DANH GIA THL/C TRANG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUG CUA LAO
TRONG NHLJfNG NAM GAN DAY
Tom tat: Cung ndm chung trong sU van dpng cua dai sdng kinh ti, chinh tri vd oca hpi, nin gido due Ldo hien nay cd nhieu chuyin bien mdi. Ldo dd biet tranh thu nhdng diiu kien thudn lot trong nUdc, tranh thu sU vien trg, giup da vd cdc ca hpi gido due cua khu vUc ud the gidi di md rpng quy md vd ndng eao ehat lugng gido due trong nudc. Vl vgy, nin gido due Ldo trong khodng han hai thdp ky qua cd sii thay doi ddng ki. Tuy ugy, tinh trgng gido due d Ldo udn d mdc thdp so udi yeu cdu di diia ddt niCdc thoat khdi doi ngheo. Bdi viit dudi day tdp trung phdn tich nhdng thdnh tUu ud hgn chi trong thUe trgng phdt triin gido due Ldo nhdng ndm qua.
Tit khoa: Ldo, gido due, thuc trgng
1. T h a n h tUu
Sau hcfti 30 n a m doi mdi, dac biet trong khoang 20 n a m trd lai day, khi Lao chinh thdc trd t h a n h t h a n h vien ASEAN, eung vdi da t a n g tnfdng cua n l n kinh te' trong nUdc, nen giao due Lao cd n h i l u thay doi theo hudng tich cue.
TrUdc he't, dd la su thay doi trong nhdn thdc, tu duy ve phdt triin gido due.
TrUdc thdi ky doi mdi, cung n h u Viet Nam, Lao coi giao due n h u la mot phuc Itfi xa hgi phai dUtfc N h a nude bao cap hoan toan. N h a nudc gifl vai trd chii dao trong cdng tac giao due qud'c dan, xem cdng tac giao due la nhiem vu trpng t a m va la mue tidu p h a n dau cua Dang va Nha nudc thdi
ky cung ed' va xay dUng d l t nUdc. TU sau n a m 1986 de'n nay, cung vdi sif chuyen dieh cua n l n kinh te, cae van d l van hda - xa hgi d Lao, trong dd cd giao due, dUtfc xac dinh la sU nghiep chung cua Nha nudc, xa hpi va toan the n h a n d a n cac bp tdc Lao. N h a nUdc gifl vai trd ehu dao song N h a nUdc ludn khuye'n khich sU ung hp, giup dd va dau t u cua cac ca nhan, to chdc xa hpi trong nUdc va nude ngoai; keu gpi va t r a n h thu sif hup tac vdi cac nUdc trong khu vUc va quo'c te trong vide xay dung cac chUtfng t r i n h va du an phat trien giao due.
Dieu 58, 60 Luat Giao due va Dieu 22 Hien phap nUdc CHDCND Lao cung cho t h a y N h a nUdc Lao ludn khuye'n khich cac ca n h a n , cac nhdm - to chdc tU n h a n trong
* TS. L& Thi Hoa, Vien nghien cdu Dong Nam A
48 Nghien ciiu Bdng Nam A, so 3/2019
nUdc va qud'c te dau tU xay dUng cac trUdng hpc, cac trung t a m va cac hgc vidn giao due d cac e l p do khac nhau, md rgng viec day hgc trong toan xa hgi theo ctf che' giao due quoc gia va theo chUtfng trinh ma Bp Giao due da quy dinh.
Trong cdng tae qudn li Nhd nildc vi gido due eflng cd sif thay doi.
Trudc day, Bp giao due Lao cd trach nhidm dd'i vdi giao due ehinh quy va khdng chinh quy d tat ca cac bac. Hien nay, trach nhiem nay cung dUtfc chia se vdi cac ctf quan giao due cap tinh va huyen, ctf quan quan H cap tinh cd trach nhiem dd'i vdi giao due trung hge va hUdng nghiep, ctf quan quan li cap huyen chiu trach nhiem dd'i vdi giao due m i m non, tieu hoc v l khdng chinh quy. Bd giao due ehiu traeh nhiem dd'i vdi giao due cao hcfn nhU cac trUdng ky thuat va cac tnfdng cao dang sU pham. Dieu nay dUtfe ghi ro tai Dilu 62 Luat Giao due "Chinh phu la ctf quan quan li chung v l giao due trong ca nudc, Chinh phu trao quyln quan 11 trifc tid'p eho Bd Giao due T h i thao; Cac ctf quan chiu trach nhiem quan li Giao due bao gom: Bp Giap due The thao, Sd Giao due tinh, Phdng Giao due huyen va ctf sd giao due ban"*^'.
