Hpi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin toan qudc Idn thu V
DAC DIEM KHU HE CO BIEN VUNG BI£N LY SON - QUANG NGAI
Nguvcn H a o O u a n g , Nguyen Huy Y i t , L u o n g Van K h a n h , Nguyen Van Tu Vipn Ky thuat Bien
28 Ham Td, phudng 1, quan 5, Tp Hd Chi Minh Email: [email protected]
Tom tat:
Hi sinh thdi cd biin la mpt trong nhirng he sinh thdi co ndng suat sinh hgc cao, dugc tim thdy & cdc viing nhipt d&i vd vitng nu&c dm trin the gi&l vd Id mpt thdnh phdn quan trgng cita he sinh thdi ven ba. Ddo Ly San cd thdnh phdn lodi ve cd biin khd cao. gom 7 lodi thudc hai hg H y d r o c h a r i t a c e a e
vd Cymodoceaceae. Hg Hydrocharitaceae cd 3 loal Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis vd Halophila minor. Hg Cymodoceaceae co 4 lodi gdm Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium vd Halodule uninervis. Trong do, hai lodi cd biin Thalassia hemprichii vd Cymodocea rotundata chiim mi the ve dien tich vd dp phii. O phia Tdy Nam vd Ddng Nam ddo Ly San co dp phu cd biin cao nhdt, xdp xl trin 60%. Dipn tich cd biin theo ddnh gid qua dnh vp tinh vd cdng nghi GIS den 188,9ha. Tuy nhien, theo kit qua khdo sdt ndm 2011 cho thdy hp sinh thdi cd biin ddo Ly S(rn dang bi de dga nghiem trgn^ bai vipc xdy dung cdng vd khai thdc cdt ngui trin cdc thdm cd bien de trdng hdnh, tdi & tren ddo.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEM IN LY SON ISLAND, QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
Abstract:
Seagrasses. marine fiowerlng plants, are widely distributed along temperate and tropical coastlines of the world. Seagrasses have key ecological roles in coastal ecosystems and can form extensive meadows supporting high biodiversity. Till now, seven seagrass species were found in Ly Son island belong two family Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae.
Including Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium and Halodule uninervis. In there, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata species are dominaced aboiU area and covering. Total area of seagrass bed is estimated by GIS technology approximately 188.9ha. The south-west and south-east of Ly Son island are the most popular of the seagrass. In recents years, the seagrass bed in Ly Son has been serious decline by many reasons: exploiting sands, harbour construct.
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lai sinh vdt Biin
I. MO DAU
Co hiln Id th^c vdt co hoa, sdng ngap chim trong nude biin [14]. Tren thi gidi 60 Ioai da dupe phat bien. Cd bien ciing co chiic nang vat Iy quan hpng hong moi trudng biin [7].
Chung tham gia vao sdn xuat so cap va cd vai tro quan trpng hong chu trinh dinh dudng ciia he sinh thai ven bd. Hp thong re va than ngdm cua cd biin cd dinh nIn day vd hdm tich [14] Ngodi ra, chung cdn bay vd luu tru vat chat txong tram tich ven bd [7-14].
Thdm CO biin tai dao Ly Son chua duoc nghien ciiu khao sat nhilu. Cac nghien ciiu ting quan dupe thuc hiSn tgi khu vuc nay bao g6m cua Nguyin Hiiu Dai va cs, 2002 vd cua Chu Thi Cudng va cs, 2005. Theo ket qua khao sat eua Nguyen Hiiu Dgi va cua Chu Thi Cudng da xac dinh duoc tong cpng 6 lodi co bien bao g6m Enhalus acoroides (L. f.) Royle, Halophila minor (Zollinger) Den Hartog, Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hooker, Thalassia hemprichi (Ehrenberg) Ascberson (hp Hydrocharitaceae). Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg & Hemprich ex Ascberson, Halodule uninervis (Forsskal) Ascberson (hp Cymodoceaceae) tgi Ly Son.
