K H O A H p c - C 6 N G N G H E
So 11/2018
Danh gia thirc trang hoat dpng tuyen BRT
Yen NghTa - Kim Ma: Goc nhin tCr phia nguoi sir dung
• TS. N G U Y I N H O A N G TaNG;TS. BANG MINH TAN; ThS. CAO PHl/ONG T H A O ; ThS. N G U Y I N THj Ml T R A Trudng Dai hgc Giao thong van tai
TOM TAT: Ha NQI la thanh pho dsu tien t^i Vi§t Nam trien khai dich vu xe buyt BRT vai mong muon day manh vai tro cua giao thong cong cong nhu la mpt loai hinh di lai chu yeu tai thanh pho nay Viec danh gia dung thyc trgng hoat dgng cua loai hinh djch vu nay co y nghTa quan trqng trong vi^c dmh huong phat trien he thong giao thong cong cpng trong tuong lai. Nghien cuu nay tgp trung xem xet thuc trang hoat dong cCia tuyen xe buyt BRT Yen NghTa - Kim Ma dudi goc dg cua nguoi sO dyng d|ch vu. Ket qua danh gia cho tha/ chat luong dich vu xe buyt BRT nhan dupe nhung danh gia tich cue td phfa ngudl sd dung dich vu-
TC/ KHOA: Xe buyt BRT, giao thong cong cgng, chat iupng dich vu
ABSTRACT: Hanoi is the first city in Vietnam introduced the bus rapid transit (BRT) service, aiming to make public transport as the major travel mode of the city Understanding the Hanoi BRT service quality level is essential because it may help onenting the future development of Hanoi public transportation system. This study focuses on assessing the sen/ice quality on the view point of BRT users Results showed that the sen/ice has a positive assessment of its users.
KEYWORDS: Bus Rapid Transit, public transport, service quality
I . G l O l T H l l U C H U N G V i T U Y ^ N BRT Y £ N NGHIA - KIM MA
Du an tuyen xe buyt BRT Yen NghTa- Kim Ma la mot trong hai hgp phan thuoc du an phat trien giao thong do thi Ha Ngi vdi sd vdn vay khoang 101.6 trieu SDR t u Ngan hang The gidi. Muc dfch cua hgp phan BRT la nh^m;(1) Nang cao sUtham gia cua xa hoi trong sU phat trien cua do thi trong dd bao gdm ca sU tham gia eua nhiJng ngudi tan tat; (2) Giam thieu cac tae dgng tieu cUc eua TNGT ddi vdi ngudi ngheo va nang eao ehfnh saeh eung nhu eg sd ha tang nham dap dng nhu cau eua dan do thi cd thu nhap thap cung nhU dan nhap cu do
thi va (3) Gfam eac hieu Ung khi thai tU eac boat ddng giao thong [1].
Vdi nhUng muc tieu ke tren, du an BRT dau tien eua Ha Noi da dugc len ke hoach chuan bi t d nam 2007, d u kien di vao hoat dong tU nam 2010. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan ea khach quan va chu quan, du an da bj ngUng tre khoang 6 nam trUdc khi chfnh thUc di vao hoat dgng tCf cudi nhUng nam 2016 dudi ap lUc cua viec het han Hiep dinh vay vdn vdi Ngan hang The gidi [2].
Trong qua trinh trien khai di vao hoat dgng dUan phai ddi mat vdi hang loat thach thiJc nhU: (1) SU sal khac rat nhieu ve nhu eau di lai trong du bao va thue te, (2) Thieu cac cau phan can thiet de eo the trien khai dieh vu xe buyt BRT day dii va (3) Ap lUc rat Idn ve dU luan khi tuyen dudng trien khai ed mat do giao thdng eao, tac nghen xay ra thudng xuyen. Cu the la, theo cac danh gia trudc khi tnen khai thue hien dU an, nhu eau giao thong thue te da gap 2 den 3 lan so vdi mUc du bao trudc do. Viec chia se 01 lan dUdng danh rieng trong tdng sd 3 lan dudng hien cd cho xe buyt BRT cung nhu viec thieu goi thau ha tang hen quan den tfn hieu den Uu tien va the ve dien tCr eho xe buyt BRT cang lam eho tuyen dich vu nay gap khd khan trudc ngay di vao trien khai van hanh [3].
