NGON NGC
S6 3 2016
MOT VAI D ^ C
DrtM VE
CANHmj6NG
N G 6 NNGf d HUYf N MirdNG CHA - TINH DIjN BIEN
NGUY6N THI THU DUWG' Abstract; Muong Cha is a district located m the northern mountainous area of Dien Bien province which hasl 1 communes and a town. Like the majority of ethnic minority regions in Vidt Nam in general and m Dien Bien m particular, this is a multi- ethnic, multilingual region with 18 ethnic groups. In this paper, based on the general dieoiy of language situation, we will describe some features ofthe language situation in Muong Cha ui terms ofthe socio-economic characteristics, the ,population distribution, the life of ethnic minori^ people in Muong Cha, the characteristics of ethnic minority languages in Muong Cha, the distribution of languages in the district and the common patterns of language use.
Key words: language situation, ethnic minority, Muong Cha district, Dien Bien province
1. Din nh$p
Cdnh huong ngdn ngU (CHNN) li m$t khii tudm quan trpng cfla ngdn ngft hpc xi h$i vi cd hipu qui trvc tiep doi vdi chinh sich ngdn ngft. Ndi cich khic, cflng vdi mvc tidu chinh trj, CHNN li ca sd quan trpng cho vide ho^ch djnh vi thvc hidn chinh sich ngdn ngft.
Mutog Chi li mpt trong mitdi don vj hinh chinh cfla tinh Didn Bldn.
Ctog nhu da so cic vtog dan tpc thieu so PTTS) khic, Mutog Chi (Didn Bien) Ii mpt vtog DTTS da ngft vdi nhtog die diim vi CHNN khi diin hinh cho Didn Bidn ndi ridng, vtog Tiy Bic ndi chung.
Trong bii viet niy, chtog tdi si phin Uch mpt so die diim cfla CHNN d Mutog Chi, tfl dd cung cip thdm cic cur lidu tiivc ti di kiin nghj mpt so diem gdp phin ho^h d}nh chinh sich ngdn ngft - xi hpi phfl hpp doi vdi dja phuong.
2. Khii ni|m cdnh huing ngdn ngU
CHNN Ii mdt van di dupc quan tam tft liu trong ngdn ngft hpc xi hdi.
CHNN ttog dupc diin d^t li: bii cinh ngdn ngft (language context), ngft cinh ngdn ngft (language situation), tinh hlnh ngdn ngft (language vicissitude)...
nhung nhieu nhi nghidn cto ngdn ngft thutog sft dvng thuit ngft CHNN di ndi Idn nhtog hlnh thflc tin t^ vi Unh tiiflc tiii hidn cua cic ngdn ngft dang dupc sfl dvng ttdn mOt linh thi nhat dinh.
ThS, Tniimg Cao dSng Su ph?m Di§n Bign.
M$t vdi d$c fliim... 67 Cdc nhd nghien cdru ngdn ngQ trong nude cQng nhu tren thi gidi dd dua
ra nhilu cdch hilu vk CHNN. Theo tdc gid Nguyen Vdn L)?i (2000) thi ndi den CHNN Id ndi din "todn bd cdc binh thai ton t^i cua mpt ngdn ngQ hay todn bd cdc ngdn ngQ trong moi quan h$ tuon^ ho ve mdt Idnh thi - xd hpi vd su tuang tdc ve m$t chite ndng, trong gidi h ^ cda m$t khu v\ic dja li hay mgt th\ic thi hdnh cMnh - chfnh trj nhat dinh" [10]. Cdn theo Nguyin Vdn Khang thi: "Cdnh huong i^dn ngQ (language situation) Id tinh hinh tin t^
vd hdnh chiic cua cdc ngdn ngQ ho$c cdc hinh thiic cua ngdn ngQ trong pham vi cdng ding xd h^i hay Idnh thi" [3, 58]. Nhu v^y, cd the hieu CHNN Id cdc hhih thdi ton t^ vd hdnh chiic cda cdc ngdn ngQ trong moi quan hf vdi cdc ylu t l xd h0i trong m$t c^ng dong nhat djnh. CHNN cd thi chi gidi han trong ph^m vi cua m$t ngdn ngQ hay m$t biin the cua ngdn ngQ (phucmg ngu dia li hay phuong ngQ xd hpi) cung cd thi Id cua nhilu ngdn ngQ ho$c nhieu biin thi (cdc phuong ngQ dia U vd cdc phuong ngQ xd hgi). Chdng hgn, CHNN d Vift Nam, cdnh hulng phuong ngQ tieng Vift, canh huong tilng Mudng,...
Cho din nay, tuy dinh nghia chinh thiic vl CHNN chua dupc thong nhdt nhung nOi dung cda cdnh huli^ c i ^ cdc tiSu chf dl mi£u td cdnh hulng thi da cd mpt so tdc gid dl c ^ din. Trong cdng trinh nghidn ciiu cua minh vl ngdn ngQ hpc xd h$i, Nguyin Vdn Kliang [5] dd din ra nhihig ^ kiln cua mpt s6 nhd khoa hpc tren till gidi vl CHNN. Theo dd:
Mildialchenko dio rdng, khdi nifm Idioa hpc ve CHNN gim 4 nhan ^ , dd Id:
1) Nhdn t l ddn t$c - nhdn khdu. Thdnh p h ^ ddn tdc cua cu ddn trong mpt khu v\rc, cdch cu tni cda nhOng ngudi thu$c cdc dan t$c khdc nhau, su phdn hda xd hfi, trinh dp hpc vin cda hp...
2) Nhdn ^ ngdn ngQ hpc. Trgng thdi clu tnic vd chiic ndng cua mpt ngdn ngQ nhu $\r hifn hOu d ngdn ngQ ndy cdc phong cdch chiic ndng, hf thong thugt ngQ, truyln thing chQ vilt...
3) Nhdn t l v$t chit. Cdc cuin tCr diln, sdch h^i thogi, tdi lifu, gido vien, hf thing ldp hpc ngdn ngQ...
4) Nhdn t l con ngudi. NhOng dinh hudng cd gid tri cua ngudi bdn ngQ, tri ndng ngdn ngQ, s\i sdng lpc ngdn ngQ mdi cua hp...
T.B. Krjuchkova thi cho rdng CHNN Id mft hifn tupng phiic tgp, gim nhieu ting b^c, vdi cdc thdng sl khdch quan vd thdng sl chd quan.
Thdng sl khdch quan bao gim:
- So lupng cdc ngdn ngQ (phuong ngQ, bift ngQ,...) hanh chiic tr6n dia bdn Idnh thi hdnh chfnh;
- s l ngudi sQ dung cdc ngdn ngQ ndy, cdch phdn bl cdc doi tupng sd dung, sl lupng phgm vi giao tilp cda timg ngdn ngQ, sl lupng ngdn ngQ cd chdc ndng uu till vd d$c tfah ngdn ngQ cda chung ( b i ^ thi cua mft ngdn ngQ hay cdc ngdn ngQ khdc nhau);
68 Ngdn ngflr s6 3 nam 2016 - Quail hd ciu trflc Io?i hinh gitta chtog (ctog ngft hd hay khic ngft hd, tmh bhih ding hay khdng bhih ding ve chto ning gifta chtog, die diim ngdn ngft cd tm the (bto ngft hay ngdn ngft nh$p).
