DANH GIA 5 NAM THlTC HIEN KHAU DOT PHA CHIEN Ll/OC VE HOAN THIEN THE CHE KINH TE THI TRlTOiNG XA HOI CHU NGHIA
V u CtfOMg*
Ngaynhan; 25/12/2015 Ngay nhan ban sira: 04/01/2016 Ngay duyet dang: 05/01/2016
Tom tat:
Bdi viit ndy ddnh gid lai nhitng kit qua dgt dugc sau 5 nam thuc Men khau dot phd chien luge vi hodn thiin thi chi kinh ti thi truang dinh huang xa hdi chu nghia vd phdn^ tich chat lugng the^
chi cita Viit Nam dua trin cdc chi sd do ludng thi chi vd qudn tri todn cau phd bien cua the gidi Tit do bdi viit kit ludn mdc du da dgt dugc nhiing thdnh tuu ddng ghi nhdn, viec hoan then thi chi trong thai gian qua diin ra cham, thiiu ddng bo, vd mdi chi tap trung chit yen a khau xdy dung khudn khd luat phdp. Nhiem vu dgt ra cho 5 nam tai Id phdi tiin hdnh cdi cdch dong bd cdba mdt: hi thdng lugt phdp, ca chi vd bd mdy thuc thi lugt phap. Trong do, trong tam can dgt vdo viec tdng cuang tiing ndi cita ngudi ddn vd trdch nhiem gidi trinh cua cdc ca quan nha nude.
Ttf khoa: Thg che kinh tg tM trucmg; chi s6 do luong thS chg; he th6ng luat phap; co chg; bo may.
Assesment of 5-year implementation of tlie strategic breaktlirougli on improvement of socialist oriented market economy institutions
Abstract:
This paper aims at assessing the results of 5-year implementation of the strategic breakthrough on improvement of socialist oriented market economy institution, and analyzing quality of Viet- namese institution based on the internationally adopted governance indicators. The paper con- cludes that while achievements are well recognized, institutional reform has been undertaken at a slow pace, primarily focused on legislative reform. In the next five years, all three dimensions of institutional reform, including legislation, effective implementation mechanism and adminis- tration apparatus should be equally addressed. The main focus of the institutional reform should strengthen citizens'voices and accountability of the authorities.
Keywords; Market economy institution; institutional measurements; legislation; mechanism, administration apparatus.
1. Dat van dl cdi thien... To chitc vd qudn ly diiu hdnh ciia nhd Ket thuc kg hoach 5 nam 2006-2010, Chinh phu nude tren mot so linh vuc cdn yiu... " (Chinh phu, da CO danh gia thSng thin vg nhiing han che, ygu 2011, tr. 17, 25), dong thoi cung chi ro mot trong kem trong digu hanh phat trien kinh te- xa hpi giai nhiing nguygn nhan co ban la the che kinh te thi doan nay, trong do nhin manh: '\..Ndng suat lao trucmg dinh huong xa hpi chu nghia chua dugc xay dgng xa hoi thdp han nhieu so vai cdc nuac trong dung dong bp. Buoc sang kg hoach 5 nam 2011- khu vuc. Ndng liic cgnh tranh qudc gia cham dugc 2015, Chinh phu da xac dinh hoan thien the che
S3 223 tlidng 01/2016 2
kinh te thi trucmg la mot trong ba khau dot pha chign lupc nham giai phong sue san xuit va dam bao sir phat trien bgn viing. Dir thao Bao cao chinh tri cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang khoa XI tai Dai hpi d?i bieu toan qu6c lin thii XII ciia Dang tigp tuc cy the hoa muc tigu va nhiem vu phat trign ngn kinli te thi truong dinh huong xa hpi chii nghia trong giai doan 2016-2020 la "Din nam 2020. phdn ddu ca ban hodn thien ddng bo hi thdng thi chi kinh ti thi truang dinh huang xa hoi chu nghia theo cdc tiiu chuan phd biin cua nin kinh ti thi truang hiin dai vd hoi nhap qudc ti; bdo dam tinh ddng bd giita thi chi kinh ti vd thi chi chinh tri, giiia Nhd nude vd thi truang" (Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, 2015).
Nhu V9y, CO thg thSy xay dung va hoan thien hg thong thg Che kinh tg thi trucmg da duoc xac dinh nhu mot nhiem vu dai han, trpng tam xuygn su6t Chien lupc phat trign kinh tg xa hpi giai doan 2011- 2020 ciia nuoc ta. Bai vigt nay nhin lai nhiing thanh tuu va han chg trong thuc hien khau dot pha nay, lam CO so dg xuit mot s6 kign nghi cho giai doan toi nham thuc sir dat dupe muc tieu nhu Du thao Bao cao chinh tri cua Ban Chip hanJi Trung ucmg Dang khoa XI da dg ra.
Mac dii khai niem vg thg chg kinh tg thi trucmg dinh huong xa hpi chii nghia la mot khai nigm moi va con can tiep tuc lam sau sic hon ca vg can cii ly luan va thuc tiln (Nguygn Xuan Phiic, 2015), xong vg CO ban cac nha nghign ciiu dgu nhit tri ring, trudc hgt do phai la mot he th6ng thg chg giup hinh thanh va duy tri mot moi trucmg canh tranh lanh manh, phii hgp thong le qu6c tg, theo do tit ca cac loai hinh doanh nghigp dgu c6 thg hoat dong tu do va binh ding trong khuon kh6 phap luat cho phep.