Dpt khdo sat cua vi6n Ky thugt Bien vao nam 2011 nham muc dich ddnh gid t6ng quan khu hp CO hiln, lam co sd dii liSu cho vipc xay dung khu bdo ton bien Ly Son.
n . DOI TU'gfNG VA PBrtTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ Khu v ^ nghien cihi
Khu vuc nghien ciiu khdo sat cd biin la toan khu vuc dao L^ Son (Dao Ldn) c6 tog dp 15''22'06""- 15°23'30" vi d6 Bdc vd 109'*05"39" 109°08'32" kinh dp Dong. Thilt lap 6 mat cat xung quanh khu v\rc ddo Ldh theo cdc hudng (Hinh 1)
Hinh 1: Bdn do mat cat khdo sdt vdphdn bd cd bien huyen ddo Ly San
Hpi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghp biin toan qudc ldn thuV
Cff sd tai lieu
Co sd tai lieu su dung cho chuyen de nay g6m bao cao " Hien trgng cd bien Ly Son- Quang Ngai" cua Chu Thi Cudng vd cs nam 2005. U'ng dung cong nghe GIS vd vien tham trong bdn dd vung phan bo rong bien d ddo Ly Son, tinh Quang Ngai cua Vo Xuan Mai va cs nam 2010.
Chuyin di khdo sat thuc dia ldn 1 vdo thang 11 nam 2010 vd ldn 2 vdo thdng 4 nam 2011 do Vien Ky Thuat Bien tien hdnh. Ngodi ra con cd bdo cdo co bien Ly Son ciia Nguyen Hiiu Dai nam 2002. Bd mdu cd biin gim 6 tieu ban co biin dugc ngdm formalin thu dupe tai cdc dia diim th6n Tay - Xd An Hai (mat cdt 1), thon Dong xa An VTnh (m|t cdt 2), dinh An VTnh (mat cdt 3), thon Tdy xd An VTnh (mgt cdt 4) va chiia Hang ( mat c5t 5) vd Hon Mil Cu (mat cat 6).
Phuffng phap nghien ciru
Phuong phdp thu mdu co hiln theo sdch hudng ddn ciia English et al 1997. Dinh loai cdc lodi CO biin su dung tai lieu ciia Nguyin Van Tien et al 2002 , vd ciia Waycott et al 2004.
III. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA THAO LUAN Mpt so ddc diem ti^ nhien vung nghign cii'u
Dao Ly Son thupc tinh Quang Ngai co dien tich vdo khodng 9,97 km^, cu dan song 6 day CO hon 21.000 ngirdi [2]. Tong chilu ddi dudng bd bien cua huyen dao la tren 25km.
Huyen ddo Ly Son g6m 3 dao: dao Ldn (Ly Son, cu lao Re), ddo Be (cii lao Bd Bai) d phia Bac dao Ldn, vd hon Mil Cu d pbia Dong cua ddo Ldn. Nhipt dp khong khi trung binh nam vdo khodng 25,5 - 20,6°C [2]. Nhiet dp trung binh cao nhat vao thang 5 den thdng 7; thap nhat Id thdng 12 den thdng 1. Mua nhieu nhdt thudng vdo thdng 10, 11. Sd gid nang trong nam dao dpng tir 2050 - 2200 gid. Dp dm tuong doi trung binh nam khodng 84-86%. Bo muoi giao dpng trong khodng tu 33 den 34%o [2]. Dp due vimg bien do bdng dTa Secchi la tir 5 den 8 met . Ddo la mpt vimg bang phdng d dp cao 20m vdi cdc thdnh tgo niii lua co chieu cao khac nhau 105, 80 vd 50 m. Mipng nui Ida Idn nhdt ndm d pbia Dong dao co dudng kinh den 1,4km, do la dinh Thdi Ldi.
Thanh phan loai co bien
Ket qua phdn tich mdu da phdt hipn dupe 6 loai co bien thupc 2 hp khdc nhau. Hp Co Kieu Cymotloceaceae g6m 4 Ioai: Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodinm isoetifolium vd Halodule uninervis. Hp Thuy thao Hydrocharitaceae cd 2 lodi: Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis. Ngoai ra, theo bdo cdo cua Nguyen Hihi Dai, cdn co loai Halophila minor nhung chiing toi khong thu dupe mau trong chuyin khao sat nay.
So sdnh vdi danh muc cdc lodi cua Chu The Cudng cong bd ndm 2005, chung toi bl sung them 1 loai mdi d viing bien Ly Son dd la loai cd nan bien Syringodium isoetifolium.
Nhu vgy, khu v\rc dao Ly Son co ting cpng 7 lodi cd bien.
n^M ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vgt Bien
So vdi danh sach 15 loai da c6ng bd tai Viet Nam thi vimg bien Ly Son cd dp da dgng sinh hpc vS cd bien tuong ddi cao (7 lodi).
