Cuoc each mang trong tu duy ly luan do C.Mac va Ph.Angghen thyc Men
' Tnrdng Dai hQC Su ph?im Hi Npi.
Email: [email protected]
Nh^nngiy 8 thing 9 nam 2018. Chip nhan ding ngiy 30 thing 10 nim 2018.
T6m tat: Tu duy IJ luan ciia C.Mac va Ph.Angghen bao gom hr duy 1^ lugn ve trilt hpc, tu duy IJ lugn v l kinh t l hpc, tu duy ly lugn v6 chu nghia xa hpi. So vdi cac tu duy 1^ lugn da c6 tiong lich sii, tu duy ly ludn ciia C.Mac va Ph.Angghen co ti'nh each mang, khoa hpc. Bdi in, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen dd sang tao ra chu nghia duy v§t lich sir, da giai thich diing ddn nguyen nhan sinh ra gia yi thang du, dd nhin nhgn diing sii mgng lich sic ciia giai cip cong nhdn. Tu duy I3? lugn cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da va dang la vu khi ly luan cua cac ddng cpng sari tren th6 gidi.
Tilr khoa: Tu duy ly luan, duy vat lich sii, gid tri thang du, giai cap cong nhan.
PhSn logi nganh: Triet hpc
Abstract: The theoretical thinking of K.Marx and F.Engels includes tiiat of philosophy, of economics, and of socialism. Compared with the theoretical thinking that appeared earlier in history, theirs is revolutionary and of scientific value. That is because they created historical materialism, correctly explained the cause of surplus value, and correctly assessed the historical mission of the working class. Their theoretical thinking has been and remains the theoretical weapon of communist parties in the world.
Keywords: Theoretical thinking, historical materialism, surplus value, working class.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1.Mddau ciia C.Mac va Ph.Angghen cd ti'nh each mgng so vdi cac hp thdng tu duy ly lugn C.Mac (K.Marx) vd Ph.Angghen (F.Engels) tixrdc dd. Cdc tac phim "He tii tudng Diic", Id nhiing nha 1^ luan vi dgi. He tiidng tu "Tuy^n ngon ciia Ddng Cpng sdn", 'Tu duy ly luan ciia C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen la sy ban" la cac tac pham danh diu budc ngoat kl diua va phdt tiien nhung thdnh tyu hr vT dgi trong sy phdt tiien cua tir duy 1^ ludn duy ly luan cua nhan loai. Tu duy Iy lugn cua nhdn logi. Gin 200 ndm nay, da co
Hodng Thiic Ldn nhilu cdng trinh phan tich ddng gdp ve tu
duy ly lugn cd tinh each mgng eua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Tuy nhien, hien nay nhilu ngudi vdn khdng nhgn thdy ddng gdp vT dgi cua C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen. Bai viit ndy gdp phin Idm ro them dong gdp cua C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen thi hipn d cdc tu tirdng duy vat vl xa hpi, tu tudng khoa hpc ve gia tri thdng du, tu tudng khoa hge vl giai eip cdng nhdn.
2. Tu duy 1^ ludn duy v|t vl xa hpi Trudc C.Mdc, chua cd mpt trudng phdi trilt hpc ndo xem xet lich sir xd hgi mpt cdch duy vaL Cd giai dogn CMac va Ph.Angghen theo phdi Heghen (Hegel) tie, khi dd cdc dng ciing chua ed quan diem duy vgt. Din nhflng nam 40 ciia thi ky XIX, sil phat tiiln ciia khoa hpc ty nhien da dgt dugc nhilu thdnh tuu vT dgi, da tao ra nhung tiln dl khach quan cho sy chuyin biln tu tudng cua C.Mac va Ph.Angghen.
CMdc va Ph.Angghen da phe phan quan dilm duy tam ciia Heghen va quan diem sieu hinh ciia Phoiobac (Feuerbach), tii dd phat triln chii nghia duy vat bien chiing.