Trong he thong do, chinh phii dong vai tro h6 trg, thiic day su phat trign ciia cac loai thi tnrong. Kg' hoach phat trign kinh tg- xa hpi 5 nam giai doan 2011-2015 (tr. 36) ciing da ngu ro: "Hodn thien thi chi kinh ti thi truang dinh huang xa hdi chii nghia, trong tdm Id tgo lap mdi truang cgnh tranh binh ddng vd cdi cdch hdnh chinh, trong dd tap trung vdo viec sua ddi, bd sung Hiin phdp; ban hdnh mai vd sua ddi, bd sung cdc Bg Lugt, Lugt; ddi mai quy trinh xdy dung vd ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt lien quan din thi chi kinh ti thi truang nhdm bdo dam cgnh tranh binh ddng, minh bgch giua cdc doanh nghiep thudc mgi thdnh phdn kinh
thai thitc hiin tdt chinh sdch xa hdi; tgo lap dong bd vd van hdnh thdng sudt cdc logi thi truang (hdng hod, tdi chinh, chitng khodn, bdt ddng sdn, lao dgng khoa hoc, cdng nghi)". Day ciing la each higu dugc sii dung trong bai vigt.
2. Phuffng phap nghien cuu
Dg danh gia tinh hinh thuc hien muc tieu kg hoach, each tigp can thong thucmg nhit la so sanh giila chi tieu dat ra va kgt qua thuc hien. Tuy nhign, mac du hoan thien thi chg dupe coi la mot khau dot pha nhung ban than Kg hoach 5 nam 2011-2015 cung khong dua ra bit ky mot chi tigu hay m6c chuan nao dg so sanh. Bai vilt nay se danh gia kit qua hoan thien thi chl ciia Viet Nam dira trgn cac chi so quoc tl dugc sir dung rong rai d% do luong chat lugng thi chl va tac dpng ciia thi chg din phat trien a cac qu6c gia. Nam 2010 cua Viet Nam dugc diing lam nam co so (baseline) dl so sanh voi kit qua dat dugc nam 2015 (hoac nam gin nhit co s6 lieu). Tigp theo, bai vilt se dilm qua nhung thanh tich chii ylu ma Viet Nam da dat dugc trong 5 nam qua lam co so dg xuit nhung khuygn nghi cho giai doan 5 nam tilp theo.
Co rat nhilu chi s6 qu6c tl dugc sii dung dl so sanh chat lugng thi chl va quan tri cong giiia cac quoc gia hoac giira cac nam khac nhau, va m6i chi so deu CO uu nhupc dilm rigng boi le chiing dgu co muc dich, phuong phap thu thap va pham vi phan anh khong giong nhau. Do do, dl co thg xac dinh chinh xac xu huong cai thien thi chl ciia Vigt Nam, chiing ta cin sii dung kit hpp nhilu chi s6 dai dign khac nhau. Bai vilt nay sii dung b6n chi s6 chinh sau:
Chisd qudn tri todn cdu (WGI- Worldwide Gov- ernance Indicator). Day la bp chi s6 do luong true tigp chat lugng quan tri ciia 215 nuoc trgn thi gioi dua trgn 6 tru cot chinh: (i) tiing noi va trach nhiem giai trinh (phan anh tiing noi cua nguoi dan vl cac quyen hgp hien cua hp); (ii) 6n dinh chinh tri va khong CO bao luc (do luong miic do thucmg xuyen chinh phii bi thay thg hoac miic dp bao luc, khiing bo...); (iii) hieu luc chinh quyln (cho bilt nang lire cua bp may chinh quyln va chit luong dich vu hanh chinh cac cap); (iv) chit lugng lap phap (phan anh nang luc ban hanh va thuc thi cac chinh sach hgp ly); (v) phap quyen (la tim guong phan chilu hieu qua cua bg may tu phap va sir tin tuong ciia nguoi
nhiing (do luong miic dp tham nhiing va su chi phoi cua cac nhom Ipi ich).
Chi sd ndng lite cgnh tranh todn cdu (GCI - Global Competitiveness Index). GCI la chi so dugc Diln dan kinh tl thi gioi xay dung nham ket hpp dilm danh gia hang loat cac yeu to ve thg che, chinh sach va cac nhan t6 quyet dinh dgn nang suat ciia mot qu6c gia vao mot chi so t6ng hgp ma dua vao do, cac quoc gia se dugc xep hang. Mac du chi so nay khong true tigp do luong thg chg nhung the chg da dugc xac dinh nhu mot cau thanh quan trpng de tao ra nang luc canh tranh quoc gia. Cu the, GCI dupe xay dung dua trgn ba nhom tigu chi chinh.
Nhom thii nhit la tigu chi vg cac yeu cau co ban (gom bon chi so ve the chg voi trpng so 25%, co sci ha tang 25%, on dinh kinh tg vi mo 25% va y tg, giao due 25%). Nhom thii hai gom nam chi so phan anh miic dp nang cao hieu qua (dao tao giao due dai hoc, hieu qua cua thi trucmg hang hoa, hieu qua thi trudng lao dpng, thi truong tai chinh, cong nghe tign tien, qui mo thi trucmg). Nhom thii ba gom hai chi so phan anh miic dp doi moi sang tao gom sir phat trien he thong doanh nghiep va doi moi cong nghe.
Voi cac nuoc dang phat trign, trpng so cua ba nhom tieu chi trpng digm cua chi so tong hpp lan lugt la 40, 50 va 10.
