Cham soc tre em trong gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam qua mot so nghien curu
LiHrag Thi Thu Trang<*»
Tom tat: Gia dinh Id noi con ngudi sinh ra vd Idn len, nai the hi tre dugc cham lo ed vi the chdt, tri tui, dgo dice vd nhdn cdch di hdi nhdp vdo cudc sdng cdng dong. Tuy khdng phdi Id thiit chi duy nhdt cd vai trd cham sdc tre em, nhung gia dinh bao gid cxmg Id mdi trudng quan trgng nhdt. Nhieu nam qua, gia dinh la chu de dugc nghien ciru tren nhiiu goc do, khia cgnh vd quy md khde nhau. Tuy nhien, a Viit Nam. cham sde tre em trong gia dinh d khu vuc ndng thdn cdn la mgt khia cgnh khd hgn chi, chua dugc nghien cicu rdng rdi Viee tim hiiu vd khdi qudt nhiing nghien cuu dd cd ve cham sdc tre em eua cdc gia dinh, dgc biit Id cdc gia dinh ndng thdn la cdn thiet. Bdi viit tdng quan mgt sd khia cgnh vi cham sdc tre em trong cdc gia dinh ndng thdn Viit Nam.
Tix khoa: Tre em, Chdm sdc tre em, Gia dinh, Ndng thdn
Abstract: Family is where people are born and raised, where the younger generation is nurtured physically, intellectually emotionally and socially before they enter community life. Though not the only institutions that function as child-care ones, family has always been the most important environment. Over the years, family-related topics have been discussed from various aspects at different scales. However, little has yet been studied about the situation of child-care in rural Vietnamese families. The paper conducts a literature review of some aspects of child-care in rural Vietnamese families.
Keywords: Children, Child-care, Family, Rural Area
Bat van de gia dinh Viet Nam nhieu ndm qua. Chara Chdm sdc gia dinh ndi chung va chdm sdc tre em trong gia dinh ndng thdn cdn la soc tte em noi rieng hien nay khdng con mdng chua dugc nghien ciiu trye tiep va la van de cua mdi gia dinh md tir Idu dd lien he rdng rai, nhung ciing dugc nhieu ttd thanh van de ciia toan xd hpi. Cham nghien eiiu de cap dudi dang doi sanh vdi soc tre era ciing la mdt trong nhung de tdi cac gia dinh do tbi. Cac nghien ciiu cho dugc quan tam ttong nhilu nghien ciiu ve thdy, gidng nhu cdc boat ddng chdm soc tte em trong gia dinh ndi chung, chdm soc tte em trong gia dinh ndng thdn ciing dugc the
" ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xS hoi, Vien Han ^-^^ ^ j ~ ^ ^^-^ g^^ ^^^ y^^^^ ^.j^^m SOC lam Khoa hoc xahoi Viet Nam; ' • ' , , - •• , Email: nganltrang_83@yahoo.con, * " * «han, tinh cam va cham soc giao due.
36 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hoi. sd lO.su^^
1. Cham soc sire khde
Tre em la tuong lai ciia ddt nude, Chdm sdc siic khde cho tte em hdra nay se la ddu an va ddng luc phat trien dai Idu cho xd hdi mai sau. Mac du siic khde tte em cd y nghia het siic quan ttpng nhu vay nhimg khdng phai tdt ca mpi tte em deu dugc cham sdc chu ddo nhu nhau ttong moi cdng ddng, moi gia dinh. Cham sdc siic khde tte em phu thupc vdo nhieu yeu td, ttong dd cac yeu td quan trgng nhdt phdi ke den la: nhimg ddc diem nhdn khau hpc - xd hdi cua gia dinh;
kinh te, miic sdng cua hd gia dinh; vd ttinh do giao due ciia ngudi cham sdc chinh (chu yeu la ngudi me).
Hdu het tte em dugc sinh ra, dugc nudi day va Idn len ciing gia dinh. Trong mdi trudng gido dudng quan trpng ndy, cdc eni bi chi phdi bdi boat ddng sdng ciia hd gia dinh. Hdnh vi cham sdc siic khde tte em ciing khdng nam ngodi quy luat dd. Ddc diem dia ban cu tni ciia gia dinh la mdt yeu to quan trpng tac dpng den chdm sdc tre em (Dang Nguyen Anh, 2004). Ket qud Dieu tra gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2006 chi ra rdng, ngudi me ttong cac gia dinh ndng thdn danh thdi gian chdm sdc con it hon ngudi me d thanh thi (Bp Van hda The thao vd Du lich, Tdng cue Thdng ke, UNICEF Viet Nam, Vien Nghien eiiu Gia dinh va Gidi, 2008).