Trong he tu tudng Diic, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen dd chi ra ban chi ciia Heghen d chd, ddi vai Heghen, yeu td quyet dinh vd ehi phdi ddi sdng xa hdi Id tu tudng, bieu tugng, khai nipm. Theo Heghen, nhung kho khdn, khuylt dilm, mau thudn vdn cd d ddi sdng xa hdi deu do nhung quan niem vd nhiing tu tudng sai 1dm tiong y thiic con ngudi gay ra; mudn thay ddi the gidi hien thuc, chi cin phe phdn nhirng quan niem khdng cd gid hi, ggt bd khdi diu dc minh nhung tu tudng sai lam, thay bang nhiing khdi nipm, phgm trii chdn chinh (thay ddi xd
hdi chi cin ngju dung ve x3 hgi, khdng can phdt hiln sdn xuat, diu tranh giai cip...); tii bd nhung quan niem tdn gido, thi todn bp xa hgi hien cd se tiiay ddi. Heghen sai lim vi chi thua nhdn diu tranh ly ludn; phii nhgn siic mgnh va vai tid cua quan chiing, xa rdi thyc tien, roi vdo do tudng, duy tam, duy y chi. C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen khdng dinh ring sy phe binh ddi vdi nhiing tu tiidng hipn thyc khdng thi cd hifiu qua neu tach khdi thyc tiln. Mdt quan niem nao do chi cd the bi logi trii bdng sy thay ddi nhiing hodn cdnh, chu khdng phai bdng cdch thay ddi tien ly thuyet. Phai Heghen khdng bdn gi vl thay ddi hodn cdnh, ma chi mong mu6n thay ddi y thiic. Ben canh do, CMdc va Ph.Angghen phe phdn quan diem duy tam vl lich sir cua Phoiabic. Phoiobic la ngudi cd cdng lao ddi vdi chu nghia duy vdt (CNDV) tiong cuOc diu tianh ehdng Igi chu nghia duy tdm vd thdn hpc, nhung dng da khdng bilt md rpng CNDV tii ty nhien den xa hdi, vi thi nen khi ban vl lich sir xa hdi, dng rai vao quan diem duy tam. Phoiobdc xem xet con ngudi tach khdi xd hpi.
Phoiobac phe phdn quan diem cua Heghen cho ring bdn chit con ngudi Id ty y thitc ma ra, tii do neu len quan niem cho ring con ngudi la sdn pham cao nhdt cua ty nhien.
Dd la quan dilm duy vat ciia Phoiobic. Tuy nhien, Phoiobac hgn che d chd, dng gidi thich tit cd dac diem cua con ngudi bang ngudn gdc ty nhien cua con ngudi, xem xet con ngudi tdch rdi khdi xa hdi, khong hieu dugc bdn chdt xd hdi vd y thiic eiia con ngudi. Theo Phoiobac, "nhung dieu kien tdn tai, each song va hoat ddng nhit dinh ciia mgt dgng vgt hay con ngudi nao dd Id nhiing cai lam cho "ban chat" cua dgng vat do hay cua con ngudi dd cam thiy thda man" [1, ti.60]. Phoiobac coi eon ngudi la mpt ca nhan triiu tugng, mdt sinh vat thuin
Khoa hpc xahpi Vipt Nam, s6 12-2018 tiiy sinh hoc; coi thudng hogt ddng san xuat vdt chit. Ching han, "tiong Bdn chdt dgo Ca Bdc, dng chi coi hoat ddng ly lugn la hoat ddng dich thyc cua con ngudi, cdn thyc tiln thi chi dugc dng xem xet vd xdc dinh tiong hinh thiic biiu hipn Do Thdi ban thiu cua nd ma flidi" [1, ti.9]. Trong vipe phat triln cac quan he xa hpi, Phoiobac khdng thiy dupc ring, cac dieu kien xa hpi khdc vl chit so vdi dilu kipn ty nhien, sdn xuit vat chit giu: vai tid quyet dinh ddi vai sy tdn tai va phat trien ciia con ngudi.
C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da phe phan quan dilm duy tam vl lich sii cua Phoiobdc. Hai dng da khdng dinh rang, sdn xuat vat chdt cd vai tid dae biet ddi vdi lodi ngudi. Theo C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen: "Khi Phoiobic la nhd duy vdt thi dng khdng bao gid de cap din lieh sii; cdn khi dng xem xet den lich sii thi ong khong phdi Id nha duy vdt" [1, tr.
