Nghiin ciru
DANH GIA KHA NANG HAP THU CHI TRONG DAT CUA GIONG D^U TU'ONG DT96
Ducmg Dang Khoi Tnicmg Dai hpc Tai nguyen va Moi ti-ang Ha Noi Tom tii
O nhiem kim logi ngng noi chung vd chl trong ddt noi rieng Id vdn di moi trucmg nghiem trgng tgi ldn can cdc khu cong nghiep trin thi gicri cung nhu Vi$t Nam. Trong nhieu ky thugt logi bo chi khoi ddt duac dp difng. ky thugt xu ly ldm sgch ddt bdng thuc vgt co nhieu trien vong. Hien nay cdc nhd khoa hgc tap frung vdo xu hirdng su dung cdc lodi thiec vgt sieu hdp thu chl Tuy nhien, cdc lodi sieu hop thif chi thirong sinh truong chgm vd cho nang sudt sinh khoi thdp. Nhimg nghiin ciru ve cdc lodi thuc vgt sinh trudng nhanh. cho ndng sudt sinh khoi cao.
nhung hdp thu chi vira phdi con chira duac guan tdm nghien cuu nhiiu. Chinh vi vgy. nghien ciht ndy tap trung ddnh gia khd ndng hdp thu chi cua cdy ddu tuong (thii nghiam vol giong dgii tuang DT96). Phuong phdp thi nghiim trong chau dd duac tien hdnh tren ddt duac lay tic ddt nong nghiep ven suoi Cdc, phudng Cam Gid, thdnh pho Thdi Nguyen. Kit qud nghiin cuu cho biet cdy dau tuong DT96 co khd ndng hdp thu chi khd, co thi tra thdnh cdy tiem ndng cho xu ly 6 nhiem chi trong ddt a miic do vira phdi. Chiing toi kiin nghi cdc nghien cieu tiep theo cdn tien hdnh tren nhieu giong dau tuong khdc nita de dua ra nhiing kit lugn day du hem ve khd ndng hdp thu chi ciia dau tuang.
Tir kh6a: Giong dSu tucmg DT96; Xii ly 6 nhiem chi bang thuc vat.
Abstract
Assessement of lead uptake in soil by soybean variety DT96 Lead contaminated soil is one of serious environmental issues in the world and Vietnam. Several lead polluted soil remediation techniques can be used for removal of lead from soils. Phytoremediation is particularly useful for extracting Pb from soil. In recent years, hyperaccumulator plants have been investigated to remove lead as wel as heavy metals from soils. However, hyperaccumulators often grow slowly and produce a small quantity of biomass. Inversly, agricultural crops are fast-growing species, and able to produce a large quantity of biomass. However, a few research papers on uptake of lead and heavy metals of agricultural crops is mentioned in literature. Therefore, this research is to assess the uptake of lead by a soybean variety DT96. Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the uptake of lead by DT96 soybean variety. Soil collecting from the area along the Coc stream, Cam Gia ward. Thai Nguyen city was used in this experiment. The result showed that DT96 soybean variety was able to uptake lead from the lead contaminted soil.
DT96 soybean variety may be one of potential crops for phytoremediation of lead from soil around industrial zones or/and mining areas. Our research only focuses on DT96 soybean variety: therefore, it recommends that further experiments are needed to investigate a number of soybean varieties.
