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y kifin Trtic Lam Dai sT Trdn Nhan Tdng xudng nui nam 1304 theo ldi thinh cdu cita con Id vua Trdn Anh Tdng dd iruydn tam gidi bd tat eho nhd vua va iridu than, nhdm tdng cudng y thfle lpi lac cho mudn ddn ciia trieu dinh dupc mifiu ta trong cufin thu hpa mang tfin Trdc Ldm Dgi si xudi son do do hoa su ddi Nguyfin Trdn Giam Nhu hoan Ihanh nam 1363.Trong khi ban gd'c hifin cdn luu gifl tai Bao tang Lifiu Ninh, vific mdt ban phuc chfi"
bang ky thuat cao cua tac phdm nay da dupc mua vdi gia cao ba't thudng (1,8 trieu USD) tai mdl cudc da'u gia d Bde Kmh thang 4-2012 da gdp phdn tai khang dinh gid trj lich sir va nghd thuat dde ddo cua no (1). Tiiy nhidu vdn dd lidn quan ddn cuon thu - hpa da
dupc thao luan trong chuyfin dc Bdng hinh de lai (2), nhung dac trung nghfi thudt //)(/ quyen hinh thdnh nfin bd cue vd phuong thflc thd hidn eiia hpa phdm tide ihay vdn chua dupc gidi thidu day dii, Tim hieu nghfi thudt dde sdc eua loai hinh thii quyen la cdn ihifi'i dfi tham nhap eudn thu hpa mang tfnh lich su va nghfi thudt cao nay ndi rifing, vd eung la dfi' hieu thfim mdt loai hinh dae sde eua hdi hpa Trung Hoa ndi chung,
Thu quyen, quy each sa lupc
Thil quyen (tranh eudn) la mdt loai hinh hdi hpa dac sdc gde tfl Trung Qude, va cung la ndn tang cua nhidu kidt tac d Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban (3).
Tranh cd thd dupc ve trdn ndn gia'y (hay lua), va tdy theo yfiu edu thd hifin ndi dung md
chidu ddi cua phdn tranh chinh (hoa tdm) cd Ihd md rdng ddn 7-8m, trong khi chifiu cao ihudng cd dinh irong khoang tu 30 dfi'n 50cm, Cting vdi phdn tranh chfnh (cd thd la mdt tac phdm hdi hpa hay thu phap), cdc phdn dd tya (ddn thil, nghenh tlni) va binh tan ciia vdn nhdn thudng ngoan (dd VI, vT lit), cung nhu cac dau a'n ky luu trdn tae pham tao nen mdt chinh thfi' thu hpa vdi nhung gia in Ijch sfl va nghfi thuat dac bifit (xem minh hpa Quy each can ban cua ihu quyen). Cuon thu phap Chi tru minh (1095) cua Hodng Dmh Kidn (1045-1105) vdi phan ehfnh dai 8,24m. cdng thfim cdc phdn ghi ky cua cac van nhdn, trieu ihdn sd huu tde phdm qua 800 nam, tao nfin tdng chieu dai ddn 15m, duoc mua vdi gia ky Iuc 63,8 trifiu
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cdnh True Ldm Ogl si vdl thdn nhfln vd tdng dodn tuy tOng trong tranh True ldm Dgi a nj^t son dd
USD trong cudc dd'u gid d Biic Kinh ddu thdng 6-2010 Id minh hoa didn hinh cho vi ihd nghfi thudt va hch su dde bifii quan irpng cua ihii quyfin (4i Mdt sd hpc gia cho rdng thii quydn son thiiy Id dinh cao trong lich su hdi hpa Trung Qude, ft nhdi cung la ifl bflc Vdng xuyen dd cua Vuong Duy (699-759) oTK VIII cho dfi'n nay (5). Mai khac. Giang hdnh sff tuyet dd ciia Trifiu Can ddl NgQ dai (907-960) cung dupc xem la lae phdm iranh eudn sdm nhdi cdn bao tdn duoe,
Quy each cdn ban ciia thii quyen
Hang trfin, tu phai sang trai: cdeh gidi, phd each gidi.
cdch gidl. cdch gu'ri va vT lif (hay dd vi)
Hang dudi. tfl phai sang trai: thien ddu. phd cdch gidi.
sdo bien, nghenh thit (hay ddn thil). bien, cdch gidi, hga tdm.