Thdng si chfl quan bao gom:
- Sv dinh gii cua nhtog doi tupng sft dyng ngdn ngft ve cic ngdn ngtt vi cic hlnh thftc ton t^i cic ngdn ngft tham gia vio cinh huong;
- Cic dinh gii tip trung mi khi ning thich dvng ttong giao tiep, uy tin vto hda vi tham mi... cto ngdn ngft.
Theo cic tic gii Nguyin Hto Hoinh, Nguyin Vto Lpi, T^ Vto Thdng, khi midu t i CHNN d Vidt Nam cin phii quan tim din cac ndi dung sau:
1) So lupng cic dan tdc - ngdn ngft (phucmg ngtt) dang ho?l ddng hinh chflc trdn dia bto;
2) Die diim vi quan hd cOi nguin vi lo?d hhih cua cic ngdn ngtt d Vidt Nam;
3) Die diim vi sv hinh thinh vi phit triin cfla cpng ding cic dto tdc ngdn ngtt d Vidt Nam;
4) s i lupng ngudi sfl dvng ttog ngdn ngtt vi cich phin bo cfla cic dii tupng niy;
5) Trinh dp phit triin vi vai ttd, vj flii cfla cic ngdn ngft d Vidt Nam (tinh tt?ing chft viit, cic phong cich chto ntog, ph;im vi giao tiip);
6) Die diim cic ngdn ngft cd uu thi (bto ngtt hay ngdn ngft ngoai nhip);
7) Y thflc ngdn ngft vi sv dinh gii cfla cic ddi tupng sfl dvng ngdn ngft vi cic ngdn ngtt cd tham gia vio cinh huong (uy tin vto hda, khi ntog thich dvng trong giao tiip cfla ttog ngdn ngtt);
8) Chinh sich ngdn ngtt. [6,68]
Khi nghidn cto CHNN d Mutog Chi, chtog tdi dva ttdn nhtog gpi y cfla cic tic gii Nguyin Hto Hdinh, Nguyin Vin Lpi, T^ Vto Thdng vi nhtog npi dung can quan tim khi midu t i CHNN 6 Vidt Nam. Theo dd, bii viet sd tip trung midu ti nhtog die diim cfla CHNN hidn nay d Mutog Chi theo cic ndi dung sau: (1) Nhtog ndt khii quit vi die diim kinh ti - xi hpi, die diim vi sv phto bo dto cu ctog nhu ddi sing cfla ngudi DTTS d Mutog Chi; (2) Die diim cfla buc ttanh da ngft d Mutog Chi nhu si lupng cic ngdn ngtt vi si ngudi sfl dvng ttog ngdn ngtt, cic die diim ve nguin gic, logi hlnh cfla cic ngdn ngft, sv phto cdng chftc ntog vi die bidt li xiy dvng bto do phto bi cic ngdn ngtt d Mutog Chi.
3. Nhihig vin di chung vi cinh huing ngdn ngft d Mirdng Chi 3.1. Khii quit vidieukidntvnhidn-xihdicflaMutogChi Mudng Chi li ten gpi mdi cfla huydn Mutog Lay te tft nim 2005. Mutog Chi li mpt huydn vtog cao bidn gidi, nim phia tiy bic cfla tinh Didn Bidn,
M$t vii a^c dilm... 69 chgy dpc theo quic Ip 12 dogn tft thinh phi Didn Bito Phfl di thj xi Mutog
Lay vi tinh Lai Chiu, trung tim huydn cich thinh phi Didn Bidn Phfl khotog 55 km vi hutog tiy bic, cich tbi xi Mutog Lay 50 km ve hutog bic.
Sau 4 lin chia tich, diiu chinh d)a gidi hinh chinh di tiiinh I^p tinh mdi, huydn mdi, ttt nim 2013, tiieo Nghi quyit s6 45/NQ-CP cfla Chfah phu, huydn Mutog Chi cd 119.942,09 ha didn tich tv nhidn vi ttdn 49 vgn ngudi, cd 12 dto V) hinh chinh ttvc thudc, bao gim 1 thi tian l i Mutog Chi vi 11 xi gim: Huoi Ldng, Hto Ngii, Ma Tbl Ho, Mutog Muon, Mutog Ttog, Na Sang, Pa Ham, Sa Ldng, Si Ting, Huii Mi, Ngm Ndn.
v i dto tdc, flieo ting diiu ha dto si nim 2009, ttdn dia bto huydn Mutog Chi hid° <^ 18 <1^ tdc smh sing, ttong dd dto tdc Mdng chiim ti Id cao nhit, khotog 57,12%, tiip din li dto tpc Thii chiim 24,52%, dto tOc Kito chiim 7,44%, dto tdc Kha Mfl 4,89%, cdn Igi li cic dto tdc khic tou Mutog, Dao, Hi Nhi, Hoa, Khtog,... Qua diiu tta thvc ti, hinh thflc cutruphibiincfla ding bio cic dto tpc d Mutog Chi ndi ridng vi Didn Bidn ndi chung Ii ctog sing xen kd toau ttdn mpt dia bto (xi). Tuy nhidn, d ttog bto thi hiu tou chi cd mdt dto tdc sito sing.
v i giio dvc, theo bio cio cfla Phdng Giio dye vi Dio tao huydn Mutog Chi, thih din diu nim 2013, trdn dia bto huydn cd 57 co sd giio dye: gim 18 tratog mim non, 21 tiiitog tiiu hpc vi 18 trutog THCS vdi 16.455 hpc sinh. Trong cic ca sd giio dvc cfla huydn, cd 4 trutog tiiu hpc di thvc hidn chuong trinh tbl diim song ngft: Trudng Tiiu hpc Hto Ngii, Tiiu hpc Sa Ldng, THCS Mutog Ttog (trutog 2 cap) vi Tiiu hpc Mutog Anh. Chuong ttinh fld diim tiing Mdng, tiing Thii cung di dupc thvc hidn tgi 6 tiutog, cv thi li:
- Chuong trinh tiing Mdng dupc dgy thi diim d 4 tiirtag: Tieu hpc Hfta Ngii, Tiiu hpc Sa Ldng, Tieu hpc Ma Thi Hi, Tiiu hpc Si Pa Phta.
- Chuong trhJi tiing Thii dupc dgy thi diim d 2 ttirtog: Tiiu hpc Tto Phong vi Tiiu hpc Chi Nua.
