DAN CHU
IVIOT GIA TRI VAN HOA
HO Si VINH
Theo each hieu thong thuong, dan chu la hinh thuc thiet che cua mot che do chinh tri - xa hoi lay dan lam gdc ve mat quyen luc va loi ich, dua tren nguyen tac tu do binh ding bac ai. Noi dan chu la mgt gia trj van hoa bdi ngi ham cua no mang tinh nhan van (quyen con nguoi, lay con ngudi lam trung tam), tinh bac ai (giua con ngudi vdi con ngudi, giua dan tgc nay vdi dan tgc khac), tu tudng tu do (tu do sang tao, tu do ngdn luan, tu do thuc hien mgi quyen cdng dan vi loi ich cdng ddng).
1. Nhan Chue vo dan chil Dan chu ra doi sdm nlial diroi che do nguycn ilu'iy truoc khi giai cap va nha nudc xuat hien, la hinh thi'ic tir quan trong cac cong dong thi toe \a bo tpc. Mhih thiJc dan chii cua nha nuoc chii no \'e sau dupc cac che dp xa hpi tiep tuc ke thCra \a phat trie^n. TCr che dp tu ban chu nghia tra di, dan chii dupc coi la chan ly, ly tuong:
cua dan, do dan vi dan. Ban chat khai niem dupc hieu va dupc thuc hien a m6i che dp CO the CO nhSng cap dp khac nhau, nhung tuu trung la mcfl ngudi sinh ra d^u binh dAng:
quyen sdng, quy^n tu do, quyen muu cau hanh phiic la bat kha xam pham (Tuyen ngdn ddc lap 1776 ciia Hoa Ky do ngai Jefferson, nguyen tdng thdng nudc nay du thao). Chii quyen la tCr qudc dan, quyen con ngudi, quyen cua cdng dan la cdng lire dupc tao dung ra vi quyen lpi chung Tuyen ngdn nhan quyen va dan quyen ciia each mang Phap 1789 (do ngai Mounier va mdt vai tac gia du thao). Vi sau, khi da gianh dupc ddc lap cho to qudc, tu do va hanh phiic cho nhan dan, Chii tich Ho Chf
Minh da sang tao \'a cdng bd Tuyen ngdn f)oc lap 1945 vira ke thua nhung gia trj ciia hai tuycn ngdn trcMi \ua cau tao nhung giii tri mdi, trong do cd dan chii nhu mdt gia tri van hda: tuyen bd thii ticu che do thuc dan phong kien, thanh lap nudc Viet Nam diin chii cdng hda mdt chc dp cua dan, do dan, vl dan, lay con ngudi lam trung tam, lay nhan quyen, dan quyen lam le sdng, quyen bat kha xam pham cua tao hda ban cho trong dd cd quyen sdng, quyiJn tu do va quyen muu cau hanh phiic. Dan chu la tieu chi quan trpng hang dau de phan biet che dp nay vdi che dp khiic. Khdng phai ng^u nhien ma Chii tich Hd Chf Minh da khai sinh ra ten nudc:
Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda.
Dan chii thudc pham tru khoa hpc phap ly, ndi len vai trd lam chii cua ngudi dan trong xa hdi dan chii. Ngirdi ta ndi: Nudc dan chii (the che qud'c gia); y thuc dan chu (trinh dp dan tri);
dan chii true tiep, dan chii dai dien (phuang thirc bau cir);
dan chu va dan quydn, dan chii va tap trung (quan he bien chiing giiJa quyen lpi va nghia vu)...