Dieu nay cd the gidi thich rdng, do ngudi me d ndng thdn qua ban mai vdi cac cdng viec dong dng, ndi ttg, nhiing cdng viec khdng ten trong gia dinh da chiem phdn Idn thdi gian khien hg khdng cdn du thdi gian danh cho chara sdc con cai (Xera them: Tran Quy Long, 2011). Ngay tir cac nghien ciiu each day hai thdp ky, Dominique Haughton va Jonathan Haughton (1999) cung da dua ra mdt nhdn dirih van cdn diing cho den thai dilm bdy gid; tre em d cac gia dinh khu vyc ndng thon la nhdm cd miic dp suy dinh
dudng nhilu hon dang ke so vdi tte em khu vuc thanh tiii. Dong quan d i l m vdi nhdn dinh nay, nghien ciiu cua Stefanie Koch va Nguyin Bui Linh (2001) cimg cho rang, su khac biet ciia tiianh thi vdi nong thdn lam thay ddi dang k l nguy ca hi suy dinh dudng. Sy khac biet nay la do chi tieu hd gia dinh d khu vyc thanh thj cao hon nhieu so vdi khu vuc ndng thon va tre^em d ndng thdn cd nhilu nguy ca bj nhiem cac benh Idy truyin hon (Ddn theo: Tran Quy Long, 2015).
Lien quan tryc tilp tdi ddc diem chi tieu d khu vuc sdng chinh la dieu k i | n kinh t l hd gia dinh. Cac nghien ciiu gdn day cua Nhdm hanh ddng chdng ddi ngheo (2002); Bp Van hda, T h i tiiao va Du lich.
T i n g cyc Thdng ke, UNICEF Viet Nam, Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dmh vd Gidi (2008);
Nguyen Thi Van Anh (2011) deu khang dinh: Kinh t l hd gia dinh la mot yeu to cd anh hudng quyet dinh den tinh trang cham sdc siic khde cho tre em. Phy nii thupc nhdm gia dinh thu nhap thdp nhdt dugc cham sdc tmdc khi sinh it han so vdi nhdm gia dinh thu nhdp tmng binh trd len. Nhimg gia dinh cang giau cang cd xu hudng danh nhieu thdi gian cham sdc con cai bon. Ndi chimg, tre em ttong cac hd gia dinh cd thu nhap cao cd siic khde tdt hon vi cha me co dieu kien mua cac thuc phdm tdt hon va hudng dich vu y te cd chat lugng cao ban.
Cha me trong cac gia dmh ngheo it ed kha nang ddu tu cham sdc con cai ban so vdi cdc gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh t l kha gia.
Trinh do gido due cua ngudi me dugc tap trung nghien ciiu vi cd mdi lien he hije tiep tdi viec cdi thien siic khoe tre em. Cd thi thdy cd mdi quan he giiia trinh dp hgc vdn cua ngudi me vd tinh ttang dinh dudng ciia tte em d Viet Nam. Khi ngudi me cd hpc vdn cao bon, con cdi cua hp it bi suy
37 dmh dudng ban. Mdt phdn quan ttgng cua
mdi quan he nay ro rang la phu nu; cd ttinh do hgc vdn cao se cd nhieu khd ndng cd dugc thu nhap cao ban bode sdng d nhimg viing thanh thi, noi cd ca sd ha tang tdt ve dich vu y tl. Tuy nhien, mot phan ciia mdi lien he nay cd the la do phu nii cd trinh dp hgc van cao hieu biet hon ttong each nudi dudng con cai khde manh (Nhdm hanh dpng chdng ddi ngheo, 2002).
Ngoai cac yeu td ve dac diem dia ban cu tni, ve kinh te hd gia dinh va hpc van cua ngudi me, con nhieu yeu td khac ciing anh hudng khdng nhd tdi chdm sdc sue khoe tte em d ndng thdn. Mdt ttong sd do phdi ke den Id yeu td kit cdu hg tdng ndng thdn.