65]. C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ciing chi ra rang, Phoiobdc tuy ed y mudn xdy dyng ehii nghia cpng san, nhung khdng biet the ndo Id chu nghTa cpng sdn (CNCS), khdng nhin thdy dugc tinh cu the, lich sii ciia nd; khdng hieu rdng CNCS la ket qud ciia nhiing quan he kinh te, gan lien vdi dau tianh giai cdp cua giai cdp vd sdn. Phoiobac da giai thich CNCS mdt each phi lich sir; khong thay ring CNCS la sy phu dinh ehl dp TBCN (tu ban chu nghia). Phoiobdc da biln CNCS thdnh mpt phgm trii triiu tugng. C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da bac bd tinh phi thye tl tiong quan diem cua Phoiobic vl sy binh dang ty nhien cua con ngudi. C.Mac vd Ph.Aiigghen chi ro: ngay nhirng nhd tu tudng tien bd nhat thdi dd ciing khdng the vuon tdi quan niem DVLS. Qua sy phe phdn Heghen vd Phoiobdc, C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen dd dua ra quan dilm duy vdt ve lieh sii.
Mpt sd ngudi" cho i^ng C.Mac va Ph.Angghen bd rai vin dl con ngudi. Thyc ra, cac dng khdng bd rai van de con ngudi.
Thdm chi, cac dng cdn coi tigng eon ngudi.
Theo cdc dng, con ngudi Id tien de ciia Ijch sir; quan niem dung dan ve lich sii phai liy con ngudi lam tiln de xuat phdt ciia mmh.
C.Mac va Ph.Angghen viit: "Nhiing tiln dl xuit phat ciia chiing tdi khdng phdi Id nhiing tiln dl tiiy tipn, khdng phdi Id gido dilu; dd la nhflng tien de hien thyc... vd nhung dilu kipn sinh hogt vat chdt ciia hp"
[1, ti.28]. Theo CMdc va Ph.Angghen, quan niem diing ddn vl lich su phdi thiia nhgn nam tien de sau. Tien de 1: Con ngudi cin phdi sdng. "Tiln dl diu tien cua toan bd lich sii nhan loai thi dT nhien Id sy ton tai ciia nhiing ca nhan eon ngudi sdng" [1, ti.
29]. Ngudi ta phdi co kha nang sdng rii mdi 1dm nen lich su. "Cd thi phan bipt con ngudi vdi siic vat, bang -^ thire, bang ton gido, ndi chung bang tat ed cdi gi ciing dugc. Ban than con ngudi bat diu bdng ty phdn biet vdi siic vgt ngay khi con ngudi bat ddu san xudt ra nhiing tu lieu sinh boat eua minh... nhu thi con ngudi da gidn tiep sdn xuat ra chfnh ddi sdng vat chit ciia minh" [1, ti.29]. Tiln dl 2: Nhu ciu cua eon ngudi khdng ngiing tdng len. Vi "ban than cdi nhu cdu ddu tien d3 dugc thda man, hdnh dpng thda mdn vd cdng eu dl thda man md ngudi ta da cd dugc - dua tdi nhung nhu edu mdi; va sy san sinh ra nhiing nhu cdu mdi ndy la hanh vi lich sir diu tien" [1, ti.40]. Tiln dl 3: Gia dinh la noi tdi tgo ra chinh con ngudi. Theo CMdc vd Ph.Angghen, gia dinh ngay tii ddu da tham dy vdo qud trinh phat triln lieh sii.
Cac dng viit: "hdng ngay tdi tgo ra ddi sing ciia bdn than minh, con ngudi bit diu tgo ra
Hodng Thiic Lan nhiing ngudi khac, sinh sdi ndy nd - dd la
quan he giiia chdng va vg, cha mp vd con cdi, do la gia dinh" [1, ti.41]. Tien de 4:
Con ngudi cd quan he vdi ty nhien va vdi xa hdi. Cac ong viet: "Sy sdn xuat ra ddi sdng - ra ddi sdng cua bdn than minh bang Iao dgng, ciing nhu ra ddi song ciia ngudi khdc bang viec sirih con de cai - bieu hien ngay la mpt quan h§ song trung: mdt mdt Id quan he ty nhien, mdt khac la quan he xd hpi" [1, ti.42]. "Con ngudi tao ra hodn eanh dSn mite nao thi hodn cdnh ciing tao ra con ngudi den miic ay" [1, ti.55]. Tien de 5:
Con ngudi la lyc lugng ehinh tiong sdn xuat vat chat va san xudt tinh than, Nhu vdy, khi ban ve lich sir, C.Mdc vd Angghen ludn xuat phat tii con ngudi, coi boat dpng lao dgng, sinh con de cai la yeu td quyet dinh sy tdn tai vd phdt trien cua xa hdi, cua eon ngudi. Tir cdc tien de tien, hai dng da cd quan niem duy vat ve lich sii. Chii nghTa duy vat lich sir Id cude cdch mang thyc sy tiong tu duy ly lugn ve xa hdi, vi theo quan diem dd, sdn xudt vat chdt la ea sd eiia sy tdn tai vd phdt trien cua xa hgi loai ngudi;
tdn tgi xa hdi quyet dinh y thiic xa hdi; lyc lugng san xuat quyet dinh quan he san xuat;
CO sd ha tdng quyet dinh kien tnic thugng tdng. Quan niem duy vat lich sii Id co sd quan tipng de C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen cd cai nhin khdch quan, toan dien va tiipt de hon ve sy phdt tiien ciia lich su xd hdi lodi ngudi.
