M^\ D$C DICM CHINH CUD CHU NGHln KHU VlTC
Tijr snu CHIC'N TRANH LHNH
Bui Hai Dang*
Huynh Tam Sang**
Ldi Toa so?n: Nghien ciiu nay dupe tai trp bdi Dai hoc Qudc gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (DHQG-HCM) trong khudn kho dl tai ma sd C2018-18b-02.
Tom tat: Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich nhimg dgc diem cua chu nghia khu v{cc trong bdi cdnh chinh tri the gi&i, ddc biet la & chdu Au, co nhieu chuyen biin sau khi Chiin tranh Lgnh kit thUc v&i cdc dpng luc ve an ninh vd kinh te tgo ra trong qud trinh thiic day hpp tdc vd hpi nhdp. Trong do, nhdn td kinh te dupe xem Id tdc nhdn quy dinh su ra d&l vd phdt triin cua chu nghia khu vuc m&i. Nhimg bu&c chuyen bien ciia chdu Au, nai chii nghia khu vuc v&i nhieu dn tuang ro net nhdt, dupe trinh bdy de minh hpa cho suphdt trien cua chu nghia khu vuc trong giai dogn Uch sic dgc biit ndy.
Tu" khda: Chii nghia khu vuc, chdu Au, hpi nhgp, Chien tranh Lgnh, todn cdu hda Abstract: The paper focuses on analyzing some main features of regionalism in the context of changing international politics, especially In Europe after the Cold War, when security and economic impetus were promoting cooperation and integration. In this process, economic impetus was considered as the determining factor for forming the new regionalism.
Changes and impressive regionalism in Europe are illustrated for the development of regionalism in such a very special historic period.
Keywords: Regionalism, Europe, intergration, the Cold War, globalization
Theo sau sy suy gidm vai trd, bao gdm khu vuc da "hdi sinh" va chuyin minh ro r?t nhiing tranh cai ve ed khia eanh ly thuyet vd vao nhiing nam 1980, tiep dd khdng djnh thue tiln trong nhiing nam 1970, chii nghia dupe vai trd trong nhiing ndm 1990. Chii nghia khu vuc ngdy nay dang noi len nhu
" TS, Dai hpc KHXH&NV - Dai hpc Qu6c mdt lye luong raanh me frong tiln trinh toan gia TP. Ho Chi Minh cdu hda. Neu taan cdu hda dupe hilu la lyc
** Dai h9c KHXH&NV - D?i h^c Qu6c ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ th^ i^„ ^^ ^^ -^
gia TP. Ho Chi Minh . . x. . . . . - . . , , , . .
* cua cac raoi quan he xa hpi, thi chu nghia Nhgn bai ngdy: 2/3/2019 ^^ ^^ ^^ ^y ^^^^ ^^. j , ^.^ ^^^^ ^^
Phdn bien xong 20/3/2019 , • ^ Chdp nhgn dang 5/4/2019 c™ to™ <=a" hoa. Theo nghia nay, chu nghia
64
NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223).2019 khu vuc Id "mdt chuang" eiia toan cau hdanhung ehii nghia khu vye cung cd the Id mdt phan img hoae thach thiic ddi vdi toan cdu hda'. Chil nghia khu vyc trong nhflng nam 1990 khdng dupe coi la mot phong trdo gan liin vdi chil quyen tuyet ddi len cac vimg lanh thd nhu trong thdp nien 30 ciia the ky XX. Thay vao dd, chu nghia khu vye trong bdi canh hau Chiin tranh Lgnh (1991) dai dien cho sy tap trung eua siic manh ehinh tri va kinh tl cgnh tranh nhau het siic gay gat trong nen kinh te toan cau, vdi nhieu ddng chay lien vimg (interregional) vd ndi vimg (intraregional)^.
Nghien eiiu ve sy phat trien ciia chu nghia khu vyc se la thieu sdt neu khdng ehii y den nhung chuyen bien quan trpng cua ddi sdng quan he qudc te. Tinh hinh the gidi sau Chien tranh Lanh cd nhieu dac diem dang chii y, vdi nhieu ndi dung ndi bat nhu su biln doi eua eo cdu dia ehinh tri the gidi, sy tang tnrdng cua eac nen kinh te gdn vdi sy phat trien ciia todn cdu hda, su xuat hien cua nhieu md hinh chu nghia khu vyc khdc nhau d Bac My va Nam My, d Ddng A vd Nam A... Thyc te ndy dat ra rapt nhu edu, do la can phai bo sung nhflng khiem khuylt ve ly luan eiia lan sdng chu nghTa khu vuc trong thdp nien 1950 nhu ehua thdy dupe tdm quan trpng ciia ban sde trong viec xdy dyng khu ' James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking the "New Regionalism" in the Context of Globalization", Global Governance, Vol. 2, 1996, p. 189.
