BO QUY T A C B I E N M U C R B A
DANH D A U Sir THAY DOI
QUAN TRONG TRONG BIEN MUC
Ths. Nguyen Minh Hiep
GO. Thu' vien OH. Khoa hpc Ti/ nhien TP. HCM
V
ai trd thU vien khdng thay ddi, nhUng lam the nao dethUc hien vai trd dd thi dang thay doi (TS. Varaprasad - GO.Thu' vien Quoc gia Singapore phat bleu tai budi hpp mat cua Ban chap hanh CONSAL XIV vdi can bp thu" vien VILASAL tai Thu' vien OH Khoa hpc Tu nhien ngay 22/4/2008). Thay ddi khdng phai la didang, nhUng nd la chia kbda cho tUdng lai (Ba
muc RDA da chinh thi/c ra mat tai Hoi nghi thu'dng nien cua Hiep bpi Thu' vien Hoa Ki (ALA 2010) du'dc to chi/c tai thu dd Washington, DC, Hoa Ki.
RDA ra ddi chi'nh thi/c thay the cho Bo Quy tac bien muc Anh-My AACR2, danh dau mot SI/ thay dd'i quan trpng trong bien muc ndi rieng va thu' vien hpc ndi chung.
Chiec banh mo phong cuon tai lieu RDA
Anh: TG Leslie Burger - Chu tich Hiep hoi Thu vien Hoa Ki phat bieu tai cuoc hoi thao quoc te ve thong tin - thu' vien ciia FESAL tai TrUdng OH Khoa hpc Tu nhien ngay 28/8/2006).
Ngay 28 thang 6 nam 2010, B9 Quy tac bien
TS. Barbara Tillett va Ong John Attig (nhOtig ngUdi tham gia bien soan RDA)
Anh: TG
1. Khai quat ve RDA
RDA ra ddi la sU ke thi/a cua AACR2. RDA dUdc xem nhu" phien ban AACR3, nhu'ng vao thang 4/2005, Ban chi dao tu chinh AACR (JSC) da thay ddi y dinh ban dau va cd quyet dinh mdi
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rang mot tieu chuan mdi du'dc thiet ke cho mdi trUdng so la thich hdp hdn. Do dd, an ban mdi se bao gom nhi/ng chi dan va giai thich viec truy cap va md ta cho tat ca tai nguyen sd (digital) va lien bien (analog)i, mang den he qua la si/ dung cho tat ca cac bieu ghi trong mdi tru'dng sd (Internet, Web OPAC,,..).
Tif dd, ten mdi RDA - Resource Description and Access du'dc khai sinh phan anh si/ thay ddi vie hinh thi/c va pham vi sCr dung. RDA la mot tieu chuan mdi cho viec truy cap va md ta tai nguyen trong the gidi sd. RDA se cung cap:
- Mdt khung linh boat de md ta tat ca cac tai nguyen - lien bien va sd;
- Di/ lieu thich i/ng vdi nhi/ng cau true cd sd di/ lieu mdi me va hien dai;
- DiJ lieu tUdng thich vdi nhu'ng bieu ghi dang ton tai trong nhi/ng muc luc thi/ vien tri/c tuyen.
Oe giai thich them ve RDA thi chung ta cung nen biet rang AACR2 di/dc xuat ban dau tien vao nam 1978, da du'dc nhieu Ian cap nhat nhu'ng cd ban van di/a vao mdi tru'dng du'dc thong tri bdi muc luc phieu. Hoi nghi quoc te ve phat trien nguyen tac va tUdng lai cua AACR du'dc to chi/c d Toroto, Canada vao nam 1997 da xac dinh nhieu van de ton tai trong AACR2. The nhu'ng, nhi/ng Ian cap nhat sau hdi nghj nay van khdng giai quyet du'dc nhu'ng van de nay cho den khi cac nha thU vien hpc cd suy nghi lai rang cd ban la nhu'ng ma so phai dap i/ng day du nhu'ng thach thi/c va cd hdi trong the gidi sd ngay nay. Nhi/ng thay doi cd ban quan trpng dd khien Bp Quy tac bien muc mdi - RDA vdi y nghia la du'dc thiet ke cho the gidi so va mdt si/ md rpng toan cau cho nhi/ng ngu'di si/ dung sieu du" lieu. ROA la tieu chuan bien muc thong nhat - mot si/ cai tien cua nhi/ng nguyen tac bien muc ti/AACR2, vdi nhi/ng quy tac mang sang md hinh RDA. Nhi/ng ldi ich cua RDA bao gom:
- Mdt cau true di/a tren nhi/ng md hinh quan niem FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records - Nhu'ng yeu cau chi/c nang cho bieu ghi thU tich) va FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data - Nhi/ng yeu cau chi/c nang cho di/ lieu cd tham quyen) giup cho ngu'di si/ dung muc luc thu" vien de dang tim thay thong tin hp can hdn;
- Mdt khung linh boat cho viec md ta ndi dung cua tai nguyen sd dong thdi cung phuc vu nhu cau thu vien to chi/c tai nguyen truyen thong;
2. FRBR - Nhu'ng yeu cau chu'c nang cho bieu ghi thu'tjch
RDA da si/ dung FRBR do Nhdm nghien ci/u IFLA (Hiep hdi ThU vien the gidi) phat trien ti/
1992-1997. FRBR bao gom mdt md hinh quan niem cua nhi/ng thi/c the, thupc tinh, va quan he:
- ThUc the la mdt "ban chat" hay mdt "vat the vdi SI/ hien hi/u rieng biet";
- Thupc tinh la mdt dac tfnh hay cai gi dd md ta thi/c the;
- Quan he la si/ ket ndi gii/a nhi/ng thi/c the khac nhau.
