Nghien cuu
DANH GIA TAC DONG CUA MOT SO HIEN TtTONG T H d l TIET ClTC DOAN DEN MOI TRUdNG NUdC BIEN VEN
Bd TIIUOC KHU DU LICH THANH PHO HA LONG
Tran Bao Loc Trung tam Nghien cmi va ung dung cong nghe moi truong Tom tat
Tile Jtmg cua cac Men tuang thai tiit arc doan den moi truong nmk hien ven ba khu du lich thanh phS Ha Long da duac xac dinh dua tren moi tucmg quan gii'ea diin hiin cac tac dong cua hien tuang thai tie! cue doan trong khoang 10 nam tra Igi day va diin hiin chdt luang nuac hien ven ha cac khu du Itch qua thong s6 TSS chdt rdn la limg. Kit qua nghiin cuu cho thay cac hien tuang thai tiit cite doan nhu IB quel, mua lan Mo dai, IH lut. sat la dat da lam lang ham luang TSS trnng nuac hien ven ha tai cac khu vuc bai tam. nghi dim trin bien va Icing chdi khu du lich Ihanh pho Ha Lang.
Tir khoa: Hien tuong thoi tiet cue doan; N u a c bien ven bo; Khu du Hch.
Abstract
The impact assessment of extreme weather phenomena on the coastal water of tourism region in Ha Long city
The impacts of extreme weather phenomena on the coastal waters of tourism region in Ha Lang city has been determined based on the correlation between the effects of extreme weather phenomena in the last 10 years and coastal water quality in the toun.\t areas through TSS total suspended solids. The results show that extreme weather phenomena such as flash floods, heavy rain, floods and landslides have increased the TSS content in coastal waters at beaches, overnight on the beach area and fishing village of tourism region in Ha Long city.
KejTvords' F..\treme weather events; Coastal waters; Tourism region 1. flat van d i chi con 14,5% trong 110.000 hecta san ho Bien d6i khi hau (BDKH) dang la ™y ° ' ™ 8 tmh trang t6t. Rui ro khi hau mot trong nhung thach tMrc Ion nhft d6i "^ ^^ * o " g "l™" sinh va he sinh thai tu voi su phat triln bin vtmg ciia nhan loai i*i,™> ^^i nguyen nuoc. luong thuc, thuc trong thi ky 21. BDKH tac dong manh me P h ^ - I}?' ' ^ S - ^^ Hch - dich vu,,.. phu din ca ba yiu t6 bin vimg kinh ti. xa hoi *"9C rat nhieu vao su thay d6i cac hien va moi truong. Trong do. BDKH tac dong ^V^Z thai tiit cue doan [7].
gian tiep din cac hoat dong ciia nganh du Thanh ph6 Ha Long n6i tiing vol lich [5]. Du lich la nganh kinli t i nhay cam Vinh Ha Long da duoc UNESCO cong vai dieu kien moi truong tu nliien va la nhan la di san thien nhien t h i gioi. Vay mot trong nhimg nganh chiu tac dong ciia nen, du lich dugc xem nganh kinh t i mui BDKH. Ket qua nghien cuu nmn 2013 nhpn ciia dia phuong. Tuy nhien trong cua Vien khoa hoc Khi higng thuy van thoi gian g i n day a Ha Long thudng va Bien doi khi hau cho thay, ciing voi 5 xudt hien mot so hien tuong thoi tiit cue nhiem moi truong, BDKH tiip tuc pha doan nhu mua Ion, sat Id dSt, lu quel,,,.
huy 110.000 hecta san ho ctia Viet Nam. anh huong nghiem trong d i n dcri s6ng 22
Tap chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang -So 20- nam 2018
lygnien cua
nguofi dan. gay thiet hai Ion den su phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, trong do c6 tai nguyen va moi truong du lich. Bai bao trinh bay cac ket qua danh gia tac dong cua mot so hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan den moi truong nuoc bien ven bo thupc khu du lich thanh ph6 Ha Long.
2. Doi tiroTig, pham vi va phuong phap nghien cij-u
2.1. Doi tuang nghien ciru - Cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan:
mua keo dai, Xn lut, sat lo dat. bao - Chat lugng moi truong nuoc bien ven bo nganh du lich thong qua thong so dai dien TSS (chat ran lo lung). Ham lugng TSS cao khong nhung anh huong toi lam nhin xuyen suot cua khoi nuoc ma con anh huong toi su quang hgp cua thuc vat va su song cua cac loai sinh vat thuy sinh nhu san ho. rong, tao gay 6 nhiem moi truong nuoc va anh liuofng tieu cue den cac boat dong du lich bien.