Chi sd mite do thugn lgi trong kinh doanh (EDBI - Ease of Doing Business Indicator) la chi so do Nhom Ngan hang thg gioi xay dung nham do luong cac qui dinh luat phap co anh huong true tilp din viec kinh doanh, chii khong xem xet cac dilu kien chung nhu su gan giii vg mat dia ly din thi tru'dng, chat lugng co so ha tang, lam phat hay miic dp tgi pham. Cu the EDBI dugc tinh toan va xIp hang cho 189 qu6e gia, dua trgn 10 chi s6 thanh phin: (1) khoi su doanh nghiep; (2) d p phep xay dung; (3) kit nii dien; (4) dang ky tai san; (5) elp vln; (6) bao ve nha dau tu nho; (7) nop thul; (8) thuong mai qua bien gioi; (9) thuc thi hgp d6ng; va (10) thu tuc cham diit kinh doanh. Thii hang cang cao chiing to cac quy tac cho kinh doanh cang tit hon, don gian hon va bao ve quyen so hiru manh hem.
Chi sd tit do kinh ti (lEF - Index of Economic Freedom) la chi s6 do Heritage Foundation va Wall Street Joumal xay dirng tir nam 1995 dl do luong miie dp tu do kinh tl ciia cac nuoc tren thi gioi, dua trgn trilt ly cua Adam Smith cho ring cac thi chl co ban bao ve quyen tu do ciia cac ca nhan dugc theo
du6i lgi ich kinh tl cua ban than minh se mang lai sir thinh vugng hon cho xa hpi noi chung. Chi s6 nay dupe xay dung dua trgn 10 chi so thanh phin vl: (1) tu do kinh doanh; (2) tu do thuang mai; (3) tu do tiln te; (4) qui mo ciia nha nuoc; (5) tu do tai khoa; (6) quyln so hiiu tai san; (7) tu do dau tu; (8) tu do tai chinh; (9) tu do khong bi tham nhiing; va (10) tu do lao dpng. Chi s6 nay co gia tri cang cao chiing to miic dp tu do kinh tg cua mot nuoc cang Ion. Mac du van con bi phg phan o viec lira chpn cac chi s6 thanh phin va phuong phap tinh toan, nhung cho din nay, lEF vln la mot chi so co uy tin va dupe sir dung rit rong rai trong cac nghien ciru quoc te.
3. Chit luong the che kinh te thi truong cua Viet Nam trong giai doan 2011- 2015 theo cac thuffc do quoc te
Voi nhiing no luc cai each ben bi, he thong the chg o Viet Nam da co nhiing chuygn bign dang khich le. Tuy nhign, trong boi canh canh tranh toan cau, cong cuge cai each cua Viet Nam con phai manh me hon so vol cac nuoc trong khu vuc dg tranh nguy co tut hau va cai thien vi tri ciia quoc gia trong bang xgp hang nang luc canh tranh toan cau.
Phan nay se danh gia chat lugng the che cua Viet Nam trong sir so sanh vol mot so quoc gia trong khu vuc, dua tren cac chi so pho bien da dugc cac to chiic CO uy tin thu thap va cong bo.
Hinh 1 tom tat kgt qua cac chi so WGI cua Viet Nam theo so phan tram, tiic la phan tram cac nuoc CO diem so thap hon Viet Nam, trong s6 215 nuoc dugc xgp hang. Digu do co nghia chi s6 nay cang cao thi thii hang ciia Viet Nam cang tot. Nhin chung, cac WGI cua Viet Nam dgu co su cai thien nhat dinh trong 5 nam qua, nhung voi toe dp cham va van thupc nhom cac nuoc co WGI thip ciia thi gioi.
Di sau vao chi tilt, nlu nam 2010, Viet Nam diing thii 197 (tuong img voi digm phin tram 8,53 trong Hinh 1) trong chi so vg tieng noi va trach nhiem giai trinh thi din nam 2014, chiing ta da vuon 3 bac, Ign vi tri thii 194. Tuy nhign, dilm dang luu y la chi so nay eo miic diem kem nhit trong 6 chi s6, chiing to tigng noi ciia nguoi dan dl buoc chinh quyln cac cap phai co trach nhiem cao hon voi quylt dinh ciia minh la rit thip. Khong ngoai du doan khi thiy chi so tot nhat ciia Viet Nam van la In dinh chinh tri va khong CO bao luc, trong do Viet Nam luon dugc xIp vao tip giira. Tuy vay nlu nam 2010, co khoang 51% so qu6c gia xIp sau Viet Nam vl chi s6 nay thi
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Hinh 1: Chi s6 quan tri toan c^u cua Viet Nam, giai doan 2010-2014
60.00
10.00
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
• Tieng noi va trach nhiem giai trinh • On dinh chinh tri va khong co bao lire
• Hieu luc ciia chinh quyen ^ Chat lugng lap phap
? Phap quyen ^/. Kiem soat tham nhiing
Ngudn: Ngdn hdng thi giai (2015a)
den nam 2014, chiing ta chi con diing tren 46% so quoc gia. Co le nhiing bat on o Bign Dong trong giai doan nay la mot trong nhirng nhan to chinh gop phan gay ra su tut hau trong vi tri xgp hang cua Viet Nam vg chi so nay. Doi voi chi so hieu lire cua chinh quygn lai chiing kign xu thg ngupc lai, trong do nam 2014 la nam dau tien Viet Nam dugc xep trong top 50. Con lai cac chi so khac, chiing ta dgu nam trong nhom 50% so nuoc co thii hang thap nhat.