2. MOT SO D A N H G I A SAU KHI T R I I N KHAI OjCH VU TUY^N BRT Y £ N N G H I A - KIM MA
Theo bao eao eiia Trung tam Quan ly va Oieu hanh Giao thong do thi Ha Noi (TRAMOC) [4], sau 10 thang van hanh, san lugng hanh khach eua xe buyt BRT dao dong on dinh trong khoang 13000 den 14000 lugt/ngay. San lUOng nay kem xa so vdi san luang duac dU bao trong cae nghien eUu trUde do la 36500 lugt/ngay. Ve mdc do hai long eua hanh khach, da co 3 eude khao sat dugc thUe hien, trong do Ngan hang The gidi da tien hanh 02 eude khao sat vao thang 2 (723 dU lieu ea nhan) va thang 9 (707 dUlieuea nhan) nam 2017 (02 thang va 9 thang sau khi tuyen BRTYen NghTa - Kim Ma di vao hoat dgng) va 01 cudc khao sat do TRAIVIOC thUc hien vao thang 3/2017 (2050 dQ lieu ca nhan}. Theo do ty le hai long ve mu'c do hai long dang d mUe rat eao (96%) tai thoi diem 2 thang va 95% tai thdi diem 3 thang va 9 thang sau khi xe buyt BRTdi vao boat ddng.
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KHOA H O C - C O N G N G H 6
Hinh 2.1: T^ le tiet kiem thdi gian do chuyen doi til cac phuong tien sang buyt BRT (Nguon [6])
mZthSng • 9Ih^ng
Hinh 2.2: Ty le chuyen doi tir cac phuong tien sang buyt BRT (2 thing - trai va 9 thing - phii; Nguon [6]) Bing 2.1. OSc tinh ngudi tham gia phdng van Chi tieu
Gi6i tfnh
Tuoi
Nghe nghiep
Thu nhap (trieu/
thang)
Tan suat sCrdungxe buyt BRT
K h i o sat 12 thang sau vSn hanh Nam 54,7%, NO 45,3%
£18(18,7%);
18-23 (60.0%);
>23(21.3%) Hoc sinh/sinh vien (74.7%); di lam (13.3%);
lao dong t u do (107%);
khac(1.3%)
Kh^o s i t 18 thang sau van hanh Nam 48,4%, Nu'51,6%
sl8(10.4%), 18-23(24.8%), s23 (64.8%) Hoc sinh/sinh vien (30 2%), di lam (55.5%);
lao dong t u d o (11.0%);
khac (3 3%)
^ i n ( f i ^ f t % v m i ^ ; 0-5 (30.6%);5-10 Z 0 - 3 0 , 5 . 8 « ; . 3 0 , 4 3 « , - l ; | - ; | = - * | ; ^ , ° ^ ° Thinh tho^ng (25,3%); Thinh thoang (0.5%), 2-4 lan/tuan (22.7%); 4-6 ' 2-4 lan/tuan (13 7%);
lan/tuan (9.3%); > 6 lan/ [ 4-6 lan/tuan (4.4%); > 6 tuan (42.7%) lan/tuan (81.9%)
Hinh 2.3: T^ le chuyen ddi td cac phuong tien sang buyt BRT (12 thang - trai va 18 thing - phai)
Ve tdc do di chuyen, theo bao eao cua TRAMOC [5], xe buyt BRT duoe danh gia ed tdc do di chuyen khoang 20 km/h, 20% nhanh hgn xe buyt thudng e6 eung 16
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trinh trUde dd. Ket qua khcio sat trong bao eao cCia Ngan hang The gidi [6] eho thay, xe buyt BRT giup tiet kiem thdi gian hPn so vdi xe buyt thudng, xe dap vS xe 6 td eon, tuy nhien khdng giup tiet kiem thdi gian so vdi xe may, xe dm va xe taxi (Hinh 2.1). Ben canh do, ket quii danh gia, cung eho thay gan mot nCra sd ngudi dUgc khao sat chuyen t d silf dung phUPng tien giao thdng ea nhan sang sir dung xe buyt BRT (Hinh 2.2). Cac phan tfeh trong bao eao nay cung cho thay phu nU thich su' dung xe buyt BRT hOn, hai Idng hgn va mudn gidi thieu dich vu nay tdi ngUdi khac hOn nam gidi.
Cae ket qua danh gia tren mac du duoc 6 nhieu khfa canh khac nhau, tuy nhien van dCJng lai d mdc chung chung va ehUa phan anh dugc cae van de quan trong nham hieu rd duac tfnh ben vCirng cua loai hinh dich vu nay dac biet qua eac danh gia ti!l phia ngudl sCr dung. Cu the la cac ket qua danh gia chUa giai thfch duoc tai sao t;y' le ngUdi tham gia kh^o sat cd do hcil long cao nhUng san lugng hanh khach lai chUa dap Lfng duoc ky vgng. De lam duae dieu nay can p h l l co cac danh gia eho phep chi ra duge dac diem dich vy ey the eua xe buyt BRTYen NghTa - Kim Ma da va dang thu hut dugc ngUdisddung cung nhUeae han checan calthi&n eua tuyen djch vu nay.