3. Tir duy 1^ luan khoa hpc vl gia tri thang dir
A.Xmit (A.Smith) va D.Riedcdd (D.
Rieardo) deu gdp bl tie tiong viec Iy gidi
mpt cdch khoa hpc bdn chdt va ngudn gdc ciia lgi nhuan; chua nhin ro bdn chat ben tiong cua quan hp mua ban giua tu sdn vd cdng nhan, coi viec mua bdn giiia tu ban vd cdng nhdn hinh nhu Id mua ban lao ddng.
Ve dieu nay, cd tac gid viet: "Neu lao dgng la hang hda thi nd phai dugc ket tinh vdo vgt, nhu vay la cdng nhdn ban hang hda chii khdng ban lao dgng; lao dOng dugc xac djnh Id thudc do ciia mpi gid tri thi khdng thi ty liy nd dl do ludng gid tii cua ban thdn nd. Mat khdc, neu mua bdn lao ddng md tiao ddi ngang gia thi khdng cdn co sd ton tgi ciia lgi nhuan, nhung thye te !gi nhuan tdn tai mgt each khach quan. Vay, theo cdc cdch gidi thich dd, quy luat gia tri mau thuan vdi quy lugt sdn xudt ra lgi nhuan vd ngugc lgi" [5]. C.Mac khdng dinh ring, bdn than tu bdn ty nd khdng sinh ra gid tri thang du. Ong viet: "Noi ndo md mpt bp phdn xa hdi chiem dpc quyen ve nhiing tu lipu sdn xuat thi noi dd ngudi lao ddng, ty do hay khdng ty do, deu bude phdi them vao thdi gian lao dgng can thiet de nudi sdng ban than minh mpt sd thdi gian lao ddng ddi ra dung de san xudt nhung tu lieu sinh hogt cho ngudi chiem h5u tu lieu sdn xuat. Quy lugt ke chiem hiiu tu lieu sdn xuat bdc lot ngudi lao ddng khong cd tu li^u sdn xudt, dugc thyc hipn dudi nhiing hinh thiic vd co ehl khdc nhau tiong nhiing hinh thdi xa hdi khdc nhau" [3, tr.347]. Gid tri thgng du chi sinh ra tiong sdn xuit tu bdn chii nghia, bdn than luu thdng hang hda khdng tao ra gid tri, nhimg nlu tiln te dua vao san xuat tu bdn thi ciing khdng tgo ra gid tri. Trong xa hgi chiim hiiu nd Ip, giai cip nd Ip khong ty do vl than thi, tid thanh cdng cy bilt ndi, phy thupc hoan todn vl than the vao giai cap chu no, bi tudc mgi quyin lgi tiong xa hgi. Din chi d$ phong kiln, giai cip ndng nd dd co budc gidi
17
Khoa hpc xd hpi Viet Nam, sd 12 - 2018 phdng ban so vdi nd le, bdn thdn ndng nd da ed mpt phin ty do vl than thi ddi vdi giai cip dia chii, sy bdc lot lao ddng thang du biiu hien dudi hinh thiie bdc lot dia td, lao dpng thang du vd lao ddng cin tiiiet dugc phan chia rd rang. Trong xa hdi tu ban, giai cip vd sdn da ty do vl than the nhung khdng cd tu lieu sdn xuat mudn sdng, hp phdi ban siic lao ddng va lam thue cho nJid tu sdn; ngugc lgi, giai cdp tu san c6 tu lipu sdn xuit lai khdng cd siic lao dpng, vi vay hg phai dya vdo giai cap vd san.