^ James H. Mittelman, "Global Restructuring of Production and Migration", trong Sakamoto (ed.) (1984), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 276-298.
vyc va tdc ddng ciia nhflng thach thiic tir ben ngodi. Trong bdi cdnh thach thiic va ca hdi, mpt lan sdng mdi ve chu n^Ta khu vuc da xudt hien dl gidi quydt nhung thach thirc tir khia canh thyc tien vdi nhirng ddc diem mdi.
1. Nhvng dac diem cua chu nghia khu vutc mdi
Tir sau Chien tranh Lanh, nhdn td kinh te ddng vai trd ndi bat va chi phdi sy van dpng trong quan he giiia cac qudc gia. Xu hudng tiep can kinh te chinh tri quoc te da tao ngudn xung lye raanh me, cung cd them eho nhung quan diem xem trpng vai trd ciia kinh te trong viec thiic day sy phat trien cua chil nghTa khu vye. Tren ca sd quan sat thyc tien cac vimg kinh te ngdy edng nd rd tai nhieu khu vyc tren the gidi, mpt sd hpc gia da dinh nghTa chii nghTa khu vyc nhu rngt qua trinh chu chuyen kinh te dya tren sy van dpng cua cac ddng kinh te vdi xu hudng tang trudng nhanh gifl'a mpt nhdm qudc gia nao dd trong cimg mot khu vyc han Id giiia nuac nay vdi nude khac d cdc khu vuc khac nhau tren todn the gidi^.
Ben canh do, su phdt trien cua chu nghia tu do (liberalism) trong nghien cihi quan h?
qude tl ciing eung cap nhieu luan diem co tdra quan trpng ve ca khia canh ly luan va thyc tien cho viec hmh thanh va phdt trien mdt chil nghia khu vyc mdi. Theo lap luan ciia ehu nghia ty do, kinh te thj trudng duoc xem la mot trong nhOng luc day ehu yeu ' Leon Gordenker, "The 'New Nationalism' and Intemational Organizations", International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1969, pp. 31-45.
<Vdi ttae (Dem ehinh...
65
thiic day hop tac va hdi nhdp khu vuc.
Nhung nguoi iing hd chu nghTa ty do kinh te ciing coi phat trien kinh tl thi trudng (market ecomomy) nhu la phuang each quan trpng de thiic day hpp tac, dam bao an ninh va duy tri hda binh trong quan he qudc te. Kinh te thi trudng duac xay dyng tren ca sd tu do kinh tl vd phdn nao dd la ty do chinh trj nhdra: (i) mang lai lpi ieh kinh te vd thinh vupng; (ii) ddi hdi thiic day hop tac vol sy md rdng ra ben ngoai; va (iii) ddi hdi duy tri mdi tnrdng an ninh de phat trien^. Lpi ich phat trien khien cac nude cd nhu cau md rpng thi trudng ra ben ngoai bien gidi qudc gia va tang cudng hpp tac kinh te trong khu vye; tir do, kinh tl la yeu to ca ban dinh hinh nen chil nghia khu vyc. Nhiing ngudi theo quan dilm nay thudng coi cac thanh vien tham gia hi?p djnh uu ddi thuang mgi (Preferential Trade Arrangement - PTA) khu vyc la mdt nhdm cd tinh khu vyc .
Ben cgnh dd, thdi ky hgu Chiin tranh Lanh ciing chiing kien sy phat trien manh me cua toan cau hda kinh te va nhimg bien doi kinh tl chinh tri het siic sau sac. Tat ca nhflng nhdn to nay da thiic day qua trinh phat triin cua chii nghTa khu vyc. Nhflng ngudi ung hp quan dilm vl sy tac dpng manh me cua toan cau hda vd nhan td kinh te trong ddi
* Ho^ng Khdc Nam, "Chu nghTa t\i do trong quan h^
qu6c te: NhOng lu?n diem chinh \k sy d6ng gdp", T?p chf Khoa hpc D^i hpc Quoc gia Hk Npi, Khoa hpc Xa hOi \k NhSn ySn, Tap 29, So 1,2013, tr. 21.