Keywords: Soybean variety DT96; Phytoremediation
, 3 Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi truang -Sd 19 - ndm 2018
Nghien cuu
1. Dat van de
Chi la nguyen t6 kim loai nang gay anh huong nghiem trong den sinh vat va con nguod. 6 nhilm chi la vSn de nghiSm trong tai nhilu vimg lan can khu c6ng nghiep tren thS gioi [6] cung nhu tai Viet Nam. Khu cong nghiep gang thep Thai Nguyen da va dang gay 6 nhilm kim loai nang (KLN) va chi tai cac viing lan cSn. Nuoc thai tir cac nh^ may gang thep chiia nhieu kim loai nang chu yeu dugc thai vao suoi Coc chay qua phuang Cam Gia, TP. Thai Nguyen la mot trong nhimg nguon quan trong gay 6 nhilm chi trong d4t nong nghiep. Ket qua quan trac cua So Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg tinh Thai Nguyen cho biet ham luong chi trong tt-im tich suoi C6c nam 2012 la 4328,0 mg/kg. Ham lugng chi trong m l u tr&n tich song chl sau di8m hgp luu voi suoi Coc giai doan 2008 - 2012 ciing rat cao (1513,87 mg/kg) [10]. Nhin chung, chdt lugng nuoc mat tai phucmg Cam Gia, TP. Thai Nguyen bi 6 nhiem chi vugt 6,4 l^n tieu chudn cho phep [7]. Trong nhieu nam, nuoc suoi Coc dugc su dung lam nuoc tuoi nong nghiep, gay tich luy chi ciing nhu KLN trong dat nong nghiep vimg ven suoi Coc, phucmg Cam Gia, TP. Thai Nguyen. Viec xu ly lam sach dat nong nghiSp ven suoi Coc ciing nhu khu vuc Ian can khu lien hgp gang thep Thai Nguyen la rat can thiet.
Nhieu ky thuat khac nhau co the ap dung de xu ly va lam sach moi trucmg dat bi 6 nhiem chi bao gom ky thuSt hoa hpc, ky thuat vat ly va ky thuat sinh hpc hay ket hgp cac ky thuat khac nhau trong xu ly dat bi 6 nhilm chi tiiy timg 4 —
trucmg hgp va mirc do 6 nhiem cu th8.
Trong do, ky thuat lam sach chi trong dat bang thuc vat dugc quan tam nhilu vi ky thuat nay than thien voi m6i truang va an toan hon. Hien nay hai xu huang su dung thyc vSt xur ly 6 nhiem chi trong dat dang dugc chii y \k nghien cuu su dung cac lo^i thuc vat sieu hap thu chi, nhung sinh truang cham, nang suat sinh khoi thap; sii dung cac loai thuc vat hap thii chi viia phai nhung sinh truang nhanh, nang suat sinh kh6i cao. Sir d ^ g cac cay trong nong nghiep sinh tmong nhanh, cho nang suat sinh khoi cao, nhung kha nang h4p tiiu chi hon cac loai sieu hap thu chi chua dugc quan tam nghien ciiu nhieu. Nhieu nghien ciiu da chi ra rang chien luge sir dung cac loai thuc vat hap thu kim loai n^ng thap, nhimg sinh khoi cao gan tuong duong voi sit dung cac loai thuc vat sieu hap thu kim loai nang nhung nang suat sinh khdi thip [5, U ] . Nhung nghien ciiu vg ap dung cdc loai cay trong de xir ly lam sach dit bi 6 nhilm kim loai nang cung nhu chi da va dang dugc quan tam cung xu huang sii dung cac lo^i thuc vat sieu hap thu kim loai nang [12,13]. Trong s6 cac loai cay tr6ng, cac loai cay hp dau dugc quan tSm nhilu vi cac loai thuc vat hp dau -vira co kha nang xir ly lam sach dit, vira gop phan nang cao dp phi nhieu dit v^ CO the sii dung lam nguyen lieu cho san xuit nhiSn lieu sinh hpc nhu san xuit diu biodiesel tii hat dau tucmg.
2. Phuo-ng phap nghiSn cuu Doi tugng sir dung trong nghien ciiu nay la gi6ng dau tuang DT96. Giong DT96 dugc lira chgn nghien ciiu kha nang Tgp chi Khoa hoc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi truang -Sd 19- ndm 2018
hap thu chi trong dit boi vi giong DT96 CO nang suat cao, kha nang chiu han kha, chiu nhieu Ioai benh, chiu dugc nong va ret tot [8]. Hien nay giong DT96 dugc trong pho bien tai cac tinh trung du va dong bang Bac Bp. Nhu vay, giong DT96 la phu hpp cho trong tren dat va dieu kien khi hau khu v\rc thupc TP, Thai Nguyen trong xir ly I^m sach d&t 6 nhiem chi.