cu, bien, cdch gidi va pho each gidi
Tu su, khai hop va dpng hoa trong thu quyen
Thoat thai tu thd thflc sdch
eudn Trung Iloa ed dai, dupc lao nfin bdng nhflng the iruc, the gd kfi'l budc vdi nhau thdnh eudn dai, cac ddng chu trfin the duoc dpe theo chidu doc ifl iren xud'ng dudi. vd theo thfl tu kdl ndi ifl phai sang trdi, tranh thil quydn cQng mang nhtmg dde didm ciia sach eudn truydn thdng (6). Cd trong tay mdt khdng gian ddn trai dfi sang tao. lae gia thu quydn phai hinh dung duoe mdt tdng canh vdi nhflng phdn canh gdn kfi't hflu CO. lidn lac. Trong qua trinh thd hidn, cac hpa nfii duoc sdp dai, hpp thanh phan eanh, rdi lai tfl dd tridn khai hoa ndt mdi, ve nfin phan eanh mdi luong quan vdi phdn eanh da cd va iheo du lrinh cua ldng canh. Qua lrinh nay khdng khac mdy vdi vide cd'u true cau. ngfl doan. chuong hdi dfi xdy dung mdt ty sy.
Cd le khdng ddu thich hpp hon khi thuat ngfl dde hga {dpc tac phdm hdi hpa) dupc su dyng cho ihii quydn. Tuong ty nhu khi doc sdch eudn, tranh eudn thucmg duoe dat trdn mat ban phang, lan mo tfl
phai sang trdi. duoc xem ludn lu thdnh iflng phan doan c6 dO ddl khoang hai vai phii hpp vdi ldm mdt bao quat. B£t kc la tranh midu ta sy kidn hay phong canh. thu qu>fin ludn mang ddn cho ngudi xem (doc) mdt (hay nhidu) tu su Trong qua trinh doc van ehuong, ngudi doc thudng xuyfin cd dip chifim nghifim dieu ma Wolfgang Iser gpi la
"difim nhin lang bat eua ngudi dpc". Theo Iser. difi'm nhin nhan thfle eiia ngudi dpc ddi vdi ldc pha'm ludn thay ddi trong qua Uinh dpc;
Toan bd van ban khdng bao gid dirpc cam thtic cung mdt liic. 6 khfa canh nay, vdn ban khac vdi nhung dd'i tucmg c6 sdn. ihudng cd thfi' dupc xem nhin, hay chi i'l nhan bidt dupc ngay nhu mdt chinh thfi. Ddi lupng van ban chi cd thd hinh dung duoc qua nhiing phdn doan tidp ndi khdc nhau cua vific dpe. Chung ta thudng ludn diing ngoai dd'i tupng eho sdn, nhung lai dupc dinh vi trong van ban vdn chuong. Thd nfin quan hd gifla vdn ban v^
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ngudi dpc khd khdc vdi quan hd gifla ddi tupng vd ngudi quan sdt: thay vi Id quan hfi gifla chit thd - dd'i lupng, d ddy la quan didm chuydn dich, di ddng ben trong theo ctmg vific tridn khai vdn ban md nd cdn nhan thiic (7).
Iser cho rdng cdng vific cue nhpc ciia ngudi dpc khi phai lifin tyc duyfii lai nhOng didu da qua vd tifin lifiu nhiing gi sdp ddn trong vdn ban eung tya nhu eude vdl ldn sdng tao ciia tde gia khi vidt nfin vdn ban d'y:
Chiing ta nhin tdi phfa uude. nhin Iai phfa sau. quyfi't dmh, thay ddi quydt dinh, hinh Ihanh ky vpng, bj sdc vi ky vong khdng dupc nhu y, chd't vSh, udm tu, ehd'p nhdn. bai trii; day la qua trinh nang ddng cua sy tai tao (8).
Qua trinh dpc van ban dupc Iser midu ta trdn day rdt gdn vdi viec "dpc" thu quyen.
Maxwell Hearn nhan rdng:
"Dpc mdt bflc hpa Trung Qud'c la bude vdo mdt cude ddi thoai vdi qua khfl; hdnh ddng ldn md mdt eudn tranh, hay Idt gid mot tap hpa phdm cung cdp mdt quan hd vat chdt gdn gui hon vdi tac phdm. Nhu mdt trai nghidm thdn thidt, didu ndy da dupc chia se va lap lai qua nhidu thd ky. Va thdng qua nhflng each dpc nhu thd", thudng ngoan mdt minh hay vdi mdt nhdm than hflu, md y nghia ddn ddn dupe hien 10"(9). Tucmg ty nhu d cac vdn ban khac, tua dd ghi tren phdn nghenh (ddn) thti ciia thu quyen Id chi bao, thdng tin cho
ngudi xem (dpc) vd ndi dung, giup ngudi xem hinh dung phdn ndo tac phdm, Khi ldn ddu iifi'p xiic vdi mdl eudn tranh, ngudi xem tya hd budc vdo mdt cudc du ngoan, d dd canh tupng do tya dd khoi gpi Ifin trong ldm tri se dupe ddi sdnh vdi hpa canh trong tac phdm ldn md ra trudc mdl.