Bang 1 so sanh GCI va xgp hang chi so thg chg ciia Viet Nam va mot so nude trong khu vuc tir nam 2010-2011 din 2015-2016.
Bang 1 cho thay co moi lien he tuong doi ro rang giila chat lugng the chg va nang luc canh tranh quoc gia. Nhiing nude co xgp hang chi so thg chg thap thudng Cling la nude co nang luc canh tranh thap kem. Viet Nam khi budc vao ky kg hoach 5 nam 2011-2015 dugc xgp thil 59 trong 139 nude xgp hang vg GCI va dung thii 74 ve chi so thanh phan thg chg. Dgn nam 2015-2016, mac dii thii hang ve GCI cua chiing ta da tang dugc 3 bac nhung dang lo ngai la ygu to thg chg lai bi tut dgn 11 bac. Digu nay cho thay nhigu yeu to khac (nhu cai thien vg co sd ha tang, giao due, y tg) da bu trii cho su tut hau ve Bang 1: Xep hang Chi so nang luc canh tranh toan cau va ylu t6 the chl mot s6 nuo'c
Campuchia Indonesia Lao Malaysia Singapore Thai Lan Trung Quoc Viet Nam
T6ng so nude xep hang Ngudn: Dien ddn kinh ti the
Sd 223 thdng 01/2016
The che 94 61 42 1 64 49 74 giai
2010-2011
139 GCI
109 44 26 3 38 27 59
5
The che 111
55 71 23 2 82 51 85
2015-2016
140
GCI 90 37 83 18 2 32 28 56
Kinh teJ*liat trien
Hinh 2: Diim cac chi s6 thanh phan vl moi truotig kinh doanh tai Viet Nam nam 2016
Khoi s u a t a S i nghiep 90-
Thu tac cham dirt kinh doanh
Thuc thi hop dong
Thucmg mai qua bien ^
Nop thue
~~xip phep xay dimg
Ket noi dien
6ang Icy tai san
vay von Bao ve nha dau tu nho
Ghi chti: Cdc sd lieu trong Bdo cdo mdi trudng kinh doanh 2016 la sd lieu tinh din thai diim ngay I thdng 6 nam 2015, trit sd lieu ciia chi sd Nop thui la lay theo thai diim nam 2014.
Ngudn: Ngdn hdng thi gidi (2016), Bdo cdo mdi truang kinh doanh Viet Nam
the chl. Ngu tai thdi dilm 2010-2011, so vdi cac nude trong khu vuc nang lire canh tranh cua Viet Nam thap hon hau hgt cac quoc gia nay ma cu thi la kem Singapore 56 bac. Thai Lan 21 bac, Trung Quoc 32 bac thi den nam 2015-2016, cac con s6 tu-ong ling lin lupt la 54, 24 va 28. Xet rieng vl chi s6 thi chl thi nam 2010-2011, Viet Nam kem cac nude nay lin lugt la 73, 10 va 25 bac. Sang din nam 2015-2016, chiing ta van kem hp tuong litig la 83,3 va 34 bac. Noi mot each khac, sau 5 nam tap trung vao cai each thg chl, thii hang tuong dii ciia Viet Nam so vdi nhiing nude trong khu vire khong co su cai thien xet ca vl GCI va chi si thi chl (ngoai trir trudng hgp ciia Thai Lan do nhiing biln cl gin day trgn chinh trudng nude nay).
Kit qua xIp hang ciia thi gidi ciing da ghi nhan nhirng nl luc gin day ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam trong viec ngay cang tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh. Nhd do, thii hang cua Viet Nam trong EDBI da co su cai tiln dang kg trong hai nam 2015-2016 sau mot thdi gian dai gin nhu khong thay dii. (Tir nam 2012-2014, Viet Nam luon diing d vi tri 98- 99 trong s6 189 nude dugc xgp hang. Sang din nam 2015, thu hang cua Viet Nam da nang dugc 6 bac dl giu vi tri thii 93 va nam 2016 tigp tuc dugc nang Ign d vi tri thii 90). Khong tinh Singapore luon d vi tri din diu ca thi gidi vl
miic dp thuan lgi kinh doanh, vi tri cua Viet Nam nam 2016 chi diing trgn Campuchia (xgp thii 127), Lao (134), Indonesia (109) va van diing sau Tmng QuIc (84), Thai Lan (49) va Malaysia (18) trong nhdm nude so sanh. Ngoai ra, nhu cd thi thiy qua Hinh 2, so vdi mile trung binh cua cac nude ASEAN thi van cdn thap hon, dac biet la it cd sir cai thien trong khung thg chl va moi trudng kinh doanh...
Cac linh vuc cd van de noi com bao gdm thdi gian nop thug, bao ve cac nha dau tu nhd, tilp can dien va thii tuc cham diit kinh doanh (Ngan hang thi gidi, 2015b). Trong khi do, Singapore luon d vi tri dan dau ea thg gidi.
Kit qua xIp hang theo chi so ttf do kinh ti (lEF) cOng kha tuong ddng vdi trat tu xIp hang theo EDBI ddi vdi nhiing nude diing trgn Viet Nam vl EDBI. Singapore la nude duy nhit trong nhdm so sanh dugc coi la tu do kinh tl (dilm tir 80-100), Malaysia gin nhu ty do (dilm tu 70-79,9), Thai Lan va Trung Qudc m-ong doi tu do (dilm tu 60-69,9).
