20 N G d N NG(Jr& D d i S d N G S6 3 ( 2 0 9 ) - 2 0 1 3
INGOAI N G O V O I B A N NGU
1
DAC TRl/NG CUA D O N G TC/ TINH T H A I TRI NHAN K H O N G THl/C H O U TRONG TIENG ANH
FEATURES O F ENGLISH COGNITIVE NON-FACTIVE M O D A L VERBS
PGS. TS LliU QUY KHUONG (Dal hgc Ngoai ngi^, Oal hoc Dd Ning}
ThS Tr3n Thj Minh Giang (Cao d i n g Su pham Die Lac) AshtracI
Modiilily is considered as a \ c n complicated linguistic category because iliere are a lot ot lc\ii:ai devices expressing modalit\ of iilteranccs. Among them, cognitive non - factive modal verbs do not iiitbmi llie listener or hearer Of the subject's action, but .show the speaker's attitude lo the proposition.
Ilieretbre. in order to use tlicin eiTecti\cK in communication, it is essential for the users to master Ihe linguistic features of these verbs. Based on 300 English sentences collected from different sources such as novels, short siories and online materials by English and American writers, this paper has analyzed cogiiiinc non - factive iiiodat verbs in lenns of syntactics, semantics and pragmatics so as to help Vietnamese learners of English use tlicm ctTecliveiy in communication. In addilioii. the findings miglil be useful for teaching English as a foreign language in the Vietnamese setting.
Key words: cpislemic modal verbs: coj-nitive non-factivc modal verbs; modality, proposition, synlactics;
.semantics, pragmatics; utterances . M d d a u
Tinh thai (modality) la mgt pham trii ngon ngu: phd qual. Nghien ciru ngir nghTa. ngiJ dung kh6ng the khdng de cap den van de linh Ihai. "Tmh thai linh Id linh hdn cua phcil ngdn. mil ndi rpng ru Id cuu ngdn ngCr trimg hoai ddng ndi ehung..." (Bally, 1932, dan iheo |I2J, lr.86). Tinh ihai la phan vo cimg quan Irgng, kh6ng the thieu dugc ciia cau, khong CO linh thai ihi khong co cau, chi cd bieu tirgng ve su viec. Tinh thai phai dugc dien dai bang mgi phuang lien ngon ngfr nao do de cd the nh^n bicM dirge va trong thuc te nd thuiTiig dugc cau ihanh bdi mgi chii ngij va mgt dgng tir tinh ihai dimg Irirdc mot menh dh chi sij viec. Theo Hyland [9.134]. dgng tir tinh thai nhan thirc dugc dimg nhic-u nhdt lrong giao tiep. Dua tren 300 cau tiling Anh co sir dung dgng lir linh thai lri nhan khdng thuc hiru dirge thu ihap lir lieu thuydl. Iruyijn ngSn va tren mang internet cim cac tac gia Anh va
MT bai viel nay phan tich mgt sd dac trung \e cii phap, ngU nghTa va ngir dung cua loai dpng tir tinh thai lri nh^n khdng thuc hiru na\ nham giiip ngudi Viet hgc lieng .Anh nang cao kha nang sir d^ing tieng Anh lrong giao tiep, K,el qua khao sal lrong bai cung cd the giiip ich trong vi^c giang d^y lieng Anh nhu mgt ngoai ngiVd Vipt Nam.
Dpng tir tinh thai la mgt trong nhihig phucmg tiijn bieu thi tinh tinh thai da dugc ral nhieu nha ngon ngir hgc tren the gidi quan tarn nhu Givon (1982). Holmes (1988).
Bybee (1985). Palmer (1986)...CJ Viel Nam.
tinh linh thai cung dugc de cap den tir nhiing goc do khac nhau trong cac cong trinh ciia nhung tac gia nhu Diep Quang Ban (1987).
Cao Xuan Hao (1998). Ngu Thien Hiing (2004) Nguyen Van Hiep (2008) ...Dac bi?t, Biii Trgng Ngoan (2004) da nghien ciru \i' cac dgng lir tinh thai lrong lieng Viet. Vi \ay.
bai viel nay chi phan lich cac dac trung cua
so 3 (209)-2013 NGON NGIT & P6l S 6 N G
21dgng lir linh thai tri nh^n khong Ihirc hihi lieng Anh tren 3 binh dien cii phdp. ngii' nghTa va ngU- dung dua tren cir lieu tieng Anh vet ddi dich tifing Viet.