Bdng 1. So sdnh phdn bd sd lodi cd biin ddo Phd Qui v&i mpt so ddo xa b&
si
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ten loai
Halophila ovalis - co xoan H. minor - CO xoan nho H. decipens- CO xoan dan Thalassia hemprichii - co vich Cymodocea serrulata kipu rang cua
C rotundata kieu tron Halodule pinifolia he tron H. uninervis hp ba rSng Thalassodendron ciliatum - co dot tre
Syringodium isoetifolium nan bien
Enhalus acoroides co la dira T6ng c0ng:
Ten dao Ly Sffn
+ + +
+ + +
+
7 Phii Q u i + + + + + + +
+
8 Con Bao + + + + + + + +
+ + 10
Phii Quoc
+ + + + + + +
+ + 9
Tru-iimg Sa
+ + + +
+ + +
7 Phan b6 co bien
*** Phan bo theo mSt khong gian:
Co biSn tai dao Ly San phan bo rai rac khap xung quanh dao nhung tap trung chu ySu tai phia Tay Nam va Dong Nam dao va trong cac vting vinh nho nai tuong doi it song va dong chay nho. NghiSn ciiu mSt rpng cua co bi6n tai dao Ly Son cho thay ratig, cho thay CO biin thuang phSn b6 a dp sau khoang 0,5 den 2m, tigoai trir tai rnat c5t so 2, co bien phan b6 6 dp sau han 3m. Tgi hSu h€t cac mat cat, co bien chi phan bo ra den each ba 150 m, ca biet la tgi mat cSt 4 chi phan b6 ra dSn each ba khoang 100m, mat cat so 3, co bien chi phan b5 ra dto each b6 khoang chirng 20m. Rieng tgi mat cit s6 2 va mat cat so 5, co biSn phan bo ra toi each bo hon 300m. Tgi hiu hSt cac mat cit, loai chiSm uu thS va co so lupng nhiSu nhSt la Cymodocea rotundata, tiSp dSn la Thalassia hemprichii co so lupng it hon. Hai loai Halodule pinifolia va Halophila avails chi tim thiy duy nhat tgi phia Tay Nam va phia Nam cua dao (mat cit s5 2 va sd 3) va so luang cia chiing hrong doi it, chiing toi chi CO thi tim thiy mpt s6 bai co cua loai Halodule pinifolia va Halophila ovalis co dien tich khoang 10m .
Hpi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin todn qudc ldn thu V
Bdng 2. Phdn bd cdc lodi cd bien a ddo Ly San
1 2 . 3 4 5 6 7
Taxon Halodule pinifolia (Miki)
den Hartog (co He tron) H. uninervis (Forssakai) Ascberson (cd He 3rang) Cymodocea rotundata Ehranb and Hemprichex
(co Kipu tron) Thalassia hemprichii Ascberson (cd Bo bien) Halophila ovalis (R.
Brown) Hooker (cd Xoan bien) Halophila minor (Zol)*
Den Hartog Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascb.)
Dandy (nan bien) Tong cpng
Phan bo (mgt c^t) 1
X
X X
3 2
X
X
X
X
X
X
6 3 X X X X X
5 4
X
X
2 5
X
-
2 6
X
X
2 Ghi chu: * lodi khdng thu duac mdu trong dot khao sdt ndy
Tgi Ly Son, thdm co bien thudng da Ioai, tir hai din 4 Ioai g6m Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule uninervis va Syringodium isoetifolium thudng kit hpp vdi nhau, chiing mpc xen ke ldn nhau. Dgc biet, hi§n tupng tren ro nihat xudt hien tgi mat cdt sl 2. Rieng d mdt cdt so 3, ba loai mpc xen ke nhau gim Cymodocea rotundata , Thalassia hemprichii \k Halophila ovalis . O khu v\rc nude n6ng vdi dp sdu nhd hon Im, Cymodocea rotundata cbilin uu thi, ngoai ra Ioai Halophila ovalis chi xudt hipn duy nhdt trong khoang dp sau tren. Tiip den d khoang dp sdu tir Im trd di, loai Thalassia hemprichii kha pho bien ban.