Dat thi nghiem dugc lay dpc theo suoi Coc phuang Cam Gia, TP. Thai Nguyen. Dat phai kho khong khi trong dieu kien thong thoang, Ioai bo cac tap chat hon tap, trpn deu. Can 5 kg dat da dugc xic ly vao m6i chau thi nghiem.
Chau thi nghiem trong cay dau tucmg DT96 dugc lot nylon duai day chau.
Bo sung thSm Pb"^^ duoi dang muoi chi nitrat PbCNOj)^ vao dit nSn lay tai khu vuc ven suoi Coc, phucmg Cam Gia, TP.
Thai Nguyen voi ham lugng nhu sau:
CTI: Dit nin khong b6 sung Pb*^
CT2: Dit nin b6 sung 500mg Pb*^/kgdit
CT3: Dit nin b6 sung lOOOmg Pb+Vkg dit
CT4: Dit nin b6 sung 2000mg Pb^Vkg dit
CT5: Dit nin b6 sung 3000mg Pb^^/kg dit
CT6: D i t nin b6 sung 4000mg Pb^^/kg dit
CT7: Dit nin bo sung 5000mg Pb*^/kg dit
M6i cong thiic thi nghiem dugc lap lai 3 l§n. Dit trong cdc chau thi nghiem dugc 1 ^ i m khoang 60 - 65%. D6 dit qua mpt dem sau do tiln hanh gieo hat dau
tuong vao chau thi nghiem. Phu lop rom mong de co djnh hat va tao dieu kien cho hat nay mam. Thucmg xuyen tuoi nuac de dam bao do am cho dit. Sau 100 ngay gieo trong, thu hoach cay dau tuong, liy mlu dit tiln hanh phan tich ham Iupng chi trong dat va cay dau tuong.
Ham lugng chi trong dat dugc phSn tich trudc khi tring cay dau tucmg thi nghiem. M6i miu dit phan tich dugc ttpn hi ba mSu tu 3 chau thi nghiem. Sau khoang 100 ngay gieo trong, dau tuong dugc thu hoach, ham lugng chi trong dSt va cay dau tuang dugc phan tich de xac dinh kha nang hip thu chi. Mau cay dSu tuong dugc liy dl phan tich ham lugng chi gIm h6n hgp cac bg phan ciia cay la r l c^y, than cay. Phucmg phap do ham luong chi trong dit va cay thuc hiSn theo TCVN 6496:2009 tai Phong ph^n tich ttiing tam, Vien Tho nhuong Nong hoa.
3. Ket qua va thao luan Kit qua danh gia kha nang hap thu chi ciia cSy dau tuang thi nghiem DT96 duoc trinh bay tai bang 1. Ket qua phan tich ham tugng chi trong dat trucfc khi trong c^y dau tucmg thi nghiem va sau khi thu hoach cay dau tuang thi nghiem DT96 cho thiy ham lugng chi trong dat CO xu hucmg giam ro ret a tat ch cac cong thiic thi nghiem.
Cong thiic 1 (CTI) khong bo sung chi Pb(N03)2 vao dat thi nghiem, ham lugng chi tong s6 bmh quan giam tii 73,42 mg/kg dit xu6ng 54,57 mg/kg dit.
C6ng thiic 2 (CT2) co muc dp suy giam thip hon c6ng thiic 1, giam tic 573,00 mg/kg xulng 535,92 mg/kg. Cong thiic 3 (CT3) giam tir 1043 mg/kg xulng Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru&ng -So 19 - ndm 2018
NghiSn cihi
in, VI mg/kg. Cong thiic 4 (CT4) giam dau tuong thi nghiem tai tit ca cac cong tit 2042 mg/kg xuSng 886,50 mg/kg. thiic thi nghiem. Bang 2 cho thiy ring Cong thiic 5 (CT5) giam tir 3043 mg/ ^ay dto tuomg thi nghiem co kha nang t . . n i l n n' r. tu.',.. hap thu chi tang dan khi nong do chi bo kg xuong 1112,17 mg/kg. Cong thuc j
i , „ , - sung trong dat tang qua cac cong thiic thi 6 giam tir 4042,67 mg/kg xuong 1962 J . « , . . , j ,, . . „ f , .