2. Dong tiu* tinh thdi tri nhan khfing Ihirc hiru trung tieng Anh
2.1. Khdi m$m ve dpng td- tinh thdi tri nhan khong thuc hiiu
Theo Kipaisk) (lOJ. nhirng dgng tir tinh thai nhan thirc dugc chia lam 2 loai, Ddng lir Tmh thdi thuc huu (factive verbs) nhu: know (biet). realize (thuy rd). recognize (c'dng nhgn). find (nhdn thdy). remember (nhd).
forget (quen)...Ddng lir Tmh thai khdng ihuc hmi (non-factive verbs) nhu: believe (lin). feel (cum thdy). seem (dudng nhu). think (nghi), expect (mong cha). guess (dodn)... Theo Ngu
Hiien Hiing [11]. nhthig dgng tir tinh thai khong thuc hiJru nay cdn dugc chia thanli 3 loai: dgng tir tinh thai tri nhan khdng th^rc hiru (ITITvlKTH) (Cognitive non factive modal verbs), dgng lir tinh thai cam nhan hogc giac quan khdng thirt: him (perceptive non factive modal verbs), va dgng lir tinh thai tudng thuat khong thuc huu (reportive non factive modal verbs).
Dgng tir TTTNKTH g6m nhimg dgng tir nhu: think (nghT). believe (lin). suppose (cho Id), guess (dodn). bet (cd). expect (mong chd).
/ear (so), hope (hy vong). assume (cho rdng)...Bon% tir TTTNKTH con dugc ggi la dgng tir chi thai do menh de (propositional altitude verbs) [12. 135] vl nd thudng co cau trite nhu / believe/ think/ .suppose/ guess that P.. (Tdi tin/ nghT/ cho Id/ dodn rang...). Cau Iriic nay cho biet ngudi noi nghT rang P la diing mac dil khdng biet chac thirc te nhu the nao. Chu th^ phat ngdn cung la chii ngQ- cua menh de chinh ludn d ng6i thu I sd il / (Idi).
va cac dgng lir vi ngir nhu believe, think, .suppose (tin/ nghT/ cho Id)... luon d thi hien tai don. Dgng lir vj ngir trong cau triic nay kh6ng nham muc dich bieu thi thdng tin mieu ta, ma ta bi^u thi thai do ciia ngirdi noi ddi vdi di^u dugc ndi ra trong ngi dung menh d^ phu
(complement clause), tirc bieu thj ngi dung linh thdi.
(1) "It's going lo be all right. / think she sees now that you can provide for the child"
(22. 96)
"Mpi \ir .ve dn thdi. Tdi nghT Id bd gid ddy dd nhgn ra rdng anh ed the lrong noin eho dira W
(2) ' 7 suppose Velasquez was a better painter than El Greco, but custom stales o n e s admiration for him" (23. 1)
"Tdi eho rdng Vela.squez Id mpi hpa sT ldi ndng han El Greco, nhung tap luc du liim gidm di Idng ngirdng md cua nguifi la ddi vdi dng"
Trong (1) va (2). viec dimg cac dgng lir think (nghT) hay .suppose (eho rdng) the hien rang ngudi ndi khdng cam ket vao tinh chan thuc cua su tinh dugc neu trong menh de phu.
Ngudi noi tin rang dieu dugc de cap trong menli de phu la diing mac dii chira dii luan cir de khang dinh mgt each chac chan ve tinh hien Ihuc hay khdng hien thirc ciia dieu dugc noi den. Nhung dgng tir TTTNKTH cd chirc nang nhu mgt tac tir lam nhe hieu luc ket luan va nham lao ra mgt khong khi cdi md vdi tinh than cdng tac. Palmer [13. 42| cdn ggi ctic ddng tir nay la cac dgng lir xac nhan >cu (weak assertive verbs)
2.2. Dgc trung cd phdp ctia dpng tir tinh thdi tri nhgn khdng thuc hiru
2.2. L Khd ndng Ihay ddi Vl tri
Nhiing dgng tir TTTNKTl 1 nay cd the xuat hi6n d nhieu vi tri trong cau: ddu cdu. giira cdu va cudi cdu nhir trong nhiing vi du sau
(3) "f think you're real rude lo Ihrow o i l on my poor hands". (21. 347)
"Toi nghT rang anh that lhd hao vixi ddi hdn tay ldi nghiep eua ldi."