Ctog tou da si cic vtog DTTS ti^n ci nude, Mutog Cha Ii noi cpng cu cfla nhiiu nhdm dto tdc thiiu si. Cic todm DTTS song xen kd tgo ndn ttgng tiiii da ngtt. Phin Ito ngudi DTTS d diy diu cd tiii su dvng hai hoic hon hai ngdn ngft. Sv cdng cu cfla nhiiu dto tdc di tgo cho Mutog Chi mdt bfle ttato da sic miu vi ngdn ngtt, vto hda, phong tvc tip quto...
3.2. Bflc ttato da ngtt d Mutogj:hi a) v i si lupng vi dto so ngudi ndi cic ngdn ngtt
Nhu trdn di ndu, tiieo kit qui diiu tra dto so nim 2009, Mutog Chi cd 18 dto tdc ctog smh song, ttong dd cd 7 dto tdc chfl yiu Ii Mdng, Thii, Kinh, Kho Mu, Hoa, Khtog, Mutog, ti Id dto so theo din tdc d Mutog Chi dupc trhih biy ttong btog sau:
70 Ngon ngft s6 3 n i m 2016 Bing 1: Bing tiling kd ti 1? din s6 flieo din tdc
Tt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Din tdc Tong sd Mong Thii Kmh Kho M i Hoa Khing Mutog Dan tdc khic
Din s i 48.438 27.667 11.879 3.605 2.370 1.547 1.266 48 61
TiMf%l So vdi toin tinh
10,37 5,93 2,54 0,77 0,51 0,33 0,27 0,01 0,01
So vdi toin huydn 100 57.12 24,52 7,44 4,89 3,19 2,61 0,10 0,12 s l lupng ngudi sd dung ngdn ngQ trudc hit phu thudc vdo sd ngudi cua dan tpc bdn ngQ. Trong khi chua till tiln hdnh cu$c dieu tra hit siic cdng phu vd tin kdm ve th\ic te sit dung ngdn ngQ cua tung cd nhdn d timg ddn tfc de bilt chinh xac so lupng ngudi ndi mSi thd tilng trong quan hf vdi sl lupng chung cu dan cda cdc ddn tfc trong hu^fn Mudng Chd ndi riSng, Difn Bi€n ndi chung, chdng tdi tgm chip nh|n rdng, chinh ddn sd cda tung d ^ t$c d Mudng Chd cd thi cho thiy hinh dimg ban diu vl vin dl sii dyng ngdn ngQ tgi dja phucmg ndy. Theo dd, d Mudng Chd, mdc df pho biin cda cdc thii tilng dupc su dyng cdn cii theo ddn sl cda m3i ddn t$c nhu sau (theo thii t^ gidm dan): Mdng, Thdi, Kinh, Kha Md, Hoa, Khdng, Mudng. Nhu v$y, Mudng Chd cd 3 ngdn ngQ dupc nhilu ngudi sii dyi^ nhit Id Vift, Mdng, Thdi. Tuy nhien, tieng Vift khdng chi cd ngudi Kinh sd dung md cdn dupc cdc DTTS khdc cung sd dyng nen so lupng ngudi thuc tl sii dyng tilng Vift d Mudng Chd cdn ldn hem nhilu. Sl lupng ngudi thyc tl sd dyng tilng Mdng vd tilng Thdi vdi tu cdch Id ngdn ngd vdng cimg nhilu hon so lupng cu dan cua 2 nhdm dan tdc Mdng vd Thdi d Mudng Chd. Tuv nhiSn, d ddy chung tdi dd chpn gidi phap tuomg doi vi b^n cgnh dd ciing cd so ngudi Mdng vd Thdi bd khdng ndi tilng m? d6 cua minh (trudng hpp ndy thudng roi vdo nhdm tr^ em ngudi Mdng/ Thai sinh ra vd Idn len trong cpng dong ngudi Kinh vd ti if ndy d Mudng Cha la rlt thap), Ben cgnh chQ quic ngQ, cd hai ddn tfc Thai vd Mdng cdn cd chQ vilt cda minh. Td ndm 2011, chQ Thdi vd chQ Mdng dd dupc triin khai dgy hpc trong mpt sl trudng tiiu hpc d Mudng Chd trong chuong trinh Di dn dgy tiing Thdi, Mong cho hgc sinh tiiu hgc vd trung hgc ca sd giai dogn 2011 - 2015, dinh hudng den ndm 2020 cua tinh Difn Bien.
b) Ve nguin glc vd lo^ hinh
Vl nguin glc cdc ngdn ngQ cua cdc nhdm ddn tpc d Mudng Chd ndm trong 5 nhdm ngdn ngQ thufc cdc ngQ hf khdc nhau. Dd Id:
- Nhdm ngdn ngQ Vift - Mudng (ngQ hf Nam A): cd ngdn ngQ cda 2 ddn tpc Kinh vd Mudng.
- Nhdm ngdn ngQ Mdn - Khmer (ngQ hf Nam A): ngdn ngQ cua ngudi Kha Mu, Khdng.
MOtviid|cdilm.. 71 - Nhdm ngdn ngft Tiy - Thii (ngft hd Thii - Ka dai): cd ngdn ngtt cfla cic dto tdc Thai, Tiy.
- Nhdm ngdn ngtt Mdng - Dao (ngtt hd Mdng - Miin): cd ngdn ngtt cfla cic dto tpc li Mdng vi Dao.
- Nhdm ngdn ngft Hto (ngft bd Hto - Tgng): cd ngdn ngtt cfla dto tdc Hoa.
- Nhdm ngdn ngtt Tgng - Miin (ngtt hd Hto - Tgng): ngto ngft Hi Nhi, Si La Ve mit logi bito hpc thi ci bon ngft hd trdn diu thupc logi hinh dan lip.
Nhu v^y, tat ci cic ngdn ngft cua cic nhdm dto tpc d Mutog Chi deu cd ctog logi hlnh don l$p.
c ) V i s v p h t o b i
Theo kit qui khio sit cfla di tii, cic ngdn ngtt trto dia bto huydn Mutog Chi dupc phto bo idiu sau:
Bang 2: Phin bi ngdn ngft h^n dia bin huydn Mutog Chi Tt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
xa ^ ^ - - ^
T h i t r ^ Muimg Timg Pa Ham Hu6i L^ng HJraNe^i Mudng Muon S& Tdng C h i l d Si Pa Phin Ch&Niia N ^ K h a n PhinH6 NaSang Ma Thi H6 Sa Ldng
Mdng + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
I M + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-
Kinh + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
KhaMd + +
-
+
-
+ +
- - - .