* Hoing KhSc Nam, "Nh§n thiic v^ chii nghia khu v\rc". Tap chf Nghiin ciru Ljch su, So 5, 2009, tr. 48;
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, "TTie New Wave of Regionalism", International Organization, Vol.53 '""-" " " ^ ™ « o - ^ - "
sdng quan he qudc te cdn de xuat thugt ngii ehu nghTa khu vye mdi (new regionalism) de khang dinh tinh chdt phdt trien rd ret eua ehu nghia khu vyc so vdi giai doan tnrdc do. Cd le khdng qua ldi khi cho rang, ehu nghia ty do mdi da gdp vao ddng chdy ly ludn ve chii nghTa khu vyc khi nhan mgnh den sy da dgng vdi xu hudng "hudng ngogi"; nd md ra cho ede lye lupng thi trudng ben ngodi ddm nhan mpt vai trd ro net va quan trpng hon. Theo quan dilm cua nhung ngudi iing hd chu nghTa tu do mdi, cac nhdm se bao tnim cac khu vyc rpng ldn, tap hpp eon ciia cdc nhdm va cdc nen kinh te nhd han trong mot logt cac cdu hinh the che khac nhau, tir ede hipp udc "theo ludt dinh" (de jure), nhu Lien minh Chau Au (EU), den rapt dpi hinh ngong bay (flying geese) kha vimg chdc vdi nhieu hoat ddng hi?u qua tgi khu vue chau A - Thdi Binh Duong*.
Tir sau Chien tranh Lgnh, chu nghTa khu vyc mdi dgi dien eho ldn sdng hdi nhap khu vyc vdi sde thai day du han, dupe ddc trung bdi nhiing thay doi ldn lao ve chat, ve luang va nhflng thay doi chinh thiic trong hpi nhap khu vyc. Cach tiep cgn kinh tl (vdi viec de cao nhan to kinh te nhu la nen tang ca ban cho hpi nhdp) mang din mpt siic sdng mdi va hipn dgi cho chii nghia khu vyc khi phdn anh rdng hpi nhap khu vyc ddng gdp cho cac lyc lupng kinh te dl thiic day sy van hdnh ciia toan cdu hda vd gia tdng nang lyc cgnh tranh todn cdu. Dac bipt, dudi tac ddng cua
* James H. Mittelman, "Rethinking the "New Regionalism" in the Context of Globalization", Tldd, tr. 191.
66
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223).2019toan cau hda, chii nghia khu vyc mdi duac coi la mdt cdng cu eua quan he kinh te md vdi xu hudng ty do hda nham dam bdo vi the eanh tranh cho qudc gia vd khu vyc trong the gidi toan cdu hda .
Chimg ta cd the ke den nhirng yeu td kinh te ndi bat dupe tinh den trong chii nghia khu vyc mdi nhu: (i) sy thara gia ciia cdc nude phdt tridn (developed) cimg vdi cac nude dang phat trien (developing), Hiep dinh Thuang mgi tu do Bac My (NAFTA) la mpt vi du; (ii) cdc nude nhd thudng cai each dan phuong, nhu Mexico vdi NAFTA hay mdt sd nude Scandinavia ddi vdi EU; (iii) tu do hda thuang mai dien ra vdi tdc dp vira phai;
(iv) cae thda thuan khu vyc thudng hudng tdi sy hdi nhgp sau; (vi) pham vi ciia cac thda thudn khu vyc la theo khu vyc dja ly, tiic la thanh vien Id nhflng qudc gia lang gieng . Dil dien ra vdi miic dp, hinh thirc va pham vi cd khdc nhau nhung cd the nhan thay mdt ddng chay chung, do la kinh te hien dien va ddng vai trd ngay cang ro ret han trong cac lien ket thuong mai va dau tu gifl'a cdc qudc gia.
Sy xudt hien cua chii nghia khu vyc mdi sau khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic md ra mpt thdi ky hdi nhdp kinh te todn cau dien ra manh me va sdi ndi. Su phat trien ciia chu nghTa khu vyc cudi cimg da ddn din mdt cdu ' Pavel Hnat, "Political Economy of the New Regionalism: Global and European Perspective", SSRN, tai dia chi: https://ssm.com/abstract=2238763, truy cap ng^y 16/3/2019.