• Phan bo theo chat day:
+ Nen day bim nho thudng gap loai co H. pinifolia, H uninervis + Nin ddy bim set, hoac cat pha bun: H. ovalis
+ Nen ddy cat, hoac bim cdt lan san hd: C. rotundata, T. hemprichii,.
•> Phan bo theo dieu ki§n nen day va dpng luc s6ng: Do tinh da dgng loai cao (6 loai) vd phan b6 cd 4 pbia d6ng, tay, nam va bdc nen hinh tbanh 5 dang cdu hue phu thupc vdo dieu kien nen ddy va dgng ly:c song.
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vgt Biin
- Dgng 1 (hinh 2): Thdm Cymodocea rotundata / Thalassia hemprichii: Chung phdn bl ddy trgn day cat bun vd it kbi hpn ldn vao nhau. 6 dang nay, tham Cymodocea rotundata hogc Id tham Thalassia hemprichii. Nhung thmh thoang vin tim thdy Ioai Halophila uninervis vk Halodule pinifolia tiong dang nay.
- Dgng 2 (hinh 3): Tham Cymodocea rotundata: Duy nhdt chi co mot loai tgo thanh thdm don lodi vdi dp phii kha cao tren nen day cat
Dgng 3 (hinh 4): Thdm Halophila ovalislThalassia hemprichiHCymodocea rotundata: Chung phan bo gan bd tren nen ddy Id san hd chit hogc cdt tao thdnh tham da Ioai cd cap dp hgt nho.
- Dgng 4 (hinh 5): Syringodium isoetifolium xen ke vdi Thalassia hemprichii : Chdng dupe tim thay d viing nude hong, sau khoang 2m, phdt triln tbanh tham khd day v6i dO pbii cao. Trong d6, Ioai Syringodium isoetifolium chiem uu the hodn todn.
- Dgng 5 (hinh 6): Thdm c6 bi ch6t mdt gdc, de tao vd rong mpc tren nen day do tinh hgng khai thdc cdt trdn Ian, rdt nhieu Ioai mpc chung tren nen ddy la san hd chet, vd so Ic, Dp phii cua dgng ndy rdt thap.
Hinh 5: Cdu true cd bien dgng 4
Hpi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi biin todn qudc ldn th&M
Hinh 6: Cdu true co bien dgng 5 Di§n tich co biin
Dua vdo sd Ii$u khao sat thuc dia, chdm diim khoanh vung khu vuc cd bien va tinb toan tren hai d6, udc tinh dien tich cd biin tai ddo Ly Son khoang 44,7 ha. Theo ket qua nghien cihi Vd Xuan Mai va cs nam 2010, xac dinh dien lich rong, cd biin bang cdng ngh? GIS, th6ng qua xu Iy va gidi dodn anh, trong do rong bien: 289,3ha, dien tich cd bien: 188,9 ha [3].
Sinh lirong cd blln
Dp phu cua cd biin tgi ddo Ly Son khdng ding diu tgi cac mat cat. Nhin chung, mat cat pbia Ddng Nam va phia Tay Nam dao cd dp pbii cao hon nhiing mat cat cdn Igi, dp phii giao d6ng trong khodng tir 60 den 80%, dac biet la mat cat sd 1 vd mat cat sd 2, dp phii len din 90%. Mat cat cd dd phu thap nhat la mgt cat 4, 5 vd 6 do chit ddy tgi khu v^c ndy Id dd vd cat CO dp bgt ldn nen co bien chi phat trien d chat day cat, d6ng thdi ddng luc song cac khu vuc tren rat Idn. Dp phu trung binh d cdc mgt cat nay la khoang 40% (bdng 3). Rieng mgt cdt s6 3, ngay ddi dipn dmh An VTnh, la bin tau. Cd bien bao phii khodng 80%. Tuy nhi€n, co bien chi keo ra tii bd khodng 20m, nguyen nhan suy giam khi ra xa bdi s\r tdc ddng ciia viec neo tni tau thuyin. Mdt d6 trung binh cua cac Ioai co blln la tu 247 din 786 cay/m^, kh6i lupng trung binh la 38,25 din 104 g.kh6/m^. Nhu vgy, so vdi kit qua danh gid nam 2005 ciia Chu The Cudng va cs, nhan thay mat dp cay tnmg binh vd sinh lupfng co bien tgi Ly Son bi suy gimn. Nguyen nhdn chu yeu bdi thih trang khai thdc cat biin ngay teen bai cd bien de telng hanh toi. Biin d6i khi hau toan can lam dnh hudng din cdc he sinh thdi ven bd, bao gom cd h6 sinh thai cd bien. Ngoai ra cdn anh budng bdi cac hogt dpng dan sinh khdc nhu neo dau thuyin...