+ Hoa
+
- -
+
- - - -
+ + + +
-
K h ^
-
+
- - - - - -
+ M t ^
+ + + + + + +
. - -
Khic + +
-
+
- -
+
- - - - -
(Chi fliich: Diu "+" cho thiy su tin tgi cua ngdn ngi}, diu "-" la khdng ton tgi) Nhfa vio btog 2 cd thi thiy, tiing Vidt, Mdng vi Thii cd mftc dp phd biin hon ci, phto bo deu khip ti€n toto huydn. Nhtog ngdn ngft Kha Mfl, Hoa vi Mutog chi phto bi d mpt so xi trong huydn. Ngdn ngft cto ngudi Khtog vi mdt si dto tdc It ngudi khic chi phto bi rii ric d vii dia bto ttong huydn.
Tuy nhidn, ti:dn thvc ti, totog ngdn ngtt it ngudi ndi niy cd thi chi cdn dupc sfl dvng trong mdt bd phto rit nhd dto cu. Ching hgn tou ngudi Hi Nhi, Si La d Mtrtog Chi thi hau tou di khdng cdn sft dvng ngdn ngtt cfla hp mi chfl ydu sfl dvng ngdn ngft cfla ngudi Thii.
Di cd cii nhhi trvc quan ve sv phto bi ngdn ngft d Mutog Chi, dva vio ngtt Udu khto sit, chtog tdi di xiy dvng bto di phto bi ngdn ngtt ti^n toto huydn vdi sv hi ttp cfla phin mim QGIS. Tfl cing tiidng tm dja li nguin md, chtog tdi tiin hito chiit xuit bto dd hinh chfah cua huydn vi bidn tgp
Ngon ngfr so 3 nSm 2016 theo dii lieu ve su phan bo ngdn ngu trong huyen bdng each tao cac layer la cac diem bilu thi cho cac ngdn ngu hifn dang duac sd dung d Mudng Cha (mii ngdn ngu duac bieu thi bang cac diem cd cung mot mau, so lupng diem CO cung mot mau dupc bien t^p can cii tren s6 luong dan so cua ngudi ndi cung mft ngdn ngu). S l diem mau dupc cham tren ban do chi cd gia tri bieu thj tuong ddi cho su phan bo cac ngdn ngu. Trong thuc tl, ti le cac diem, khoang each giiia cac diem c6 thi cd su sai s l tuong doi. Tuy nliien, xet tren tdng the, ban dd sau se cho ta cai nhin tong quan nhat ve tinh hinh phan bo ngdn ngu hifn nay d Mudng Cha.
Ban do phan bd ngdn ngu d huyen Mudng Cha
Q T h a i
^kMong
^ Mudng
Vijt KhoMu Ngdn ngu khac
9 Hoa
^ Khang 0 T h a i + K h o M u
M$t vdi a | c fligm... 73 d) v l chiic ndng
v l phuong difn tuong quan chiic ndng cda cdc ngdn ngQ, theo khdo sdt cda chung tdi tr^n 956 ngudi DTTS (355 ngudi Mdng, 289 ngudi Thdi, 312 n^udi Kha Mu) trong phgm vi nghien cQu t^ Mudng Chd, vdi 30 tinh hulng giao tilp khdc nhau thi kit qud cho thiy cd s\r phdn cdng chdc ndng tucmg doi rd rft giQa cdc ngdn ngQ.
* Trong giao tilp gia dinh:
Trong tit cd tinh hulng giao tilp gia £nh md de tdi d$t ra, ti If ngudi ddn sd dyng ngdn ngQ cda ddn tfc hp deu tr&i 60%. Cd ba tinh hulng md ngudi ddn hodn todn sii dung ngdn ngQ cua ddn tpc minh Id khi ndi chuyfn vdi dng bd, ndi chuyfn vdi cha m? vd khi thyc hifn cdc nghi le. V<5d tinh huong tranh lugn, cdi nhau thi cung cd din 99,9% ngudi dupc hdi cho bilt hp sd dyng ngdn ngQ cua dan tfc minh. Tl If ngudi ddn dung ngdn ngQ cua ddn tfc minh cung rlt cao trong tinh hulng ndi chuyfn vdi ngudi than khi dn com (98%) vd ndi chuyfn vdi anh, ch} em mft (93,1%). Doi vdi nhihig ngudi dd cd gia dinh vd cd con thi hau hit ciing diu su dyng ngdn ngQ cda dan t ^ hp khi ndi chuyfn giQa vp - ching, con chdu vd khi qudt mdng con cdi.
Tinh hulng giao tilp gia dinh cd ti If ngudi dan sQ dyng cd tieng Vift vd tilng ddn t ^ cua hp hay sd dyng hoan todn tieng Vift nhieu nhit Id khi trao doi cdc van dl mang thih chinh lu|n hay vifc hpc hdnh cua con cdi. Cd 28,9% cho bilt hp dung cd hai ngdn ngQ vd 2,3% diing hodn todn tilng Vift trong tinh huong ndy,
NhOng kit qud d trgn cho thay, trong giao tilp gia dinh, ngudi dan tfc thilu sl d Mudng Chd vlin uu ti^n sd dyng ngdn ngQ cua dan tpc hp. Dli vdi nhQng trudng hpp giao tilp vdi ngudi ldn tuii hon (nhu dng, bd, cha, m?), giao tilp vdi nhOng ngudi ngang hdng (vp, chong, anh, chj, em), hau hit ngudi ddn chi sd dyng ngdn ngQ cua hp. NhQng tinh huong giao ti^ mang tinh chit suong sd, thdn mgt (khi tranh lugn, cdi nhau hay qudt mdng con cdi) thi ngudi ddn cung im tien ngdn ngQ m? dd. Tinh huong nghi le trong gia dinh ciing Id tinh hulng md tat cd ngudi ddn diu chi dung tilng m? dd cua hp. Theo nhQng ngudi dupc khdo sdt, hp cho rdng, sQ dyng ngdn ngQ m? de thugn tifn cho hp hon khi bilu dgt diy dd vd chinh xdc cdm xiic cua bdn than trong cdc hodn cdnh trSn. Nhilu ngudi dan khdng cd du khd ndng tilng Vift dl dien dgt hit nhQng cam xiic cua hp vd d mpt sl hodn cdnh (nhu nghi ll) thi nhilu tu ngQ hp ti^im chi khdng biet Id lifu trong tieng Vift cd td ngQ tuong duang hay khdng. Phan ldn ngudi dan cung cho rdng khi cdm xiic cua hp khdng kilm sodt dupc (nhu khi tdc gign) thi hp ddng tilng cua dan tpc minh nhu m0t ban ndng ty nliidn md khdng hi cd </ thdc lya chpn.
Vdi trudng hpp i^udi ddn lya chpn su dyr^ timg Vift nhilu hon, dd la khi trao dli cdc vin ^ mang tinh chinh lu|in, hpc hdnh thi tiieo khdo sdt cua chdng tdi, phdn ldn Id nhQng ngudi cd trinh df hpc van cao vd chu ylu rai vdo nhdm
74 Ngdn ngft s6 3 nam 2016 nghi nghifp Id hpc sinh, smh vien hay gido vi6n, hdnh chinh sy nghifp. Vd d nhQng trudng hpp ndy, hp cho bilt khi dung tilng Vift Id hp cd <f tiiiic lya chpn dl diln d$t chinh xdc cdc thugt ngQ chinh trj, hdnh chinh vd cung de phat trien khd ndng tilng Vift.