nghiem. Muc do hap thudat 9,15 mg/kg mg/kg. Cong thirc 7 (CT7) giam tu 5043 ^ ^ ^ , . 45^5^^^^ ^ ^12; 88,27 mg/
mg*g xu6ng 2021,67 mg/kg. |^g ^ ^ 3 ; 132,53 mg*g ft CT4; 211,83 Ham luong chi suy giam co quan mg/kg a CT5; 409,73mg/kg o CT6 v4 he thuan voi miic dp hip thu chi cua cay 966,53 mg/kg ft CT7.
Bing I. Ham lirffng chi Irong ddi Iru&c trong va sau thu hoach cay dau tuffng Ihi nghiem DT96
Cong thiic
CTI CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7
Ham liTQlig chi trong d^t triro'c trdng c^y dSu tmmg thi nghiam
D ' T 9 6 (mg/kg d i t ) L a n l
73,50 572,00 1043,00 2039,00 3045,00 4044,00 5043,00
L i n 2 72,25 574,00 1041,00 2044,00 3042,00 4041,00 5042,00
L i n 3 74,50 573,00 1045,00 2043,00 3042,00 4043,00 5044,00
TB 73,42 573,00 1043,00 2042,00 3043,00 4042,67 5043,00
Ham lufug chi trong d i t sau khi fhu hoach cay d l u tirong thi nghifm
DT96 (mg/kg aSt) L a n l
54,50 530,25 723,75 887,50 1095,00 1965,00 2005,00
L i n 2 54,70 540,25 725,50 880,50 1121,00 1970,00 2010,00
L i n 3 54,50 537,25 732,25 891,50 1120,50 1951,00 2050,00
TB 54,57 535,92 727,17 886,50 1112,17 1962,00 2021,67
Bang 2. Hdm lirgng chi trong cay dau tuffng thi nghiem DT96 Cong thii'c
CTI CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7
Chieu cao cay (cm) 52,5 48,3 45,2 40,8 36,1 31,2 28,4
Ham lirpig chi Irong cay (mg/kg)
9,15 49,65 88,27 132,53 211,83 409,73 966,53
Lirffng chi trong sinh lihdi kho cdy (%)
0,000915 0,004965 0,008827 0,013253 0,021183 0,040973 0,096653
Tap chi Khoa hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi tru&ng - Sd 19-ndm 2018
jygnien cuu
Khi h ^ lugng chi bo sung tang gay lie che den sinh truang cua cay d^u tuong thi nghiem ro ret, bieu hien ro nhat a chi tieu chilu cao cay. Cay dau tuong trong trong chau co ham lugng chi thap hem thi chilu cao cay la cao nhat (CTI) va giam din chilu cao c§.y khi hilm lugng chi bo sung tang dan. Chieu cao thSp nh^t la CT 7 chi dat 28cm. Chieu cao cay co quan he voi sinh khoi, chieu cao giam dong nghia vai su suy giam luong sinh khoi khi lupng chi bo sung. Qua thi nghiem nhom tac gia thay rang CTI, CT2, CT3, CT4 thi cay bieu hien sinh trucmg binh thuang. Cac cay dau tuong tEii cac CT5, CT6 va CT7 co bieu hien cay coi cgc.
Hiu hit cac cay a CTV (bo sung lugng chi la 5000 mg/kg dit) dlu bi chit khi dugc 3 - 4 tuin tu6i. Cay d^u tuong DT96 co kha nang chong chju dupe voi nong dp chi trong dit din miic lOOOmg/kg dat vi vcri cdc cay a CT2 (bl sung 500mg Pb+V kg dat) va CT3 (b6 sung lOOOmg Pb*^/kg dit), cay dau tuang bilu hien sinh truang tot, chilu cao cay gan bang cac cay d^u tuong tai CTI (khong b l sung chi vao dit thi nghiSm).