Dilu dang quan ngai la trong suit giai doan 2012- 2015, dudng nhu chiing ta vln loanh quanh d miic digm 50. Vdi dilm so dd, Viet Nam bi xIp d cue dudi cua nhdm cac nude gin nhu khong cd tu do kinh tg (dilm tu 50-59,9), sau ca Campuchia va Indonesia. Trong bdi canh hinh thanh Cong ddng kinh tl ASEAN, nhiing trd ngai ddi vdi tu do kinh
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kiniitfJ'iialtiin
Bang 2: Dilm va thu hang cua m6t s6 nude theo chi s6 tu do kinh te, giai doan 2012-2015
Ten nuo'c Campuchia Indonesia Lao Malaysia Singapore Thai Lan Trung Quoc Viet Nam
2012 Thii hang/179
102 115 150 53
2 60 138 136
Digm 57.6 56.4 50 66.4 87.5 64.9 51.2 51.3
2013 Thii hang/177
95 108 144 56
2 61 136 140
Digm 58.5 56.9 50.1 66.1 88 64.1 51.9 51
2014 Thii hang/178
108 100 144 37
2 72 137 147
Diem 57.4 58.5 51.2 69.6 89.9 63.3 52.5 50.8
201f Thii hang/178
110 105 150 31
2 75 139 148
Digm 57.5 58.1 51.4 70.8 89.4 62.4 52.7 51.7 Ngudn: Heritage Foundation
te se la mot dau hieu tigu cue lam giam dp hip din ciia mdi trudng dau tu' d Viet Nam.
4. Ket luan va khuyen nghi
4.1. Khdi qudt nhiing kit qud dat duffc ve hodn thien the che giai doan 2011-2015
Trong giai doan 2011-2015, Chinh phu da cd nhigu nd lue dg cai thien mdi trudng dau tu, mdi trudng kinh doanh va nang cao nang luc canh tranh ciia ngn kinh tg. Dieu do dupe thg hien trgn cac khia canh chinh nhu sau:
Hodn thien hi thdng vdn bdn phdp lugt vd ndng cao chat lugng xdy dung vdn bdn phdp lugt. Dau an quan trpng nhat trong viec hoan thien he thdng van ban phap luat la viec Hign phap 2013 da dupe thdng qua tai ky hpp thil sau, Quoc hpi khda XIII. Viec ban hanh Hien phap mdi tiep tuc hudng tdi dam bao quygn va lgi ich ciia nhan dan, ddi mdi to chile bp may nha nude, de phuc vu nhan dan tdt hon, budc dau xay dung co chg nham giam tham 6, nhiing nhigu ngudi dan. Hang loat cac du an luat, phap lenh da dugc trinh Qudc hdi, trong dd cd nhigu dao luat, luat quan trgng da dugc thdng qua nhu dao luat (Luat va Bd luat) vg do ludng, bao higm tien giii, giao due dai hpc, gia, quang cao, tai nguyen nude, hpp tac xa, lao dgng; siia ddi, bd sung mdt sd digu trong Luat thue thu nhap ca nhan, Luat thug gia tri gia tang, Luat thug thu nhap doanh nghiep, Luat dien luc, Luat quan ly thug, Luat dau tu cong, Luat hai quan (sira ddi), Luat ngan sach nha nude (sira ddi)... Trong nam 2015, Chinh phii da tigp tuc ban hanh Nghi quylt sd 19/NQ-CP/2015 vl nhiing nhiem vu va giai phap trgng tam nham cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh va nang lire canh tranh qudc gia
trong hai nam 2015-2016. Nghi quyet nay nham co gang giam thdi gian nop thue cdn tdi da 121,5 gid/nam, xay dung va cdng khai hda co sd dir lieu vg hoan thug gia tri gia tang, nit ngan thdi gian lam thii tuc thdng quan ddi vdi hang hda xuat nhap khau cdn 13 va 14 ngay. Digu nay cho thay Chinh phii da va dang the hien quyet tam rat Idn dg thay ddi thil hang cua Viet Nam trong cac chi sd do ludng thg che va mdi trudng kinh doanh. Nhin chung, chat lupng cae van ban da dugc nang Ign va phii hgp vdi cac cam kgt qudc tg cila Viet Nam.