* Trong giao tilp cpng dong:
CJ nhQng hodn cdnh giao tiep thupc nfi b0 cfng ding, tilng m? de cung giQ mpt vai trd hit sdc noi b$t. Dli vdi nhQng trudng hpp cd khdch din nha hay din nha ngudi khdc cung dan tpc thi sl ngudi ddn uu tien sd dyng tieng dan tpc cua hp gin nhu tuyft doi (tren 99%).
Khi thyc hifn cdc nghi le trong cpng ding, ngudi DTTS cung ludn uu tien lya chpn tilng m? dd cua minh (84,6%). Thgm chi nhQng nprdi budn bdn d gin dudng, ngudi ldm gido vidn, cdn b^ hdnh chinh cho biet; mdc du phin ldn thdi gian tham gia sinh hogt, hpc tdp vd ldm vifc vdi ngudi Vift, nhung khi vao nhQng dip ll hay giao tilp trong cpng ding cdng bd con than thufc, hp diu su dyng tieng dan tpc cda hp.
Trong ghi chdp, tuy cd 64 ngudi biet chQ dan tfc cda hp nhung tuyft dgi da so nhQng ngudi biet chQ tilng Vift deu sd dyng tilng Vift dl thyc hifn ghi ch6p.
Trong nhiing hodn cdnh giao tiep cdng cpng, khi di ldm cdc thii tyc hdnh chinh, d noi hpc tap, ldm vifc thi cd sy khdc bift r5 vl vifc lya chpn ngdn ngQ sd dyng vd thudng tuy thufc vdo dli tupng cdng giao tilp. Khi giao tiep d nai cdng cfng, cd din 94,6% sl ngudi dupc hdi sd dyng tilng ddn tpc minh dl giao tiep vdi ngudi ciing dan tpc; khi giao tilp hdnh chinh Id 88,4% vd khi di hpc tgp, ldm vifc thi ti If nay Id 77,5%. Sl ngudi khdng ddng tilng dan tpc cda hp d noi hpc tgp, ldm vifc khi ndi chuyfn vdi ngudi cdng ddn tpc chu yeu rai vdo nhdm hpc sinh, sinh vien, gido vien, cdng nhdn. Dilu ndy phdn dnh mpt phan sy tac dfng cda mdi trudng Idm vifc nen vifc sd dyng tieng ndi cua ddn tfc minh cd it han so vdi nhQng ngudi thufc nhdm nghe khdc.
NIU ngudi DTTS uu tien sd dyng tilng ndi ddn tpc cda hp de giao tilp vdi ngudi ciing dan tf c ke cd d nhQng nai cdng cpng thi ngupe lgi, hp hiu nhu sd dyng tilng Vift khi giao tilp vdi ngudi khdc ddn tfc hay ngudi Kinh. Trong trudng hpp lan diu g ^ mpt ngudi md chua biet rd thdnh phan ddn tfc thi ciing cd 49,8% sl ngudi dupc hdi chpn tilng Vift de giao tiep. NhQng ngudi cdn lgi cho rdng tdy theo trudng hpp cy the (chdng hgn, neu ngudi dd biet tieng ddn tfc cua hp vd chd dfng sd dyng thi hp s5 ndi tilng dan tpc cda hp). Ket qud ndy cho tiiay ngudi DTTS su dyng tilng m? dd hay tilng Vift it chju sy chi phoi cua mdi trudng giao tilp ma chu yeu bj chi phii bdi doi tupng cung tham gia giao tiep. Vdi ngudi cung ddn tfc, hp uu tien su dyng tilng m? dd. Vdi ngudi khdc ddn tfc hay ngudi Kinh thi tilng Vift dupc sd dyng vdi ti If cao han.
NhQng kit qud nghien ciiu cung cho thay, ve phuang difn tuang quan chiic ndng, cdc ngdn ngQ cua cdc nhdm ddn tpc d Mudng Chd khdng can bdng nhau ve m$t chdc ndng. Trong so cdc ngdn ngQ ndy thi tieng Vift cd dja vj
Mft vdi d^c dilm... 75 Id ngdn ngQ chfnh thdc, ngdn ngQ quic gia nen dupc su dyng trong mpi phgm
vi giao ti^ - cd quy thdc vd phi quy tinic. Trong sl cdc ngdn ngQ cdn Igi thi tilng Mdng vd tilng Thai cd chdc ndng Id ngdn ngQ viing nen cd uu till hon ve chdc ndng so vdi cdc ngdn ngQ cdn lgi. Tuy nhien, ngdnngu vung chi dupc su dyng tiT3ng phgm vi giao tilp phi quy tinic ndi chung. Cdc ngdn ngQ cdn lgi chi dupc sd dyng trong phgm vi giao tilp gia dinh vd giQa nhthig ngudi cdng mpt dan tQC. Ti^g dan t ^ chu ylu dupc sQ dyng d kenh ndi trong khi tilng Vift dupc sd dyng d cd kenh ndi vd vilt.
3.3. Thdi df ngdn ngQ cda ngudi ddn tfc thilu sl dli vdi nhihig ngdn ngQ tham gia vdo cdnh hulng
D I ddnh gid thdi df ngdn ngQ cua ngudi DTTS, chung tdi tien hdnh khdo sdt thdng qua phdng van tryc tilp bdng anket vdi cdc cau hdi lidn quan den thdi df cua hp doi vdi tilng ra? d6 vd tieng Vift - hai ngdn ngQ md hp tiiudng xuyen sd dyng trong rali tuang quan vdi nhQng biin dfc l$p nhu gidi tinli, tuii tdc, nghi nghifp, dan tpc, trinh df hpc van, raiic dp thudng xuySn cua vifc di khdi ldng vd tinh hinh kinh te cua gia dinh.
a) Thdi df ngdn ngQ dli vdi tilng Vift
D I ddnh gid thdi df ngdn ngQ cda ngudi ddn dli vdi tilng Vift, chiing tdi ddt ra hai vin dl: thdi df dli vdi myc dich hpc tilng Vift vd thai df dli vdi li do sQ dyng tilng Vift. Ket qud cho thiy:
V thiic cua ding bdo dli vdi vai trd cua tieng Vift, chQ quoc ngQ rat cao.
100% sl ngudi dupc hdi diu khdng djnh cln phdi bilt tilng Vift. Tuy nhien, dli vdi myc dich ciia vifc hpc tilng Vift thi chl cd 11,1 % sl ngudi dupc phdng van hpc tili^ Vift chi dl giao tilp; 36% Id dl giao tilp vd phyc vy cufc song;
cd 52,9% sl ngudi khdo sdt hpc tilng Vift cd myc dich Id dl hpc hdnh 16n cao.