Theo bdo cdo ciia Lien Hgp Qudc, tte em sdng d ndng thdn Viet Nam cd nguy co tii vong cao gdp hem hai Idn so vdi tte sdng d thanh thi do sy bdt binh dang ttong viec tiep can vdi cac djch vu cham sdc siic khde ban ddu (Ddn tiieo: Hdi Diep, 2008). Cd thi be thdng y te khdng phdi la yeu td duy nhat mang lai ket qua cho siic khde ngudi ddn, dac biet la ba me va tte em d ndng thdn, dong thdi cung rdt khd lugng hda dugc nhiing tdc ddng ciia timg yeu td. Tuy nhien, mgt qudc gia ndi chung va khu vyc ndng thon ndi rieng khd ed kha nang dat dugc nhung ket qua tdt ve y te ciing nhu nhutig myc tieu ve siic khoe neu cd mgt he thdng y te kem hieu qua (Ngdn hang Phat trien chdu A (ADB) vd cdc co quan, 2007). Co sd ha tdng ciing ddng mdt vai ttd quan trgng khdng kem ttong muc tieu ve siic khde ciia mot qudc gia. Khi khu vuc ndng thdn cd co sd ha tdng yeu kem, nd cung gdp phdn lam cho viee tiep can dich vy y te cua ngudi dan ndi chung, bd me va tte em ndi rieng ttd nen khd khdn hon. Chua ke den viec tre em cdn la nhung ngudi phu tiiudc phdn Idn vao mdi tmdng sdng ttuc tiep eua minh trong viec
dap ling nhung nhu cau co bdn va dya vdo sy phdn bd nguon lyc cua cha me, gia dmh va cpng dong (Nguyin Thi Vdn Anh, 2011).
Cd the thdy, viec cham sdc siic khoe tre em ttong cac gia dinh ndng thdn phu thuflc vao nhieu yeu td, tir yeu td chu quan cua timg gia dinh den cac yeu td khdch quan ciia mdi tmdng, xa hdi, ttong dd ndi len vai ttd dac biet ciia ngudi me. Cung vdi viec ndng cao cac dieu kien chdm sdc tte em, ben canh trao quyen cho ngudi phu nir, cdn ed cdc chuang trinh tuyen tmyin giao due cudn hiit nam gidi de hg thay dii nhdn thiic hanh vi, tham gia tich cyc hon trong chdm sdc siic khde tre em.
2. Cham sdc tinh than, tinh cam Siic khde ciia radi ngudi khdng chi don thudn la khde ve the chat ma cdn khde ve tinh than. Thdng thudng siic khde ve the chdt de dang nhin thay dugc, trong khi siic khde ve tinh than khdng de nhdn ra hoac it dugc luu y. Chinh vi the, cham sdc siic khde tinh thdn cua tre em ciing la van de cdn dugc gia dinh ddc biet quan tdm.
Theo cdc nhd nghien ciiu, chdm soc siic khde tinh thdn cho tte em the hien ttudc bet d viec cha me thudng xuyen quan tam, ddnh nhilu thdi gian de ndi chuyen, hdi han va ndm dugc thdi gian bieu ciia con trong ngay dl hilu dugc nhu cdu, nguyen vpng, sd thich cua con...
Quan tdm tdi cdc boat ddng cua con cai, ldng nghe tara tu tinh cam cua con khdng chi giiip cha me vd con cdi hieu nhau han rad cdn mang lai cho tre era cdm giac yen tdm vi cd dugc chd dya viitig chac trong cupc song. Thong qua trao ddi, cha me se tmyen eho con cdi nhiing kien thiic, kinh nghiem cdn thiet giiip tre budc vao cudc sdng ty tin ban.
Tuy nhien, theo nghien ciiu cua Ngd Thi Nggc Anh (2008) vd Trdn Quy Long
(2014), tten thyc te, cae bdc cha me d ndng thdn chua ddnh nhilu thdi eho hoat ddng cham sdc tinh thdn tte em, cy thi nhu tam su, hdi han, vui chai cung tre. Nguyen nhan chu yeu la do cac bdc cha me d ndng thdn cdn tap tnmg nhieu vdo viee kilra sing, dac biet vdi nhimg gia dinh co miic sdng tnmg binh hoac thdp thi cha me cdn tap trung lam an kinh te dem lai ngudn thu nhdp cho gia dinh nen thdi gian danh cho viec ttong nom, cham sdc con cai la rat it, thara chi cd nhiing gia dinh cha me phai "ddu tdt mat tdi" lo kiem raieng an hang ngay, khdng cd thdi gian nao danh cho con cdi.