D$ng vat day trong tham cd bien
He sinh thdi co bien Id mpt teong nhiing he sinh thai cd da dang smh hpc cao nhdt hdnh tinh, CO the sanh ngang vdi be sinh thdi ran san hd va rimg nggp man. Tai ddo Ly Son, cac
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd nguon lgi sinh vgt Bien
nghien cuu ve ddng vdt day s6ng teong thdm c6 con ban che, tuy nhien, qua nghien ciiu so faO, chiing toi da phat bien mdt sd nhom dpng vat cd gia tri kinh te va khoa hpc sdng trong tham CO bien nhu sau: cua boi hp Portunidae gdm cac Ioai; Portiinits pelagicus (Lirme), P.
irituberciilatiis (Miers), P. sanguinolentus (Herbst); cac lodi thupc Ldp Chan bung Gastropoda nhu loai Trochus pyramis thupc ho Trochidae \a Angaria delphiniis thupc hp Astraeinae, lodi ven xanh Perna viridis ; Hai sam den Holothuroidea - Holothiiria leucospilosa; sao bien hp Asteropidse - Asterope carinifera; Cdu gai Echinoidea loai Diadema setosiim [1]. Da tim thay dupe 3 loai thudc hp trai ngpc (Pinctada margaritifera, P. martensii, Pteria penguin)/2/.
S^ suy giam cua he sinh thai co bien
Trong khi 12.000 km^ dipn tich co bien da mdt tren todn cdu, rieng vimg biin Chdu A- Thdi Binh Duong cd 10 diem cdnh bdo ve su suy gidm cd biin, chilm 25% ting s6 cdc viing CO bien mat tren toan the gidi [12]. Rieng Vipt Nam, theo thong ke tu cdc tdi lipu hien CO thi dipn tich co bien dang suy gidm tu 40% den 50% bdi bang loat cac tac dpng do con ngudi gay ra [4-5]. Tuy vung bien Ly Son khdng cd cdc boat dpng nuoi trdng thiiy bdi sdn, nhung dipn ticb cd bien cung dang bi suy giam tiing ngay bdi nguyen nhdn chinh tir viec khai thac cdt biin. Cdt bien dugc but true tiep d nhirng khu vuc cd cd bien, lam mat ddn sinh cdnh song cua co bien [2].
Mat c6 bien din den mat cdc chdc nang va dich vu di kem cua vung ven bien. Thdm co biin mat ldm thay doi ludi thuc dn vd mat ngu6n lpi bien. Suy gidm dipn tich thdm co bien la nguyen nhan chinh gdy nen hipn tupng sat Id bd bien, suy giam dien ti'ch ran san h6 ben dudi. Hien nay, dien tich dao Ly San dang bi suy gidm tung ngay bdi tinh trang xam thuc cua nude bien.
De doa cho cac tham co bien d Ly Son
Nhiing nam trudc, Ly Son noi heng cd nude ve tinb trang su dung chdt nd de ddnh cd, pha huy cdc bai co biin. Cdc thdm co biin dang phdi doi mgt vdi nguy co khai thac cat de trong toi, phd buy noi sinh cu cua co bien. Vipc xdy d\mg cdng Ben Dinh da ldm mat di vinh viln mot dien tich khong nhd thdm co bien. Ngodi ra, d\r dn xay dyng nha may nhiet (ii?n Ly Son dang la mii nguy hgi rdt ldn d6i vdi tham co biin Idiu vyc. Xi than sau khi dupe thai ra m6i trudng d6 thdng ra biin, lam nhipt dp nude bien khu v\rc xung quanh ting, 6 nhiem tang se lam suy giam dang ke dien tich tham cd bien [2].
Bao vd cac thien tai khac da va dang dnh hudng khong nhd den cac bai co biin cua khu vyc. Chiing toi da phdt hien hang chuc h6 cdt teong cac thdm co biin do bao tgo thanh, co ho sdu den 2 met. Bao vd song Idn da ddnh bat re ciia co bien vd Idm cho co bien bi chet.