Hp chd ylu thufc nhdm dli tupng ngudi tr6 tuii, hpc sinh, gido viSn, ngudi ldm vifc hdnh chfnh - nhQng ngudi dupc hpc hdnh vd nhgn thiic day du.
v l li do sd dyng tilng Vift, x^ tren tong thi, phin Idn ngudi ddn ndi tilng Vift vi ngudi cung giao tilp khdng bilt tilng ddn tfc cda hp (58,1%).
Lf do ndy dupc chpn nhilu hon so vdi If do Id ndi tilng Vift dl giao tilp vdi ngudi khdc dan tfc (38,6%). Xa vl ddn tfc, cd din 78,2% ngudi Thdi sd dyng tieng Vift khi ngudi ciing giao tilp khdng bilt tilng ddn tfc ciia hp, trong khi chi cd 41,1% ngudi Mdng vd 58,7% ngudi Kho Md lya chpn If do ndy. X^t ve tuoi tdc, ngudi ddn d df tuii cdng cao thi ti If ndi tilng Vift khi ngudi ciing giao tilp khdng bilt tilng ddn tfc cda hp cdng nhilu. X^t vl mft sl phan ting khdc nhu tiinh df, nghi nghifp, mdc df thudng xuyen ra khdi ldng thi kit qud cho thiy gin 50% hpc suih, ngudi ldm nghi hdnh chinh, gido viSn; nhihig ngudi cd trinh df cao vd thudng xuySn ra khdi ldng... cd xu hudng chu dfng sd dyng tilng Vift dl giao tilp vdi ngudi khdc ddn tfc. R6 rdng Id nhQng ylu t l nghi nghifp, trinh df hpc van, tuii tdc cd sy tdc dpng din thdi df ngdn ngQ cda ngudi ddn dli vdi vifc sd dyng tilng Vift.
76 Ngon ngft s6 3 nflm 2016 b) Thdi df ngdn ngQ doi vdi tilng ddn tfc
Khi khdo sdt tiidi df ngdn ngQ cua ngudi dan doi vdi tilng dan tfc, chdng tdi khdo sdt vdi 5 npi dung: (1) Thdi dp doi vdi vifc hpc chQ ddn tfc, (2) Thdi dfi doi vdi If do sd dyng tilng ddn tfc, (3) Thdi df dli vdi cdch tiidc hpc chQ dan tfc vd chQ quic ngQ, (4) Thdi df dli vdi phgm vi sd dyng tilng ddn tfc minh vd (5) Thdi df dli vdi vifc duy tri ngdn ngQ dan tpc. Nghien cdu, khdo sdt trSn 956 ngudi dan cho thiy;
- Thdi df doi vdi vifc hpc chQ dan tfc:
Phan ldn ngudi dan thich hpc chQ cua dan tpc (chilm 52,3%) trong khi chi cd 30,5% h i ldi Id khdng tiiich va 17,3% khdng cd y kiln. X6t vl ddn tpc, cd din 81% sl ngudi Thdi dupc hdi thich hpc chQ ddn tfc, vdi ngudi Mdng Id 65,4% vd chi cd 10,9% ngudi Kha Mu trd Idi Id nlu ddn tfc hp cd chQ vilt riSng thi hp ciing mong muln dupc hpc. TI If ngudi trfi, ngudi cd trinh df cao, nhQng ngudi trong nhdm hpc sinh - sinh vi8n, gido vien hay Idm vifc hdnh chinh thich hpc chQ ddn tfc vd thiy cln tiiiit phdi hpc chQ ddn t$c minh nhilu hon so vdi ti If ndy d nhdm ngudi Idn tuii, nhdm ngudi ldm nghi nfi tip, budn bdn, nghi huu. NhQi^ ngudi khdng dupc din trudng hay tiinh df t h ^ till thudng khdng bdy td -^ kiln hodc khdng thich hpc chQ dan tfc. Khi phdng vin sdu tren nhdra nhQng ngudi cho rdng ngudi dan tfc khdng cln hpc chQ ddn tfc thi nhQng cdu trd ldi chii ylu theo hai hudng: (1) Vdi nhdm ngudi Thdi, Mdng thi thiy vifc bilt hay khdng bilt chQ ddn tfc sS khdng cd dnh hudng nhilu din cufc song cua hp. Chl can bilt chQ quic ngQ Id du vl mpi vdn bdn gily td cd tinh phdp Ii cln thiit cho cufc song ciia hp diu bdng chQ quoc ngQ; (2) Vdi nhdm ngudi Kha Md thi phin Idn Id vi ddn tfc hp chua cd chQ viet rifing vd hp tiily vifc diy ciing khdng Idm thay dli qud nhilu cufc sing ciia hp so vdi ngudi Mdng Id dan tfc dd cd chQ vilt (hp so sdnh rdng: Ngudi Mdng cd chU viet nhung cd nhiiu nguoi cSng khdng biet chit Mdng vd ngu&i Mdng thi vdn ngheo d^ thdi.'). Cdch nghi ndy cho tiiay Id vin cdn rlt nhilu ngudi ddn chua nhgn thuc dupc vai trd ciia chQ viet trong vifc bdo tin vdn hda md phin ldn hp chi nhan vdo vifc cd su dyng hay khdng chQ ddn tfc vd chQ ddn tfc cd giiip hp cd cupc sing tot han hay khdng md thdi.
- Thai dp dli vdi li do su dyng tieng ddn tfc:
Hau het ngudi dan dung tilng dan tfc cda hp de giao tilp vdi ngudi cung ddn tfc (84%). Kit qud ndy mft lan nQa khdng dfnh vai trd dp ddo ciia tilng ddn tpc trong cdc hodn cdnh giao tiep vdi ngudi cdng ddn tfc. Do ti If ngudi ddn lya chpn phuong an ndy Id khd ldn nfin khi tiln hdnh phdn tfch ngQ Hfu chiing tdi nhgn thiy khdng cd sy chenh Ifch qud nhieu giQa cdc nhdm dli tupng theo cdc phdn tang nhu gidi tinh, tuii tdc, trinh df, nghi nghifp hay ddn tfc. Tuy nhifin, doi vdi li do ndi tilng dan tfc vi "thfch" thi ti If cao nhit
M$t vM a^c ailm...
li d todm dto tdc Thii vdi 25,6%. EHeu niy phin nio cho thiy ngudi Thii rat ydu thich ngdn ngft cto hp. Xdt theo dd tuii thi nhtog ngudi thich ndi tieng dto tpc chiim ti Id cao nhat d todm tuii ttdn 70 vi dudi 20. Kit qui niy cd thi 11 giii tft hai phuong didn:
Thft toat, tft phuong didn tv tdn dto tpc thi totog ngudi cao tuii cd tfah tv tdn dto tpc rit Ito vi thutog cd khi ntog tieng Vidt hgn chi ndn hp tblch sfl dvng tiing dto tdc nhieu hem. E)d li sv phto inh mpt phan cfla thii dd ttung thito ngdn ngtt.