2.2. Pham vi nghien cuu Thanli pho Ha Long nam 6 trung tam cua tinh Quang Ninli, co dien tich 271,95 k m \ voi chieu dai bo bien gan 50 km. Phia dong Ha Long giap thanh pho Cdni Pha, phia tay giap thi xa Quang Yen, phia bac giap huyen Hoaiih Bo, phia nam la vinh Ha Long. Thanh pho nam doc theo bo vinh Ha Long, each thii do Ha Npi 165 km ve phia Tay, each thanli ph6 Hai Phong 70 km v6 phia Tay Nam va each thanh pho ciia khau Mong Cai 184 km ve phia Dong Bac.
phia Nam thong ra Bien Dong. Ha Long CO vj tri chien luge ve dia chinh trj, dia kinh te, an ninh quoc phong cua khu vuc va quoc gia. Voi \ i tri dia ly trai dai sat bo bien nen Ha Long la noi phai ganh chiu nhung ton that nang ne do tac dong ciia hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan trong do CO moi truong du lich [3
Hinh 1: Ban do hanh chinh thanh pho Ha Long 2.3. Phuffngphap nghien cieu
Cac phuong phap su dung trong nghien cuu nay bao gom:
Phirang phap thu thap so lieu thu cap: Thu thap so lieu khi tugng
bao gom nhiet dp, lugng mua, dp am (2010 - 2015), so lieu quan trac moi truong nuoc bien ven bo (2006 ~ 2015), tai nguyen du lich thanh pho Ha Long.
cac nghien cuu, bao cao lien quan den nganh du lich thanh pho Ha Long.
- 23 Tap chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang - So 20 - nam 2018
Nghien cuu
- Phmmg phap dieu tra xd hoi hoc:
Phong v5n 75 nguoi lao dong trong nganh du lich (CO so kinh doanh luu tru va an u6ng) \h anh huong cua cac hien tugng thoi ti^t cue doan din hoat dong du lich.
Phuang phap quan trac moi truang- Mau nuoc bien ven bo dugc thu thap vao cac quy 1.11. Ill, IV/2016 va quy I, II, in/2017 va bao quan theo dung quy dinh. tieu chuan va quy chuan hien hanh:
TCVN 6663-1:2011. TCVN 5998:1995, TCVN 6663-3:2008. Thong s6 phan tich:
3. Ket qua va thao luan
3.1. Tac dong cua mpt so hien tirgiig th&i tiet ctfc doan den chat luang nu&c bien ven b& khu virc du lich Ha Long
TSS (chat ran !o lung) (mg/l). MIU nuoc bien ven bo se dugc gui phan tich tai phong thi nghiem ciia Trung tam Nghien cuu va ling dung cong nghe moi truong (Vimcerts 136-Vilas 871).
Tong hajj, phan tich tdi lieu.
Cac tai lieu lien quan den thoi tik, tai nguyen moi truong du lich, thong tin, so lieu thu thap tir thuc dia, dieu tra phong van dugc long hgp va phan tich de dua ra cac bien phap ling pho voi cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan.
liiTui'iiiCliJii . VN lP-Ml-2f»l5
Huih 2: Dien hiSn ham luffng TSS (mg/l) qua cac dot quan trdc ve mua kho tai mot
sd khu vuc bai tdm tir 2009 - 20J6
Hinh 3: Dien bien ham linmg TSS (mg/l) qua cac dfft quan trac ve mua mua tai mpt so khu virc hai tdm tir 2009 - 2010
(Bao cao hien Irang moi Inrang Iwh Quang Nmh 2006 - 2010)
Theo ket qua quan trie thuc hien (thang 8/2008) va tran mua lich su vao thang 9/2008 do anh huong cua con bao so 6 da keo theo chat ban be mat xu6ng cac khu vuc bien ven bo lam ham lugng TSS tang m ^ tir 2 mg/l - 24 mg/l tai dao Tuan Chau va tir 8 mg/l - 21 mg/l tai Bai tam Bai Chay. Dieu nay gay anh huong toi ch4t lugng nuoc bien phuc vu cho hoat dong du Ijch nhu tham quan danh lam thang canh tren Vinh Ha Long ciing nhu cac hoat dong vui choi giai tri tren biSn hay nghi dem tren bien.