Miic do quan tdm cua cha rae den ddi song tinh than ciing khac nhau theo dia ban cu tni. Theo Tran Quy Long (2014), miic do hieu rd cac vdn de lien quan den ddi song tdm ly, tinh cam ciia tte em vi tbanh nien cua cdc bdc cha rae d khu vuc ndng thon thdp hon so vdi d khu vyc thanh thi. Cd le yeu to thdi gian vdn la sy cdn ttd chinh ddi vdi cac bdc cha me d khu vuc ndng thon ttong viec quan tdm den tte em vi thdnh nien do hp ban rdn vdi cdng viec lam an. Tuy nhien, ben canh do con cd nhiing yeu to tac ddng khac, bdi cdc bdc cha me d khu vuc thanh thi ciing ban rdn vdi viec kiem sdng theo mdt each nao dd. Ly giai cho su khac biet ve miic dp quan tdm den ddi sdng tinh than, tinh cam ciia tte era ciia cac bac cha me d ndng thon thdp hon d thanh thi la vi nhiing cam dd ddi vdi tte vi thanh nien d khu vuc thanh thi hoc Id rd hon ttong khi raang ludi gidm sdt cua cpng ddng lai boat ddng md nhat hon khu vyc nong thdn. Vi the, cac bac cha rae d khu vyc thanh tbi cd khd nang phai chii y den nhirng dien bien, quan he xa hdi ttong ddi sing tdm ly, tinh cam ciia tte em ttong dp tudi vi thanh nien nhieu ban.
Chara soc tdm ly, tinh cam cho tre era ciing dugc t h i hien tten khia canh quan
tdm ciia cha me d i n nhiing khd khan con cai gap phdi ttong iing xu vdi thay cd, ban be, ngudi than, d nhimg noi tte thudng din choi. Cd nghien ciiu chi ra rang, muc dp cde bdc cha me d khu vyc ndng thdn nhan bilt khd khan cua con cai trong cac quan he vdi thdy cd vd ban be tiidp ban cac bdc cha me d khu vuc dd thi. So voi cac bdc cha me d dd tiii, cha me d ndng thdn Cling bilt v l ban thdn ciia con cdi va noi con cdi thudng d i n choi it hon. Dieu ndy cd thi gidi thich rdng, do radi ttudng xa hpi d khu vyc ndng thdn it cam do hon khu vuc dd thi, nhiing nguy ca gdy ton bai den tre em va tre vi thanh nien ciing it hon moi tmdng xa hdi d dd tiii, vi thi, cac bdc cha rae d khu vuc ndng thdn cd khd ndng it phai quan tdra, luu tdra hem den nhirng quan be xa hdi trong ddi sdng tdm ly, tinh cdm ciia con cai khi con cdn nhd so vdi cac bdc cha me khu vuc do thi (Nguyin Hiiu Minh, Ngd Thi Tuan Dung, 2013).
Nghien ciiu ve Mdi quan he trong cdc gia dinh khu vuc Bdc Trung bd ndm 2013 ciia Nguyen Hiiu Minh, Ngd Thi Tudn Dung (2013) ciing cho thdy, cha me d ndng thon cd xu hudng quan tdra nhieu ban tdi tre em Idn tudi ban. Tre em trong cac gia dinh ndng thdn ma cha rae cd hpc vdn thdp, gia dinh hat nhdn cdng it cd khd ndng nhdn dugc su quan tdm ciia cdc bdc cha me den ddi song tinh thdn, vui chai gidi tti ban so vdi nhimg gia dinh cd cha me hpc van cao va cdc gia dinh d do thi.
Ben canh sy quan tam chua diing miic v l ddi sdng tinh than, tinh cdm cua cac bdc cha me, dieu kien vui choi, gidi tri ciia tre em ndng thdn ciing rat ban hep va bi chi phii bdi nhieu yeu td. Mdt ttong cac yeu td dnh hudng la do cha me khdng cd nhilu thdi gian ranh vd cdc em ciing phai phu giiip cha me cdng viec gia dinh, bao gdm lam viee
Cham sdc tr£ em... 39 nha hoac lam kinh tl (Nguyen Huu Minh,
Ngd Thi Tudn Dung, 2013; Nghiem Thi Thuy, 2016). Tmh ttang sd dung Iao ddng tte em d cac khu vyc ndng thdn Viet Nam la khd ph6 bien, thdm chi dugc coi la ciiu canh ddi vtii cdc gia ^nh gap nhieu khd khdn ve kinh te.