Cudn tranh dupc ldn md, nhflng hinh anh ddu lifin dupc hidn Id cung ddng thdi Id nhung hinh anh dd lai d'n tupng ddm ndt noi ngudi xem.
Trong Idn xem tranh ddu nfin, do thtic bach tdm ly mudn kham phd ndi dung tranh, cho nfin du tranh dupe ldn md cham, mat chi thye hifin nhifim vu quan sat va luu Iai eae khung anh lifin tyc trinh hifin khi eudn tranh ehuydn ddng theo tay cudn, md ra vd bfin trai va cudn lai vd bfin phai. Bdi chpt se cd ddi chi tiet thu hut su chli y eiia ngudi xem va dupc ghi nhdn ridng le, chd dupc kdt ndi va tdng hpp vdo todn eanh khi cudc thudng ngoan qua khdng gian (ede phan canh tridn hifin tuydn tfnh) vd thdi gian (y^u id edn thidt dd xem uanh ldn lupt tfl ddu ddn cudi) kdl thiic. Cdc khung anh dupc thi giae tid'p nhan lifin tyc, luu trfl vd nhanh chdng kdt ndi Iai vdi nhau trong tam thfle; bflc tranh todn canh eung theo dd ma ddn ddn hinh thdnh trong tdm tudng.
Khdc vdi hdi hpa phuong Tdy thudng ve theo phep "tifiu didm thdu thi" - dflng tai mdt didm cd dinh dd thu nhdn va Uinh hifin canh tupng, su vdt
NGH$ TH
(nhu trong nhidp anh), tranh thil quydn Trung Hoa dupc ve Iheo phdp "ldn didm tha'u lhi"(10), tflc Id ve dai canh tfl nhidu phan khiic; di ddng, true didn quan sdt vd midu ta tfl nhidu didm khde nhau, nhung trdn ciing binh difin vd khoang each tifiu cu. Chfnh /i vay phdp ve nay cdn dupc goi Id
"di ddng thj didm", rdi gid'ng vdi ky thudt quay phim vdi mdy quay di chuydn trfin dudng ray hay xe ddy. Ky phdp nghfi thudl nay ddng thdi tde ddng d^n vific xem tranh:
khi dupc khai md hodn loan, gid'ng nhu hpa si thii quyen, ngudi xem se tudn ty di chuydn theo chidu ddi tranh dfi' nhin ngdm, chifim ngudng timg phan doan; bdng khdng vdl each xem truyen thdng (tay trdi Ian md ra, tay phai cudn vao), cac phdn canh ldn lupt tridn hifin dudi mdt ngudi xem tua nhu su thay ddi cua thi difi'm. Dac didm ndy khidn vific thudng lam mdt bflc tranh cudn gdn nhu xem mdt doan phim.
Qua each thd hifin cita tranh thit quydn, cdc hpc gia Nhat Ban da cam nhan dupc nhip difiu (rhythm), tidt tdu (tempo) vd tfnh ddng hpa (animation) trong cdc tranh cudn (emaki mono, hay hdi quyen vdl) cua hp (11). Khi md ddn doan eudi tranh eung Id Iuc todn bd bflc tranh dupe dyng Ifin hoan chinh trong tdm ludng. Cung nhu phdn doan md ddu, phdn doan cudi kdt thuc cudc thudng ngoan eung Imi Iai dn tupng dac bifit
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VAN H 6 A NnHI^ THl IAT Hlrt^C MCOAl khdng kdm noi ngudi xem, So
sdnh thil quydn vdi thudt sy difin anh (cinematic narration), Jerome Silbergeld da cd nhflng nhdn xdt ddng chli y:
Tuong ty difin anh, hdi hpa Trung Hoa it nha't cung cd mdi sd tfl ehfnh thflc dd mifiu ta nhflng phai tridn hdn luc dd sinh ddng hda va da dang hda mdt tde phdm cflng nhu duy tri hung thii ciia ngudi xem theo thdi gian: khai hop, nghia den Id md vd ddng, nhung khdng nhdm dd cdp dd'n doan md ddu
\a kci thiie eiia tde phdm, md dd ndi tdi mdt dd khdng gian ddng dao vd thua thdt eiia vific id hpp; khdi phuc dd cap dd'n sy xen ke Ifin eao vd xud'ng iha'p cua hinh ihflc phong canh, tua nhu tinh cam dupe tang cudng va giai Ida. Cflng nhu cac nha lam phim, nhung hpa Sl thil quydn phai dac bidt chu y dd'n doan md ddu vd kd't thue ciia hp (12),
Cung nhu sach, nhu phim.