Biin dii khi hdu todn cdu lam cho nude biin dm len, ciing la mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn chinh gay suy giam dien tich co bien [1].
Hpi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin todn qudc ldn thu V
IV. KET L U ^
Qua khdo sdt so bp, da phat hipn dugc 7 loai cd bien bao gim Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia vd Halodule uninervis, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Syringodium isoetifolium va Halophila minor. Ve dipn tich cdc tham cd bien tgi day ciing tuong d6i nhd khoang gan 50 ha. Tuy nhien, theo khdo sat ddnh gia bdng GIS ciia Vo Xudn Mai va cs nam 2010, dien tieh cd bien Ly Son 188,9 ha. Dp phu ciia co bien phia Tay Nam va D6ng Nam ddo tugng doi cao tir 60% den 90%, trong khi dd d phia Bac dao chi dgt 40%. Cac tham cd bien tai ddo Ly Son dang phai doi m|t vdi nguy co bj suy thodi do cac tdc dpng ciia con ngudi (ddo cdt te6ng toi, ngo vet cac bai cd de Idm cdng tau) va tac dpng cua tu nhien.
LCrt CAM OfN
Tdc gia xin chan thdnh cam an Vipn Ky thudt bien, phdng Mdi tnrdng & Bien dii Khi bau da tgo dieu kien thugn lgi de tac gid hoan thanh bai bdo cao hen.
Xm chdn thanh cdm on din PCS. TS Nguyen Van Tiln va PGS.TS Nguyen Huy Yit da tgn tinh giup dd hong thdi gian tie gid nghien ciiu khdo sat th\rc dja va dinh danh mdu.
Chdn th£mb cdm on den PGS.TS Luong Van Thanh da giiip dd trong thdi gian vilt bdo cdo.
Tdc gid cung xin giii Idi cdm on din TS Nguyin Thj Hai Yin da dinh hudng giup dd, diu ddt tac gia budc di teen con dudng khoa bpc.
TAI LI?U THAM KHAO
1. Chu Thi Cudng, Nguyen Vdn Tien, Nguyin Huy Yit, 2005. Hipn tegng cd biin dao Ly Son - Quang Ngai.
2. Luong Van Khanh, Nguyen Hdo Quang, 2011. Dilu tea khao sat thdng tm hipn tegng- ngu6n lgi sinh vat va da dgng sinh hgc vimg biin Ly San.
3. Vd Xuan Mai va cs, 2010. tTng dyng cdng ngh? GIS va viln thdm teong xay d\mg ban do vimg phdn bo rong biin d ddo Ly Son, tinh Qudng Ngai.
4. Nguyen Vdn Tien, Dgng Ngpc Tbanh, Nguyen Hihi Dai, 2002. Co biin Vipt Nam - Nxb KH & KT, Ha Npi, 165tr.
5. Nguyen Van Tien, Le Thi Thanh, Tir Thi Lan Huang, 2002. Cd blln ddo Phii Quic, tinh Kien Giang. "Tdi nguyen vd M6i trudng biin", DC: 189-194; Nxb KH & KT Hd Npi.
6. Nguyen Xuan Vi, 2006. Hipn trgng cdc thdm cd bien tai Ddm Gid, Ddm Tre (vinh Nha Trang) va M)? Giang (vinh Van Phong).
7. Bjork M, Fred Short, Elizabeth Mcleod and Sven Beer, 2008. Managing seagrasses for resiUence to climate chance.
8. Choo, C.K, 2006. Save our seahorses.
Tiiu ban Sinh hgc vd ngudn lgi sinh vdt Biin
9. English S., Wilkuison C. and Baker V., 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources: chapter Seagrass . AIMS, Australia.
10. Nguyen Huu Dai, 2002. Characterization of seagrass in Ly Son Island. Report for UNEP/GEF Project: "Resersing enviromental degradation teends in the South China Sea andGulf of Thailand", 6p.
11. Taylor H. and Michael Rasheed. 2010. Torres steait Dogong sanctuary, seagrass baseline survey.
12. Waycott M, 2009. Diver of change to seagrass distributions and communities on the Great Barrier Reef.
13. Waycott M, 2004. A Guide to Tropical Seagrasses of The Indo-West.
14. Yang P.Y et al, 2002. Taxonomy and distribution of seagrasses in Taiwan
