T \ r ( Hi KHOA H O C & ( ONf. ^(;H^: CAC TRUdNG D A I HUL k V ' l H U A l *!>UV2-2013
HOP KIM DONG TRONG NGHE THUAT DUC TU"QfNG DAI
CGPPI-R A L L O Y IN S T A T U E C A S T I N G A R T
Phtini Hodng Viin Tru&ng Ihu hoi \fv thuat cdng nghiep Hd \'6i Den Toa soan 02-10-2012, cluip nhan dang 25-12-2012
TOM 1 \ T
Tu'png ddt bSng chit lidu ddng dd trd ndn rit phi biin d hdu hit cdc nwdc phdt tnen trdn tfii gldl Nhim muc dich giup cho vi$c xdy dyng twcyng ddi bing ddng & nwOc ta dat tidu ehuin ch^t lupng tdt han. tdc gia da nghidn cu-u vd Ip-a chon dwoe mdt so mdc hap kim ddng c6 dd ben Sn mdn eao phu hap di due tuung dai ngoai trdt
Sau thdt gian nghidn eiru. thu- nghidm 3 mau M1, M2. M3 tren ca sa mde hop kim ding CuSnZnPb va so sdnh vdi mau hq/p kim ddng eua Nga theo tidu ehuan GOST 613-65, hidn dang si dqng phd biin dd due twang dat a Lien Bang Nga, cho thay dq bin vat lidu (dd cting) cua cdc mau diu xip xi vdl mdu eua Nga. neng miu M2 co phin nhinh han dang ki Tien hdnh thu' nghidm dp bin an mdn cac mau hop kim Ml. M2, cd thi khang dmh cdc mac hap kim nay phu hap eho vi$c due twang dai bdng ddng trong diiu kidn Vidt Nam
Tu' khoa dong, hop kim d6ng, do ben an mon, hop kim trung gian, toe do an mon dong,
ABSTRACT
Statue made by copper matenai has become very popular tn most developed countries arounti the world With the targeted objective to build the bronze statue in our country with better quality standards, the author has studied and selected some copper alloys having high corrosion resistance, which are suitable for outdoors statue casting
After the study period, three samples M1, M2, M3 were tested and compared to the copper alloy sample according to Russian standard GOST 613-65 that is now commonly used to cast the statuein the Russian Federation It was shown that durability of materials (hardness) of all the samples was approximately equivalent to Russian sample, especially M2 sample ts significantly improved It has conducted natural testing after 9 months of hanging in different climatic regions, the alloy samples Ml, M2. M3 have not appear rusty, therefore it can confirm that these copper alloys are suitable for statue casting in Vietnam condition
Key words copper, copper alloys, corrosion resistance, intermediate alloy, corrosion rate.
l.DAT\'\M)E
Pugng nghe thuat bSng cluil lieu dong da tro nen rat phii liicii u hau hei cac nuac phat irien tren the giiri. diic biel irong ITnh virc dicu khac tugng diii. V i c l Nam dang iren da phat trien va ihb'i gian gan day cung da quan tam d^n ITnh vuc nay. f u j nhien, chung la IIU'M clu diing lai a muc do diic tirong dai theo loi thii cong, du'a vao kinh nghiem ciia cac nghe nhiin a cac lang nghe diic dong truyen lh6ng V.il lieu diic dugc su dung ihco kinh nghiem cam linh, khong CO mac hop kim lieu chuiin nen san pham diic ra thuang co nhicu khuyet tiii. khong diim bao chat luong. Theo thai gian. lien san pham xuat hien nhieu g i . nut anh huong khong
nho loi chat lugng, do ben \ i r n g va tinh nghe Ihual. ihiim m ; cua tirong dai (hinh 1).
i l
Hinh I. .\iil. gi trin Immg ddi Chien ihaitg Dien Dien Phu
TA'P CHl KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE CAC TRUONG DAI HOC KV THUAT • SO 92 - 2013 De giai quyet van de nay, iren ca sa phan
tich tong hgp, so sanh voi mau vat lieu ciia nuoc ngoai da dugc chuan hoa, nguoi viet da lua chon mgt so mac hgp kim, bo xung them t\
le mgt so kim loai trong thanh phan nham tang do ben an mon, dap iing dieu kien san xuat trong nudc va phii hgp voi dicu kien khi hau Viet Nam de co the tao ra nhirng tac pham nghe thuat dieu khac tuong dai c6 do ben tot nhat. it bj anh huang bai su pha hiiy tu nhien tir moi truang va co kha nang ton tai lau nhat ciing thai gian, dem den cho chiing la nhiing cam nhan \c sir vinh Cliu, ben virng.
2. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
Dong vang la hgp kim co thanh phan chinh la dong vai thicc va mgt so kim loai mau khac dugc sii dung nhieu nhat boi cac tinh chat:
gia cong bang dp lire, cat got. lam ngugi kha tot, CO do chay loang tuong doi lot va do co ngot rat nho khi due (khoiing 1 %), trong khi do co ngot ciia dong thau (jia'r>'Hb) va gang (lyryH) la khoang 1,5 % va thep (cxajib) la tren 2 % Vi the, cho dil co mot chiit xu huong ve phia thien tich {su khong dong nhat khi kel linh) song hgp kim dong vang van dugc ii'ng dung thanh cong va nhan dugc cac vat diic co hinh the phiic lap, tinh xao"*, trong do co cac san pham diic nghe thuat va dac biet la cac san pham dicu khac tuong dai. Thong thirdng ngudi ta co the bo sung toi 10% kem vao hgp kim dong thiec. Vdi mirc do nhu the nd gan nhu khdng lam thay doi cac tinh chat ciia dong thiec, song lai lam cho gia thanh ciia dong thiec trd nen re han va lam gia lang do cung cua hgp kim. phii hgp cho viec diic lugng dai - loai hinh nghe thuat ddi hdi san pham CO tinh ben va chiu lire cao. Tu> nhien trong qua trinh thuc hien diic tugng dai, van de gia cong ngudi cung la khau quan trgng tao nen tinh tham my cua san pham Xet tinh chat ciia kim loai chi va phdt pho cho phep lam tang kha nang chju mai mdn va kha nang gia cdng bang cat gpt de dang nen trong thanh phan ciia hgp kim dong trong nghien ciru nay da dugc bd
\ung mgt ham lugng chi can thiel.
CJ Viet Nam, viec san xuat va su dung hgp kim dong ed do ben an mon cao vao viec diic tugng dai con chua dugc ung dung rgng rai. Phan ldn. viec xir ly vat lieu due va cong nghe diic tugng dai cdn rat thii cdng, thieu chuyen nghiep, chua c6 tinh cong nghiep hoa
cao. Viec ung dung khoa hgc ky thuat vito san xuat vat lieu diic, vao cdng nghe diic lugng dai con rat han che va chua ddng bd.
Khac phue nhirng van de bat cap tren trong iTnh vuc dieu khac tuong dai, nhat duct phai dap irng dugc 2 dieu kien co ban. xac dmh duac nhirng mac hgp kim ddng cd do ben an mdn cao phii hgp vdi dieu kien khi hau nhiet ddi Viet Nam va irng dung khoa hgc ky thuat vc cdng nghe diic phii hgp vao due tugng dai. Cd nhu va\. Viet Nam chac chan se xay dung dugc nhirng tugng dai bang dong mot each ben vung, cd tam vdc phii hgp vdi su phat trien ciia dat nudc va trudng ton cimg thdi gian.
2.L Dicu kien va phiro'ng phap nghien ciru Sau mot thdi gian nghien cuu, hoc tap kmh nghiem diic tugng dai cua Lien Bang Nga.
tac gia da lua chgn dugc 3 mac dong hgp kim (ky hieu la Ml, M2. M3) thugc he da nguyen (CuSnZnPb) co the su dung vao muc dich diic tugng dai \a due nghe thuat Hop kim dong duac nau trong 16 noi quay dot bang dien, dung tich lOOkg, til' cac phdi lieu chinh. dong. thiec, kem va chi Sii' dung khudn thep de diic va cat thanh mau (hmh 2) va diing khuon thach cao mau chay de due tuong
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Hinh 2 Ba mau hop kim dong M!. M2. MS Tien hanh phan tich. thir nghiem 03 mau hgp kim dong Ml. M2, M3 va 01 mau NGI (Theo lieu chuan GOST 613-65, hien dang sir dung phd bien de diic tugng dai d Lien Bang Nga) bang cac phuang phap va thiet bi phan tich dudi day:
- Do cung HB ciia mau dugc phan lich theo phuong phap TCVN 256-1:2006 tren thiit
TAPCIHKMOA HOC & (ONG NGHE CAC TRUONG BU HUU KV I HUA I • i U 92-2013 ' bi AVK-CO/Mitutoyo (Nhat Ban) - phep phan
tich thugc pham vi ISO/lEC 1 7025 2005.