2.1. Thuc the. Cd ba nhdm thUc the trong FRBR:
Nhdm 1: Nhdm thi/ nhat bao gom nhu'ng san pham tri tue hay nghe thuat ma di/dc neu ten hay md ta trong bieu ghi thU tich: tac pham, bieu hien, van ban, ban sach:
- Tac pham: mdt sang tac tri tue hay nghe thuat rieng biet. Tri/u tUdng;
- Bieu hien: nhan thi/c mdt tac pham bang hinh thi/c s6-chi/, am nhac hay ki am, am thanh, hinh anh, vat the, v.v.: Tri/u tu'dng;
- Van ban: hien than vat li ciia si/ bieu hien:
Cu the;
- Ban sach: mot vi du rieng cua van ban: Cu the.
Nhdm 2: Thi/c the chiu trach nhiem ndi dung tri tue hay nghe thuat: nhan vat va cd quan., [gidng hp la khdng bao gom trong md hinh FRBR, chi mdi du'dc them vao sau nay]:
- Nhan vat;
- Dong hp;
- Cd quan.
Nhdm J.-Thi/c the la nhu'ng gi phuc vu nhu" la chu de cua sang tac tri tue hay nghe thuat. Cd nghia rang thi/c the cd the ndi ve: quan niem, vat the, si/ kien, ndi chdn, them vao si/ phdi hdp ve nhu'ng thi/c the nhdm 1 va 2:
- Nhdm 1 va 2;
- Quan niem;
- Vat the;
- SI/ kien;
- Ndi chdn.
8
lxem bai viet "MARC hay Dublin Core? Viec chuyen doi MARC-Dublin Core va Dublin Core-MARC" tai:
http://www.gllb.hcmus.edu.vn/bantin/bt305/bail.pdf
2.2. Thudc tinh
Thupc tinh la dac tinh hay tinh chat cho phep dpc gia tim thay thi/c the hp can. Moi thi/c the cd the ket hdp mot tap hdp nhi/ng thupc tinh. Thupc tinh la yeu to md ta moi thi/c the.
- Thupc tinh ddi vdi tac pham bao gom: nhan de, the loai, nam xuat ban, ngi/ canh, phu'dng tien trinh bay,...
- Thupc tinh ddi vdi bieu hien bao gom: nhan de, hinh thi/c, ngdn ngi/, sU duyet lai,...;
- Thupc tinh ddi vdi van ban bao gom: nhan de, phat bieu ve trach nhiem, Ian xuat ban, nam xuat ban, tung thu', phu'dng tien vat li,...;
- Thupc tinh ddi vdi ban sach bao gom: nhan dang, nguon gdc,...
2.3. Quan he
Quan he la nhi/ng thuat ngu' du'dc tac gia va nha xuat ban dung de trinh bay hay chi dinh mdi quan he giCa nhi/ng thi/c the tri tue va nghe thuat. Chang han nhu' an ban, ban dich, phien ban, 'di/a vao',...
Trong md hinh FRBR, quan he mang y nghia chi dinh mdi quan he gii/a mdt thi/c the nay vdi mdt thi/c the khac, do dd mang y nghia ho trd dpc gia tim du'dc ca the gidi. Oieu nay du'dc trinh bay trong mdt thu' muc, muc luc, hay cd sd di/
lieu thu' tich. Quan he phan anh trong bieu ghi thu" tich cung cap them thdng tin ho trd dpc gia thi/c hien viec ket ndi gii/a thi/c the du'dc tim thay vdi nhu'ng thi/c the khac cd lien quan den thi/c the nay. (Nhdm nghien ci/u IFLA ve FRBR, 1998).