iranh cudn thu quyen khdng thd chi xem mdt ldn ma ed thd llnh hdi dupc hdt. Tuy vay, Idn xem ddu tifin cung cdp mdl a'n tupng luoi mdi, thifi't lap hinh anh toan canh ciia tde phdm trong tdm thflc - kdi qua cua thi giac, ky fle, my cam vd tri thflc tdng hpp. Tuy thudc vao bdi canh vdn hda, chfnh tri, xa hdi cua ngudi xem md mdl sd y nghta dupc "dpc" ra tfl tde phdm, va mdl vdi hpa ti^t ghi da'u ain sau sdc, khoi gpi suy nghi va ly giai noi ngudi thudng ngoan. Nhflng ldn xem tranh ti^p theo sau duoc tridn
khai vdi tdng thd tde phdm da hinh Ihdnh trong tdm trf, ngudi xem khdng cdn bi hdi thiie bdi vific khdm phd ndi dung ldc phdm vd cd thd ttiy chpn mdt ddi phdn doan ndo dd dd dpc ky (close reading). Thdng thudng, nhung ldn dpc ky dy chfnh la dip dd phdt hifin cac chl lidt tinh id, ddn ddn vific kham phd ^ nghia lidm dn, hinh thdnh didn giai mdi, gdp phdn Iam rd hon bd cue cung nhu hinh anh lodn cue ciia hpa phdm dupc luu trfl irong tam ludng, vd tfl dd, thay ddi nhan thflc chung vd tde phdm{13).
Trang bj nhflng hidu bidt can ban vd thil quydn se giup vific thudng Iam ihii quydn True Ldm Dgi si xudi s<m dd trd Ihanh mdt khao nghidm ly thu, vd hfla hen mang lai nhidu ket qua bat ngd •
N.N 1, Nguyen Nam. Ddu gid thu hoa Trdn Nhdn Tdng. Tuo; ire' Chu nitdi. 3-8-2012; Thu quyen True Ldm Dai si xudt son dd: Ddi diiu khdo nghiem, I 'dn hda Phdt gido. s6 165(15-11-2012). ir8-9
2, NguyJn Nam, Bdng hinh d/lgi
• Chuyen df Tnic U m Dai sT xuflit son d6. Dac san Sudi ngudn. s61 (W- 2012).
3, Xem gidl ihi^u cin ban v£ ihu quydn cua Dawn Delbanco da duoc d|ch .sang lifl'ng ViiJt- Thudng ihuc tranh cudn Trung Hoa. \'aii hda Phat gido. .sfl' 165 (15-11-2012).
lr.58-59.
t . Louise Chen, Poly Auction sells a hand scroll for $63.8 million, ihattering a record tai anmro.com
5. Sherman E, U c va Wen Fong, Streams and Mountains wilhoul End • A Northern Sung HandicroU and Its Significance in Ihe History of Early Chinese Painting, ban in Un ihiJ 2. Ascona: Artibus Asiae Publishers. 1967, t r j .
6. Tham khao Thu quyen yen van Thu quyen Mnh che dich do lai irong H6 Truyfin Hai. Thii quyfn thdp gidng. Thuong Hai thu hoa xuSi ban xfl. 2003. ir. I-6.
7. Wolfgang Iser. The Acl of Reading - A Theory of Aesthetic Response. John HopkiR.s Univcrsiiy Press. Baliimorc. 1978. trJ08-109.
8 Wolfgang Iser. The Reading Process: A Phenomenalogtcal Approach. New Literary History, srf 3-1972. ir.293.
9 Maxwell Heam. Chinese Painting, irong Heilbnmn Timeline of An History. The Metropolitan Museum of An. 2000 lai mcimuse- um.org
10. Tham khao Vuong Hdng Mai. Thu hoa ihu quyen dich hinh che trang bieu, Nghe ihudi ihi truang. \6 6-2010. Ir.58.
11. Ikumi Kiuninishi, Animated Rhythms of Ihe Hluslraled Scroll of Major Counselor Ban trong Kathcrine R. Tsiang \a Manin J.
Powers. Looking at Asian Art. The Center for the An of Ea.st Asia.
Chicago. 2012. ir.75-93.
12. Jerome Silbergeld. First Lines, Final Scenes: in Text, HandscroU, and Chinese Cinema trong Kalherinc R. Tsiang va Mamn J. Powers, looking at Asian An. sdd,.
(r.i 18.
13. Wi nhihig dac di^m ciia ihii quyfin, xem thfim: Duong Thi^u Thanh. Thd quyen Ihdm vi. My thudt dai quan. sti 2-2012. tr.39.
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