giir chan nhan tai (Lanvin va Evans. 2016, ti. 240), Hicn tuang c6 tdi 12/13
qudn quan dudng ldn dinh Olympia khdng trd vl nude ldm viec sau khi tdt nghidp ciing phan ndo phdn anb sy thidu hap ddn vd sue hiit ciia mdi trudng xa hdi Viet Nam ddi vdi nhdn tai.
Vd su dung nhdn tdi, dac bidt trong bg may nhd nude, cdn trdm trpng ban. Cdng thiic
"Nhdt hau dud, nhi quan be, ba tidn td, bdn tri tue" dudng nhu da trd thanh nguyen tac va Ihdng Id trong tuydn dung, dd bat, bd nhiem can bd. C o chd "xin - cho", "chay chiie chay quydn, chay bidn che" thi khd pho bien, trd thdnh le thudng.
Giao due, dao tao va bdi dudng nhan tdi, dac bidt Id giao due dai hpc chua ddo lao dupe ngudn nhdn tai phii hgp dap iing ydu edu phat tridn ddt nude biit pha vd ben viing, Lao dpng qua dao tao chi chidm 20,62% lue lugng lao dpng vd cd ldi ban 200 nghin ngudi cd trinh do dai hpc Ird Idn thai nghidp da phdn nao cho Ihay su thidu hidu qua trong ddo tao nhdn tdi cua nen gido due Viet Nam.
3.2. Vay phai co n h u n g giai phap gi?
Van de then chot vd cdt Idi ddi vdi Viet Nam hidn nay id thuc hidn eac giai phap dot pha ve ca chd, chinb sach kidn lao moi irudng xa hoi thudn lai vd dong lire" dd phat tridn dpi ngG nhan tai doi mdi sang lao ddp iing yeu cau phat irien ddt nude but pha va bdn viing theo quy dao ddi mdi sang tao.
Thir nhdt, thue hien giai phap dot pha ve co chd, chinh saeh de thu but nhdn lai ddi mdi sang lao, CO linh than phat tridn ddt nude vao bd may nha nude. "Nguydn khi quoc gia" can dugc hgi lu du mirc can thiel trong bg may nha nude, dac
" Moi truimg xa hpi thuan Igi va dong lire la tfing the cac y^u t6 kinh \i, chinh tn, vSn hoa, phap luat. tam ly xa hoi, tap quan, truySn th6ng lich su... Ihuc day con nguoi c6 the c6ng hi^n toi da nang lire cua minh va dugc huang thu nhi^u nhdt nhirng gi ho xiing dang dugc hudng thu
2 8 " - NhO'ng vin de KINH Tt VA C H I N H TRj THE GIOI So 12(248) 2016
Pham Manh Hting Cupc canh tranh toan ciiu vd nhan tai: Doi s^ch cua Singapore...
biet la nhihig vi tri ehu chdt nhu lanh dao va qudn tri qudc gia. Mudn vay, cdn thue bidn mgt sd bidn phdp cu thd sau.
Mdt la, md rdng pham vi tim kiem nhdn tai dd cd dugc nhihig nhdn tdi phii hgp va tdt nhdt.
Ban hdnh Luat vd nhdn tai quy dinh ro nhihig chire danh, chirc vu khdng nhdt thidt pbai la ddng vien hay ngudi Viet Nam dam nhiem, md ed the tim kiem va lya chpn nhiing ngudi phu hgp va gidi nhat bat kd cd Id ddng vidn, ngudi Viet Nam, ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngodi hay ngudi nude ngodi. Chang ban mpt sd ehiic danh nghe nghiep nhu gidng vidn, nghidn cihi khoa hpe, bae sT bay cae chuc vu nhu hidu trudng dai hgc, vidn trudng vidn nghidn ciin, gidm ddc benh vien, gidm ddc cdc khu edng nghe eao...
Hai Id, c a che thi tuydn ddu vdo chat che.
Bdi Id, neu eo che ndy de Ipt qud nbieu ngudi bdt tai, that diic vao bd mdy nhd nude thi nhiing he qua xau la khdng thd ludng dugc.
Tieu chudn gi de tuyen chpn - phai lay cong tich, kdt qud hge tap, cdng tac lam tidu chuan hang dau, khdng chi lay bang edp Idm tieu chudn. Kdl qud hpc tap khdng cbi the hidn d didm sd ma edn phai the hidn d ky nang va tinh thdn ldm vice, phii hgp vdi cbirc vu, vi tri vide Iam cdn tuydn dung.
Ba la, "su dung ngudi theo lai nang"*" phdi la nguydn tae ehii dao va van hdnh thdng sudl va thong nhal trong bp may nha nude d tat cd cac khdu, dac biel la khau su dung va dd bat, bo nhiem. Tidu ehi bd nhiem can bd thidt ydu nhal phai can cir vdo cdng lich, hidu qud edng vide cu thd, nhung thanh tuu da dugc edng nhdn, phai dat miic xual sac mdi dugc bd nhiem.