Day mgnh cdi cdch hdnh chinh vd ndng cao hieu lite, hiiu qud qudn ly nhd nude vi kinh tixa hdi. Td chile bp may quan ly nha nude tigp tuc dugc kien toan theo hudng tinh gpn vg eo cau td chirc, rd rang ve chirc nang nhiem vu. Phan cap quan ly giiia Chinh phu va chinh quygn tinh/thanh phd true thupc Trung uong ngay cang ro rang, dam bao tinh tu chu trong td chile va hoat dpng ciia chinh quyln dia phuong va phat huy su nang dpng, sang tao trong thuc hien chile nang quan ly nha nude eiia bp may hanh chinh cae cap dia phuong. Dieu nay dupe thi hien rd qua viec Qudc hdi trong mot sd ky hgp gin day da thdng qua nhigu dao luat quan trpng ve td chiic bd may nha nude vdi tinh than ddi mdi nhu da phan tich, dac biet la Luat td chile Chinh phu (quy dinh rd trach nhiem eua Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chinh phii va cac thanh vien Chinh phu; quy dinh rd sd lugng Thii trudng, Phd Thii trudng tai cac Bd, co quan ngang bp va cap trudng, cap phd tai eac don vi true thudc); tuong tu nhu vay, Luat td chirc chinh quyen dia phuong (ciing quy dinh ro rang chirc nang, nhiem vu, quygn ban va eo cau td ehire cu thi
So 223 thdng 01/2016
cua tung cap chinh quygn; sd lugng cac thanh vien ciia Hpi ddng nhan dan cac cap va sd lugng cap phd ciia Uy ban nhan dan cac cap; quy dinh viec phan cap, uy quygn giira cac eo quan hanh chinh nha nude va cap chinh quygn...). Trach nhiem giai trinh va tinh cdng khai, minh bach trong boat ddng cua co quan nha nude ciing phan anh rd rang trong quy dinh ciia mot sd dao luat quan trpng khac nhu Luat td chiic Qudc hdi, Luat vg hoat dpng giam sat cila Qudc hdi va Hdi ddng nhan dan cac cap, Luat ngan sach nha nude, Luat dau tu cdng... Ddng thdi, trong linh vuc cdng chile, cdng vu, ngay sau khi cd Nghi dinh 36/2013/ND-CP ciia Chinh phii vl vi tri viec lam va co cau ngach cdng chile, cac co quan hanh chinh nha nude dang tich cue xay dung va trign khai dg an vi tri viec lam. Day dugc coi la mdt budc dot pha trong cdng tac xay dung dpi ngu can bd cdng chile, chuygn manh sang chg dp xac dinh bien che dua trgn ygu cau edng viec d co quan nha nude.
Cdng tdc phdng chdng tham nhiing, thuc hdnh tiet kiim chdng lang phi da cd kit qud tich cue. Day manh viec thuc hien Nghi quygt Trung uong 4 (Khoa XI) ve "Mot sd van dg cap bach vl xay dung Dang hien nay" va cudc van ddng hpc tap, lam viec theo tim guong dao diic Hd Chi Minh dugc diy manh. Thg che va td chile bp may vl phdng chdng tham nhiing tigp tuc dugc hoan thien vdi viec xac dinh rd Ban Chi dao Trung uong vl phdng, chdng tham nhiing true thupc Bd Chinh trj, do Tdng Bi thu Trung uong Dang lam Trudng ban; tai lap lai Ban Ndi chinh Trung uong nhim thuc hien mdt trong nhirng chile nang quan trpng la Thudng true eiia Ban Chi dao Trung uong ve phdng, chdng tham nhiing. Luat phdng, chdng tham nhirng da dugc siia ddi nam 2012 nham dua ra va td chile thuc hien ddng bd hang loat cac giai phap phdng, chdng tham nhung, lang phi, dac biet la tilp tuc md rong cdng khai, minh bach trgn tit ca cac ITnh vuc quan ly nha nude, nhit la trong nhirng nganh, ITnh vuc cd nguy eo phat sinh tham nhiing cao nhu: quan ly sil dung dat dai, tai nguygn khoang san; diu tu xay dung co ban; quan ly thu chi ngan sach; quan ly su dung vdn, tai san trong doanh nghiep nha nude; tin dung, ngan hang; cdng tac can bp; quan he giiia cac eo quan nha nude vdi ngudi dan, doanh nghigp; thuc hien edng khai ban kg khai tai san, thu nhap ciia ngudi cd chile vu tai noi thudng xuygn cdng tac, giai trinh vl ngudn gdc tai san tang thgm; quy djnh vl trach
nhiem giai trinh cila co quan nha nude trong viec thuc hien chuc nang, nhiem vu, quyen ban dugc giao. Budc diu, cac giai phap nay da mang lai nhirng kit qua tich cue (Chinh phii, 2015).
Cdng tdc tiep cdng ddn vd gidi quyet khieu ngi td cdo da cd nhilu chuygn biln tren tinh than vua bao ve quyln, lgi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi dan, ddng thdi giii nghiem ky cuong, ky luat trong quan ly hanh chinh nha nude vdi viec Qudc hdi thdng qua Luat khilu nai nam 2011, Luat td cao nam 2011 va Luat tigp cdng dan nam 2013. Trong thdi gian qua, cac cap chinh quygn ciing da tang cudng trach nhiem trong viec thdng kg, ra soat va chii ddng ddi thoai vdi ngudi dan, cac td chiic, doan the xa hdi nham giai quygt co ban cae vu viec khigu nai, td cao phiic tap, tdn dpng, keo dai qua nhieu nam; chii dpng nSm tinh hinh dg ban chg cac vu viec mdi phat sinh; van dung mpi co chg, chinh sach dg ap dung cac bien phap nham bao ve tdi da quygn, lgi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi dan.
4.2. Bdnh gid chung vd cdc khuyen nghi dexudt Thil nhat, sau 5 nam thue hien, miii dot pha vl hoan thien thg che kinh tg thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi ehii nghia da budc dau cd tac dpng tich cue din tai CO cau ngn kinh te. He thdng van ban phap luat ddng bd, minh bach hon, di kem vdi cac chinh sach hd trg tich cue vl thug, dit dai, tin dung ciing nhu cac ho trg khac nhu thdng tin, dao tao, dich vu sau dau tu da giiip cai thien dupe mdi trudng diu tu d Viet Nam va dugc cdng ddng doanh nghiep ghi nhan. Nhiing cai each trong quy dinh vl ngudi quan ly doanh nghigp va ngudi dai dien cua Nha nude tai doanh nghiep nha nude da gdp phin thiic diy qua trinh tai co cau doanh nghiep nha nude. Kit qua diy manh cai each hanh chinh da giiip giam chi phi gia nhap thi trudng va chi phi san xuit, kinh doanh, tao digu kien cho cae doanh nghigp hoat ddng ed hieu qua, vupt qua giai doan suy thoai, khd khan trong nhiing nam vua qua.