' Wilfred J. Ethier, "The New Regionalism", The Economic Journal, Vol. 108, No. 449, 1998, pp.
1149-1161.
tnic mdi, trong do ede td chiic khu vyc cdi rad hon ddi vdi thuong mai so vdi cac to chiic da hinh thanh trong ky nguyen eiia chii nghTa khu vyc cu. Vao giu:a nhiing nam 1980 va dau nhiing nam 1990, vdi sy ra ddi hoac cdi to cua cdc td chiic khu vuc, nhu Hiep hpi cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), Dien dan Hop tde Kinh te Chdu A-Thdi Binh Duong (APEC), Lien minh Chau Au (EU), Hiep dinh Thuang mai ty do Bdc My (NAFTA) vd Cpng ddng Phat trien mien Nam Chdu Phi (SADC), cac boat ddng kinh te va ehinh tri khu vuc tang len. Hoat dpng nay da thiic day su quan tam hpc thuat ddi vdi chil nghTa khu vuc, dan den lap luan rang nhung gi dang dien ra ciia mdt hinh thiic chu nghTa khu vyc mdi hoan toan khac biet so vdi loai chu nghTa khu vyc phd bien ngay sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai. Cdc hpc gia da xac dinh mpt sd npi dung ciia chu nghTa khu vyc mdi trong bdi canh trat tu the gidi chinh tri va kinh te dang ndi len.
Sau Chien tranh Lanh, the gidi khdng cdn dupe dac tnmg bdi sy canh tranh giua hai sieu cudng (ludng cyc) ma thay vao dd la sy tdn tai ciia mdt sd lupng ldn eac cudng qudc (da cue). Sy thay ddi trong can can quyen luc toan cdu cd the dd eung cap it nhat la sy khich le ve mat nhdn thirc, gdp vao su gia tdng sd luong ede td chiie khu vye va cac thdnh vien cua cac to ehiic nay. NIU nhu trong bdi canh Chien tranh Lanh, cac td chiic khu vyc dupe, hinh thanh va dinh hinh bdi lpi ich ciia cac sieu cudng thdng tri thi trong bdi canh mdi, ben eanh cac qudc gia, cdc dy an
^dl dae (Gem ehinh.,.
67
khu vuc ngay cdng dupe dinh hinh bdi lpi ich ciia cae chu the da dgng ban. Khdng gidng nhu chii nghTa khu vuc cfl, vdn dupe dinh hudng nhieu hon ve sy tuong tac gifl'a cae qudc gia, chii nghia khu vuc mdi lien quan den mpt logt cdc chu thi qudc gia va phi qudc gia, lien quan den mpt qua trinh chuyin d^i trat ty the gidi. Do dd, cd the ndi, todn cdu hda anh hudng din chii nghia khu vyc mdi, tir dd tham gia vao vi?c dinh hinh todn cau hda. Cac iuc lupng toan edu hda da cd tdc dpng den viec tdi cdu tnic cac khia cgnh xa hpi, chinh tri vd kinh te eua cac khu vyc, trong khi cdc qude gia va xa hdi da dieu chinh cac tac dpng nay bang each tiep tuc, thay doi hoac dao ngupc tac ddng cua toan cau hda thdng qua cac qua trinh cua chii nghia khu vyc^.
2. Nhimg birdc chuyin bien cua chau Au sau Chiin tranh L^nh
Trong thdp nien cudi cua the ky XX, sau khi Lien bang Xd viet syp do, hp thdng cac nude xa hpi chu nghTa tan ra da de lai nhiing khilm khuylt to ldn trong ea cau quyen lyc thi gidi. Cdc qudc gia xa hpi chii nghTa rai vdo tinh trang khiing hoang kinh te - xa hdi trdm trpng, he qua la khiing hodng niem tin cang trd nen ngng ne. My va cac qude gia phuang Tay gianh chien thing trong Chien tranh Lanh, mot "chien thdng khdng can chiin tranh" va "khdng can thudc siing". Mpt trong nhiing sy kien noi bat trong thdp nien
cudi cua the ky XX cd lien quan den miic dp lien ket vd hdi nhdp sau la sy ra ddi cua Lien minh chdu Au (EU) vao nam 1993 khi Hiep udc Maastricht (Maastricht Treaty) hay cdn gpi la Hiep udc Lien minh chdu Au (Treaty on European Union) bat dau cd hieu lye.