(4) "The advance of Red China. The challenge lo Democracy. The Role of the West these, / suppose, were the complete works of York Harding". (16.549)
22 N G 6 N NGiJr & Ddi S 6 N G S6 3(209)-2013
'".S'[/' vuan li'n cuu nirdc Trung Hoa Do. .sir ihiieh Ihirc ddi vdi nim ddn ehu. vui lrd cua phuong lav- Nhung .such niiy. tdi cho riing. Id todn hp tdc phdm ciiu Yook Hdc-dinh''\
(5) "They ragged him about me at the cafe, Igues.s". (18,242)
^'Ngurri ta chi' gieu unh dy vi' em a qudn cd phi; em dodn vgy".
Xet (3). (4), va (5). la thay cac dgng tir TTfNKI'll cd vj lri kha linh dgng trong cau.
Iii\ thugc vao y dinh ciia ngiriti ndi ma trgng thai lri nhan cua hg dugc d^nh dau mg( cdch ihich hgp: cd the dat d dau de thiet lap y djnh cua ngudi ndi ngay lir dau. hay d gifta nhu mdt thanh phan nhal dinh. hay de xudng vj lri cuoi cau ciia mdt ldi doan dinh.
2.2.2. Ket hof} vixi cdu nghi vdn gid thiet (tug questions) nhdm vito chu ngir a m^nh de phu
Theo Halliday [8, 614], ddi vdi nhihig dgng tir TTI'NKTH, cau nghi van gia thiet 114. 203] kh6ng nham vao chii ngii cua m?nh de chinh ma nham vao chii ngfr cua menh de bd ngii bay menh de phii.
(6) "I think it's going to rain, isn't if?"
"Tdi nghiirdi sc muu. phai khdng?*"
(7) "I don V suppose she even uses a knife and fork, does she?" (16. 118)
"Toi cho rdng den earn eon dao an vd ehii'c did ed la cung khdng biel nua"
Ngudi ta khdng the noi * 1 think it's going lo rain, don't I?
* I don't suppose she even uses a knife and fork, do n
Trong trudng ht:Tp nay. ket cau / think/
suppo.sc/ believe .(Tdi nghT/ cho rdng/ tin...) CO chirc nang nhu mot thanh phdn trong tien Irinh lri nhan de bieu dat linh linh thai chii khong CO mgt moi quan he ngir phap nao vdi phan tao cau nghi van gia thiet.
Tuy nhien n^u chu ngG khdng phai la ngoi thir nhat sd it, ta cd th6 dung chii n^ir ciia m§nh d^ chinh 1 ^ cau nghi vdn gia thiet.
"John thinks it's going to rain, doesn*t he? (John nghf Irrri .se mua phai khdng':')
" John doesn't suppose she even uses a knife and fork, does heT (John cho rung den ccirn con dao dn vd chiec dia cd ta cUng khdng biit nua, phdi khdng?)
2.2.3. Khd ndng chuyen dich yeu td phu djnh
Mgt trong nhung dac diem dang chu y d nhOmg dgng tir T H N K T I I la sir chuyen dich yeu td phu dinh. Theo Bubliz | 2 | . mgt so hinh thuc ph6l ngdn sau day dugc xem la hinh ihitc phii djnh thdng thudng, khdng danh dau (unmarked). Yeu Id phu dinh d ngay menh de bd ng&.
(8) "7 believe he never/didn't ever speak a harsh word to her". (15.169)
'To/ tin rdng cuu chang bao gid noi ndng vdi nd Idy mdt ldi.'"
(9) "/ think she doesn't feel sorry for herself, certainly not over lack of monev".