Thu hai, nhirng tien bd vg thi chl diln ra qua cham va khdng ddng diu, khiln vi thi cua Viet Nam xet theo tat ea cac chi sd co ban vl thi chl diu khdng cd su chuyen biln rd net, tham chi d mdt sd khia canh cdn cd bigu hien tut hau so vdi cac nude khac trong khu vuc. Cai each thi chl ehua ddng bd, ehua ed co chl chinh sach dot pha thuc diy phat trign kinh tl xa hpi. Chuong trinh xay dimg luat, phap lenh cdn chua phii hgp vdi thuc tien, din din
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thudng bi dilu chinh (sd van ban bd ra va them vao hang nam Idn); viec ban hanh cac van ban quy dinh chi tilt, hudng dan thi hanh chua dam bao ca ve tign dp va chat lugng. Viec xay dimg nhigu du an luat Ugn quan dgn tai co cau kinh te cdn liing tiing, cham va phai liii lai cae nam tigp theo. Ddng thdi, viec thdng qua Hien phap mdi nam 2013 cang tao ra ap lire Idn hon cho viec ra soat, danh gia va kip thdi digu chinh cac van ban phap luat khdng cdn phii hpp vdi ndi dung cua Hign phap 2013.
Thil ba, viec xay dung the chg edn d tinh trang phap ly thuan tiiy, thieu tdng the, thigu kign thirc Ugn nganh va thuc tign, phan ung chinh sach edn han che; sir phdi hgp giira cae nganh chua chat che va hieu qua. Quy trinh xay dung, chat lugng va td chile thuc hien eo chg, chinh sach edn bat cap, chua phat huy dupe dpi ngii chuyen gia giau kinh nghiem, dac biet la cac y kien phan bien xa hdi. Mdt sd van ban cd ndi dung quy dinh chi tigt chua bam sat quy dinh ciia luat, phap lenh hoac cd quy dinh cdn thigu tinh kha thi, hpp ly dan dgn vudng mac, kem hieu lire trong trign khai thuc hien. Diing nhu Ngan hang thg gidi (2015b) da nhan xet, cai each luat phap van chua ddng bd vdi viec tang cudng hieu lyc thuc thi luat phap. Ndi each khac, ngu coi thg chg it nhat gdm ba bp phan cau thanh la he thdng luat phap, CO che chinh sach thuc thi luat phap va cac chu thg tham gia quan ly (Nguygn Thi Nhigu, 2015) thi dudng nhu trong 5 nam qua mdi tap trung chil ylu vao ndi dung thir nhat ciia cai each thg chg.
Nhu vay, nhiem vu hoan thien he thdng thg chg kinh tg thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa ciia giai doan 2016-2020 se phai dugc trign khai ddng bd trgn ca ba phuong dien ndi tren, trong dd dac biet chil trpng tang cudng co chg va bp may thuc thi chinh sach, luat phap.
Xdy dung, hodn thien he thdng lugt phdp, chinh sach vi kinh ti. Tigp tuc bd sung, hoan thien he thing van ban lien quan din thg chg kinh tg. Tap trung nghign cilu va trinh Qudc hdi thdng qua viec ban hanh hoac sua ddi mdt sd luat quan trpng lien quan true tilp din tai co cau kinh tg nhu: Luat Quy hoach, Luat Quan ly, su dung vdn nha nude dau tu vao san xuit, kinh doanh... Ddi mdi co ban phuong thue xay dung eo ehl, chinh sach, bao dam phu hgp vdi thuc tign, kha thi, khIc phuc tinh trang ng dgng van ban.
Ddi mai ca chi van hdnh nin kinh te, trudc hit la
ca chi hogt ddng hinh ddng cho cdc doanh nghiep thudc mgi thdnh phdn kinh ti. Tdn trpng, phat huy diy du cae quy luat cua kinh te thi trudng va co chg thi trudng ddi vdi cac hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh. Giii viing dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia cua nln kinh tl trgn co sd phat huy vai trd ciia Nha nude thdng qua viec ban hanh va thyc thi cac chinh sach xa hdi, bao dam phiic lgi va an sinh xa hdi, chii yeu thdng qua ngan sach nha nude va cac ngudn lyc qudc gia khac. Tao co chg thdng thoang, hap dan dg cac doanh nghiep tham gia dau tu kinh doanh vao cac nganh nghg khdng bi phap luat nghiem cam, dac biet la trong cac linh vyc dich vu cdng nhu ket cau ha ting, giao due, y te... theo hudng hien dai thdng qua cac hinh thilc hgp tac cdng - tu. Tigp tuc thyc hien nhat quan chii trucmg dieu chinh gia cac loai hang hda quan trpng nhu dien, xang dau, than... va cac dich vu cdng vg giao due, y tg theo co che thi trudng. Nghigm tiic trign khai thyc thi cac hiep dinh dg md rdng hdi nhap qudc tg nhu Hiep dinh ddi tac chign luge xuygn Thai Binh Duong (TPP), cac hiep dinh thuong mai ty do da phuong va song phucmg khac ma Viet Nam da ky kgt. Thiet lap va tang cudng cac co chg thu hiit sy tham gia cua nhan dan, cac td chirc chinh tri xa hdi, cac co sd nghign cim tu van va co quan truygn thdng trong viec giam sat hoat ddng cua bd may nha nude.