De edng tac quan li giao due dat hidu qua, Bp giao due da phan cap quan li t h a n h nhieu phong ban chiu trach nhiem tnfc tie'p v l eae van de lien quan bao gom:
Cac Vu giao due, ehiu trach nhiem dam bao tie'p can giao due cae cap; Trung t a m giao due ed trach nhiem xay dUng ctf ehe' ehinh saeh phat trien giao due dap dng nhu clu eua mpi n ^ d i dan trong ca nUdc, dong thdi dam bao cha't lUtfng giao due;
Vien nghien cdu khoa hgc va giao due cd trach nhiem xay dUng va phat trien sach giao khoa, giap trinh, sach giao vien va
hudng d i n n h i m d a m bao tieu chuan va chat lugng giao due; Trung t a m Giao due, Thd'ng ke va Cdng nghe Thdng tin co trach nhidm dieu tra hoc dudng h a n g nam va quan li he thd'ng thdng tin, giao due;
Cue Kiem t r a ehiu trach nhidm phoi htfp giam sat va daiih gia de do lUdng tie'n dp thuc hidn ke' hoach p h a t trien nganh giao due, do ludng hieu qua tong t h e nganh; Vu Dao tao Giao vien (Bd Giao due) cd trach nhiem tuyen dung du s6' lUcfng giao vien ed t r i n h dp dap dug nhu clu hgc t a p cua hge sinh trong tifng giai doan cu the; Vu Quan li N h a n sU ehiu trach nhiem ctf cau va p h a n bo phu hgp b a n giam hidu nha trudng va cac n h a quan K giao due khac eflng n h u dam bao sU phat trien nghe nghidp cua hp.
Cac cpng dong ridng bidt eflng dugc p h a n cdng cac nhidm vu cu t h i trong vide p h a t trien giao due cua edng d i n g nhu ho trtf giao due tieu hpc thdng qua vide xay dung mdi va n a n g cap ctf sd vat chat trUdng hpc, d a m bao vide lam cua giao vien va t r a lUtfng cho giao vidn (hoac cac hinh thdc hd trg khac n h u dat dai, n h a d).
Cac ca n h a n va to chdc nd'u cd quan tam va d l u t u cho giao due ciing dugc gifl nhuSig chUc vu chu dao va dUtfc toan quyen quan ll theo dung phap luat Nha nUdc. Vi vay, trong htfn hai t h a p ky qua, d Lao da xuit hidn mpt so' lUtfng Idn cac trUdng tU nhan d bac m l u giao, tieu hpc va t n m g hpc.
Cung c6 cac tnfdng hUdng nghiep tU nhan dac bidt; cae khda dao tao ngdn nguf, cac ky n a n g may tinh, quan tri doanh nghiep va quan H. Nhflng trudng eao dang t u nhan da xuat hien d nhflng khu vifc t h a n h thi.
Ve he thong gido due, trong hcfn 20 n a m qua, he thd'ng giao due cua Lao da phat trien rgng k h l p ca nude, vdi dUdc
Le Hda - Bdnh gid thUc trgng phdt trien gido due cua Ldo... 49
dd'n nhQng vimg xa xdi heo lanh n h a t cua dat nude, c6 day du cac c i p hge tfl m l u gilo de'n pho thdng, dai hpc va sau dai hpc. Dd'i vdi gido due phS thdng, trong nhfllig n a m qua, Lao eflng eo su chuyen dieh theo hudng hpi n h a p khu vife va the' gidi. Doi vdi giao due chuy&n nghiep, ngoai cae trUdng cao dang, dai hpe, n h i l u trUdng tning cap ^ thu^t, day nghe dUtfc t h a n h lap, dap fltig nhu cau hpc t a p ngay cang cao cua n h a n dan va gdp p h a n bo sung n g u i n lao dgng cd trinh dp, phuc vu cho cdng cupc phat t r i l n d l t nudc va hoi nhap qud'e te.
Ve ca sd vgt chdt trudng hgc, tii n a m 1996, van d l eai thien ctf sd vat chat trUdng hge da dUgc neu ra nhu mdt nhiem vu trpng t a m trong qua trinh pho cap giao due tieu hpc d Lao. Ngay tfl giai doan mdt (2001 - 2005) eua ehUtfng trinh Cai each giao due Qud'c gia, Chinh phu Lao da chu tnftfng xay difng trUdng hpc kien eo d cac huydn Idn, d vung sau vung xa, phu thude vao vi tri dia K va dia hinh ed t h e xay dung tnfdng kien cd' hoac ban kidn cd'.