(20,386)
"Tdi nghi rang cd dy khong hdi liec ve sd phgn cua minh. dii sao thi cung khdng phdi v'l lido thieu lien. "
C) cac trudng hgp dudi day cd s\r chuyen djch yeu td phu djnh ra menh de chinh trong phat ngdn.
(10) "/ don't believe he ever did speak a harsh word to her."
"Tdi khdng tin cgu dd lirng ndi ndng no Idy mpt ldi"
(11) " / don't think she feels sorry for herself, certainly not over lack of money."
"Tdi khdng nghi rang eo dy hdi liec ve sd phgn cua minh, dii .sao thi cDng khdng phdi vi li do Ihieu tien."'
Khi yeu td phii dinh rdi xa khdi viing ma nd phat huy sue manh (menh de phu) den phu djnh d menh de chinh thi phan phii dinh da dugc de hoa va co tinh du bao cho ngudi nghe ve ngi dung dugc phii djnh d phan thuyet. Vi
S6 3{209)-2013 N G O N N G U & OOI SONG 23
vay tinh bat ngd cua ngi dung phu dinh khdng cdn nira vS sire manh cua phii dinh cung k^m di. Vice phii dinh m?nh de chinh hay trang thai tri nhan lam giam di siic manh cua sir cam ket cua ngudi ndi vdi ngi dung menh d^.
2.3. D^c trung ngit- nghta ciia d^ng td- TTTNKTH
2.3 i. Tinh lhang do cua .sir cum ket chac chdn
Viec su dyng cac dgng tir TTTNKTH th^
hien rang ngucri noi dua ra mire do cam ket thap vao tinh chan that ciia sir tinh dugc neu lrong menh de phu. co nghTa la cho dii ngudi ndi lin rSng dieu dugc de cgp trong menh de phu cd kha nang dimg nhung chua dii chiing cu de khang dinh mgt each chSc chSn. Mire do cam ket cua nhCnig dgng tir TITNKTH dugc bieu thi tren thang do chi mire dg ch3c chan cua Palnier[131 nhu sau:
rear/think/hope supposc/guess/asume believe/ bet
^
rhim^ llo chi .sir chac chiin ve linh hii-ii lliirc ciia dim^
HfTrTNKTH
(12) ' 7 believe Buicks make the best mortars". (16, 87)
'^Toi tin rdng hang Buycli san xuat sung coi tot nhat".
(13) • / bet this state's got more colonels than any state in the Confederacy". (21,313)
"Tdi ddm cugc Id hung niiy cd nhieu dgi Id hm hdt ki bung ndo trong lien bang."
Dgng tir helieve (tin) va bel (cudc)_ trong phat ngon (12) va (13) d nac cao nhat tren thang do chi su chac chan. Ngudi ndi cho rang sir linh trong menh de cd kha nang dung vi cho rang hg cd bang chiing va ket luan cua ngudi ndi dua vao ket qua ciia viec tri nhan hay niem tin ciia bg.
(14) " / suppose il was even though 1 did it to keep me alive and feed many people".
(17.96-97)
" Afmh cu cho Id the. mgc dii minh ldm dii'u dd de nudi sdng minh vu nhieu ngirdi khdc''".
(15)"/ff«tf*.vyouarcall right. (19.471)
"Toi dodn Id dng dd binh phuc".
Trong phdt ngon (14) va (15). dgng tir suppose vd gue.ss ih^ hi?n sy' chac chan d miic hoing binh. Ngudi ndi cho rang su tinh trong m?nh de phu cd the dung vl ngudi ndi cd bang chimg va k^t lugn ciia ngudi noi la dira vao sir suy lugn.
(16) "Was it right or wrong? I fear il was wrong, though expedient". (15.138)
"Thd la diing hay sail Toi e rdng do lii sai. mgc ddu la thiet (hue."
(17) "I can't see success at the end of the road. I think the result will be what ihe result of impartiality always is". (20.441)
"Tdi khdng he thdy thdnh cdng a cudi eon dudng dy. Tdi nghf rang ket qua cua cdng viec la ludn ludn cdng bdng".
Trong phat ngdn (16) va (17). vdi dong tir fear (e rdng) va think (nghT rdng) sir chac chan the hien d mire thap. Ngudi noi cho rang sir tinh trong menh de phu it co kha ndng dung vi neu su tinh diing nhu vay se khong tdt va ngudi ndi kh6ng mu6n su linh dirge neu se dien ra nhu vay d hien thuc.