Quan hS mua ban tiao ddi giiia nhd tu san vdi vd sdn thoat nhin be ngoai nhu la ty do va song phang, khdng cd bdc Ipt, vi the md cdc nhd kinh tl hpc trudc C.Mac da khdng thdnh cdng tiong vice ly gidi bdn chat bdc lot ciia nhd tu bdn.
C.Mdc da phan bipt sy khdc nhau giiia hdng hda thong thudng vd hang hda sire lao dpng. Ong khang dinh rdng, quan he mua bdn giiia cdng nhdn vd tu ban khdng phdi la mua ban hang hda thdng thudng, md Id mua ban mpt loai hang hda dgc biet, hang hda sue lao ddng, qud tiinh sii dung hang hda siic lao ddng tao ra gid tri mdi ldn ban gia tii ban than nd (dugc gpi Id gid tri thang du). Gia tri ciia hang hda sire lao ddng la gid tri nhiing tu lieu sinh hogt tdi thieu cdn thiet de tdi sdn xudt siie lao ddng ciia cdng nhan va bao ham nhiing ylu td tinh thin, lich sii va dan tdc. Do dd, du lihd tu bdn tia du gid tri sire lao ddng cho cdng nhdn tien CO sd tiao ddi ngang gia thi nha tu ban vdn thu dugc phan gid tri ddi ra, vdn cd lgi nhudn. Trong san xuat hang hda tu bdn chii nghTa, theo CMdc cd cac quy luat kinh tl CO ban, do la: quy luat gid tii vd quy lugt sdn xuat ra lgi nhuan, quy lugt gia tii sire Iao dpng (tiao ddi giiia tu ban vd cdng nhdn tudn theo quy luat ngang gia). Bang tii tue thien tdi cua mmh, vdi phuong phap tilp
cgn khoa hpc, CMdc da chiing minh rang phan ddi ra ngodi gia tri sue lao dOng ciia ngudi cdng nhdn da bi nhd tu bdn chiem khdng. Nhu vgy, bdc Igt gid tri thdng du la quy luat bdc Ipt ddc thu vd tuypt ddi cua phuang thiic sdn xuat tu bdn chu nghia. Lgi nhuan la hinh thiic bien tudng eua gid tii thdng du, ve bieu hien be ngoai, n6 la mpt sd tiln ddi ra ngodi tu ban ling trudc. Ngudi ta dl lim tudng ring lgi nhuan do tu bdn ling trudc (c + v) smh ra, chii khdng phdi do tu bdn khd biln (v) sinh ra. C.Mdc dd chi ra ring, sy biln tudng cua gia tri thdng du tiong xa hpi hgi tu ban la lgi nhugn: lgi nhuan cong nghipp, lgi nhudn thuang nghiep, Igi nhudn ngan hdng. Cac lgi nhudn dd dugc phan chia nhd hon niia thdnh lgi nhuan doanh nghipp, lgi tiic cho vay, v.v..
Dd diu la cdc logi thu nhap dugc phan tdch tir tdng sd gia tri th|ing du ma nhd tu ban ehilm khdng cua ngudi cdng nhan lao dpng 1dm thue. Qua tiinh phan chia tien phdi tuan thu theo quy luat canh tianh binh qudn hda ty suit lgi nhuan. Gid tri thang du, ngoai viec phdn chia cho tu bdn thuang nghiep, tu bdn ngdn hang, cdn phai phdn ehia cho ehii sd hiiu rudng dit dudi hinh thiic dia td. Nhu vdy, tdng sd gid tri thdng du do todn bd giai cdp vd san tgo ra tiong cac ngdnh san xuat khdng chi bi giai cip tu ban ehilm doat, ma cdn duge phan chia cho dia chu sd huu rudng dit tiong xd hdi tu bdn.