2.4. Cong viec ngUdi su" dung
FRBR va FRAD cung chi dinh cdng viec ngu'di si/ dung thi/c hien ddi vdi tai nguyen trong he thdng thu' tich nay. Nhd rang day la mdt nhan to khoa trong nhu'ng thuat ngi/ cua ma sd bien muc quoc te.
Nhi/ng cdng viec nay du'dc an dinh cho RDA nhu sau:
- find (tim)—vd., tim nhi/ng tai nguyen tu'dng ifng vdi tieu chi truy tim bat dau cua ngu'di si/
dung.
- identify (chi dinh)—vd., chi dinh rang tai OfluySn du'dc md ta tUdng i/ng vdi tai nguyen diAjc tim kiem, hay phan biet gii/a hai hay nhieu tdi nguyen hdn vdi nhu'ng dac tinh tu'dng ti/.
- select (chpn)—vd., chpn mdt tai nguyen la
tUdng thich vdi nhu cau cua ngu'di si/ dung.
- obtain (cd)—vd., tiep can hay truy cap vao tai nguyen dUdc md ta. (RDA phan 0.0).
Cd mot bd tap hdp nhi/ng cdng viec ngu'di si/
dung song song cho FRAD du'dc an dinh cho RDA nhu sau:
- find (tim)—vd., tim thdng bn tren thi/c the va tren tai nguyen ket hdp vdi thi/c the.
- identify (chi dinh)—vd., chi dinh rang thi/c the dUdc md ta tu'dng i/ng vdi tht/c the du'dc tim kiem, hay phan biet gii/a hai hay nhieu thi/c the hdn vdi nhi/ng ten tu'dng tt/.
- clarify (lam rd)—vd., lam rd mdi quan he gii/a hai hay nhieu thi/c the nhu' the, hay lam rd mdi quan he gii/a thi/c the du'dc md ta vdi mdt ten ma thi/c the dd du'dc biet.
- understand (hieu)—vd., hieu tai sao mdt ten hay nhan de cu the, hay hinh thi/c cua ten hay nhan de, da du'dc chpn nhU ten hay nhan de u'u tien ddi vdi thi/c the. (RDA phan 0.0).
3. Cau true RDA. Cau true cua RDA gom CO ba phan:
3.1. Phan i.'Thupc tinh FRBR/FRAD
- Ooan 1: Thupc tinh cua van ban va ban sach - Ooan 2: Thupc tinh cua tac pham va bieu hien
- Ooan 3: Thupc tinh cua nhan vat, ddng hp, va cd quan
- Ooan 4: Thupc tinh cua quan niem, vat the, SI/ kien, va ndi chdn
3.2. Phan 2: Quan he FRBR/FRAD - Ooan 5: Quan he tien khdi
- Ooan 6: Quan he ddi vdi nhan vat, ddng hp, - Ooan 7: Quan he chii de
- Ooan 8: Quan he gii/a tac pham, bieu hien, van ban, va ban sach
- Ooan 9: Quan he giC/a nhan vat, ddng hp, va cd quan vdi tai nguyen
- Ooan 10 : Quan he giu'a quan niem, vat the, SI/ kien, va ndi chdn
3.3. Phan phu luc: Nguyen tac chi dao va hUdng dan bo sung
4. Chuyen doi tif AACR2 sang RDA AACR2 da ton tai vdi chung ta hdn 30 nam qua. The nhu'ng hdm nay chung ta phai chuyen ddi qua mdt Bd Quy tac bien muc mdi - RDA vi nhi/ng li do sau:
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4.1. Nhi/ng quy tic hien nay da loi thdi Cd le diem rd rang nhat la AACR2 dUdc an hanh vao nam 1978 da di/a vao mdi tru'dng muc luc phieu. Hien nay chi mdt sd it thu" vien con si/
dung muc luc phieu cdn dai da sd da chuyen sang mdi trUdng dien ti/ vdi nhieu khac biet ve hinh thi/c va chi/c nang.
Mdi tru'dng so dang banh tru'dng mot each ram rd vdi viec gidi thieu si/ dung nhi/ng tinh nang u'u viet cua Worid-Wide-Web va chia se bieu ghi muc luc - mdt dac diem chu yeu cua cdng tac bien muc trong the ki XX - tiep tuc md rdng vdi viec gia tang si/ dung nhi/ng mang cdng cu thu' tich nhu WorldCat (Muc luc the gidi) chang ban.