2.3.2. Su cam ket chdc chiin eua ddng tif TTTNKTH dua vdo .su suy lugn
Khi su dung nhung dgng tir ITTNKTH.
ngudi noi khong dua ra mgt cam ket chac chan ve su chan that ciia su tinh trong menh dk phu vi kh6ng cd du bang chimg de khang dinh sir chac chan cua sir tinh. Vi vay. ngirdi noi phai chgn mgt phiromg thirc them vao dieu hg h'\k de ngu6n thong tin trd nen dang tin cay hon va dd chinh la suy luan. Suy luan khong dua vao bang chiing ma dua vao nhihig gia thiet dugc nhan h\k dudi nhung each thirc nhu: niem lin. suy dodn va lien dodn
(18) ' 7 believe that a young person in a citv tea-shop has left her situation", (23. 23)
"Tdi tin rdng cd mdt ed gdi ldm d mdt phdng trd trong Ihdnh phd vira ho nai hint viec"'.
(19) "They were skunks, f guess I know skunks';. (19, 332)
"Chdn day. Td biet gidng chdn ma"-
24 N G 6 N NGiJr ft €>dl SdNG S6 3(209)-2013
Trong phat ngdn (18) vu (19).. ngudi ndi cho rang nhtl:ng gi minh ndi ra la dimg vi dga viio nhirng bdng chimg hay nhirng kien ihirc cua rieng minh. Ngirdi ndi khong muon ap d^l
>• kiC'ii cua minh len ngudi ngiic nhirng van the hicn sy lu tin khi dua ra cam kel mgi each kha chac chan ve linh dimg cua s^r linh d ni?nh dc phu,
(20) "/ suppose my memory is gelling fauIiN". (21.348)
"7V5/ dd rdng ii I nhd eua tdi thing tdi di"
(21) "/ guess he wanted a io\s so he wouldnl have lo take it out in work". (19.
102)
".Anh dodn lit hdn ed guy chuyi'n de khdng phai liim vice ira /?(/'".
1 rong phat ngon (20) va (21). su suy doan den lir kinh nghiem hay lir su liC'n ket nhung
\ iec dil \ a \ ra trudc do. Sir suy doan khdng chl dua vao nhimg li do niii cdn ca nhung cam nhan.
(22) • / guess his return will make a jubilee toher". (15. 83)
"Tdi dodn su tra ve cuu gii .sc Id mdi ngdy hdi ddi vdi ma."
(23) "/ fear nothing will stop your caravan". (21.410)
"Tdi e rdng ehdng cd gi chdn duac dodn cua cd"
Trong phat ngon (22) vii (23). nhung lien doan nay thudng dua vao nhimg gia thiet nhal dinh o lirtTng lai. Cd the do la mgi dieu t6l hay xau se xay ra. nhimg ngirdi ndi cho rang nhirng cam nhan cua minh ve nhimg su linh lrong menh de phu cd the la dimg.
2.4. Dgc trung ngd- dung ciiu dpng tir TTTNKTH
2 4.1 ('hien lirae lich su um linh eua cde ddng tir TITNKTH
a. Giam hieu luc chi trich
Trong nhimg linh hudng ma ldi phai bi^u CO hieu luc nhu mgt hiinh dgng ehi trich, phe binh hirdng vao ngirdi nghe va cd kha nang de dga ihe dien ciia ngirin nghe, va ngirdi noi du cam dirge dieu nay ihi chien lirgc giam hieu
lyc chi trich cd th^ dugc van dyng de bao ve lhd di?n am tinh cua ngudi nghe. Xem nhung phai ng6n sau:
(26) "Tm sorry. Your Grace. So much has happened I didn't think how odd 1 must look."
"Don't apologize. Ralph. / think you look romantic and dashing. Only a trifle too secular, don't you agree?" (20. 278)
"Xin Due dng thu ldi. Cd bao nhieu chuyen xay ra den nin Idi khdng he nghT den vi4c hp dgng ldi nom ki quae nhu the nao"
"Chung cdn xin loi cha Runfa a. Toi ttght rdng cha nom rdt lang man vii hien ngang.