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BifeM D A M VAN H 6 A N G H £ T H U A T
Dan chii la quy^n lire ciia dan, do dan, vi dan, nhung trach nhiem sdng cdn ciia dan chii thudc vc gidi tinh hoa xa hdi liic la dang ciim quyen, gidi lanh dao, gidi trf thiic lidu biCu va doanh nhan thanh dat. Ndi dang ctlm quydn bai diing dd la biCni tupng ciia trf lue, dao dure, van minh; ma tang lap lanh dao phai la hidn than ciia tam guang vO ly tudng, chi'nh tri sang sud't, cd ban linh vCrng vang, y chi kien dinh, trf tuC Siic siio, cd tu duy liim chien lupc, tri lhii:c ly luan \a nang lire thirc tidn. Cdn gidi tri thirc va doanh nhan phai la nhirng chuyOn gia hang d^u tai ba, thdng tue, nha't la trong nin kinh li tri thirc. Nha chfnh luan ndi lidng A. Tofflcr cd l^n tdng kd't trong lam giac vang quydn lire ciia xa hdi: biio lire, cua cai, tri thiirc, ihi iri thirc ngung kd't ddng vai trd edt yeu. Tri thiirc ngung kd't cdn la mdt nhan td ciia vdn ngudi (mdt trong ba loai vd'n: vdn tir nhidn, vd'n ca sd vat chat, vd'n ngudi) de di vao cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda.
Dudi che' dp tu ban chii nghia, ngudi ta cdn bid't dd'n dan chii da nguydn ra ddi nham dap img sir dd'i lap vdi dan chii cd dien, coi nd la hinh thiic hoan hao ciia nen dan chii. Theo quan nidm dd, quydn luc dupc coi nhu qua bdng phai dupc luan phidn tir tay dang phai nay sang lay dang phai khac, nd'u nhu dang phai dd dupc ldng dan, thdng cu trong the gidf hidn dai. Hpc gia Michael Walzen de xudng chii nghia da nguydn dan chii vdi hai ndi dung: sir phan phd'i trong linh vuc xa hdi va su cdng bang trong linh virc cdng ly; da nguydn ve ban sac xa hdi va ban sac van hda tdc ngudi, ban sac tdn giao. Cdn chu nghia da nguydn trong chinh Iri d My la tinh trang phan manh, phan tan. Khdng cd ca che trung uang, khdng cd giai ca'p thdng tri, chi cd cdng dan tu do dupc td churc thanh nhdm d^
thuc hidn quyen dan chu. Ngudi ta gpi dd la chii nghia da nguyen khep kin.
Cd che dan chii b mdi thdi dai, a mdi da't nudc cung cd nhOng quan nidm khac nhau.
Montesquieu (1689-1755), nha van, nha trie't hpc cua phong trao anh sang Phap trong tac ph^m Tinh thdn ludt phdp (1748) da tim ra nhiing quy luat khach quan ve dan ehu trong mpi linh vuc xa hdi. Ong ndu thuyd't phan
quy6n lap hidn, hanh chinh, tu phap theo ki^u Anh cd anh hudng tdi tu tudng dan chii tir do 'IX XVIII va Cach mang lu siin Phap (TK XIX): Voilairc (1694-1778) coi tir do, dan chu la trung iam ciia moi hanh vi chfnh tri. J.J.
Rousseau (1712-1778), nha van, nha tri^t hoc ciia the' ky anh sang (XVIII). Trong tac phin Khi udc xd hpi (1762) dng Irinh bay hoc thuyd't vi nha nurdc dirac xay dirng trdn co sof tit giiic, hidp thuang giira moi ngudi, thira nhan dan cd quydn ndm chinh quydn. Dan quy^n dUdc chinh Iri gia ngudi Italia Morca (1858-
1941) gpi la quydn dupfc bao vd ciia phap ly.
Quydn ndy la mdt dinh ch^ dang chii y va sii binh quan phurc tap rat la cdn thi^t, n^u chinh quydn han chd' hoac thi^u tdn trong quydn luc ciia dan (1).
2. V thurc clan chu trong vdn hoa truyen tho'ng
Ddn chu trong lich su
Mdt nhan dinh tdng quat trong qua trinh dung nudc va giii nudc ciia dan tdc ta trong miy nghin nam la: t6n tai hay khdng tdn tai roi mdi ndi dd'n tdn tai nhu thd'nao. Tiirc la dpc lap - chii quydn cd trudc rdi mdi tinh dd'n dan chu, dan quydn. Trong lich sir nudc la. doc lai cac thien hiing van dai but ciia cac anh hung dan tdc nhu Ld Lpi, Nguydn Trai, Tran Hung Dao, Quang Trung, tuy cac tac gia khdng dung thuat ngir dan chii, dan quydn, nhan quydn nhimg nhidu khai nidm thay thd'ham chiia vai trd quyd't dinh, ddng lire to ldn ciia ngudi dan, ciia con ngucri nudc Nam vdi chinh sach an dan, chii tntcmg giii chat Idng ngudi, vua khdng cd dan thi ai giii nudc, khoan thu sure dan, cdu hidn tai trong dan...