3. D A N H GIA C H U Y I N S A U T Q G 6 C D O NGUCfl S O T D U N G D I C H V U X E B U Y T BRTYEN NGHIA - KIM MA
3.1.Thu thap so lieu
De cd the cd nhQng goc nhin sau hon ve phfa ngUdi SLf dung ddi vdi djch vu BRT Yen NghTa - Kim Ma, nhdm nghien cdu da tien hanh tnen khai khao sat phdng van ngudi sCf dung dich vy nay vao 02 thdi diem: Thang 12/2017(12 thang sau van hanh, 75 dU lieu dieu tra ca nhan) va thang 6/2018 (18 thang sau van hanh, 182 dut lieu dieu tra ca nhan). Ngudi duge phdng van duge Ida chgn ngau nhien, tuy nhien cac phieu tra ldl duge hoan thanh tren tinh than tU nguyen cua ngUdi dugc phdng van vdi phuang cham tra Idi khach quan nhat nhCrng cau hdi duac hdi.
3.2. Phan tich mieuta
Cac phan tfeh thdng ke mieu ta cho thay t)/ le nam nCr tham gia khao sat d ca hai lan dieu tra d mu'c tUong ddi can bang. NhUng ngudi tham gia khIo sat ph^n Idn la ngudi tren 18 tuoi {tren 80%), chu yeu la hoc sinh sinh vien va nhCfng ngUdi di lam {tren 85%}. MUc thu nhap hang thang cua nhUng ngUdi duge hdi phan Idn la dudi 15 tri#u (tren 85%). Ben canh dd, ed tren 50% sd ngudi dugc hdi sCs dung xe buyt BRT thudng xuyen (tren 4 lan/tuan).
Bing 3.1. Danh gii chat lurnig dich vu-12 thing sau van hinh 1'lQUcbi Nbonhal 1 Lcm nbal
Tlioi gian di lai ] „ 5 0 IMuc 66 dung gio
Mile: dg an ninh
1,0 1.0 Muc do an loan 10 Muc do thoai msi
iMuc dphai long Duyi BRT nhanh hon xe may
I.D 3,0 1.0 BiiylBRTaiHoanhmixenlij' 1 |.o iBuvl BRT Uioii mai hon xc miv 1 1.0
5.0 5.0 s.o 5,0 5,0 5.0
Trung binh 4.214 4,176 4,236 4.214 4,225 4,264
SD
3.560 5.0 1 a.isi 5.0 4.209 1
6675 6496 6765 6757 7120 5221 9149 6264 6651
KHOA Hoc - CONG NGHi
So 11/2018
B^g 3.2. Oanh gi^ chat luong djch vii-18 th^ng sau van hinh Tiro chi
K M nJing tiep c^n nha cho Miic do an toan t?i nha cho Tan suat phuc vy M i ^ do diing gib Thdi gian cho xe Miitc dO thu|n li^n di I91 Tb4i dQ nhan vien ph\ic vu Thong tin djch v\i T^ng thdi gian dl l^i Djch vu Wifi Siirc chiia ciia xe Ti§a nghi/th6ng tin tren xe S ^ h se t ^ n h i chcr Thii dg lai xe Sach sc! thoai mai tr€n xe An toan tren xe Di chuyen em ai LSn xuong xe Giave Muave
Nhd DhJIt 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1.0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1.0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,0 2,0 1,0 1.0
Ldn ntaat 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
Ti-ang blBh
3,307 3,187 4,200 4,160 3,947 3,267 3,853 4,013 3,960 2,870 3,587 3,787 3,987 4,107 4,173 4,280 4,133 4,360 4,347 4,373
SD ,9722 1,1234 1,0780 1,0140 1,0767 ,9772 ,9543 1,0066 1,0193 1,329 1,0147 ,9904 ,8775 ,8633 ,8443 .8473 ,9202 ,9100 ,9794 ,9833 Ben eanh do, de co the so sanh vdi cac nghien cdu trudc day, ty le ngudi sCr dung phuung tien trudc khi chuyen sang silf dung dieh vu xe buyt BRT cung da dUOc khao sat. Ket qua khao sat co mUc do tuong ddng eao vdi cac ket qua cong bd trUdc day trong cac khao sat cua Ngan hang The gidi. Cu the la, ngUdi sd dung djch vu xe buyt BRT chu yeu chuyen sang tU ngUdi stf dyng xe buyt thudng va xe may. Chi tiet duge trinh bay trong Hinh 2.3.