Song cd phdn khdng gidng nhd tu hdnh. phdi khdng ndoT"
(27) "One starts promiscuous and ends lil\c one's grandfather, faithflil to one woman"
"/ suppose it seems pretty naive to start that way...." (16. 103)
"Ngirdi la bai ddu bung each tim ihii vui if khdp mpi nai. rdi kel ihiic hdng su ehung Ihuy vdi mdt ngudi, y nhu cha dng ehiing la viiy"
"Tdi cho rang hdt ddu kieu nhu vdy thi cimg hai ngdy iha".
Cac phat ngon tren deu co hieu luc ciia mpi hanh dgng chi trich. nhimg viec sir dung cac cum lir / think (theo tdi). I .suppose (ldi cho rang) da lam diu di lure ngon trung ciia hanh dgng cd the lam mat long ngudi nghe. Ngudi noi chgn each noi nay de bao ve the dien am linh cua ngudi nghe.
b. Trdnh dp diit kien ihire
Bat ki ldi tuyen bo \ c kien thirc nao cung se la mgt su de dga. hay hanh dgng phuong hai den the dien ngudi khac. Ngudi nghe thuong bi mgt ap luc phai liep nhan va bo sung kien thiic mdi va mau thuan cd the nay sinh. Vi vay de lam dju di lire ngdn trung cua hanh dgng khang dinh bang each sir dung cac cau true cd dgng tir TTTNKTH la can thiet.
Xem cac phat ngdn sau:
(28) "Meggie is a benediction. She's a holy thing to me, a different kind of sacrament".
S63 (209)-2013 NGdN NGUTft OdjSdNG 25
"Yes, 1 understand, ll is well you feel so. In Our Lord's eyes / think it will mitigate the great sin". ,(20.439)
"Bim ihdn Mecghi Id sir han phudc. Ddi vdi tdi. ndng Id mdt edi gi thieng Tiimg l{ra nhir le ban ihdnh the"
"Tdi hii}u dng cd linh cum nhir the Id tdi.
Toi nghi rdng irudc chiia dieu do liim giam nhe lpi lrong cua dng
(29) " / think I know why you surrended to your feeling for Blance Strove, (23. 146)
"Toi nghi bay gid tdi hieu dugc tai sao dng da de mac cho linh cam budng trdi theo Blanche Stroeve."
Ca hai phai ngdn tren deu dimg cym tir / think (ldi nghT riing) de lam giam luc ng6n irung lrong hanh dgng khang djnh kien thirc ciia ngudi ndi nham bao ve the dien am linh cua ngucri nghe.
t. Nhdn mgnh diem hut lai vc bdn ihdn ngirdi ndi
Trong giao tiep hang ngay. thudng thi nhimg dieu bat Igi ve ban than cd khuynh hudng dugc che di. nhung nguyen tdc khiem tdn va thdnh Ihdl cung dugc cho la dac trung van hda ling xir cua nhung ngirdi tham gia giao tiep.
(30) "To this day I'm not certain what went wrong (1 know we both tried), but / think it was my temper". (16. 80)
"Den bdy gid Idi cung khdng hii't ro dieu khdng em dm do ddu md ra. (tdi biet cd hai chiing la deu da cd gdng). nhirng toi tin rdng nguyen nhdn Id d linh net ciiu Idi."
(31) "So how can 1 blame him? I've only myself to blame. I think". (20. 397)
"Ldm .sao em cd the quy ldi cho anh dy duprc? Em nghiduyi'n do chi tai em ca thdi".
Trong hai phat ngon tren, ngirdi ndi luon de cap den nhung diem khiem khuyet ve kidn thirc. nang lire chuyen mdn va each umg xir ciia minh. Sir thanh thgt nay luon dugc danh gia cao va lam cho giao liep trd nen cdi md, de dang hon.
d. Giam luc ngdn Irung eua phiil ngdn bung each tu phu dinh Irgng thai lri nhgn eua ngiriri ndi
Nhu da de cgp trong dac trung phan cu phap. su chuyen di yeu td phii dinh dudng nhu xay. ra rat thudng xuyen trong cac phai ngon tieng Anh. Y6u to phii djnh thudng dich chuyen lir menli de phu len menh de chinh cd chira dgng tir TTTNKTH. (24)"/ don't think it was childish temper and / don't believe you've changed."(21. 169)
"Tioi khdng cho do Id can ndng gian tre eon vd khong tin rdng bd dd ihay ddf".