Dudi thdi Ly Trdn (tdng cdng khoang 400 nam tir 1070 1400), mac ddu chd'dd phong kid'n, vdi nha nudc quan chii trung Udng tap quydn, nhung nhiing vj vua tid'n bd vdn y thiJc dudc vai trd ciia dan chii. Trong moi vide qudc gia dai sir, tridu dinh chu truang ciing c5 khd'i doan kd't dan tdc, lanh dao nhan dan chdng xam luac. Dudi thdi Ly cd ca chd'tham vdn cho vua Ik Tam thai (Thai su. Thai phd. Thai bao) nham giup vua vi mat tri thiic tri tue, viia can gian vua
VA!vLe^^_SLLKl£N
khi cd nhimg chii trudng chua dudc Idng dan.
Chd' dp Thai thudng hoang thdi Trdn trdng coi chfnh su khi hoang tir da Iam vua, vira ngan chan tinh trang cac dai thdn chuydn quydn eudp ngdi vua cdn ft tudi. Trong Dgi Viet su ky todn thu, Ngd SI Lidn nhan xet: "...Vide kidn tung nhidu phien nhidu, quan giii vide hinh, cau nd luat van, cd't Iam khdc nghidt tham chi bi oan udng. Vua la'y Iam thuang xdt, sai sira dinh luat Idnh... Sach Iam xong chid'u ban ra cho thi hanh. Dan ddu Idy Iam tidn". Thdng Ipri to Idn ba Idn chd'ng quan Mdng Nguydn b TK XIII chiing td chan Iy sang ngdi vd y thiic dan chu:
mdt nudc nhd, dan khdng ddng, nhung vua quan mdt Idng, nhan dan doan kd't, quan tudng muu luac, trf dung song toan diing Idn chd'ng ngoai xam thi cd thd' danh bai ke thd manh, hung han. CJ hai tridu dai Ly Trdn ddu cd Id dat chudng ngay trudc cung didn dd dan cd oan khidn dd'n thinh chudng, vua true tid'p ra phan xir. Tdm guong sang ngdi y thi^c dan chii d ddi Trdn la hidn tupmg Hdi nghi Didn Hdng trong thdi khdc td qud'c nguy bid'n trudc hoa xam lang ciia quan Nguydn. Vua Trdn Nhan Tdng da hdi quan thdn, bd lao, dan tram hp dd' Idy su ddng tam hidp luc danh quan xam luac. Khi bdnh tinh trdm trong, Trdn Hung Dao khuyen vua Trdn: Hay "khoan siic dan dd' Iam k^ sau gd'c, ben rd, dd la thuang sach dd' giS nudc". Cdn su Phu van khdng ngdn ngai tau vdi Trdn Thai Tdng: "Pham da Iam vua trong thidn ha, phai Idy y mud'n ciia thien ha Iam tdm Idng cua minh" Ke thira nhung gia tri dan chii cao dep cua cac trieu dai trudc, cac tridu Trdn, Ld, Nguydn ddu dat nhiing cd ch^ giam sat quydn luc ciia vua, dai thdn khi hp Iam trai vdi luat Id.
Ngu sir dai, Dd sat vidn ddu cd cac quan ngu sur dd giam djnh vide hanh phap, han ch^ nhung vide vua, quan Iam quydn. Dudi thdi Nguydn mac du la nha nudc quan chu chuydn ch^ nhung each td chiic cd nhidu chd mang tinh dan chu.