hong hai dgt miia mua va miia kho tir nam 2006 d^n 2010 cua Trung tam quaji trac moi tnrcmg tmh Quang Ninh. so sanh voi QCVN 10-MT2015: Quy chuin ky thuat qu6c gia \e chk lugng nuoc bi^n (Viing bai tam. tha thao duoi nuoc) co gioi han TSS la 50 mg/l, ham lugng chdt ran lo liing trong nuoc khu vuc Vinh Ha Long trung binh dao dong tir 2 mg/l dSn 32 mg/l trong miia kho va tir 8 mg/l den 28 mg/l trong mua mua. Con bao s6 4
Tap chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang -So 20- ndm 2018
Huih 4: Dim bien ham liamg TSS trong nuxh: Hinh 5: Dien bien ham lirffng TSS(mg/l) bien ven h&khu vucHaLong tir20II-2015 trong nu&c bien ven b&khu vac Ha Long (Bao cao hi?n nvng moi trirdng linh Quang Ninh tlT quy 1/2016 - qu\' HI/2017 2011-2015)
Trong nam 2011. da xay ra cac con bao so 2 (thang 6/2011), con bao so 3 (thang 7/2011) va con bao so 5 Nesat (thang 9/2011) voi sue gio cap 9 - 1 0 giat cap 11, lugng mua pho bien tir 150 - 200 mm da lam cho ham luong TSS trung binh nam 2011 6 khu vuc Vinh Ha Long tang dang ke len toi 61 mg/l vugt QCVN 10-MT:2015 gAp 1.2 i k . Anh huong rat nhieu toi chat lugng nuoc khu vuc bien phuc vu du lich. Theo ket qua quan trfic tu' nam 2016 den 2017 ciia tac gia. ham lugng TSS a 2 khu vuc Ben tau Bai Chay va Bai tam Bai Chay co sy gia tang tir miia kho (quy I) sang miia mua (quy 111) nam 2016 va 2017, tir 40 - 48 mg/l ( B i n tau Bai Chay) va 37 - 48 mg/l (Bai tam Bai Chay). Ly giai dihu nay la do: vao miia mua, cac hien tugng thoi tiit cue doan nhu lu quet (xay ra tir ngay 13 - 14/8/2017 tai thanh ph6 Ha Long), lu lut (xay ra ngay 5/7/2016 tai khu vuc Bai Chay),... da gay ra xoi mon, sat lo dat da, keo theo cac chat ban b i mat va tran ra cac khu vuc bai tim lam tang ham lugng TSS trong nuoc biin. Dieu nay lam anh huong tieu cue d i n cac hoat dong tham quan cac danh
lam thang canh tren bien, cac dich vu vui choi giai tri tai cac bai tam cGng nhu tai cac khu vuc nghi dem tren bien.
3.2. Danh gia ciia ngii&i lao dong trong ngiinh ve anh hu&ng cua th&i tiit cue doan din hoat dong du lich
* Su' gia tang cac hien tirpug thoi tiet cue doan
Theo ket qua dieu tra cho thay 77%
so nguoi dugc phong van biet va nhan thay dugc su xuat hien ciia cac hien tupTig thoi tiet cue doan. Cu the, trong so do. CO toi 64% nguoi lao dong trong nganh du lich cho rang cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan anh huong rat tieu cue den nganh du lich va 2 3 % cho rang anh huong tieu cue o miic vua phai. Thong qua danh gia cua cac lip kinli doanh du lich Of Ha Long, nganh du lich rat de bi anh huong boi cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan.