(25) " / don't think you're a courageous little lady Mrs mikes". (21.137)
" Toi khdng nghT rdng bd Id mdi phu nu can ddm, ihua hd Uylkz'".
Thdng qua su phii djnh trong phat ngon (24) va (25), vdi / don'/ think (tdi khdng cho Id). I don't believe (ldi khdng Tm rang), ngudi noi muon giam nhe luc ngon trung trong phat ngdn dira ra v6n di cd kha nang de dga the dien ciia ngudi nghe bang each phii dinh trang thai tri nhan cua minh de giam bat ddng nham de cao the dien cua ngudi nghe. Ngudi ndi co the ludng trudc hieu ling tieu cue do hanh dgng phii dinh ciia minh gay ra cho ngirdi nghe. Dieu nay co the do s\t tinh neu d P cd nhihig diem thieu tich cue ve ngudi nghe.
Bang each tgo ra su de hoa bien tugng phu dinh tt-gng thai tri nhan ciia ngudi ndi, luc phii djnh dugc keo xa ra khdi vimg thdng tin bi phii djnh. Vi vay, ngudi nghe khong con cam thay ndng ne cam thay the dien am tinh cua minh dugc ton trgng
2.4.2. Chien luac lich su duang tinh cua cdc dpng tit TTTNKTH
a. Gidm luc ngdn trung cdc phdt bieu ddnh gid lich cue lien quan den ngudi noi
Chien luge nay nham lam giam nhe nhimg diem tot hoac dieu co Igi lien quan den ngudi ndi de lam giam di miic dg chac chan ve ngi dung menh de. Bang each nay ngudi noi muon hg thap minh hodc gia vd thua kem
26 NGON NGUr& Odl SONG S6 3(209)-2013
ngudi nghe dd lam tflng th^ di?n dircmg titih.
ciia ngudi nghe [6. 270|.
(32)"/ think that my taste is good, but I am conscious that it has no originality".
(23. 206)
"Toi nghi rdng minh cd dc thdm mT khd nhung khdng may ddc duo."
(33) "What medals have you got. Mike?"
"I haven't got any medals"
"You must have some."
"I suppose I've got the usual medals. But I never sent in for them". (19. 135)
"Anh cd nhitng huy chuang gi. Maici/?'"
"Tdi ehdng cd huy ehuang ndo het"'
"Anh phai cd may eui chu'?"
"Tdi cho rdng ldi cung cd nhirng chiec huy ehuang thdng thudng. nhirng ldi khdng buo gid ldm dan xin eu.'''
Trong hai phat ngon tren. bang each diing nhihig dgng lir TTTNKTH ngudi noi chii dgng lam giam di su cam ket cua minh ve tfnh chan xac ciia ngi dung phat ngdn de thoa man the dien duong linh cua ngudi nghe.
b. Tdng lire ngdn trung nhdm ndng cao the dien cua ngudi nghe
Vdi chien luge nay. ngudi noi sir dyng nhQng dgng tir TI TNK'TH dc dc cao nhung gi dugc cho la nhiing diem lot cua ngudi ughe nham nang cag the dipn ciia doi tac.
(34) " / expect you arc a good man. / don V .suppose you've ever had much to regret".
(16,50)
"Tdi van nghi dng Id mdt ngtr("ri hrtmg thi(m vii cho rdng dng ehdng bao gid lion diim gl ddng hdi liec ca".
(35) "...all for literature. Wc must all help young writers. Don't you think so. Jake? But you aa- not a young writer. Are you, Robert?
You're thirl) four. Still. / suppose that is young for a great writer". 119. 50)
"7i// ca Id cho vdn Imc. Tdt ea chimg lu di'u phut giiip nhiing nhd van ire. Anh ed nghT vgy khdng. Chuyka? Nhimg md anh ddu cd phai nhii vdn tre. Cdn anh ihi sao Rd hdt?