Cac hinh thiic vui chai giai tri ciia tre em d ndng thdn ciing kha dan dieu va trong pham vi han hep (pham vi xung quanh gia dinh). 0 cac viing ndng thdn, cac hinh thiie vui chai gidi tti ciing nhu dieu kien co sd vat chdt phuc vu cho nhu cdu vui choi gidi tti, phat ttien the chat va tinh thdn cua tte em d cpng ddng cdn ngheo nan ca ve sd lugng va chdt lugng. Them vao do kinh te ciia cac hp gia dinh ndng thon da sd cdn ngheo nen cdc gia dinh ciing it cd dieu kien de nang cao ddi sdng tinh than cho cac thdnh vien ttong gia dinh, ddc biet la tre em.
Tdm lai, qua rapt sd nghien ciiu cd the thdy, cha me d cac gia dinh khu vyc ndng thdn cd quan tdm den viee chdm sdc ddi song tinh thdn, tinh cam cho tte em, nhung chua ddy dii va diing muc. Day la sy thiet thoi, han che ddi vdi sy phdt trien cua tre bdi sy phdt ttien todn dien ddi hdi phai ddng deu ca hai mat the chdt va tinh thdn.
Van de nay cdn cd su quan tam hon niia khdng chi eua cdc gia dinh ma cdn cua cdc CO quan chiic ndng vd cua toan xa hdi.
3. Cham soc giao due (giao due gia dinh) Gia dinh la radi tmdng xa hpi hda ddu tien vd quan trpng bac nhdt ddi vdi mdi con ngudi. Mdt diia tre sinh ra cd hmh thanh dugc nhiing net tinh cdch tdt dep hay khdng phu thupc nhieu vao each thiic, phuang phap gido due cua gia dinh, ddc biet la cha rae. Dieu dd cd nghia la viec quan niem va xac dinh cho tte nhiing phdm chdt cdn thiet la quan ttpng, cd y nghia quyet dinh ttong viec hinh thanh dao diic, tinh cdch, loi sdng
cua tre phii hgp vdi sy phat triln ciia xa hdi.
Chdra sdc gido due ttong gia dinh chu ylu la sy gido due vl gia tti, phdm chdt, dao diic, Idi sdng, nhan each cho tte em (giao due ve kiln thiic, ky ndng tte dupe hpc chu yeu tai tmdng hpc).
Cho den nay, viec gido due, day do, hudng con cai vdo ne nep vdn la rapt trong nhiing viec quan ttgng trong gia dinh. Tuy nhien da cd nhieu thay ddi ttong quan niem, trong phuang phdp day dd con cai d cac gia dinh ndng thdn d Viet Nam. Niu nhu d cdc gia dinh ndng thdn tmyen thdng, viec day do con cai dudng nhu Id nhiem vu chi ciia ngudi cha thi ngay nay de cao hon vai ttd ciia cd cha vd me. Mdi quan he giiia cha rae va con cai binh ddng vd ddn chii ban, cha me ciing chii y ldng nghe y ki^n cua con hem, khdng ap dat, bat con lam theo y cha me nhu ttudc (Le Thi, 2009).
Theo nghien ciiu cua Le Ngpc Lan (2016), cd hai nhdm phdm chat tinh cdch dugc cac bac cha me hudng vao giao due tte era. Dd la nhdm nhiing phdm chat thugc vl gia tti dao diic tmyen thdng (gian di, tilt kiem, tmng thyc, thdng thdn, quan tdm chdm sdc ngudi khac, tdn ttpng mpi ngudi, hieu thdo, khiem tdn, nhudng nhin) vd nhdm nhiing phdm chat thupc ve nang lyc, tinh each cdn thiet cua ban thdn (tinh ky ludt, nhanh nhen, thdo vat, sang tao, kien tri, ddc lap, manh dan, quyet doan).
Nhdm phdm chdt thugc vi gid tri truyin thdng it thay ddi qua thdi gian ma thudng dugc duy tri, bd sung vd phat ttien qua cac thi he ke tiep bdi nd ludn de cao nhiing phdm chdt cao dep, dang ttdn trpng cua con ngudi d mgi thdi dai, mpi tdng Idp, mpi nhdm xa hdi. Cdc bdc cha me ludn mong mudn diia tte phdi biet sdng gian dj, tiet kiem trong gia dinh, nghia Id mudn diia tte bilt quy trpng nhiing gid tti ma cha me.