3.3. Danh gia tOTgoc do ngi/cri sijrdung ve dich vu xe buyt BRT Y i n NghTa - Kim IMa
Thang diem danh gia Likert 5 diem {1 - Rat khong hai long den 5 - Rat hai long) dugc sCr dung trong cac bang hdi nh^m thu thap y kien cua ngudi sd dyng djch vu xe buyt BRT. Ngudi duoc hdi chi dUoe phep chgn mdt mUe do trong nam mUc dd danh gia.
Ket qua phan tich tai cugc khao sat 12 thang sau van hanh cho thay chi duy nhat chat lugng djch vy wifi co mUe danh gia d mUe dudi trung binh (2,87; SD - 1,329).
Cac khia canh ve chat lugng dich vy duoc danh gia cao bao trum nhieu tieu chi trong do dang chu y gdm {1) Tan suat phyc vu, mUe do dung gid va thong tin dieh vu; (2) Gia ve va each thUe mua ve; (3) Thai do lai xe va (4) An toan, sach se, de dang len xudng va di chuyen em ai. NhU vay, ket qua danh gia eho thay dich vu xe buyt BRT da dat dugc nhQng yeu cau co ban nhat ve chat lugng dich vy (nhdm tieu chi 1 va nhdm 2) cung nhu dat duge cac yeu cau cap cao (nhdm tieu chi 3 va 4). Ket qua danh gia chi tiet dugc trinh bay tai Bdng 3.2.
Tren eo sd cae ket qu^ danh gia dat dUOc tai cugc khSo sat 12 thang sau van hanh, khao sat 18 thang sau van hanh dUPc tien hanh vdi myc dich kiem tra lai cac tieu ehi dugc danh gia eao tai khao sat 12 thang nham khang
dmh ch^c chan sUdanh gia tUphia ngUdi sd dyng dieh vu.
Cac khia canh danh gia trong khao sat 18 thang khong di vao chi tiet va ma ehu trgng hdn den danh gia tdng the.
Cu the la ngUdi tham gia khao sat duge hoi ve nhan djnh eua hg ve (1) Thdi gian di lai va mdc do dung gid; (2) MUc do an toan an ninh cung nhuthoal mai tren xe va (3) MUe do thda man dieh vy mdt each tdng the. Ket qua phan tich cho thay tat ea cac tieu chi nay deu dugc danh gia d mdc rat cao (xem chi tiet xem tai Bang 3.2).
Ben eanh do, do ket qua danh gia tU ket q u i eua eac lan khao sat trUde do deu cho thay dich vu xe buyt BRT thu hut dugc mot ty le dang ke ngudi sd dyng xe may, khao sat 18 thang da thuc hien dieu tra them cae so sanh giUa xe may va xe buyt BRT nham ed nhUng nhan dmh ban dau ly giai cho ty le chuyen doi phUOng thUe nay. Theo ket qua khao sat, xe buyt BRT duge danh gia cao hdn han xe may ve mdc do an toan va thoai mai so vdi xe may. Ve tdc dd di chuyen, dich vu nay cung duoc nhin nhan md mUe nhinh hon so vdi xe may (ehi tiet xem tai Bang 3.2).
3.4. Diem khac biet cua nhtJTng ngUdi chuyen tH sit dung xe may sang xe buyt BRT
Tren co sd nhan thdc rang nhUng ngUdi sd dung xe may la muc tieu ehinh trong ehfnh saeh thu hut eua dich vu xe buyt BRT, mot sd phan tich sau hon vdi dU lieu eua lan khao sat 18 thang sau van hanh da dugc tien hanh.
Theo do, cac nhan dinh cua nhUng ngUdi chuyen tU sCS dung xe may sang xe buyt BRT da dugc so sanh vdi cac nhan dinh cua nhUng ngUdi chuyen tU sd dung xe buyt thudng sang xe buyt BRT. Ket qua so sanh cho thay sy khac biet co khang dinh thong ke d tat ea eae chi tieu danh gia. Dang chu y la ngudi sU dyng xe may danh gia thap hon ve thdi gian di lai va mUc dp dung gid eua xe buyt BRT nhung danh gia cao hdn d mUc dp an ninh, an toan, mUe do thoai mai va hai long trong di chuyen. Cac danh gia so sanh glUa xemay va xe buyt deu duge nhdm nay danh gia cao hon nhdm nhQng ngudi chuyen tQ sU dung xe buyt thudng sang xe buyt BRT.