Tren co so dieu tra cac ho kinh doanh du lich, da so nguoi dugc phong van deu cho rang, hoat dong bi anh huong nhieu nhat do la Hoat dong du lich sinh thai/ da ngoai (88%) nhu tam bien, cac hoat dong vui choi. giai tri - 25 Tap chi Khoa hpc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang - So 20 - ndm 2018
™» J>« Jo rat aii3D Nghien cuu
tren bien,.., k i din la viec di chuyen moi truong nuoc bien ven bo la rat quan giua cac diem du lich (85%) nhu tham ^j-gng. Tren co so do. tac gia da tien hanh quan cac danh lam thang canh dao, hang ^,.^ ^ ,^ ^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ . . ^ dong.... tren Vinli Ha Long. Cac hoat
dong du lich tren phu thupc nhiiu vao P^^P i>ng pho voi thoi tiet cue doan. Cu canh quan nuoc biin nen viec bao ve the nhu sau:
Hmh 6: Nhan thirc cua ngu&i lao dong Hinh 7: Danh gia cua ngu&i lao dong nganh du lich ve hien tuffng th&i tiet cue trong nganh du lich ve anh hu&ng cua
doan (%) hien tuang th&i tiet cue doan (%)
Tuyen iniycn quani.' b;i du lid)
Hoat dong lini Iru Hodl d(iiig van hoa • hch sir
Hoai dong di chtiyen giira cac diem du hch Hoat dong du hch sinh thai/da ngoai
1 1 1 1 I
1 , 1 I 1 i
^ 1 1 i i !
6U 60
7U
J i 1 1 1 i
8S 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Hinh H: Cac hoat dong du lich hi anh hu&ng h&i cac hien tup-ng tli&i tiit ciec doan (%)
Ca\ each, nanf; cap co so h^ lang phuc vu cac hoai d^rg du hch
Quy hoach cJc khu du hch. dac biet 1 j khu du hch sinh thai
Gia CO cac tuyen diicmg giao thong, giam ihiSu uguy CO sal |0
Canh hao du khach khi co thong im du bao ve c k SK ihcTi tici cue doan Co bi?n phap so tau, cim n o , ciru nan khi thien lai Dam bao du tru dSy dCi thuc pham. nuac sach khi co
ihieti tai
20 30 40 50 60 70
Hinh 9: Cac hoat dong irng pho v&i th&i tiit cue doan (%)
Co toi 67% cac ho kinh doanh du nguoi va ciia. Giup cho nguoi du lich hch dgu cho rang, can phai canh bao du c6 k i hoach t6t truoc khi di. Bien phap kliach khi CO thong tm v i xuAt hien thoi cai each, nang cdp co so ha t k g phuc tiet cue doan d i tranh cac thiet hai v i vu hoat dong du lich da dugc hon 57%
26
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang - So 20 - ndm 2018
cac ho kinh doanh du lich binh chpn voi ly do de tranli bi thoi tiet cue doan pha huy, hu hai gay mat my quan. Roi gia co cac tuyen duong giao thong, giam thieu nguy CO sat lo (54%) nham dam bao an toan trong qua trinh tham quan. du lich, an toan ve sinh moi truong sau mua lu.
sat lo,... va cac bien phap khac.
3.3. De xuat giai phap iingpho v&i hien tuang th&i tiet cue doan
Nhihig bien phap ung pho voi hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan dugc de xuat bao gom:
- Cong trinh giao thong: nghien cim bo sung cac cong trinh thoat lii, mo rpng khau dp thong thuy cho cac cau cong. kenh thoat nuoc thich nghi dugc voi hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan tai cac kliu vuc bai tam Bai Chay (phuong Bai Chay), quy hoach thoat nuoc tai kliu vuc sau cho Ha Long,...
- Tang cuong boat dong kiem tra.
khao sat cac khu vuc co nguy co ngap lut. sat lof dat da, khu vuc \en bien,... de phat hien som cac yeu to gay nguy hiem, canh bao cho nguoi dan tai cac khu vuc viing doi Ha Long, khu vuc phuong Cao Xanh. khu vuc gan nghTa trang Deo Sen, phuong Ha Khanh.
- Can CO sy phoi hgp giu'a nganh du lich va nganh tai nguyen va moi truong trong viec thuong xuyen, lien tuc va dinh ky kiem tra chat lugng nuoc tai cac khu du lich bai tam Bai Chay, dao Tuan Chau,... Ben canh do, khoi lien nganh cung phai giam sat tinh hinh ve sinh moi truong, rac thai de dam bao khong anh hudng den hoat dong du Ijch.
- Nganh du lich ket hgp voi Trung tam khi tugng thuy van ciia Tinh de nam bat dugc thong tin bao, lu lut,... de dua ra canh bao cho du khach cung nhu cho cac doanh nghiep liJ hanh va dua ra cac
bien phap phong chong voi hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan.