Hi^p udc nay dupe soan thao vao diing nam Lien Xd sup dd - ndm 1991, dupe ky vaa ndm 1992. Cac budc phdt trien ndy giup thiic day todn cdu hda, hdi nhdp qudc te. Vd trong bdi cdnh nay, "EU noi len nhu mdt trung tdm kinh te cd siic cgnh tranh rat cao, cd tdm dnh hudng tren toan cdu, la hinh mau de nhieu cpng ddng cdc qudc gia khdc d ede khu vyc khac nhau trdn thi gidi tham khao, thdp len niem hy vpng ve sy phat trien cua nhdn loai tren con dudng tien tdi mpt "the gidi phdng"
tren thyc te - khdng cdn bien gidi dia ly ngdn trd sy di lgi giira cac qudc gia"'". Chu nghTa khu vyc chdu Au mang mpt dang dap manh me han d khia eanh kinh te, hudng den mpt tinh chdt manh me, day du vd todn dipn han.
Cdc mdi de dpa ddi vdi an ninh trong thdi ky hdu Chien tranh Lanh chu yeu xuat phat tir dpng lye trong nude hoac khu vyc, cdc cudng qudc cdng nghi?p hang ddu tai chau Au mudn giao phd ganh nang bao ve an ninh khu vyc lan can cho cae the ehe khu vyc chiu trdch nhiem thye thi trpng trach ndy. Van de thir hai cfing khdng kem phdn
^ Stephen Buzdugan (2017), "New regionalism", Encyclopcedia Britanmca, tai dja chi:
https ://www .britannica.com/topic/new-regioHalism, truy cap nfAv 17/3/20! 9.
'" L6 The Mau, Nguyen Anh, "The gidi 25 nSm sau Chien tranh Lanh: M0t so n^t noi b§t", Tap chi CQng 5fln, 4/1/2017,
http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/The-gioi- van-de-su-kien/2017/42862/The-gioi-25-nam-sau- Chien-tranh-lanh-Mot-so-net-noi.aspx, truy cSp ngiy 17/3/2019.
68 NGHIEN COU CHAU &U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N''4(223).2019
quan trpng la cac qudc gia khu vuc ciing mong muon thiic ddy cac thda thuan hpp tac an ninh dya tren sy tran an lan nhau, thay vi rdn de va ben cgnh dd la nhdm thiic day hop tdc kinh tl vd chinh tri. Theo ddng chdy tu duy mdi ciia eae cudng qude chau Au, vai trd ciia cac the che khu vyc cd the giup giara thilu xung dot sac tdc va cdng ddng bang each cdt dirt cae lien ket Hch su giua chii quyen va quyen ty quyet thdng qua viec tao ra cdc ban sac khu vyc rpng ldn han, dieu nay se nhdn manh vao chii quyen nhd nude vdi tdm rdng rad hon. Cdc qudc gia yeu hon Cling ed mpt khudn khd rpng ldn ban de the hien minh, trong dd hp cd the dua ra y kien va hdi nhdp vao khu vyc rapt each binh dang han"
Tinh hinh the gidi ndi chung vd tinh hinh chinh tri d chdu Au ndi rieng cflng cd nhieu bien doi lien tuc, ddi hdi phai cd nhiing ddnh gia va nhan dinh ddy dii hon.
Nhung thay doi het siic sau sac dien ra tai chdu Au dupe nhin nhgn mdt edch rpng rai nhu diem bdo ve mdt ky nguyen hda binh mdi. Sy ket thiic ciia Chien tranh Lanh Id sy khdng dinh rang nguy ca chien tranh de ndng len chau Au trong sudt ban bdn thdp nidn da dupe thao gd, md ra mdt khung canh hda binh va thinh vupng ban cho khu vyc. Lien Xd nit het qudn khdi Ddng Au. Mdt edu tnic hai cyc vdn da trd thanh ddc tnmg cua chdu Au tir khi ket thiic Chiin tranh the gidi thii
Hai (1945) dupe thay bdng cdu tnic da cyc'l Nhung dilu kien nhin chung Id thudn lpi da tao ddng lyc cho cdc qudc gia ehau Au phat trien cac hinh thirc hpp tae chat che va hi?u qua hon.