Bing 3.3. So sanh cac danh gia cua nhdm chuyen tuxe may sang BRT va tuxe buyt thudng sang BRT
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Ngoai ra, cac dac diem cua nhung ngUoi chuyen t u SLf dyng xe may sang xe buyt BRT eung duoc phan tich lam ro. Cu the la nhQng ngUdi nay ed xu huong la nam (63.9%), do tuoi trung binh khoang 32 tudi; edng viec chu yeu la can bo cong nhan vien van phong (79.2%) va co mUe thu nhap trung binh khoang 10 trieu/thang. Mye
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KHOA H O C - C O N G NGHE
dich ehinh cua nhQng ngudi nay trong viec sQ dung xe buyt BRT la dl lam hang ngay (59%), tiep sau dd la di chPi va tham dU cac sU kien (18%), tham ban be ngUdi than (13%) va di sieu thi, nha hang (10%).
4. KET U)AN
Mae du edn mot sd han che ve sd lUong mau dieu tra, tuy nhien bai bao gidi thieu da diem qua dUOc nhQng danh gia cap nhat nhat cho den thdi diem nay ve thUe trang hoat ddng cua tuyen xe buyt BRTYen NghTa - Kim Ma. Cae phan tieh chuyen sau tQ ket qua khao sat dUOc thuc hien bdi nhdm nghien cQu tQ goc dp ngUdi sddyng da dua den nhQng nhan dinh quan trgng sau:
Dich vy xe buyt BRT da dat dUoe nhUng yeu eau cd ban nhat ve chat lUdng dieh vy bao gdm eae yeu td ve thdi gian va gia ve. Djch vu nay con dat dugc cac yeu eau tdt trong cac danh gia ve mUc do an toan, an ninh, sach se va thoai mai trong di chuyen. Cae van de can cai thien ehu yeu hien nay ddi vdi dich vu nay la eae van de ve tiep can nha chd, mQc do thuan tien trong di lai va chat lugng wifi tren xe.
Djch vu xe buyt BRT da dat dUOc thanh cong bUdc dau trong viee thu hut ngUdi sQ dung xe may. Nhdm ngudi tham gia giao thong chuyen tQ sd dung xe may sang BRT chi dUng thU hai sau nhdm chuyen tQ xe buyt thudng. Mdt sd dac tinh dang lUu y cua nhdm nay la nam, ed do tudi trung binh 32 tuoi vdi cong viec chu yeu la cong nhan vien van phdng vdi mUe thu nhap khocing 10 trieu mot thang.
Cac ket luan ke tren cho phep nha quan ly dUa ra nhQng chinh sach nhSm nang eao chat lugng dieh vu, trong do trudc mat tap trung vao eal thien kha nang tiep can nha chd va chat lugng wifi. Ngoai ra, cac chinh sach can thiet khac cung can co de tiep tuc thu hut nhUng ngudi sU dung chuyen tQ xe may hoac eac phuong tien ca nhan khac sang xe buyt. Cae ehinh sach nay nen tap trung vao nhdm ngudl tham gia giao thong eo mUe thu nhap trung binh, cong viec dn dmh tai eae cong ty, doanh nghiep ddn vi dong tren dja ban gan v6i tuyen djch vu.
Trong tUPng lai can nghien cQu cac dich vu BRT chat lugng cao da thanh cong d tren the gidi de trien khai ap dung vao dieu kien d Viet Nam nham nang eao chat lugng phuc vy hanh khach mot each toan dien.
[6]. World Bank (Januray 18, 2018), Implementation completion and results report on a credit in the amount of SDR 101.08 million and a grant on the amount ofUSS 9.8 million to the socialist republic of Vietnam for a Hanoi Urban Transport Development Project( P083581 ) Report No: ICR000040n.
Ngay nhan bai: 28/9/2018 Ngay chap nhan dang: 27/10/2018 NgUdi p h i n bien: TS. Tran KhSc Diro'ng
TS. ChuTienDung
Tai lieu tham khao
[1]. World Bank (May 17, 2007), Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the amount of SDRl01.8 Million to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for a Hanoi Urban Transport Development Project, Report No, 39434-VN
[2]. World Bank (2008 - 2016), Implementation Status and Results Reports.
[3]. Hanoi DOT (2016), Hanoi Urban Transport Development Project - Project Implementation Status Report.
[4], TRAMOC (2017), hmonth, 2-month, 3-month, 8-month, and 10-month Hanoi BRTOperation Report.
[5]. TRAMOC (2017), Hanoi BRTOperation Report.