Vua la thdn khf, la vat thieng trdi cho, nhimg phai duprc dan thuan. Cac dai thdn phai tinh thdng kinh thu, phai duac ken chon nghidm cdn. Cac khoa thi cung khdng phan bidt giau ngheo, sang hen, ai cd hpc, cd dd thi duprc thi.
duac tuydn dung. Ngoai ra, quydn tu trj ciia dan lang la mdt ddu son dan chii. Tridu dinh bd nhidm quan lai tir trdn xud'ng phii, huydn. Cdn tir tdng, lang trd xud'ng cd hdi ddng ky djch do dan cir dd coi vide suu thud', dd didu, trj an.
Lang la gd'c. Phep vua thua Id Idng cd tir dd. Ddi Minh Mang, tridu dinh ban hdnh chfnh sdch tidn dudng lidm (phu cdp cho quan lai dd phdng chd'ng tham nhung), rdt dudc Idng dan.
Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh bdn vi vai trd cua ddn chu mdi
Dan chii mdi Id ndn dan chii dudc xac lap dudi chd' dd cdng hda dan chii va cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Vidt Nam da duprc Hd Chii tjch ban d nhidu nai, trong nhidu djp, d cdc thdi ky khdc nhau, nhung tuu trung va chii y^u la: nudc Idy dan lam gd'c, Idy con ngudi Iam trung tam, coi quydn luc (ciia nhd nudc hay ciia nhan dan) la phUdng tien, lai ich ciia dan mdi la muc dich.
Dudi che dd ta, ndi dan chu Id ndi den md'i quan hd bidn chimg tu tudng dan chii ciia dan vdi nha nudc phdp quydn. Tidjp thu gia trj cua nha nudc phap quydn dan chu tu san va phdp Iy tu san, Chii tjch Hd Chf Minh van dung sang tao tu tudng phap quydn mdi ma ndi dung cd't ldi la xay dung nha nudc cQa dan, do dan, vi dan va tim ra ca ch^ dam bao vide thuc thi luat phap dap img ydu cdu, nguydn vpng ciia dan, mdt nha nudc thuc su ciia dan nha nudc phap quydn vdi nhiing bd luat tid'n bd nhdt dudi thdi phong kid'n thjnh trj cung chi Id mdt tidu chf gdn lidn vdi dao dire. Ngay ca tu tudng dan chii tu san la mdt bude tid^n mdi ciia giai cdp cdm quydn, thi vj tri ciia ngudi dan vdn thudc giai cdp bj trj. Hid'n phap va luat phap tu san vdn ham chiia nhiing didu mau thudn: giiia Idi ndi va vide lam, gifta giai cdp thuang luu va giai cdp lao ddng, giiia quydn Ipri va nghia vu, giiia giau va ngheo.
Tu tuomg nudc Idy dan lam gdc, chfnh sach than dan ciia Hd Chi Minh tuydn ngdn manh me: "trong bdu trdi khdng cd gi quy bdng nhan dan" duprc coi nhu mdt chan Iy. Trong Dudng cdch menh, Ngudi da sdm y thiic ndi dung phap ly ciia dan chii: "... Hd chfnh phii nao ma cd hai cho dan chiing, thi dan chung phai dap
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IMEKJIAHJZAf^HOA NGHe THUAT
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh doc tuyen ngon doc Idp
dd chinh phu ay di va gay nen chinh phu khiic".
Tu nhien, chiing ta lien tudng ngay de'n cau ndi ddy hao khi ciia Nguydn Trai: "Ngudi ddy thuyen cung la dan ma ngirdi lat thuyen cung la dan"
Ndi dd'n tu tudng dan chii ciia Hd Chi Minh la ndi de'n md'i quan he giCra diic hda va phap tri.
Day la hai thuat ngii dupc Ngudi hieu \'a kie'n giai trong tirng hoan canh lich sir cu the. Bdi diic hda va phap trj la nhirng pham tru lich sir, chung thay ddi vdi qua trinh phiit trien xil hdi cu the. Ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh, nd'u dao dire mdi la ta'm guang soi ciia nhu'ng pham chdt: can, kiem, lidm chfnh, chi cdng, vd tu ciia ngudi cam quyen vl lpi fch cho nudc, cho Dan, thi phap luat dudi chd' dp phai dupc cau true theo
phuang cham: Lam sao cho dan bidt hudng va bid't quydn dan chii. Trong cjuan he bien chudng giira hai pham nil nay cung didn ra nhu qui luat tdt ycu va lu do. Mud'n dupfc tu do chan chinh ciin ldn trpng nhu'ng qui luat tat yai trong thien nhicn, trong xa hdi va I long lirng con ngudi. Ngupc lai khi nliCfng qui luat dupc thuc hidn theo nhirng luat lc phap chd, qui chudn ciia xa hpi ihi con ngudi tudo.