Thft hai, tft phuong didn nhto thuc dii vdi sv duy tri bto sic dto tpc thi nhdm ngudi ttd tuii (phin Ito Ii hpc sfah, smh vidn) dupc din trutog nhiiu hon, dupc hpc hito vi cd nhiiu co hpi tiip xuc vdi tieng Vidt hon nhimg si lupng ngudi thich ndi tiing dto tdc Igi cao hon so vdi cic todm tuii khic.
Diiu niy cho thiy ring trito dd nli|n thftc cao cd thi cd tic dpng tich eve din
^ thuc vi bto sic dto tpc. Mit khic, todm tuii dudi 20 Ii todm tuoi cd so nguoi dupc hpc chft dto tpc nhiiu nhit (ttong chuong trIto song ngft vi dgy chft dto tdc trong toi trutog). Nhu vgy, vide dupc hpc chft dto tpc ctog cd thi coi li mpt nhto t i di cd totog i t o hutog nhit djto vi lim cho cic em ydu thich ngdn ngtt cto dto tpc mito ban.
- Thii do dii vdi cich thflc hpc chtt dto tpc vi chft qudc ngft:
Phin Ito ngudi dto khdng cd y kiin dii vdi van de niy (42,5%), cd 33,3% ngudi dto muin hpc ding thdi chtt viit dto tdc vdi chtt tiing Vidt.
Cd din 11,5% cho ring khdng cin hpc chft dto tpc mi chl cin hpc chft quoc ngtt, so cdn Igi thi tl Id gitta totog ngudi muin hpc chtt quic ngtt trudc vi totog ngudi muon hpc chft dto tpc trudc Ii tuong duong. Xet ve dto tpc tbl ngudi Thii cd ti Id mong muin hpc ding thdi hai logi chft viit Ii cao nhit (64,7%), ngudi Mdng ctog cd din 32,1% si ngirdi dupc hdi thich dupc hpc ding thdi tiing Vidt vi tiiiig mp dd, ttong khi phan Ito ngudi Kha Mu (82%) Igi khdng cd bit ki y kiin nio dii vdi vin di niy.
- Thii dp dii vdi phgm vi sft dvng tiing dto tpc:
Phgm vl mi ngudi dto mong muin ngdn ngft cua dto tdc nihih dupc sfl dyng nhieu nhit li trong giao tiip htog ngiy (100%); dip den Ii ttong nghi le, ctog bii (85,5%); ttong cic phuong tidn ttuyin thdng (65,5%); ttong gitog dgy d trutog (61,4%) vi ttong giao tiip hito chfah (61,3%). Phgm vi mi ti Id ngudi dto it Iva chpn nhit Ii ttong vide m pano, ip phich (23,3%). Ngudi Thii cd ti Id ngirdi dto Iva chpn cic lihh vvc mi hp mong muon ngdn ngft cfla hp dupc sft dyng Ii nhiiu nhit. Dii vdi hiu hit cic phgm vi sfl dvng dupc di xuit, tl Id ngudi Thii vi ngudi Mdng Iva chpn deu ttdn 70%, rieng vdi vide dtog ngdn ngft dto tpc di m pano, ip phich ctog cd ttdn 40% so ngudi dto Iva chpn. Trong khi dd, ciu tti loi cua ngudi Kho Mfl chu yiu tgp ttung vio ba phgm vi Ii giao tiip htog ngiy; ll nghi, ctog bii vi cic phucmg tidn
TS Ngdn ngft s l 3 n a i n ^ [ l ^ sdch, bdo, Uiiyln tiidng. Ket qua ndy phan ndo dd phan dnh y tinic cda ngix^i Thdi vd ngudi Mdng vl vai trd cda tilng Thai vd tilng Mdng ddng thdi cho thay siic song cda hai ngdn ngQ ndy trong cfng dong Id rlt ldn.
- Thdi df dli vdi vifc duy tri ngdn ngQ dan tpc:
Vdi ti If cao sl ngudi dan mong muln con cai minh thdnh thgo tieng cua ddn tfc mmh (67,5%) khdng chi dl giao tilp md cdn dfi bdo ton ban sdc ddn tpc dd cho tiily ngudi ddn ^ tiiuc rat cao ve vifc luu giQ bdn sdc ddn tfc cua hp, trong dd cd ngdn ngQ, ding thdi cfing Id mft sy khdng djnh vai trd vd sue sing cda nhihig ngdn ngQ ndy (Thdi, Mdng, Kho Mu) trong cfng dong.
c) Thdi df dli vdi nhQng ngdn ngQ dupc sii dyng trong cfng ddng Vifc sd dyng tilng dan tpc mhih d trong bdn Idng dupc ngudi ddn rat thich, vd kl cd khi ndi tilng dan tpc minh d noi cd nhilu ddn tfc khac tiii ngudi ddn da sl diu cam thay bhih thudng (83,3%). Ngudi dan khdng cd qua nhieu sy ki thj, phan bift giQa cdc ngdn ngQ. Vd dli vdi ngudi dan, vifc cd nhilu ngdn ngQ cung tin tgi vd dupc sd dyng Irong mft cpng dong Id ^ l u rat binh thudi^.
d) Thai dp ngdn ngQ doi vdi vifc sd dyng ngdn ngQ trong trudng hpc Vifc cd den 78,3% so ngudi dupc hdi chpn trudng dgy ca hai ngdn ngQ dd cho thay ngudi ddn rlt mong muln con cdi hp dupc dgy chQ viet dan tfc ciia hp vd dupc d^y d chinh nhd trudng - raft radi trudng gido dye quy cu.
Cd nhiing ngudi ddn tuy khdng bilt chQ vilt ddn tfc hay tham chi dan tfc cua hp chira cd chQ viet rieng (nhu trudng hpp nhiing ngudi Kho Md) nhung vin cho bilt nlu dupc lya chpn vd nlu ngdn ngQ cda hp dupc giang dgy trong nha trudng thi hp van muln con cdi hp dupc hpc. Kit qud ndy ciing Id mft tin hifu tich cyc cho vifc triin khai gidng dgiy chQ vilt dan tpc trong nhd trudng, ddng thdi Id mft dfng lyc dl cdc nhd khoa hpc tilp tyc nghien ciiu dl ngdy cdng cd nhieu hon nhQng bf chQ vilt rifing cho cdc ddn tfc chua cd chQ viet va dua chQ viet dd vao gidng dgy trong nhd trudng.
e) Thdi dp ngdn ngQ trong van de lien quan den hdn nhan
Khi tim hilu xem lifu vifc ngudi bgn ddi cd ndi dupc hay khdng tilng dan tfc cd dnh hudng din quyet dinh khi kit hdn khdng thi 76,1% sl ngudi dupc hdi cho biet Id dilu dd khdng dnh hudng den quyit djnh cda hp. Cdn dli vdi con cdi, khi dupc hdi y kiln ve vifc con cdi kit hdn vd ngudi ban ddi tuong lai cda con cdi khdng biet ndi tilng ddn tdc thi 85,5% sl ngudi dupc hdi cho rdng vifc dd Id binh thudng, khdng qud quan trpng.