Tir chu nghTa tu ban ty do canh tianh chuyen sang giai dogn chii nghia tu ban dpc quyen, ma dinh cao Id chu nghia dl qudc, da cd nhieu bien ddi tiong hinh thirc vd co che bdc lot tu ban chii nghia. Cdc quy lugt kinh te ehi phdi nSn sdn xuit tu ban ciing co nhiing thay ddi. Trong thdi ky ty do canh tianh, quy ludt san xuit gia tri thgng du biiu hien thdnh quy lugt ty suit lgi nhudn binh qudn. Khi chuyin sang giai dogn chu nghTa
Hoang Thiic Ldn tu ban ddc quyin, no bieu hipn thanh quy
ludt ty sudt lgi nhuan dgc quyen cao. Trong thdi ky ty do cgnh tranh, quy luat gid tri bieu hiSn thdnh quy lu^t gid cd sdn xudt;
cdn khi chu nghTa tu ban chuySn sang giai dogn chu nghTa tu bdn dpc quyin, nd bieu hien thdnh quy luat gia cd dpc quyen vdi h$
thdng gid bdn ddc quyen cao. Vi the, cd y kien nhgn xet dung rang: "Tren thyc te tiong chu nghia tu bdn hien dai, ngdy cdng cd nhieu thii doan vd hinh thiie bdn rut lgi nhuan tinh vi de khdng it ngudi cdn 1dm tudng den mdt thii chii nghTa tu ban mdi
"nhan van" hon trudc day, nhu "chii nghTa tu bdn nhdn ddn", "xa hOi tham dy"... Dieu khdng the ehe giiu dugc do Id sy hinh thdnh mpt tang Idp tu sdn dn bdm, quy tdc, thyc lgi, tdi phiet; sy thao tiing ed tinh chdt todn ciu ciia ede tap dodn xuyen qudc gia, tinh tigng bit binh ddng trong ede quan hp thuang mgi qudc te; sy xudt hien cita cdi gpi la chii nghTa thyc dan kinh te; sy dp ddt chinh sach giua Ddng vd Tdy, giiia cdc nudc giau vdi cae nude ngheo" [5]. Nhu vay, qua hgc thuyet gid tri thang du, C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen da chi ro rang chi cd giai cdp edng nhan la giai cap cd lgi ich ddi lap tryc tiep vdi giai cap tu san. Quan diem nay da giai quyet dugc vdn de cdt loi ma cdc nhd kinh te hpc trudc dd chua gidi quyet dugc.
4. TIT duy If luan khoa hoc ve giai cap cong nhan
Heghen va Phoiobac chua gidi quyet dugc nhiing vdn de ve lich sii xa hdi, vi Heghen Id ngudi duy tam, cdn Phoiobac la ngudi sieu hinh. Phoiobac la nha duy vdt tiong ty nhien, nhung lgi duy tdm tiong xa hdi. Vi vay, triet hgc cd dien Diic da tid nen lgc
hau, ldi thdi, giai cip cdng nhdn khung hodng vl ly luan each mang. Tae phdm
"Tuyen ngdn ciia Dang Cgng san" la vu khi l^ lugn, 1dm cho phong tiao cdng nhdn chuyin tir diu tianh ty phdt sang ddu tianh ty giac. Ben cgnh do, lin diu tien C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen da edng khai tuyen bd ring, giai cip tu san Id ke thu true tilp cua giai cip cdng nhdn; mudn gidi phdng minh thi giai cdp cdng nhdn phdi diing len td chiie lanh dao diu tianh chdng lai giai cip tu sdn.
Nhd cd chii nghTa duy vat lich sii vd hpc thuyit gid tri thgng du, nen C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da khdng dinh ring chi cd giai cip cdng nhdn la luc lugng tien phong cd sii mpnh lich sir thii tieu ehu nghTa tu bdn, xdy dyng ehii nghTa xa hgi vd chu nghTa cdng sdn. Trong "Tuyen ngdn eiia Dang Cgng san", hai dng da chi ro ring, giai cdp cdng nhan la giai cap tien tien nhdt, cd vu khi 1;^ luan cdch mgng dan dudng, cd tri thirc khoa hpc ky thudt. Id lyc lugng sdn xudt ciia nen dgi cdng nghiep, khdng ngimg phdt trien ca ve sd lugng va chat lugng cimg vdi sy phat trien ciia nen cdng nghiep hien dai. Cdc dng viet: "Trong tdt cd giai cdp ddi lap vdi giai cdp tu san thi chi cd giai cap vd san la giai cdp thyc sy each mang.