Ddn clui Irong nen kinh liiri thifc Dac diem ca ban ciia ndn kinh te l;i xay dung kci ciiu ha tdng thdng tin
\ a thuc hicn tin hpc hda, phat tridn va JHon diii hda IKMI giiio due, cai each c(r cau kinh tc cd y nghia quye't djnh, lang cudng nang luc thdng tin vii tri I hire cho ncMi kinh te, tim tdi hdi nhap CO hicu qua, binh ddng. Kinh te tri ihirc thudng dupc diing ddng nghia
\()i kinh te thdng tin. Mud'n vay, irudc lien ddi hdi vai trd ddng luc ciia elan chil trong gidi tri thiirc sang tao.
Dac didm ciia gidi tri thiic la kha nang tranh luan phan bidn, tun toi chan ly. khdng bdng long vdi chan ly san cd. Ngiin ngiir Phap cd cau: tranh luan tda ra anh sang. O da\ ddi hoi gidi cam quyen can cd su biio dung, cdi md, triinh ldi ap dat chii quan, liic nao cung cir nghi minh dung. Dan chii khdng chi la quydn luc chinh trj, ma cdn la ddng lire giai phdng sire sang tao, kfch thfch tu du_\ ddi mdi ciia tirng ca nhan \1 lpi fch cdng ddng. Trong thdi diii kinh te thdng tin, mpi kid'n thii'c deu dupc dan chii hda. Dd la ndn tang de gidi khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hpc xa hdi, khoa hpc.cdng nghd sang tao ra san phdm vat chdt va san pham van hda vl lpi fch da sd dan chiing. Ngay nay, ngudi la bdt ddu ndi nhidu dd'n cdc phudng tien truydn thdng va qua trinh dan chii hda: truydn thdng (mass media) dang gdp phdn tao ndn mdt xa hdi dan chii hda, bdo chf nhieu han, cdng dan dupc thdng tin cap nhat han, sur lua chon ciia ngudi dpc, ngudi xem da dang han. Muc
V A M D E
- SUKIEN
dfeh ciia truyen thdng la nhdm miing lai nhieu lpi fch han cho ngudi sd huu, tao viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng, quydn giai trf cho mpi ngudi dan. Ngoai ra, cung cdn ndi dd'n van hda mang - sang tac van hpc nghd thuat qua miing, giao luu true tuydn, giai trf true tuyen, biio tang mang thu didn tir, nhat ky tren mang (blog) gdp phdn nang cao dan trf, y thirc cdng dan, tfch luy kid'n thirc. Tuy nhidn mat tidu cue ciia \an hda mang nhu nhirng trang web den, nhung blogger tu do, nhimg Idi le dan chii cue doan muu toan thuc hien y dd chfnh tri den tdi, gay rdi loan, lat dd che dp dang dn dinh ciia chiing ta, cdn dupc nghidm trj.
Nhan ndi dd'n dan chii, nhan quyen trong bdi canh toan cdu hda, chiing tdi mud'n ndi ddi didu
\e am muu didn bid'n hda binh thdng qua birc man sac sd liia bjp dan chii ciia su xam lang bdng van hda. Ljeh sir Viet Nam tir xua tdi nay da rut ra bai hpc: chii quydn cao han nhan quydn. Nude cd ddc lap, dan mdi dupc tu do, hanh phuc va mpi quydn lpi mdi ciia dan. Dan tdc bj dp biic thi van hda, van nghd lam sao cd duac tu do.