Trong giai doan hai (2006 - 2010), chinh phu chu trUcfng phat trien mang ludi trUdng hge pho thdng d eae dia phUtfng, n h l t la tai cac huydn ngheo, ... Xay dung thdm cae trudng hpc mdi va cung cd' nhiftig trudng hien cd de tao dieu kien cho ta't ca tre em trong dd tuoi cd the dd'n trUdng. Giai doan ba eua chUtfng trinh (2011 - 2015) dUtfc Chinh phu tap trung d l y m a n h n h a m nang cao chat lugng giao due, trong dd p h a n d l u dat muc tieu cd trudng t i l u hpe dat tieu chuan b t a t ca cae vung mien dia phUtfng, cd tnfdng pho thdng trung hgc kieu mau d t a t ca eae tinh t h a n h phd' vao n a m 2013. N a m 2009, cung vdi sU giup dd cua Quy Nhi dong Lidn Hiep Quoc (UNICEF), Chinh phu.
Bp Giao due - The thao Lao ehinh thUc xay dung khung ke' hoach cho md hinh trUdng hpc chat lUtfng d Lao. Hai dac diem ndi bat eua md hinh TrUdng hpe chat lugng'^' la: thd nhdt, dam bao quyen dugc hpc tap cua tre em. Bp Giao due la ctf quan cd trach nhiem bao vd quyen va Igi ich hpc t a p cua tre em, giam sat, giup dd va tao dieu kien de tre em trong edng dong duge hpc tap trong mgt mdi trUdng t^t n h l t ; thd hoi, do la kilu trudng hge lay tre lam t n m g tam, mpi hoat dpng d l u n h a m mang lai Igi ich cao n h l t eho tre, phat huy td'i da mgi tiem nang von cd cua tre bao gom ca the chat, tinh t h a n va tri tud. Vdi md h m h TrUdng hgc chat lUtfng, tre em Lao khdng phan biet t h a n h thi hay ndng thdn, d i n g bang hay m i l n nui deu duge hpc tap trong mgt moi tnfdng hoan thidn. Day la mdt chid'n lugc phat trien dai htfi va li tUdng, chac ehan se mang lai mdt sU thay d l i Idn trong giao due tieu hpe d Lao va se la n l n tang de trien khai md hinh d eae cap hpc cao htfn.
Vide thue hidn cae ehinh sach va chid'n lUtfc neu t r e n da gdp phan tao nen mgt mang ludi trudng hpe day dac trong ea nUdc, trong dd nhieu trudng da duge dau t u xay dung t h a n h nhflng tnfdng chat lugng cao. Dieu nay khdng chi md r a ctf hgi duge de'n tnfdng cho hgc sinh trong ea nudc ma cdn tao r a nhiJng ctf hgi hoc tap tot de hoc sinh phat huy t i l m luc vd'n eo eua ban than. Theo so' Iidu thd'ng kd, trong htfn hai thap ky qua, so' lugng trUdng hpc cac d p tang k h a nhanh. O cap tieu hpc n a m 2001, ca nude cd 8.155 trudng, n a m 2017 la 8.849 tnfdng; ca'p trung hpe ctf sd:
n a m 2001 ed 596 trUdng, n a m 2017 la 950 trudng; cap trung hpc pho thdng n a m 2001 cd 235 trudng, n a m 2017 la 778 trudng; bac dai hpe: n a m 2001 cd 1
50 Nghiin cdu Bong Nam A, sd 3/2019 trudng, n a m 2017 la 5 trudng*^'. De'n eud'i
giai doan mdt cua chUtfng t i i n h cai each giao due da cd 15/18 tinh t h a n h trong ca nUdc cd trUdng ngi tru, dd'n cud'i giai doan hai, t a t ea cac lanh t h a n h trong ca nUdc deu ed trudng ndi tru'*'.
Ve nguin life gido vien, thUe td', tfl sau d l i mdi de'n nhuftig n a m dau cua thap ki 90, do nen kinh te Lao v i n cdn ngheo n a n va cham phat trien, trinh dd giao vien khong dugc cai thien, chu ye'u ehi qua dao tao stf clip. TU sau nam 1997, khi Lao gia nhap ASEAN, hgp tac giao due - dao tao giOla Lao va eae nude ASEAN dUtfc md rdng, so' lUtfng giao vidn duge dao tao chinh qui trong nUde va nUde ngoai d Lao b i t dau tang d i n . Trong 5 nam (2001 2005), ridng cac ctf quan Tnmg Utfng d Viet Nam da tid'p nhan mdi 2.950 can bg, hgc sinh sang hpc tap, nang sd' can bd, hpc sinh Lao cd mat thudng xuydn tai Viet Nam len 1.884 ngudi, tang 644 ngudi (51,2%) so vdi trUdc dd. Ngoai ra, cdn ed 1.046 can bd, hgc sinh Lao theo hpc tai 12 tinh t h a n h pho' eua Viet Nam trong chUtfng trinh hgp tac gifla cac dia phUtfng hai nudc*^'.