Thong tin Khoa h^c xt hoi. sd 10.2019 ngudi tiidn va ban than minh Idm ra. Mong
mudn diia tte sdng trung thuc, thdng thdn nghia la sdng khdng gia ddi, ludn ciii, sdng thdng than, cuong true, bdo ve le phai, sdng thuc vdi bdn chat ciia chinh minh. Mong rauon tte biet quan tam cham sdc ngudi khac chinh la d l Idn len tte se ttanh dugc loi sdng ich ky, cd nhdn, tir do tte khdng nhiing cam thdng, chia se su vdt va vdi cha me, dng bd, anh chi em,... ma con thdy rd trach nhiem ciia ban thdn ttong ddi sdng gia dinh. Mudn tte tdn trgng, hilu thdo vdi dng ba, cha me la mudn tte sdng hudng den cdi ngudn, gdc r l cua minh, hudng den dao ly ludn thudng d ddi. Tdm lai, do Id nhiing gia tti, nhiing kinh nghiem song tdt dep mang tinh tmyen thdng ciia ddn tdc. Bdt ky ca nhan nao dii la tri thiic hay cdng nhdn, nong ddn, dii d thanh thi hay ndng thon deu cdn cd nhiing phdm chat nhdn each do ttong minh. Chinh vi the, hdu bet cac bdc cha me da lya chpn nhiing phdm chdt ti'nh cdch ndy de giao due cho con cai, the hien d ty le lua chpn khd cao ttong nhiing ngudi tham gia khdo sdt.
Nhdm phdm chdt thu hai raa cha me quan tam day bdo tre em trong gia dinh do la nhirng pham chdt thupc ve nang luc, tinh each nhu: tinh ky ludt, nhanh nhen, thdo vat, cd dc sang tao, kien tri, chiu dyng; cd tinh dpc lap, manh dan, quyet doan. Ddy la nhiing net tinh cdch cdn thiet cho su thich ling va hdi nhap ciia ban than ttong thdi ky ddi mdi, thai ky phdt ttien manh me cda nen kinh te thi ttudng.
Cha rae mong raudn day dd cho con cdi nhilu phdm chdt dao due khac nhau. Dang chii y la khong cd sy khde biet dang ke ttong quan niem ciia cha me ve giao due dao diic cho con trai vd con gdi, tuy nhien cha me mong mudn vd giao due cho con gai su kheo leo vd cham chi, ttong khi con ttai dugc giao
due tinh ddc lap, ty chu. Nhu vay, ttong giao due con gai cha me van chu y den tinh nU, ttong khi cac pham chat gan vdi tmh nam dugc nhdn manh ttong gido due con ttai. Mac dii vay, xet tiieo nai cu tiTi, nhiing cha me d thanh thi chii ttgng giao due tinh ty giac vd cd ttach nhiem cho con cdi ban nhung cha me sdng d ndng thdn. Trong khi do, ty le cha me d ndng thdn cd miic sing thdp 1^ quan tdra gido due con cdi tinh can cii, tiet kiem cao ban so vdi cac bac cha me sdng d thanh till (Trdn Thi Hdng, 2008).
Miic dp im tien gido due cdc phdm chdt dao diic, Idi song cd sy khac nhau giiia cac gia dinh d khu vyc ndng thdn va dd thi, miic sdng hd gia dinh, liia tudi vd hgc vdn ciia cha me... song su khac biet dd khdng dang kl. Dilu nay cho thay, co su ddng nhat tuong doi cao ttong viec lya chgn cac ndi dung giao due dao diic cho con cai d cdc gia dinh bdt k l khu vyc sinh sdng, miic sdng. Trong tdt cd cac khia canh giao due pham chdt dao diic Idi sdng cho con cai, ngudi me la ngudi gifl vai ttd chu yeu (Le Ngpc Lan, 2016).