Kien todn hi thdng td chitc bg mdy nhd nude thuc hiin chitc nang qudn ly nhd nuac ve kinh te vd cdc chit thi kinh ti tham gia thi truang. Day manh trign khai thyc hien Chuong trinh tdng thg cai each hanh chinh giai doan 2011-2020, tap trung vao don gian hda thu tuc hanh chinh, tao thuan Ipi cho doanh nghigp va nhan dan, lay cai thien mdi trudng dau tu, kinh doanh lam muc tigu chinh. Tich eye trign khai Dg an cai each che do cdng vu, cdng chirc; tang cudng cdng khai, minh bach trong hoat ddng cdng vu. Cu thg hda cac muc tigu ve xay dung Chinh phu dien tir trong mdi ITnh vyc quan ly nha nude va xay dyng kg hoach trien khai thigt lap he thdng thdng tin kgt ndi bd, nganh, dia phuong, day manh md hinh mdt eiia. Lam ro chirc nang quan ly kinh tg cua nha nude d cap trung uong va dia phucmg frong dieu kien van hanh cua co che thi trudng, dac biet tap trung phan dinh rd sy phan cap giira trung uong va dia phuong. Trign khai thyc hien Kgt luan sd 64 eiia Hpi nghi Trung uong 7 (Khda XI) vg tigp tuc ddi mdi, hoan thien he thdng chinh tri tir Trung uong den co sd.
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Ddi mdi eo chl va bd may thyc thi chuih sach eln nhiing quylt dinh quan ly cua minh. Trai lai, trach dat trpng tam vao tang cudng tiing ndi cua ngudi nhiem giai trinh cang cao thi se cang cung cd long dan va trach nhiem giai trinh ciia cac co quan nha tin ciia ngudi dan vao eac t h i che nha nude, tu dd y nude. Day cung chinh la chi sd ed dilm thip nhit thuc tuan thii phap luat cua hp ciing dupe nang len.
trong eac chi sd quan tri toan ciu cua Viet Nam Theo ehiing tdi, giai quylt dugc van de nay la cdt loi trong 5 nam qua. Hai ndi dung nay cd mdi quan he cua eai each t h i chl va se gdp p h i n khoi thdng, cai bien chiing vdi nhau, vi khi ngudi dan cd tiing ndi thien cac chi sd thanh p h i n khac eiing nhu chi sd Idn hon, hp se cd quyln lyc manh hon d l budc cac tdng hgp v l chit lugng t h i c h l cua Viet Nam trong CO quan nha nude phai chiu trach nhiem trudc thdi gian t d i . n
Tai lieu tham khao
Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2015), Du thdo Bdo cdo chinh tri cita Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang Ddng khda XI tgi Bai hdi dgi bieu todn qudc lan thir XII.
Ngan hang thi gioi (2015a), WGI dataset, http://data.worldbarLk.org/data-catalog/worldwide-govemance-indicators, hruy cap ngay 30/12/2015.
Ngan hang the gidi (2015b), Diem lgi: Cap nhdt tinh hinh phdt trien kinh te cua Viet Nam nam 2015, thdng 7/2015.
Ngan hang the gidi (2016), Bdo cdo mdi trudng kinh doanh cda Viet Nam 2016.
Nguyen Thi Nhieu (2015), Ve gidi phdp hodn thien the che kinh doanh hien nay d Viet Nam, Trung tam thong tin va du bao kinh te xa hoi quoc gia, http://www.ncseif.gov.vn/sites/en/Pages/vegiaiphaphoanthienthe-nd- 14952.html, troy cap ngay 31/12/2015.
Nguyen Xuan Phiic (2015), Hodn thien the che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xd hdi chu nghia d Viet Nam: Mot so vdn de can tiep tuc lam ro. Tap chi Cong san online thang 2 nam 2015, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghiencuu-Traodoi/2015/32069/Hoan-thien-the-che-kinh-te-thi- truong-dinh-huong-xa-hoi.aspx, truy cap ngay 31/12/2015.
Chinh phu (2011), Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh te - xd hoi 5 nam 2006-2010 vd ki hoach phdt triin kinh te - xd hoi 5 nam 2011-2015, Bao cao trinh QuIc hoi khoa XIII.
Chinh phil (2015), Bdo cdo sd 516/BC-CP ngdy 16/10/2015 cua Chinh phu ve cdng tdc phdng, chong tham nhiing nam 2015, Bao cao trinh QuIc hoi khoa XIII.
Thong tin tac gia:
*KM Cuang, Phd gido su, tiin sy
Td chitc tdc gid cdng tdc; Khoa ki hoach vd phdt triin, Dgi hgc Kinh ti quoc dan
- Linh viec nghiin cim chinh: Ki hogch hda phdt triin, Qudn tri cdng Tdi chinh cdng. The chi trong phdt trien
- Mot sd tgp chi tiiu biiu dd ddng bdi: Tgp chi Kinh ti vd Phdt triin. Tap chi Nghien cim kinh tl Tap chi Qudn ly kinh ti Tgp chi Kinh ti vd Du bdo, Tgp chi Tdi chinh.
- Dia chiEmaih [email protected]