Cflng td n a m 2001, Bd Giao due - T h i thao Lao phd'i htfp cung Ccf quan Hgp tac P h a t trien thupc T6 chdc Quoc te Thuy Dien da t r i l n khai dU an Ndng cao trinh dp vd nang lUc eua gido vien. Du an tid'n h a n h 6 hoat dpng chinh'^^: i) t a n g cUdng kd' hoaeh dao tao giao vien qud'c gia; ii) phat trien cac khda hpc boi dudng nghiep vu sU pham; iii) md rgng cac trudng dao tao giao vien; iv) nang eao boat dgng giang day trong n h a trudng; v) nang cao nang luc chuyen mon cho giao vien; vi) nang cao dilu kien ctf sd vat cha't cho giao vien. Td t h a n g 02/2010 de'n t h a n g 10/2013, du an Ndng cao chdt lugng ddo
tgo gido vien dugc Bd Giao due - T h e thao Lao trien khai thifc Men tai 3 t i n h phia Nam Lao. Ngoai ra, Bg cung t h a n h lap 17 trung t a m boi dUdng giao vidn thUcftig xuyen tai 17 t i n h t h a n h trong ca nUdc. Tif n a m 2015, Bp Giao due - T h i thao Lao da trien khai ke' hoach stfa d l i chUcfng trinh giang day quoc gia va phat t r i l n saeh giao khoa mdi d cap tieu hgc, theo dd mpt chUtfng tririh hudng dan giao vien sd dung sach giao khoa va phuong phap day hgc mdi eflng dugc trien khai. Htfti 35.000 giao vien tieu hgc 6 t a t ca cac mdn hpc se nhan dUtfc hudng d i n giang day*^'. Ndi dung hudng d i n se dUtfc t r i l n khai chi t i l t ve each thflc to chUc tflng bai hgc, k h a nang van dung kil^n thflc pho thdng trong mdi bai hpc va k h a nang thid't lap hoat ddng md eho hpc sinh trong qua trinh day hpc.
N h u vay, trong thdi gian tdi, c h i t lugng giao vidn cf Lao se sdm dugc cai thien.
So' lugng giao vien d Lko khoang gin 20 n a m trd lai day cung t a n g k h a nhanh d ta't ea cae cap hpe. O bac tieu hgc, sd' lugng giao vien n a m 2005 la 27.588 ngUdi, de'n n a m 2017 la 36.204 ngUdi. 6 bac trung hpe, s6' lUtfng giao vien n a m 2005 la 14.676 ngudi, n a m 2017 la 37.318 ngUdi.
d bac dai hpc, so' lUtfng giang vidn nam 2005 la 1096 ngUdi, n a m 2017 11 5483 ngUdi*^^'. Ttf n a m 2005, Lao da khae phuc duge tinh t r a n g thie'u giao vidn'^'.
Ve nguon luc hge sinh, de dat dugc muc tieu pho cap giao due tieu hgc va gia tang ty Id hpc sinh n h a p hpc vao cac khoi tnmg hpc d cae vung ndng thdn, vung dan tgc thieu sd' ndi ridng va trong ca nudc ndi chung, Chinh phu, Bg Giao due - The thao Lao da cd nhieu chinh sach dam bao quyln dugc hpc t a p cua tre em trong dp tuoi dd'n trUdng. Theo Luat Giao due.