- Nganh du lich cung can phai cap nhat, thdng ke cac thiet hai. cac khu vuc CO dau hieu xuong cap de co ke hoach sua chfia. gia co.... tranh gay nguy hiem cho khach du lich den tham quan. vui choi. giai tri.
4. Ket luan va kien nghi Cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan da lam cho chat lugng nuoc bien ven bo tai khu vuc phuc vu du Ijch tro nen 6 nhilm. Ham lugng TSS trung binh nam tang nhieu sau khi xay ra cac hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan, tham chi vugt quy chuan cho phep QCVN 10- MT:2015 (vimg bai tam, the thao duoi nuoc) gap 1,2 lan nam 2011 va gan 1.1 lan nam 2010.
Qua trinh dieu tra. phong van 75 ho kinh doanh du lich cung cho thay hon 87% nguoi dugc phong van cho rang thoi tiet cue doan gay anh huong tieu cue den du lich. Cac hoat dong vui choi giai tri tren bien phu thupc nliieu vao canli quan. chat lupng nuoc bien ven bo khu vuc vinh Ha Long. Cu the nhu boat dong du lich sinh thai/ da ngoai nhu cac boat dong tham quan, tam bien, vui choi giai tri tren bien va hoat dong di chuyen tham quan cac thang canh tren vinh Ha Long hien dang hi anh huong rat nhieu boi thoi tiet cue doan.
Dua tren cac bien phap irng pho ciia cac hp kinh doanh chiu anh huong true tiep va tinh hinh thuc ic. cac giai phap ung pho voi hien tugng thoi tiet eye doan dugc dua ra. Bao gom: nang cap cong trinh cau cong, kenh thoat nuoc...;
lien nganli du lich va moi truong tang cuong kiem tra, khao sat cac khu vuc co dau hieu sat 16, 6 nhiem moi truong,...
tai cac khu vuc du lich; lien nganh du
- 27 Tap chi Khoa hpc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang - So 20 - ndm 2018
Nghien cuu
lich va khi tugng thuy van tang cuong cong tac canh bao. du bao cho du khach cung nhu cho doanh nghiep \\Jt hanh.
Nghien cuu nay dugc thuc hien trong pham vi nho. thai gian ngan nen chua thi danh gia dugc day du va sau sac \h mpi mat. ve tat ca cac hien tugng thoi tiit cue doan cung nhu nhitng anh huong din cac thong so chat lugng moi truong nuoc bien. Do \ a y . can tiep Uic triin khai nghien ciru 6 mirc do rgng va sau hon trong mpt klioang thoi gian dii de kit luan mang tinh quy luat, chinli xac va toan dien hon.
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO [1]. So Tai nguyen va Moi truong tinh Quang Ninh. Bao cao Iti^u trang moi tru&fig tong the tinh Quang Ninh giai doan 2006-2010.
[2] So Tai nguyen va Moi truong tinh Quang Ninh. Bao cao hien trgjig moi truang tong the tmh Quang Ninh giai doan 2011 - 2015.
[3]. So Tai nguyen va Moi truang tinh Quang Ninh. Bao cao Guy hoach moi truang vinh Ho Long den ndm 2020. tdm nhin den ndm 2030.
[4]. Vien nghien cuu phat trien du Hch (2009). Cac giai phap thich img vd img pho, gop phan giam nhe tdc dpng cua bien doi khi hgu doi v&i hoat dong du Ijch a Viet \-am
[5]. Vien Khoa hpc Khi tugng thuy van va Bien doi khi hau (2010). Bien doi khi hau vd tdc dong a Viei Nam.'NXB Khoa hgc va Ky thugt, Ha Npi.
[6]. Vien Khoa hpc Klii Tugng thuy van va Bien doi khi hau (2011). Tdi lieu huang ddu danh gia lac dong cua bien doi khi lidu vd xdc dinh cac giai phap thich ung.
NXB Tai nguyen moi truang va ban do Viet Nam. Ha Noi.
[7]. Bill Brath and his partners (2015). Climate Change and Resource Sustainability. An Overview for Actuaries, Climate Change and Sustainability Committee.
[8].Z.W. Kundzewicz(2003).£.T/reme precipitation and floods in the changing world.
[9]. IPCC (2001). Climate change.
Scientific basis. Cambridge University Press
BBT nhan bai: 08/5/2018. Phan bien xong: 17/5/2018
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Tap chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Moi truang -So 20- ndm 2018