Anh dd ha muai tu rdi. luy nhien toi nghi rdng vdn Id tre ddi vdi mdi nhii viin ldn".
Trong hai phat ngdn tren la deu thay ngudi ndi da sir dyng chien thugt de cao nhung diem t6t cua ngudi nghe vdi nhOng dgng lir
"ITTNKTH nhu expect, suppose va day la m^t lrong nhChig chiln luge lich sy mang lai hi?u qua cao trong giao tiep vi nd thda man the dien duong tinh ciia ngudi nghe.
Bdng tdm tdt cdc ddc Inrng ve cii phdp.
ngir nghTa vd ngfi dung cua nhirng ddng lit ITTNKTH irong ticmg Anh.
Cu ph&p
NgQ' nghTa
NgO-dgng
- Kha nang thay ddi vj lri - CSu nghi van j;ia thi^l (lag questions) nham vao chu ng&am^nh deph^
Kha nSng chuyen djch y^u lo phu djnh
- Tinh lhang dp ciia sy cam ket chSc chSn
- Sy cam k^l chac chan cua done Xii TTTNKTH dya vao sy suy lujin C h i l n luvc ljch sy am tinh:
- Giam hifu lyc chi irich - Tranh ap dat ki£n thiic - Nhdn mjinh diam bit Ipi v^ ban
thSn ngucri ndi [ - Giam lyc ngon ming cua phdt ngon !
bang each ty phu dinh irang llidi in
nh^n cua ngudi ndi i C h i l n lirgr ljch sy dtrong tinh: '
- Giam luc ngon trung cac phai bieu j danh gia lich eye lien quan dgn ngirai 1
ndi 1 - Tang lyc ng6n trung nham nfin^ '
cao thd di^n ciia ngudi nghe 3. Kel lu|in
NhQng phan tich tren cho thay lam quan trong ciia j:ac dpng tir T H NKTH trong vi?c bieu dgt linh linh thai ciia cac phat ngon trong giao tiep. Vi?c sii dung cac dpng tir nay se lihong dill hi?u qua cao neu I<li6ng nim bat dupc nhOng d^c diem ngon ngir cija chiing.
d(lc bift la djc diim ve cii phap vol khti nang L-ai hiin vi lri, cdu nghi vdn gia ihiil nhim vao chu ngir ciia m('nh de phu. vd dac irung lli chuyen yiu lo phii dinh. Ngirai hpc ciing dn nam rS hai djc trung ngii nghTa chinh ciia cac
so 3(209)-2013 NGON N G Q & P 6 l S 6 N G 27
dgng lir T l TNKIH lu .su cam ki'i chdc chdn cuu ddng lir TTTNKTH dua theo thang dp chdc chdn va su cam kel chdc chgn cuu dgng lir 'ni NKTH dijd vito .sir .suy lugn. Theiti vao do. de cd the su dyng cac dgng tir nay mgt caeh hieu qua. ngudi dimg pan hieu them ve dgc trung ngu dyng ciia nhiing dgng tir nay vdi hai chien luac ljch su dm tinh vd dutmg linh Ngudi noi co the diing nhihig dgng lir TITNKTH de giam hi^u lia- chi trich. trdnh up dgt kien thirc. nhdn mgnh diem but 10 cua ngirdi ndi. hay giam ngdn trung hdnh dpng luyen bd kiim thirc hdng edch lu phu dinh trung thdi lri nhgn eua ngirdi ndi de giao tiep dirge d§ dang hon. M0t khac. ngittri noi cung CO the diing cac dgng tir TTTNKTH nhSm gium luc ngdn Irung cdc phut bieu ddnh gid lich cue Hen quan dim ngirdi ndi. hay tdng lire ngdn Irung nhdm ndng cao the dien cua ngudi nghe Nam vung nhinig dac diem ngdn ngir ciia nhimg dgng lir TTTNKTH se cai thien dang ke hieu qua dyng ngdn. dac bi?t no se giiip cho ngirdi Viet hgc tieng Anh su dung chinh xac nhiJng dgng tir TTTNKTH lrong kien tao phat ngon gop phan nang cao nang luc su dyng tieng Anh trong giao liep.
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(Ban BiSn tap nhSn tigi ngay 22-01-2)13)