Le Hoa - Ddnh gid thuc trgng phdt triin gido due cua Ldo... 51
Chinh phu da ehi dao t h a n h lap eae tnfdng tilu hoc va trung hpc ctf sd d eae tinh, t h a n h pho' trdn ck nude n h i m dam bao eho mpi t r e em trong do t u l i n h a n dugc ctf hdi hgc tap binh dang, xda vide thu cac loai phi dd'i vdi hgc sinh p h i thdng ctf sd n h i m thifc hien chinh sach pho cap giao due tieu hpc va mgt phan trung hgc trong toan dan. Ngoai ra, Bd Giao due - The thao Lao, dudi sU chi dao cua Chinh phu da thdng qua Ke' hoach H a n h ddng qud'c gia - Giao due cho mpi ngudi 2003 - 2015 (EFA) n h a m hd trtf cho hoc sinh ngheo, dac bidt la cae nhdm hgc sinh d a n tdc thieu sd' sinh sd'ng d khu vifc vung sau viing xa. De thUc hien muc tieu nay, Ke' hoaeh bao gom cae bien phap nhU: i) tuyin mdi nhOtng giao vien ngudi dan tpc thieu so', dac biet la phu nfl; ii) to chdc cac chUcfng trinh trtf cap lUtfng thUe; iii) trg cap v l n h a b tap t h e eho hpc sinh nfl sd'ng xa trUdng hpc; iv) dieu chinh lich hpc hang n a m phu hgp vdi cac boat ddng ndng nghidp va ndng thdn; v) dilu chinh ke' hoach hpc t a p h a n g ngay phu htfp vdi edng viec ngi trg eua cac be gai; vi) tie'n hanh cae chien luge thue day; vii) phat t r i l n mdt chucfng trinh giang day dia phUtfng bo sung de giup tre em nhdm dan tde thieu so' hpc tie'ng Lao td't hcfn; viii) thuc d l y binh dang gidi trong giao due ngudi dan tdc thieu so' d cac khu vUc ngheo nhat; va ix) cac ban nganh dia phUtfng quan tam phat t r i l n dgi ngu giao vien nfl va giao vien ndi tieng dan tgc thieu sd'. Theo dd, mdt chUtfng trinh day hge thi diem (day hpc di ddng t r e n cac viing heo lanh) dugc thue hidn tai 3 t i n h mien nui la Savannakhet, Khainmuon va Sekong. Theo ke' hoach cua chUcfng trinh eai each giao due giai doan 2015 - 2020, mdt chUtfng trinh giang day tieu hpe mdi
b i t d l u t u khd'i Idp 1 se chinh thflc cd hieu luc vao t h a n g 9/2019, m l i hgc sinh tilu hpc se cd mgt bg sach giao khoa mdi. Cac sach giao khoa mdi cd mau s i c hinh anh phong phfl d l t a n g sU chu y va khtfi ggi tU duy cho cac em.
Vdi cac ehinh sach va ehUtfng trinh h a n h dgng eu the, trong htfn mdt thap ky qua, Chinh phu, Bp Giao due Lao da tgo ca hpi din trudng cho tdt cd tre em trong ca nUdc, dilu nay thue su ed y ngbia va tam anh hudng rat Idn dd'n eugc song va tUtfng lai cua eon em cac vimg dan tgc thieu so va d nhOtng vung mien cd hoan canh dac biet khd khan. Theo thd'ng ke eua Bg Ke hoach d l u t u Lao, tfl nam 2000 de'n nay, sd hpc sinh den trUdng dung do tuoi d Lao Hen tuc tang theo cae nam. Do'i vdi bac tieu hpc, n a m 2001, ca nUdc cd 828.000 hpc smh'^'^', n a m 2005 la 890.821 hgc sinh'^^*. Nam 2017, so' lugng hpc sinh tieu hpc cd giam htfn cdn 808.705 hpc sinh*^^' nhUng dieu nay xuat phat tfl su tut giam dan so' d Lao.
Tinh theo ti Id tre trong dp tuoi vao tilu hge thi ti Id nay tang tfl 92,7% nam hpe 2009 - 2010 len 96,8% nam hpc 2012 - 2013 va 98% n a m hge 2013 - 2014. Nam 2015, cd 144 huyen thugc 10 tinh da edng bd' hoan t h a n h pho cap tieu hpc'^^'; Sd' lUtfng hpc sinh bac trung hpc ctf sd: nam 2001 ea nfldc cd 196.000 hpe sinh, nam 2017 la 452532; bac trung hgc pho thdng:
n a m 2001 cd 89.000 hpc smh, nam 2017 la 218.032 hpc smh; bac dai hgc: nam 2001 ed 10.000 sinh vien, nam 2017 cd 54.458 sinh vien'^^'.