Tii gdc nhin van hda, chiing tdi nhin nhan dan chil, nhan quydn trdn nhirng ca sd ly luan nhu sau: d nudc ta khdng cd chuyen nhan quydn, dan chu cao hom ehu quydn qud'c gia nhu mdt sd ke xdu thudng rao giang. Truydn thd'ng cdng ddng nha, lang, nudc la mdt cau true ben vCrng cd quan he hiru ca vdi nhau.
Nudc mdt thi nha tan, dan khd; nudc thjnh thi nha ydn, dan cudng. Truydn thd'ng dung nudc va gitr nudc cua cha dng cho chiing ta bai hpc ve quydn dan chii, quydn con ngudi. Nudc trof thanh vong qud'c nd thi dan bj trj, ngheo ddi, that hpc, ten nudc bj bid'n mdt trdn ban dd thd' gidi, ndi gi dd'n quydn sd'ng ciia con ngudi.
Dan chii la ddng luc ciia sang tao van hda vd tid'p nhan tinh hoa van hda cdc nudc trdn ca sd thuc tidn va thdm my dan tdc. Trdn Id trinh hdi nhap va giao luu van hda manh me, da didn, da phuang vdi cae nudc Idn, nhd, chung ta cd ca hdi de hidu ngudi va hieu minh. Hd Chii tjch da dan: Chung ta khdng chap nhan vay ma khdng tra. Trdn thuc td' vide tid'p nhan van hda da cd
mdt sd thanh tuu, nhdt la qua 25 nam ddi mdi.
Nhung viec quang ba van hda, van nghe Viet Nam de'n vdi biin dpc, ban xem d cac nudc cdn ngdn ngang nhieu vice phai lam. De dan chii hda tri thirc nhan va cho, didu tien quyd't va cd ban la khudc tir nhung hidn tupng van hda phan ddng, ddi truy, khdng phii hpp vdi thj hidu, tam ly, tap quan ciia dan ldc.
Tir nhieu thiip ky nay, trong quii trinh dan chil hda trong van hda xa hdi chiing ta gap hai thach thii'c to ldn. C) trong nudc, la nhirng hien lupng dan chii cue doan, tu do ban nang, lpi dung sir tu do tdn giao, tfn ngudng, sir binh ddng giira cac dan ldc, mdt bd phan ngudi nhan danh dii thir, chii truang muu dd chfnh trj vdi muc dfeh tham ddc la xda bd su lanh dao ciia Dang, xda ten nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam. O ben ngoai, la sir hinh thanh nhiirng cai gpi la "Td chirc theo ddi nhan quydn", "Dao luat nhan quyen Viet Nam" cac dai tu do, quy tir thien, lap ra iiy ban nay, khac de bao trp, giuang cao nhirng tuydn ngdn, tuyen cao ve nhan quyen, dan chii chi nhdm mdt muc dfeh chfnh tri lau dai va xau xa la chd'ng Dang cdng san, chd'ng chd' dd xa hdi chii nghia, thuc hidn am muu didn bid'n hda binh bdng nhimg ban tay bpe nhung cua chii nghia dd' qud'c van hda.
Nhu'ng td chii'c ndi trdn cung khdng ngimg bao trp cho nhimg trf thiirc van hda cd ten va khdng tdn, midn la hp san chat men bdt man, sfnh tdn ludi, chudng la, rpfn nggp va phii phuc trudc canh hao nhoang ciia xa hdi tidu diing, diing hp Iam nhung tdn tay sai, ke Iam thud cho nhimg muu dd chfnh trj den td'i. Diing chieu bai dan chil, nhan quyen de xam thuc van hda dd'i vdi cac nudc cua ehu nghia dd' qud'c la con bdi cu rich dupc tan trang, thudng di kem hoac di trudc su xam lang bang vu lire. Nhan dan hay tinh tao va canh giac u
Hoang Cdu, thang 7-2011 H.S.V
1. Nhieu Uic gia, Vdn minh phuang Tdy, Nxb Van hoa, 1988. U.-SOQ.
2. Nhidu tac gia, Lich sit Viet Nam gidn yeu, Nxb Chfnh iri Quo'c gia. 2000, lr.l30.
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