Thdng qua cac nghien ciin, cd the thay viec gido due nhdn each cho con cai trong gia dinh bao gdm nhieu npi dung, nhieu cdch thiic khac nhau. Mdi quan he cha me - eon cai trong cac gia dinh nong thdn d Viet Nam ngay cang bdt tinh dp dat ban, tinh dan chii tdng ddn len, tuy nhien, cha me vdn cd quyin quyet dinh ddi vdi mpi boat dpng ciia con cdi, quan he ttong gia dinh vdn tudn thu tdn ti trdt ty ttuyin thing, nhung quyin luc cua cha me khong raang tinh tuyet ddi nhu ttong gia dinh Nho giao.
Thay Idi ket
Cung vdi su bien ddi ciia xa hpi Viet Nam ttong nhimg nam gdn day, gia dinh ndi chung, gia dinh d cac vimg ndng thdn Viet Nam ndi rieng ciing dien ra nhilu bi8n
Cham sdc tr£ em... 41 ddi manh me. Dilu do till hien d nhilu gdc
dp, ttong do cd su biln ddi ttong viec cham sdc tte em cua gia dinh. Qua phdn tich mdt sd kit qua nghien ciiu ve cham sdc tte em ttong gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam cd the tiidy, cdng viec chdm sdc tte em ttong cac 3.
gia dinh ndng thdn van do ngudi me chiu ttach nhiem chinh. Mdng cham sdc siic khoe tinh thdn, vui chai gidi tti cho tre ttong cac gia dinh ndng thdn chua dugc de cao vd quan tdm ddy du. Hau bet cac bac cha 4.
me ndng thdn hien nay chua danh nhieu thdi gian quan tam, vui choi cimg con cai.
Mat khac, cha me chua tao dieu kien ndng cao ddi sdng tinh thdn cua tte em. Su dinh hudng ciia cha me ddi vdi viec sii dung 5.
thdi gian nhan rdi cua tte chua giiip tre dugc vui ve, thoai mai, nang cao ddi sdng tinh than. Ben canh dd, yeu td kinh te ciing dugc nhieu nghien ciiu tap tmng phdn tich va chi ra rang, viec chdm sdc giao due tre em doi hdi gia dinh khdng chi cd tinh cam 6.
yeu thuang con cdi, ma cdn phdi cd thyc lyc kinh te gia dinh thi mdi cd the cham soc ddy dii mgi mat cho tte. Hien nay edc gia dmh khu vyc ndng thon d Viet Nam ndi chung da sd van cdn ngheo, kinh te ndng 7.
thon chua phdt trien, tre em trong cac gia dinh nong thdn van con thua thiet nhieu so vdi d cac khu vyc dd thi. Dieu nay dang la nhung thdch thiic ddi vdi viec chdm sdc tre em trong cac gia dinh ndng thdn hien nay • 8.
Tai Heu tham khao
1. Ddng Nguyen Anh (2004), "Cdu tnic hd gia dinh vd siic khoe tie em: nhiing phat 9.
hien qua khdo sat nhan khau hgc va siic khoe 1997", ttong: Gia dinh trong tdm guang xd hdi hgc, Nxb. Khoa bpc xa hgi. Ha Ndi.
2. Ngd Thi Nggc Anh (2008), Ddnh gid thuc trgng ndng luc chdm sdc, gido
due tre em cua cdc gia dinh khu vuc ndng thdn phia Bdc, Bao cdo Tdng kit de tdi Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe cdp Bd, Vu Gia dinh, Bd Van hda, Thi thao va Du lich.
Nguyen Thi Vdn Anh (2011), Cdc yiu td dnh hudng den ty le tic vong tre em d ndng thdn Viet Nam. Ludn vdn thac sT Kinh te, Tmdng Dai hge Kinh tl Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh.
Bd Van hda. The thao va Du lich, Tong cue Thing ke, UNICEF Viet Nam, Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi (2008), Kit qud Diiu tra gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2006,113.^1
Hai Diep (2008), Tre em ngheo, tre ndng thdn cd nguy co tic vong cao, http://www.baomoi.com/Home/Suc Kboe/thethaovanhoa.vntre-em-ngheo -tre-nong-thon-co-nguy-co-tu-vongcao /1870226.epi.
Dominique Haughton, Jonathan Haugh- ton (1999), "Sd thich con trai", trong:
Hd gia dinh Viet Nam qua phdn tich dinh lugng. Dominique va link (chu bien), Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
Le Nggc Ldn (2016), Chdm sdc con cdi trong gia dlnh Viet Nam hien nay, Bao cao thudng nien 2016, Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh vd Gidi, Vien Han 1dm Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam.