Cdc giai cap khde deu suy tan va tieu vong ciing sy phdt trien dgi cdng nghiep, giai cip vd sdn tidi lgi la sdn phdm ciia ban than nin dai cdng nghiep" [2, ti.628]. Trong xa hpi tu bdn chi cd giai cap vd sdn, hay cdn gpi Id giai cap cdng nhdn hien dgi, mdi la dgi biiu cua phuong thitc sdn xudt vd lyc lugng san xuat tien tien nhdt. Cac dng viit: "Giai cip tu sdn khdng nhiing da ren nhung vii khi giet minh; nd cdn tao ra nhiing ngudi sii dyng vu khi iy chdng lai nd. Dd la nhiing cdng nhdn hien dgi, nhiing ngudi vd sdn"
[2, ti.605]. Giai cap edng nhdn la giai cip
Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, s6 12 - 2018 dai biiu eho sy phdt tiien lye lugng sdn xuit vd phuong thiic san xuat tien tien nhdt, cd lgi ich thdng nhit vdi cdc giai cap, tdng lap bdc lot khdc vd ed khd nang tap hgp, lanh dgo quin chiing lam each mang. Giai cip dd dang nim tuong lai tiong tay. Ngodi ra "mdt bd phan nhd ciia giai cap thong tri tdch ra khdi giai cap ndy va di theo giai cap cdch mgng".
Giai cdp cdng nhdn cd y thiic ky luat cao do nin sdn xuit edng nghiep quy dinh (nhu
"lao ddng ed td chuc, cd sy phan cdng, phan cip theo day chuyen sdrt xiidt, c6 tac phong cdng nghiep, lao ddng diing gid"
[6]); lai cd tinh than qudc te cao ca, cd khd nang lien hop vdi cdc giai cap khde tid thdnh lyc lugng each mgng ldn tien the gidi de dau tianh chdng lgi chii nghTa tu ban. Ve dieu ndy, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen viet: "Sy phat tiien eua cdng nghipp khdng nhiing da lam tang them sd ngudi vd sdn, md cdn tap hgp hp lai thdnh nhiing khdi qudn chiing Idti ban; lye lugng ciia minh hon" [4, ti.57];
"ket qud that su cua nhirng cugc diu tianh ciia hp la sy dodn ket ngdy cang rdng ciia nhiing ngudi lao ddng hon la sy thanh cdng tiic thdi. Viec tang them phuong tien giao thdng do dai edng nghiep tgo ra, giiip cho cdng nhdn cac dia phuang tilp xiic nhau, da lam cho sy doan ket ay dugc de ddng"; hay
"vd san tit ed cdc nudc doan kit lai".
Sii menh lich sir eiia mdt giai cip Id nhiing nhiem vy lich sir giao phd cho mdt giai cip (do dia vi kinh tl - xa hpi khdch quan ciia giai cap dd quy dinh) dl nd thyc hien bude chuyen each mgng tir mpt hinh tiidi kinh tl - xa hpi ldi thdi sang mpt hinh thai kinh' te - xa hdi cao ban, tiln bg hon.
Sii mSnh lieh sir eua giai cip cdng nhan xuit hien khi phuong thiic san xudt tu bdn chu nghTa da tid nen ldi thdi so vdi lich sir, khi nd khdng khic phuc duge nhiing mau
thuan CO bdn vdn ed cua nd. Khi dd, giai cap cdng nhan cd sir menh lich sit xod bd phuang thiic san xuit tu ban chii nghTa, xoa bd ch^ do ngudi bdc Ipt ngudi, giai phdng minh vd giai phdng toan nhdn logi thoat khdi chi dp dp biic, bdc Ipt.
Dang Cdng san lanh dao giai cap cdng nhan dl giai cap cdng nhdn thyc hien sit mpnh lich sut cua ir^ih, thyc hipn each mang xa hdi chii nghia, lat dd sy thdng tr;
ciia giai eip tu sdn, gidnh chinh quyin vl tay giai cip cdng nhan, sur dyng chinh quyen dd dl cdi tgo xa hpi cii va xay dyng xa hdi xa hgi chu nghTa va cgng sdn chu nghia.