Trong hodn canh mdi, chdu Au van dupe xem Id trung tdm kinh te quan trpng cua the gidi, nai hien dien cua cdc qudc gia cd nen kinh te phdt trien manh, giii vai trd la cac toa tau dan ddt nen kinh tl the gidi. Ky nguyen ddu tien ciia sy chuyen ddi "hgu Cpng san" da chia tach nhiing qude gia thupc nhdm Ddng Au cu lam hai nhdm: nhdm quoc gia "chien thang" va nhdm cac qudc gia
"chien bai". Nhung qudc gia "chien thang"
hpi nhap vao tb chiic khu vye Id EU, trong khi dd cae qudc gia "chien bai" nam lai d khu vye Ddng Au vd thyc te nay hinh thanh hai khdi niem Id "Ddng Au cu" va "Ddng Au mdi" . Tat ca nhiing gi san sinh d chau Au nhu cdc tu tudng, he gid tri, vdn hda cua Tay Au van la niem ty hdo vd van duy tri khuynh hudng phat trien vdi ddng ehay ve phuang Ddng. Qud trinh hien dai hda cua Tdy Au dien bien theo hudng ngdy cang toan dien da tao thanh mpt ddng lyc giup hodn thien nen kinh tl khu vyc va giup chdu Au tiep tuc xu hudng cua chu nghTa khu vyc. Qud trinh
"Tdy Au hda" ciing dien ra vdi tdc dp nhanh chdng, mang din triin vpng vl mot su phat triin mgnh me vdi siic bat nhanh chdng.
Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell (eds.) (1995), Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order, Oxford University Press, pp. 309-313.
'^ John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future;
Instability in Europe after the Cold War", International Security, Vol 15, No. 1, 1990, pp. 5-56.
'^ Bai Hhi Dang, "Bin v^ du6ng bien gi<5i phia D6ng cua EU tir g6c nhm van h6a chinh tri", Tgp chi Nghien cmt Chdu i » . So 12 (147), 2012, tr. 20-21.
^di due dient ehinh... 69
Sau rdt nhieu nd luc thiic ddy qua trinh hdi nhdp cua chdu Au ciing nhu de eao tdm quan trpng ciia chii nghTa khu vye trong viec tao nen tinh gdn ket cho chdu Au, cac qude gia khu vyc da ddn vupt qua nhflng khac biet ve kinh te va ehinh tri. EU budc sang mdt giai dogn phdt trien mdi, hdi nhgp theo chiiu sdu vi khdng cdn dan thuan la mpt dien dan t hoaeh dinh chinh sach chung hay mdt td chiic hpp tac lien chinh phu nhu trude day^"^
Ddng thdi, tien trinh hdi nhap chau Au thdnh cdng cflng phu thudc vao sy phdt trien va tdn tai eua mpt ban sac chung tai khu vyc. Cdc ( yiu td tdn giao, vdn minh va van hda cdu I thanh mpt nhgn thiic chung cho khu vyc
ciing nhu mdt "gid tri ehung" eho chau Au, Ban sac chdu Au d ddy chinh la nhirng tinh cam hudng vao nhau cua ngudi chau Au tao ra sy gdn ket, cd ket ben trong eho nhdm ngudi cung ehung myc dieh va van menh gdn vdi mdt ke hogch, dy an hdi nhgp cu thi . Sy phu thudc lan nhau ngay cang tang ve kinh te va xa hdi dang tao ra xung lyc cho tien trinh hpi nhdp va tac dpng trye tiep den sy phat trien cua chii nghTa khu vuc.
Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic mang lai 1 nhung thay doi ca ban trong cau tnic va chiic I nang ciia quan he qudc te, eung nhu mang L din ddng lyc cdn thiet cho cae thi che va ca
chi hpp tac tdt hon cho mpt trat ty thi gidi
mdi, trong do cac td chiic khu vye ddng vai trd la nen tang giiip thitc day chu nghia khu vye . Trong bdi cdnh dd, cac mdi quan he toan cau, bao gdm d cd khu vye chdu Au ciing chiu nhilu tdc ddng. Do do, viec dua ra mpt tdm nhin eho chu nghia khu vuc trong the ky mdi ddi hdi mpt cai nhin thdng qua mpt "chiec kinh vgn hoa" (kaleidoscope) chiia dyng vd sd cac thay doi dien ra lien tuc va dudng rihu khd ed the gidi ma dupe. Vi du, neu ban do cua chu nghTa khu vye dupe ve tir khia cgnh kinh te, qudn sy, van hda hogc tai nguyen thien nhien hoac tir su ket hpp ciia timg loai, ket qua se raang lgi ede san pham kha da dang''
Nhiing thay ddi da dien ra trong bdi canh qude te phu hop vdi sy phat trien eiia chu nghTa khu vuc vao cudi the ky XX. Chii nghTa khu vuc trong thdi ky hdu Chien tranh Lgnh dien ra cimg vdi sy phat trien chu dgo la su suy giam ba quyen (hegemony) ciia My. Vdi sy phuc hdi kinh te eiia Tay Au va vai trd gia tang cua Nhdt Ban, dnh hudng ciia My trong cac td chiic lien chinh phu tdm c5 suy giam. Vai trd trung tam ciia My trong he thdng tien te qude te da giam bdt; vd sy chiem uu the ciia cac cdng ty da qudc gia ciia M5' trong ddng vdn ddu tu trye tilp nude ngoai da gidm. Sy sup do cua hp thdng sieu cudng da lam gia tang sy tuang tdc giua cae
'* Bill HSi Dang, "EU vk \>hxi sac chau Au", Tgp chi Nghien cuu ChauAu, S6 4 (139), 2012, tr. 16.
'^ Neisser, H (2006), "Common Heritage: On the Cultural and Political Identity of the Europeans", trong Panos Varvaroussis (ed) (2006), Search for a European Identity, Athens: Papazisis Publishers, pp.
21-28.
'^ Edward Halizak, "Regionalism in Post-Cold War Intemational Relations", Q. hit'l Aff. 31,1996, p. 31.
" Michael James SavanaJr, "The New Regionalism:
Mapping Change in the Post Cold War Era", trong Karl P. Magyar (Ed) (2004), United Slates Post-Cold War Defence Interests, A Review of the First Decade, Palgrave Macmillan UK, p. 66.
70 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4(223J.201»
chu the khu \TK: ' Cac K" thmet ve chu n ^ a .-iu \"yc mdi da ldi cudn cac khu ^TJC u e n the gidi, i^oai chau Au, v ^ mpt tam nhin gan ket chat che hon. Nhieu to chuc khu
\"uc da phat trien theo kinh nghiem chdu Au
\ii qua dd^ cho thdy EU mac dii cd nhung han che nhat dinb nhung van dang ddng \"ai trd quan trpng tren trudng qudc te nhu mdi ngudi choi todn cau - ro rei la trong mdi quan he chii ddng vdi cac td chiic khu \"uc
Thay Idi ket
Tnrdc nam 1991, Chien tranh Tanh la cai d hinh thanh nen cac die che khu \arc. md tror^ dd cac lpi ich chu yeu phan anh goc nhin dia i ^ u u n g chu nghia. Cudi thap nien 80 \ a bdt d i u ^ ao thdp nien 90 ciia t h i k<- XX. Chien tianh Lanh chim d Jt tao dpng!_"
cho mdt trat t y quoc te mdi. \3. ky ngmen nay duac dac trung bdi chu ndiTa khu \"yc mdi khi cac quan diem ^ e chii nghTa khu xac cung CO sy dieu chinh de thich nghi vdi cai gpi la mot trat ty ;-vh_ \-uc mdi inc\>. world order) nhu Tdng ihdng George H. \\". Bush i a ce cap trong bdi canh Chien iranh ^"iing Vinh vao ngay 2^ I/1991: \\foi de dpa bd\- gia Id hon cd mot quoc gia nlid: Jo Id mpt v ruang l&n: mpt irdt tic the giai m&i. nen cac qudc gia da Jji^g Jircc ket hen? v&i nimu dc jjt dupe C'Vj.' vpng cku-':s cuj nhdn logi - hoa binli vd an ninlt tu do. v j phdp
quyen... . Muihiah A l a g a { ^ ciing x a n chii n ^ u a khu \Trc nhu mpt cong cy cho su hpp tdc, du chmh thuc hay | ^ chinh ifauc, giiia cac chinh ( ^ u \'a cac td chirc phi chiidi f i u (NGOs) \ i lgi ich chung n o n g nhieu Gidi wic . Tbsy \~i gidi han 6 dia hat an ninh, nhieu ITnh \-uc ddi hdi su hpp tac \ ^ kiiUi il cirng dupe cac quoc gia chii trpog nhdm d ^ ling \'di s y van ^ n g cua quan be qudc ^ trong bdi canh moL Tbeo co ma, cac U ^ ke:
kinh le khong chi dong \m trd ± u c ddy ma cdn la san phdm ndi bat cua chii n ^ m kin
\"uc mdi.