Bdu tu cho gido due eflng la mgt trong nhulig Uu tien h a n g dau cua Lao. Trong g i n hai thap ki qua, khi Chinh phu, B6 giao due Lao tid'n h a n h eae chUtfng trinh eai each giao due, nguon vd'n d l u t u cho
52 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd'3/2019 giao due lien tuc tang. Trong giai doan
2011 - 2014, ngan sach giao due tang tfl 1.370 ti kip (216 trieu USD) n a m 2011 Idn 3.942 ti kip (493 trieu USD) n a m 2014, n a m 2015, khi ehinh phu thUc hien vide cat giam lUtfng va phu cap, da giam xud'ng con 3.714 ti kip (464 trieu USD). Tinh dd'n n a m 2015, n g u i n vd'n dau tU cho giao due chie'm 14,6% ngan sach n h a nude. Giai doan 2016 - 2020, nguon vd'n dau t u eho giao due se gifl b mflc 17%/nam, trong do t a n g nhe lUtfng va phu cl^p, chu yd'u t a n g chi phi cho cac khoan tai trtf, bo sung sach giao khoa, xay dung Idp hpc'^^'.
Mac du cd n h i l u t h a n h qua va tien bg, song nen giap due Lao trong nhulig n a m qua v i n t i n tai r a t nhieu b a n e h l c i n duge khac phuc.
2. H a n c h e
Chinh phu Lao thUe bidn chinh sach giao due cho tat ca mgi ngudi dan, tuy vay, van de phat trien nguon n h a n lUc trong nUdc ehua dap uttig duge ydu clu phat trien kinh td' xa hdi eua dat nude, van de md rdng eae ctf hdi giao due eho n h a n dan trong ca nude chua dam bao tinh toan didn, v i n d l cai each giao due d l nang cao c h i t lugng va dam bao su phat trien toan dien trong ca nudc v i n ludn la nhidm vu trpng tam dugc dat ra trong ke' hoach phat t r i l n kinh td' xa hpi Lao de'n n a m 2020.
Ve triidng Idp ud cdc dieu kien hge tap khdc.
Cd tdi 15% so xa d Lao khdng cd tnfdng tilu hpc va h i u he't cac xa thid'u trfldng tieu hpc hoan tbien'^^'. Khu vUc phia Bac la noi tap trung nhieu trUdng khdng hoan thien Idn n h a t ca nUdc, cd tdi 90% trudng hpc eua cac huydn ngheo nhl't la khdng hoan thien. Tinh Saravan dUtfc
danh gia la l i n h m a hpc sinh bi thieu thd'n tai heu hgc t a p cao n h l ' t ca nUdc (rieng khd'i t i l u hgc chie'm 96%*^'^' tong s6 hge sinh eua tinh). Khu vifc t h a n h thi cd dilu kidn hpc t a p tot hon r a t n h i l u so vdi nhflng khu vifc ndng thdn. Dua vao dfl heu dilu t r a qud'c gia trong n h i l u n a m qua, nhOfng khac biet trong vide tiep can gifla cac huydn ngheo n h l t va cac huydn it ngheo htfn dang giam nhung sU khac bidt ve chlit lugng dudng n h u dang Idn hcfn.
Ngoai nhOtng thie'u h u t ve tai Iidu hgc tap, dich vu vd sinh cdng cpng trong cac nha trudng cung la vmi de cd nhiftig h a n che' Idn. Tinh de'n n a m 2017, chi khoang 60%
cac trudng tieu hpc trong ca nUde cd he thd'ng cap nUdc va n h a ve sirih*^^^.
Ve Gido vien, giao vien cd du nang lUc thieu t r a m trpng d n h i l u huydn, khoang 20% giao vien t i l u hpc khdng ed du kha nang giang day^^^'. Vide dao tao gilo vien tai cac t h a n h phd' khdng dat hieu qua theo ke' hoach de ra, r a t n h i l u giao vidn (trong do chu yeu la giao vien d i n tfl cae vimg dan tpc thieu so', vimg sau viing xa) cd kd't qua dao tao t h a p hoac khong hoan thanh vide dao tao. NhQng giao vien nay dugc phan cdng tac v l cac lang ban lam cho c h i t lugng day hpc ntfi day khdng dat hidu qua n h u mong mud'n.
Ve vdn di hgc sinh, van eon nhieu ban ehe chUa dugc khac phue nhu:
Ke't qua khao sat chi so' xa hpi Lao n a m 2017 n h a n m a n h de'n sif chenh lech trong giao due ca v l mflc dd tie'p can, t h a m gia va hpc t a p cf t a t ca cac cap, trong dd chenh lech Idn n h a t la giao due m i m non. Htfn 50% hpc sinh m a m non vao tieu hpc ma khdng qua khao sat d l u vao, k h o i n g 25% tre em 3-4 tu6i dugc de'n trudng, khoang 30% tre tU 2-4 tuoi dugc
Le Hda - Ddnh gid thuc trgng phdt trien gido due cua Ldo... 53
cha me va cae t h a n h vien trong gia dinh quan t a m dUa t r e de'n trUdng de s i n sang vao tieu hpe, ed 10 tre de'n tuoi vao Idp 1 thi cd mdt tre khdng den trUdng va efl 4 tre hpc Idp 1 t b i cd 1 tre qua 10 tuli. & t a t ca cac cap hpc, sfl ehdnh Ideh trong tid'p can giao due dugc t h i hidn rd n h a t ct t r e em trong cac gia dinh ngheo, cae n h d m dan tpc khong phai la ngudi Lao va vdi eae ba me cd trinh dd hpe v i n thap*^"*'.