Thir hai, Ihuc hidn eae gidi phap dot pha vd CO chd va ehinh sdch de kidn tao ndn giao due
Meritocracy
cd siic h i p dan cdc trudng dai hpc hdng dau the gidi vao boat dpng d Viet Nam; va ldi cudn cdc gido su hang ddu va sinh vidn xuit sdc tdi gidng day, nghidn curu vd hpc tap d Viet Nam.
Thir ba, vun ddp vd thdm nhudn tinh thdn phung sy ddt nude, tinh thdn Iam chii ddt nude eho the he tai ndng trd dd hp nhdn biit vd tu hao, tu tdn vd ddt nude, dii ed d bdt cii nai ddu nhung tdm tri h"p ludn hudng ve ddt nude, biet gio gin the didn cua dat nude.
Thie tu, kidn tao mdi hirdng xa bdi tao thudn lgi va dgng luc eho sy phat tridn eua ddi mdi sang tao, nudi dudng nhirng ngudi xudt sac nhat, tao nhirng didu kien thudn lgi vd tdt nhdt vd edng vide vd cudc sdng de nhung nhan tdi ddi mdi sang tao muon sdng vd ldm vide, ddng thdi phai lam cho bp ty y thiic ve trach nhiem phdi
"ndng cao trinh dp" cho nhiing ngudi khdc.
Nhiing ngudi edn lai can nhdn bidt va ty y thiie rdng khdng nen gdy trd ngai eho nhihig ngudi xudt sdc vi thoi dd ky hay thii ehu nghia binh qudn lac loi.
Ket luan
Tdm Iai, trudc cudc canh tranh loan cau vd nban lai, ddi sdch ciia Singapore la ehii ddng thay ddi nhirng yeu td trong nude, lir chinh tri, kinh td, xa hdi den gido due, nham kien tao moi Irudng xd hdi thudn lai vd dgng luc dd mdt mat, thu hilt va nudi dudng nhan tai nude ngodi, mat khdc, dao tao va giii chdn nhdn tdi ddi mdi sang lao trong nude.
Vdi Viet Nam hidn nay, chju nhieu gidi ban vd ngudn luc eiia nude dang phai tridn, Viet Nam can phai buy tridl dd ngudn nhan lue va nguon luc ca chd, ehinh sdch. Chu dpng thuc hidn nhirng giai phdp dot phd vd co chd, chinb sdch kien tao mdi trudng xa hdi thudn lgi va dgng luc dd phdi tridn dgi ngu nhan tai ddi NhO'ng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj T H £ GIOI S6 12 (248) 2016- - 2 9
Cuoc canh tranh toan cau v l nhan tai: Bdi sach cua Singapore .. Pham Manh Hiing moi sang tao dap ling yeu cju phat IriSn dk chfnh sach dot pha kien tao moi tmong xa hoi nuoc biit pha va bSn vilng theo quy dao d6i thuan lgi va dong lire de phat trien doi ngS moi sang tao. nhan tai doi moi sang tao dap img yeu ciu Bang Cong san Viet Nam la dang duy nhdt pMt I n ^ " ^^t nuoc btlt pha va bSn vdng. Dan cSm q u y k va lanh dao dSt nuoc la diSu kien toe Viet Nam von tiem an sue sdng manh liet, thuan loi to Ion dk "ap dat" thuc hien eo chS, khi dupe khoi nguon sire song do se troi day*
Tai lieu tham khao;
1. Ooh Chok Tong (1997): Global City. Best Home (Doan van 35, 36, 46, 47, 38, 49) Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the 1997 National Day Rally https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/1997/240897.htm.
2. Goh Chok Tong (1998): Prime Minister's National Day Rally Speech, 1998.
https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/1998/23aug98.htm .
3. Ho ST Quy (2015): Singapore: Nghich ty phdi irien, http://www.vass.gov.vn/noidung/tintuc/Lists/KhoaHocCongNghe/View_Dctail.aspx7lte mID=18
4. Lee Hsien Loong (1997): National Education, Speech by Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the Lauch of National Education https://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/1997/170597.htm.
5. Pak Tee Ng(2011): Singapore's response to the global war for talent: Politics and education. International Joumal of Educational Development, Volume 31, Issue 3, May 2011, pages 262^268.
6. Vo Dai Luge (2016): Cai mil ifial Irong dung nluln lai. http://www.tienphong.vn/xa- hoi/coi-nut-that-trong-dung-nhan-lai-954900.tpo
7. Lanvin Bruno and Evans Paul (2016). The Global TalenI Compeliliveness Index Talent Attraction and Iniernaiional Mobility 2015-2016, page 220, 240.
8. Heng Mun Toh and Bo Jiang (2012). Singapore Making Progress as a 'Brain Gain"
Nation, SERl Quarter, July 2012. Vol.5, Issue 3, pp 43-49.
30 Nhung vin ai KINH ^t VA CHiNH TRI T H g GIO'l So 12(248) 2016