Hien nay, bd tap hdp nhi/ng nguyen tac - FRBR va FRAD - se cung cap cd sd cho nhu'ng quy tac bien muc nhu' du'dc trinh bay d tren.
4.2. Chinh ban than tai nguyen la khac xa vdi qua khLf
Oa cd mdt sU phat trien nhanh chdng nhi/ng loai va hinh thi/c mdi cua tai nguyen sd. Nhi/ng hinh thi/c truyen thdng da giam sd lu'dng dang ke, trong khi nhi/ng hinh thi/c mdi thi ludn ludn du'dc bd sung. Mdt tai nguyen thu'dng la mdt ddng thdng tin, thay dd'i, chi/ khdng phai la mdt vat cu the va cd dinh,
Nhu'ng tac pham thu'dng du'dc xuat ban du'di nhieu van ban khac nhau (in an, html, pdf), va dieu nay trd thanh van de ddi vdi ca ngu'di si/
dung muc luc va bien muc vien khi bao dam rang tat ca van ban du'dc tim thay va ket ndi trong cung mdt luc tim kiem. Va thdng tin thi xa, xa hdn nhi/ng gi minh nghi trong dau.
4.3. Cdng nghe phat then nhanh chdng He thdng cdng nghe thdng tin ngay nay cd nang li/c to chi/c va quan li tai nguyen theo nhieu each khac nhau. Bien muc vien va nhu'ng quy tac bien muc da cd the quan li tdt hdn thdng tin chi/a trong nhi/ng gia dd vat If khac nhau (sach, an pham lien tuc, bang ghi hinh,...)
4.4. SU mong ddi cua ngUdi si/ dung Ode gia ciia chung ta cd nhu'ng mong ddi khac nhau tt/ nhi/ng gi mdt muc luc thu' vien cd the lam. Nhu'ng bd may tim kiem ti/ng ngay du'dc phat trien mdt each than thien va de dang trong viec tim kiem thdng tin khien cho muc luc thu' vien cung phai cd gang phat then tu'dng du'dng.
Ngu'di si/ dung cung muon giao dien tim kiem de dang kieu Google de truy hdi mpi thi/ vdi chi mdt Ian tim.
Cd nhi/ng tieu chuan sieu di/ lieu da dang dang cd gang dinh nghia nhi/ng hinh thi/c mdi khac nhau cua tai nguyen (MARC, Dublin Core, ISBD, EAD, MARCXML,...). St/ dung RDA se giai quyet du'dc nhieu van de khien cd the nang cao vi tri cua thu' vien trong mdi tru'dng thdng tin.
5. Ket luan
Bd Quy tac bien muc Anh-My da cd mdt Ijch si/
dai cho viec cap nhat va chinh st/a. Cd 23 chUdng quy tac va quy tac phu bao gom (kha chi tiet) viec St/ dung tieu de chu de, diem truy cap, va kiem soat tinh tham quyen. Tuy nhien, de duy tri viec SI/ dung trong mdi tru'dng sd hien hanh, Hiep hdi Thu' vien Hoa Ky da quyet dinh thiet lap mdt tieu chuan mdi gpi la Truy cap va Md ta tai nguyen.
RDA la du'dc ke tiep cua bien muc vien de di/a Unh vi/c thu' vien hpc hien dai vao the ki XXI. RDA khdng chi cung cap nguyen tac chi dao cho viec bien bien muc sach va tai nguyen lien tuc (contin- uing resources - tru'dc day gpi la an pham lien tuc - serials) va trang web, ma cdn cho phep chuyen vien thu vien tham nhap Web 2.0 bang each cho phep ngu'di si/ dung tao lap nhi/ng nhan tru'dng (tags) cho he thdng OPAC cua thU vien dja phu'dng, cd nghia rang chinh ngu'di si/ dung cd the tao tt/ khda rieng cho tai lieu ciia minh trong he thdng bien muc thU vien.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Celebrating the launch of RDA and RDA Tcdkit at ALAIO.- http://wvvw.flickr.com/photos/ala_mem- bers/4742269139/
2. QJsdkhoa hoc thdng tin va tbUvienj Nguyen Minh Hiep. - TR Ho Chf Minh : Giao due, 2008.
3. Phat then RDA dethay theAACR2l Nguyin Minh Hiep. - ThU vien-Cdng nghe thdng tin.- Thang 10-2007.
4. RDA: Resource Desaiption and Access I :i6mt Steering Committee for Development of RDA. - http -.llwrni. rda-jsc.org/rda. html
5. RDA: Resource Description and Access Instruction / Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA. - New York : Facet Publishing, 2010.