Trong the k\" XXI. mac du cac \"an de aa ninh tru\en thdng \"a plu t r m e n ihong xm ton tai \ a tren thyc te la dien bien kha ph-c tap nhung chii n ^ a khu \"uc khdng \ i S s ma tru nen m d n h a t Cac each hilu w cbu n ^ i i a khu \"uc. co the do da dupe mo tiai ^ UI irjoc do nen cung de tiep can hon. Cd y kien cho rang chii nghia khu \"',rc r.-org j j o c hieu la lien quan d i n \iec { ^ i b ^ chinh sach tbdng qua cic i h l ch^ cnirJi thuc Mac du khdng i^iai luc nao cac chinh sadi ciing duoc phdi hop qua cac the che chiah thiic rjiirr.g ihuong ihi, sv (Adi hpp X3>" ra siua C3.C nha r.iroc thupc rham \ i dia W Un
^* -Angefa U. ^5b.-:_. ••Re^.c-;:__-r in i-e Post-CoW W'lr Wiyr'.z . Med::Errzn:::^. 0:.^:erh: Voi. : 2 . No :.:i«ji.pr 122-::-
± e S:2:e oi the Unioc". The A":cr—jr. Presidencx t^e.:. j2r.'-i.-> 1'^. i'*^:, :^i dia ch:
before-joir.:-^£is: cvr-d»e-cc^r.greSi-±e->nre-±e-:r-.ii3n- 1, tni>-car r.£^=> c^ ". 2019.
* M-~.:3h Aizgspps. -Regi^^ra5tsm 2_-i cooffi.-:
r - s n a ^ e m e - " a f h r r e u o r x for 2 r i j > ? : r . RnKw cf buemoKionai StmBes, VoL 1\. Nc -:. :995. pp. 3 5 *
(Vdi (tde (Hint ehinh...
71
can ' Vdi sy phat tridn mdi nay, ban thdn khu vyc trd thanh "mot ddu trudng cho nhieu chu the ngodi chinh phii, vd thdng qua sy gdn ket ngay cang tang cua khu vyc ciing nhu thdng qua kha ndng ddng vai trd ngdy cdng tang cua minh, cudi ciing, khu vuc da trd thanh mdt chii the quan trpng tiem ndng giiip dinh hinh trat ty the gidi"^^.
Trong thdi ky hdu Chien tranh Lgnh, chil nghTa khu vyc da hdi sinh d nhieu cdp dp: nhu mpt khung phan tich ly thuyet ve quan he quoc td, nhu mdt sy md ta cdn thiet de qudn ty cdc vdn de an ninh qudc te va la trpng tam cua khat vpng hpp tac va hdi nhap d phuang dipn chinh tri va kinh te sieu qudc gia. Budc chuyen ddi nay dupe ldy cdm hiing tir nhung su phat trien nhu su thanh cdng ciia hpi nhdp chdu Au, todn cdu hda nen kinh td the gidi, sy chuyen trpng tdm tir chinh tri todn cau sang chinh tri khu vyc vdi su ket thuc ciia Chien tranh Lanh vd su thay ddi theo mpt xu hudng la cac chu the khu vyc cd trach nhiem hem ddi vdi cac van de lien quan den an ninh^^. Sy dan xen ciia cae xu hudng chinh tri va kinh te da thiic day mdt chii nghTa khu vyc mdi, nhu mot dpng lyc ve hdnh vi cho eae qudc gia cimg hop tac, hdi nhdp va phat trien.
^' Edward D. Mansfield and Etel Solingen (2010),
"Regionalism", Annual Review of Political Science, Tldd, p. 146.
" Bjom Hette, "Beyond die 'New Regionalism"', New Political Economy, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2005, p. 556.
" David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.) (1997), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 6-7.
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Morgan (eds.) (1997), Regional Orders:
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(eds.) (1995), Regionalism in World Politics:
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