Trdn Quy Long (2011), Gia dinh vd hogt ddng cham sdc tre em d Hd Ndi, Bdo cao phdn tich ket qua Dieu tra Gia dinh HaNgi 2010.
Trdn Quy Long (2014), "Sy quan tam ciia cha me ddi vdi con cai vi thanh nien trong ddi sdng tam ly, tinh cam d khu vuc Bdc Tmng bd". Tap chi Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 5.
(xem tiep trang 50)
Thdng tin Khoa hpc xa hdi. sa 10.2019 dugc ndng cao khi tdng lugng kinh t l
nude nay da diing thir hai till gidi. Mat khac, Trung Qudc ciing phai ddi mat vdi nhiing thdch thiic ndi tai ciing nhu nhung thach thiic den tir ben ngodi. Doi vdi Trung Qudc, sy nghiep cai cdch da trd thanh mot cdng ttinh he thong phiic tap, cdn phai tinh den cdc yeu td trong vd ngoai nude, tiln hanh cdi each toan dien, dong bd d mpi ITnh vyc •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bdo cdo chinh tri Dgi hdi XIX Ddng Cdng sdn Trung Qudc ngdy 18/10/2017 (bdn dich tieng Viet cua Bd Ngoai giao VietNam ndra 2017).
2. Cdng bdo thdng ke kinh ti xd hdi Trung Qudc 2017 (K^B^W 2 0 1 8 ^ 0 3 ^ 0 1 H 10 ii&), http://paper.people.com.cn/
nnrb/btml/2018-03/01 /node_l 921 .htm, tmy cap ngay 09/10/2019.
3. Nguyen Xudn Cudng (2018), "Tmng Qudc: Nhin lai qua ttinh 40 ndm cdi cdch, md cira", Tgp chi Cong sdn, http://
www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/The
-gioi-van-de-su-kien/2018/53209/Trung - Q u o c - N h i n - l a i - q u a - t r i n h - 4 0 - n a m - cai-cach-rao-cua.aspx, tray cap ngay 5/9/2019.
4. Hgc vien Chinh ttj qudc gia Ho Chi Minh (2018), Gido trinh Chu nghTa xd hdi khoa hgc (Diing cho he ddo tgo Cao cdp ly ludn chinh tri), Nxb. Ly ludn chinh tti, H a N g i .
5. Kenedy, Paul (1989), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Vintage books.
New York.
6. Shambaugh, David (2017), Tuong lai cua Trung Qudc, Nguyen Dmh Huynh dich, Nxb. Hdi Nhd vdn. Ha Ndi.
7. Shirk, Susan L. (2015), Gd khdng Id mdt ngu, Hoang Mai Anh dich, Nxb.
Hdi Nha van, Hd Ndi.
8. Trung tam tin tire VTV24 (2018), Khodng cdch giau ngheo a Trung Qudc se ngdy cdng ro ret, https://vtv.
vn/kinb-te/khoang-cach-giau-ngheo-o -trung-quoc-se-ngay-cang-ro-ret-201 809201529274I3.btm, tmy cap ngay 09/10/2019.
(tiip theo trang 41)
10. Trdn Quy Long (2015), "Cdc y l u td anh hudng den tinh trang suy dinh dudng chieu cao theo tuoi cua tre em dudi 5 tudi". Tap chi Nghien cuu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 1.
11. Nguyin Hun Minh, Ngd Thi Tudn Dung (2013), Cdc quan he gia dinh d khu vuc Bdc Trung bg trong bdi cdnh cdng nghiip hda, hiin dgi hda vd hdi nhdp qudc ti, De tdi cap Bd, Vien Nghien eiiu Gia dinh va Gidi, Vien Hdn 1dm Khoa bpc xa hdi Viet Nam.
12. Nhdm hanh ddng chdng ddi ngheo (2002), Cdi thien tinh trgng sice khde vd gidm bdt nhiing bdt binh ddng, Bao cao chung ciia cdc nhd tdi trg. Ha Ndi.
13. Trdn Thi Hong (2008), "Khuonmaugidi trong gia dinh", ttong: Trdn Thi Vdn Anh, Nguyin Hiiu Minh (ehii bien), Binh ddng gidi a Viit Nam (pp. 388- 419), Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi.
14. Le Thi (2009), Su tuang ddng vd khac biet trong quan niim vi hdn nhdn gia dlnh giira cdc he hi ngudi Viit Nam hien nay, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi HdNpi.