Trong "Tuyen ngdn ciia Ddng Cpng sdn", C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen cho rang, qua trinh ddu tianh cua giai cap cdng nhdn la lau dai, gian khd, quylt liet va tidi qua hai giai dogn. Trong giai dogn thii nhdt, "giai cdp vd sdn diu tianh gidnh chinh quyen tid thdnh giai cdp thdng tri" vd "giai cap vd sdn chiem ldy chinh quy6n nhd nudc". Trong giai dogn thur hai, "giai cdp vo sdn dimg su thdng tri ciia minh dl tiing budc doat lay toan bg tu ban tiong tay giai cdp tu sdn de tap trung tat cd nhung cdng cu sdn xuat vao tiong tay nha nudc tiln hdnh td chirc xay dyng xa hgi mdi - xd hgi chu nghia". "Hai budc ndy quan he chdt che vdi nhau: giai cdp cdng nhan khdng thuc hien dugc budc thu nhdt thi cung khdng thye hien dugc budc thii hai, nhung budc thii hai la quan tigng nhat de giai cip cong nhdn hoan thanh sii menh lich sii cua minh" [8]. D I hoan thdnh dugc su m^nh lich sir ciia minh, giai cip cdng nhan nhit dinh phai tap hgp duge cdc ting Idp nhdn ddn lao dgng xung quanh minh, tiln hdnh cugc diu tianh each mgng xda bd xd hdi cu va xdy dyng xa hdi mdi vl mgi mat kinh tl, chinh tii, vd van
20
Hoang Thuc Lan hda, tu tudng. Dd Id mpt qud trinh lich sii
het siic lau dai vd khd khdn.
5. Ket ludn
C.Mae vd Ph.Angghen da sang tgo ra tu duy If ludn mdi tir nhiing nam 40 ciia the ky XIX. Tir dd eho den nay da khodng gan 2 thi ky. Tu duy ly ludn cua C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen Id tu duy ly lugn khoa hpc, each mgng, sang tao; la vii khi ly luan, kim chi nam cho phong tido dau tianh ciia giai cdp cdng nhdn; gdp phdn gido dye tinh than each mgng triet de cho giai cdp edng nhdn vd tdng Idp nhan dan lao ddng bi dp biic tien todn the gidi diing len lam cupc each mgng gidi phdng. Tu duy ly lugn ciia CMdc va Ph.Angghen dugc V.I.Lenin phdt trien va van dyng thang lgi d Lien Xd tiong mdt thai gian ddi. Tu duy ly luan eiia C.Mdc, Ph.Angghen vd V.I.Lenin duge van dyng thing lgi d Ddng Au, Trung Qude, Viet Nam va nhilu nudc khdc. Tu duy ly ludn ciia CMdc, Ph.Angghen vd V.LLenin chiing td rdng, thdi dai ngdy nay la thdi dai ddu tianh cho myc tieu hda binh, dpc lap, dan chii, ty do, tien bd tien toan the gidi. Tu duy ly ludn cua C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen ddnh dau mdt budc phat tiien ed tinh each mang tiong lieh sur tu duy I^ ludn eua nhan loai.
TM li€u tham khao
[6]
[7]
[8]
CMac va Ph.Angghen (1995), Toan tap, t.3.
Nxb Chinh tri quic gia - Sy that, Hd Npi.
CMac vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Toan tgp, t.4, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia - Su that, Ha Noi.
CMac vi Ph.Angghen (1993), Todn tgp. t23, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Hi Npi.
C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1976), Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cgng san, Nxb Sv thit. Hi N9i.
Biii Ngpe Chuang (2005), Y nghia ngay nay cua hgc thuyet ve gid trf thgng du cua CMac, http://tapchicongsan.org.vn/data/tcc/html_data/
30_82.html, truy d p ngiy 5/5/2018.
Pham van Nhu|n (2003), Co dung la giai cap cong nhdn hien nay lnhong con sw menh lich su?, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Xay- dung-giai-cap-cong-nhan/2013/24144/Co- dung-la-giai-cap-cong-nhan-hien-nay-khong- con-su.aspx, truy cgip ngiy 5/5/2018.
Nguyen Viet Thio, Nguyen An Ninh (2013), Quan diem cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin ve cha nghTa quoc te vo sdn, http;//lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/nguye n-cuu-ly-luan/item/467-quan-diem-cua-chu- nghia-mac-lenin-ve-chu-nghia-quoc-te-ve- san.html, tiuyc^p ngiy 5/5/2018.
Giai cap cong nhdn vd sit m$nh lich sir cUa giai cdp cong nhan, https://loigiaihay.coni/giai-cap-cong-nhan-va- su-menh-lich-su-cua-giai-cap-cong-nhan- cl26a20301.html, truy cgp ngay 5/5/2018.