4. Kit lu$n
Trfin CO sd nhQng kit qud dd thu duQc trong qud trinh nghifin ciiu ve CHNN d Mudng Chd, cho phdp nit ra mft so net diln hinh cua CHNN 6 Mudng Chd nhu sau;
Mft vdi d$c dilm... 79
• v l m$t dinh lupng; CHNN d Mudng Chd Id CHNN da tiidnh tl.
• v l mdt dinh chit:
- Do trgng thdi cfng cu xen kfi nhilu ddn tfc trfin cung mft khu vyc nfin d Mudng Chd hifn tupng song ngQ xd hfi khd phi biin. Nhu vgy, CHNN d day Id cdnh huong da ngQ.
- Xfit vl c$i nguin vd logi hbh cdc ngdn ngQ dupc su dyng trfin dia bdn, CHNN d Mudng Chd Id cdnh huong da ngQ phi ^ n g nguin vd ding hhih don lap.
- Xfit vl ndng lyc vd phgm vi giao tilp cda cdc ngdn ngQ, tieng Vift dupc sd dyng ldm phuang tifn giao tilp chung cho cdc nhdm dan tpc cung sinh sdng d Mudng Chd trong mpi Iitih vyc cua ddi song xd hpi. Tieng Vift Id ngdn ngQ chinh thdc, duy nhat hdnh chdc trong phgm vi qudn h nhd nude ciia Mudng Chd.
Ngodi tilng Vift Id ngdn ngQ phi tiidng thi tilng Mdng vd tilng Thdi ddng vai trd Id ngdn ngQ viing.
• Ve m|t dinh gid:
- Ngudi DTTS d Mudng Chd cd ^ thiic cao vl vai trd cda tieng Vift va thdi df tich cyc dli vdi ngdn ngQ cda dan tdc rainh. Hp t\r tin sd dyng ngdn ngQ ciia ddn tfc ntinh trong cfng ding nhung ciing cd thdi dp hda hpp, khdng ki thi khi nghe ngdn ngQ khac dupc sir dyng trong bdn Idng cua minh. Dilu ndy cd dupc Id do sy cfng cu nhieu dan tpc tren cung mft dja ban (xd). Tuy nhifin, m ^ dd sing cdng ngudi Thdi vd ngudi Mdng Id hai ddn tpc ldn, cd chQ vilt d mft xd nhung ngudi Kha Md it chiu dnh hudng vd sy chi phoi bdi hai ngdn ngQ ndy. Dieu ndy mft lln niia khdng dinh sdc sing ciia ngon ngQ Kha Md trfin dia bdn.
- Vifc cd/ chua cd chQ viet rieng cd tac dfng it nhieu den ndng lyc vd thdi df ngdn ngQ ciJa ngudi dan. Bdng chung Id ngudi dan tfc Thai vd Mdng - hai dan tpc dd cd chQ viet rifing vd dd dupc dua vdo dgy thi dilm d trudng tieu hpc cd •y thdc rlt cao doi vdi vifc hpc chQ viet cua dan tpc minh. Difiu ndy sfi gdp phin tgo dieu kifn thugn Ipi cho vifc dgy hpc chQ vilt tilng Thai, Mdng trong thdi gian tdi. Ngudi Kho Md do chua cd chQ vifit rifing nfin chua cd y thdc nhieu doi vdi vifc hpc chQ viet dan tpc hay su dyng ngdn ngQ ciia ddn tfc hp d cdc phgm vi giao tiep rpng Idn, ngoai cfng dong hay trong nhd trudng.
- Ngudi DTTS d Mudng Chd cd 3? thiic ldn doi vdi vifc duy tri ngdn ngQ ciia ddn tfc ntinh cho till hf sau. NhQng kit qud cd dupc cho thiy vai trd vd sdc song cua cdc ngdn ngQ Thdi, Mdng, Kho Md (ddc bift la Thdi vd Mdng) trong cfng ding Id rat ldn.
TAI LI5U THAM KHAO
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2. Tran Trf Ddi, Chinh sdch ngon ngie vdn hda ddn tgc d Vi$t Nam, Nxb DHQG Ha Nfi, 2003.
80 NgSn ngfr ai 3 nimjgl^
3. NguySn Vin Khang, Ke hogch hda ngdn ngU - Ngdn ngU hgc xd hdi vl md, Nxb KHXH, H., 2003.
4.Ngi9lnVaiKhang.Afgdnj(gj?/(KjaApi-A«»"g>w'd^«'ftiin,NxbKHXH,H., I W - 5. Nguyin Vin Khang, Ngdn ngU hgc xa hgi, Nxb KHXH, H., 2012.
6. Nguyen HOu Hoinh (chu bien), Nguyin Vin Lpi, Tg Vin Thdng, Ngdn riga, chU Viet cdc ddn tgc thiiu so a Viil Nam (Nhtog vin de chung), Nxb Tft dien bich khoa, H., 2013.
7. Nguyin Th) Thanh Hi^ln - Binh Thinh, Mgl sd d$c diim cia cdnh huang ngdn nga i Hd Giang, Tic Ngdn ngtt, S i 9,2010.
a. VHTbilhanlitlaang, Budc diu dm hieumii quan hi giBa thai dd ngdn ngUvd hanh vi ngdn ngU (qua cii lieu vi cdch phdt dm (I) vd (n) a long Tdn Khai, xd Vmh Tuy, HdNgi), Ki yeu Hgi thdo ngdn ngU hgc Lien A lan VI, Nxb KHXH, H., 2005.
9. Nguyin Hoing Lan, Cdnh hudng da ngii tren dia bdn huyin Hda An, tinh Cao Bdng, Lugn vin Thgc Sl Ngon ngft hgc, Tnrdng Dgi hpc KHXH&NV, DHQG Hi Ndi, 2010.
10. Nguy^ Vin Lpi, Mgt so vdn di vi chinh sdch ngdn ngU a cdc quic gia da ddn Igc, T/c Ngdn ngtt, S i 1,2000.
11. Hi Thj Tuyit Nga, N^iiin cuu cdnh huing ddn Igc Tdiy a vimg Ddng Bic Viil Nam, Lugn an Tien sTNgdn ngft hpc, Tnidng Dgi hoc KHXH&NV, DHQG H i Ndi, 2014.
12. Tran Phuong Nguydn, Nhiing nhdn to dnh huang din cdnh huong ngdn ngU cua ngudi Chdm a Nam Bg, Tic Ngon ngft. So 2, 2013.
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