So sanh kha nang hap thu chi cua cay dau tuong DT96 voi cac Ioai thuc vat sieu hap thu da dugc cac nha khoa hpc phat hien (thuc vat sieu hap thu la Ioai cay hip thu dugc lugng chi bang hay Icm hem 0,1% sinh khii kho cua cay) [1] cho bilt ciy dau tucmg DT96 khong bilu hien kha nang siSu hip phu, nhung ciing the hien kha nang hip thu chi kha cao so vai nhieu cay tring khac. Miic dp hap thu chi ciia dau tucmg DT96 tang din khi ham lugng chi trong dit tang, biln dpng tit 0,000915% sinh khii kho din 0,096653
% sinh khii kho. Dilu nay phu hop v6i nhieu nghiSn ciiu tren thS giai cho biet kha nang sieu h i p thu kim Ioai nang noi
chung va chi n6i riSng thupc v l hp Cue (Asteraceae), hp Cai (Brassicaceae), hp c i m chucmg (Caryophyllaceae), hp Coi (Cyperaceae), hp Dau (Fabacea), hp Miing Quan (Flacuortiaceae), hp Hoa Moi (Lamiaceae), hp Hoa thao (Poaceae), hp Hoa tim (Violaceae) va hp Thau dau (Euphobiaceae) [2, 9].
Cac cay trong n6ng nghiep nhin chung CO miic dp hip thu chi thap hon cac loai thuc vat hoang da (tu nhiSn) nhu cay thom 6i, cay duong xi, co min triu, co Vetiver, co Voi lai [3]. Vi dii, nghiSn ciiu cua [3] cho biet cay thom 6i (Lantana camara. L., thupc hg Verbenaceae) co kha nang hap thu chi
> 1 % sinh khoi kho, dugc coi la cay sieu hip thil chi trong dit. Theo [3] da thi nghiSm kha nang chong chiu va hap thu chi cua mpt so loai thuc vat ban dia trSn dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen cho biet kha nang chong chiu va hip thu chi ciia mpt s6 Ioai thuc vat. Cay duong xi Pteris vittata c6 kha nang chong chiu chi trong dit din miic ham lugng 4000mg/kg dat.
Cai xanh la cay tring c6 kha nang hip thu chi kha tot, chong chiu dugc dat 6 nhiem chi cao din 3000mg/kg dat. Co Voi lai nhap khiu tir Trung Quoc cung CO kha nang chlng chiu ham lugng chi trong dit a miic 3600 mg/kg v^ hap thu chi rat tot, rS cay co Voi Iai hap thu d^t 1009,7 ± 253,7 mg/kg r l co kho va 164,3 ± 35,7 mg/kg than co kho.
4. K i t luan
Thi nghiSm kha nang hap thu chi cua gilng dau tuong DT96 cho biet gilng dau tuang DT96 co the chong chiu vh. sinh truong binh thuang vai dat 6 nhilm chi 6 nlng dp 1000 mg/kg dat.
NSu nong dp chi tang dan thi c^y biSu hien sinh trucmg coi coc, chieu cao cay thip din va hlu hit cac cay dau thuang chit a nlng dp 5000 mg/kg dit. So sanh Tap chi Khoa hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi truang - So 19 - nam 2018
Nghien cOu
kha nang hip thu chi cua giong dau tucmg voi cac cay sieu hap thp cho thay, cay dau tucmg DT96 khong co kha nang sieu hip thii chi, song no co the tra thanh cay tiSm nang cho xir ly dat 6 nhiSm chi voi nlng dp vira phai vi ciy dau tucmg sinh tnicmg nhanh, sinh khoi lan. Ngoai kha nang lam sach dat 6 nhiem chi, ciy dau tuang co kha nang co dmh dam nen chiing c6 vai tro trong nang cao dp phi dat, hat dau tuang c6 thS sii dimg lam nhiSn lieu sinh hpc. Nhom tac gia kiSn nghi can co nhiing nghien cuu tiep theo trSn nhilu gilng dau tuong khac nua dS dua ra danh gia day dii hon ve kha nang hap thu chi ciia cay dau tuong.
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BBT nhan b^i: 06/02/2018; Phan biSn xong; 12/3/2018
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi truang - Sd 19 - nam 2018