Tinh de'n n a m 2017, chi khoang 81,9% tre em theo hpc hoan t h a n h giao due tieu hpc, kd't qua hgc t a p cua nhieu hpc sinh r l t tha'p ndn nhieu tre sau khi td't nghidp tieu hpc van chUa cd kie'n thflc va ky n a n g thie't yeu<2i).
Bat binh dang gidi trong sd' hpe sinh dUtfc tuyen v i n con la mdt va'n de d mot sd' khu vUc, dang ehu y la d khu vUc phia Bic, noi ma chi phi ve m a t kinh te de gdi nhiJng be gai de'n trUdng dUtfc can n h l c cao, dae biet d mgt so' too ngUdi thieu so, cac be gai con n h a n trach nhiem dam bao lUtfng thUc va cdng vide npi trg trong gia dinh. Su khae bidt v l gidi khong cd xu hudng giam d 47 huyen nghfeo nhat.
Vl nguon ngdn sdch, theo ke' hoach phat trien qud'c gia, dU kie'n de'n n a m 2020, Chinh phu Lao se htfp tac vdi cae to ehflc qud'e te' va to chfle t u n h a n trong nude de md rdng m a n g ludi trudng hpe den ta't ea cae vung trong ea nUdc. Tuy vay, de'n nay, mgt so' khd k h a n van ehUa khac phuc dugc, dd la sif eo hep v l nguin ngan sach va SLf phdc t a p v l dia ban eu tru. Hidn nay, nguon k i n h phi ho trtf eho giao due dudi n h i l u h i n h thdc nhU midn giam hpc phi, ehi phi luong thUc, y te', cung cap q u i n ao va do dung hgc tap, dien, tien tidu vat ... ddi hdi phai cd nguin lue khdng nhd. Tuy nhien, dd'i vdi Lao, tiem lUe kinh
te eon yd'u n e n mflc ho trg tinh binh quan cho mdt hgc sinh con rat tha'p (40 USD m l i nam'^2*), sU hd trg nay ve eo ban chua giam dUtfc ganh n a n g eho chi phi giao due cua ngudi dan vung sau vung xa. Mat khac, viec thUc hidn ehinh sach hS trtf giao due cho cac dd'i tugng hpc sinh ngheo, hpe sinh dan tde t h i l u so' cdn cham do sU phd'i hgp giQa cae ben lien quan n h u trudng hpe va chinh quyln dia phUcfng eon chua thd'ng nhat. Vi vay, viec tiep can giao due dd'i vdi ngUdi dan ntfi day cdn mdt rao can Idn.
Bdo tgo nghe cdng dd'i di&n vdi nhieu thdch thdc. Hidn so' lUtfng cac sinh vien theo hgc nghe ngay cang sut giam so vdi chi tieu dat ra. N a m 2015, Bg Giao due va the thao Lao tuyen sinh 15.630 hgc vien tai cic Ctf sd day n g h i trdn toan quo'c, tren thue td' ehi ed 11.644 hpe vidn dang ky.
Chinh phu va cac dd'i tae da cd nhieu chinh sach khuye'n khich hpc vien: dau tU xay dung t h e m cac cO sd dao tao, t a n g mflc trg ca'p..jihiftig ti le dang ky hge nghe van sut giam. Nguyen n h a n eua thUe trang nay la do tien trg cap v i n d mflc thap 600.000 kip/thang, sU phd'i hgp kem hidu qua va khdng n h a t quan giQa chinh phu va khu vUe kinh te' tU nhan, ctf sd vat chat va trang thie't hi thie'u va lac hau d i n de'n chat lugmg dao tao thlp*^^'.
K e t l u ^ n
Nhin chung, cung vdi sU phat trien ve kinh td', nen giao due cua Lao trong gan 20 n a m qua cd sif thay doi tieh cUc tren n h i l u phUtfng dien. Ke't qua nay cho thay, Lao da biet t a n dung nhOftig dieu kien t h u a n Igi trong nUdc, nhQng eo hgi ma xu the' hgp tae khu vUe va qud'e te da tao ndn, tfl dd cd nhOtng chinh sach phu hgp trong phat t r i l n giao due. Tuy vay,
54 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd'3/2019
v i n eon nhOftig kho k h a n va b a n ehe' ddi hoi Dang, N h a nfldc, Chinh phu va cac bp nganh h e n quan can phai cd sfl quan t a m va sat sao hcfn nfla de'n n l n giao due Lao, tfl dd hoaeh dinh va thUc tbi chinh sach phu hgp, hieu qua dUa t r e n t i n h hinh thifc td' trong nUde cimg vdi sif tie'p thu kinh nghiem cua nhieu nUdc trong khu vifc va trdn thd' gidi, de sdm dUa nen giao due Lao dat dugc nhOttig muc tidu d l r a trong ke' hoach phat trien giao due giai doan 2016 - 2020 va t i m nhin de'n n a m 2030./.
CHU THICH
1. Lugt vd Phdp li trong linh vUc vdn hda - xd hdi, Nxb Ban Tuyen truyln Lu&t ph&p Lao 2011.
2. Child Friendly Schools (TrUimg hgc chdt lUgng) Case Study: Lao peoples democratic republic, UNICEF Lao People's Democratic Republic, March 2011, pl6.
3. So' lieu nam 2001 trich td Thdng ke phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi CHDCND Ldo giai dogn 1975 - 2005, Bd Ke' hoach va Dau tU, Vieng Ch&n 2005. So' lieu nam 2017 trich td Thdng ke thz^mg nien 2017, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tU, Vieng Ch&n thang 6/2018.
4. Ki hoach phdt triin kinh ti - xd hgi 5 ndm lan thd 6 (2006 - 2010), Bo Kd' hoach va Dau tu Lao 2006.
5. Ki hoach phdt triin kinh ti - xd hoi 5 ndm lan thd 6 (2006 - 2010), tldd.
6. Education for cdi 2015 national review, Country Report of Lao Peoples Democratic, August 2014.
7. https://laotiantimes.com/2018/05/30/laos- will-rollout-new-and-improved-primary- school-curriculum-in-2019/
8. So' lieu n&m 2005 trich td Thdng k& thudng nien 2005, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tU, Vieng Chan 2006. So' Iidu nam 2017 trich td
Thong ftg thuimg ni&n 2017, Bd K l hoach va Dlu tu, Vidng Ch&n thang 6/2018.
9. Luis Benveniste, Jeifery Marshall, Lucrecia Santibaiiez, Teaching in Lao PDR, Ministry of Education Lao People's Democratic Repubhc, January 2008.
10. Thdng ke thudng nien 2001, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, Vieng Chan 2002.
11. Thdng ke thudng nien 2006, Bd K l hoach va Dau tu, Vieng Chan 2007.
12. Thdng k& thudng ni&n 2017, Bo Ke' hoach v& Dlu tu, Vidng Chan thang 6/2018.
13. Lao people's Democratic Republic, Five year national socio - economic development plan VIII (2016 2020;, ministry of planning and Investment Vientiane Capital, 2 5 * february 2015.
14. S l Iidu n&m 2001 trich tU Thdng ke phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi CHDCND Ldo giai dogn 1975 - 2005, tldd. So' lieu nam 2017 trich tu Thdng k& thudng ni&n 2017, tldd.
15. Ministry of Education and Sports, Education and Sports Sector Development Plan 2016-2020, December 2015 (Ki hoach phdt triin Gido due vd thi thao Ldo giai dogn 2016 • 2020 cua B6 Giao due va The thao Lao, thang 12 n&m 2015).
16. Phetsakhon - Van phong chinh phu L&o (2011), Chiin lugc phdt triin gido due cda CHDCND Ldo, Tai Ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc quic t l 'That trien kinh te' - xa hoi Vidt Nam va Lao giai doan 2011 - 2020", Thang 7/2011, tr.372.
17. https://www.unicef.org/laos/stories/ahead- curve
18. https://www.unicef.org/laos/intemational- consultancy-education-bottleneck-analyses 19. Phetsakhon - Van phdng chinh phu Lao
(2011), tldd.
20. https://www.unicef.org/laos/intemational- consultancy-education-bottleneck-analyses 21. httpsy/www.uniceforg/laos/education 22. Lao PDR ESDF Sector Study: Social
Development and Inclusive Education, tr.62.
23. Theo KPL News, 24/6/2015.