- Thanh phan hoa hgc ciia c;ic mau Ml, M2. M3 vii NGI duoc phan lich ihco phirong phap ASIM I 415-99a ircn lhi6t bi ARE 3460 (Thuv ST) - phep phan tich thudc pham vi ISO/iEC 17025 2005,
- To cliiii; tc VI ciia mau dirge phan tich Iheo phuang phiip ASIM E407-07 iren tliicl bi AMOvci-l40^MAT(CllLn Dire).
Do hen an mdn ciia miiu dugc lliii' nghiem tren co so phuang phiip ASTM Bl 17.
Thiel bi thir nghiem: Q POG (Hoa Ky).
- Do bdng cua mau sau khi thu nghiem dugc do bang thiet bi BYK - Gardner GmbH tai goc tdi 20". 60" va 85".
2.2. Kcl qua n^liicn eiiu va thao luan Kel qua phan lich thanh phan hoa hgc dugc the hien trong bang I:
Bang I Thdnh phdn hoa hpc cua mdti.
% khoi Itimig Mau
Sn Zn Pb Fe Ni Al P Si Mn S Cu
M l 6.2692 4.691.' 5.3267 0.1072 0,0073 0,0010 0,0352 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 83,5644
M2 6.0720 5.4995 2.6457 0.0994 0.0083 0.0008 0,0316 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 83.6429
M3 3,3039 9.4233 3.9358 0,0965 0,0075 0,0008 0,0284 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 83,2031
NGI 5,1255 4.1389 7.8590 0,0760 0,2892 0,0003 0,0001 0,0001 0,0001 0,0525 82,4590 Kel qua pluin tich td chirc tc \i Td chirc te vi cua cac mau dugc dua ra trong hinh 3, Td chirc te vi ciia vat lieu gdm:
pha lien kim mau sang, pha chi mau den dang hai tron tren nen dung dich rTin a-Cu va co khuyet l|t diic ciia vat lieu (r6 x6p). Trong tk ca cac mau, mau M2 co c5u true dong deu va cd it pha chi dang lu do hon cac mSu cdn lai.
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\\\ \GI ITinh 3. Anh td chirc tc vi cdc mdu Mi. M2, Mi vd \'(r I & do phrhig dgt 500x
Dd cung cua mau (HB) the hien tren bang 2: ' Bdng 2. Dd cimg c ua cdc mdc hap kim ^ong dirtfc nghien ci'ru .so vdi mdc XGI
Mau M l M2 M3 NGI
Lan 1 64,9 67,1 61.8 62.7
Lin 2 64.6 67,5 60,6 62,1
Lan 3 64,2 67,8 61,5 62.1
Lan 4 64,9 66,8 61,2 62,7
Lan 5 64,2 67,5^
60,9 61,8
Tniij
bii
(4.1. 6I.J 612 623 Tir bang 2 cho thay: do cihig cua cac mau nghien ciiru deu tuong ddng vdi mac NGI ciia Nga, neng mau M2 cao hon dang ke.
Ket qua ihii nghiem su suy giam dg bong CLia mau. Cac thong sd cua mdi tnrong ihii nghiem dugc the hien trong bang 3; do b ^ | ciia mau trudc va sau thu nghiem trong bang 4;
Cac mau dugc thii nghiem gia toe trong thoi gian 168 gid (7 ngay) vdi sir lap lai chu ki: 2 gio udt va 1 gid khd vdi dung djch thiJ NaCI 5%.
Bdng 3. Cac thdng so moi tnr&ng Thong so thu
nghiem Nhiel do Do am
Dung dich thii nghiem
pH
Thai gian kho/ ucrt tron,^ 1 chu ki
Chu ki uat 35"C
> 9 5 % NaCI 5%
3 , K 3 , 3 ; di^u chinh bang dung dich H.SO4
2 gia Chilli
kho
sol _.
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T ^ P CHi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE CAC TRU^dNG DAI HOC Ki T H U A T • S 6 92 - 2013
Bang 4. Do bdng cua mdu tnr&c va sau khi thir nghiem
Ten
Ml
M2
1 M3
Gia In do bon Truac khi thu
nehigm 20"
55,2 57,4 56,9
56.5
49.9 50,5 50,9
50,4
90,1 90,1 89,9
90.0 60"
40,7 40.9 40,8
40,8 46,1 45,9 45,6
45,8
142.7 143,2 143,2
143.0 85"
64.4 63.6 64.1
64.0 59.6 59.9 59,8
59,7
98.0 97,3 97,2
97,5 s. theo 3 goc llo
Sau khi thu n^hi^m 20"
2,4 2.2 2.1
2,2 4.9 5.1 4.6 4,5 4,8
4.3 3.8 4.2 4.5 4,2
60"
2,7 3,3 3.1 3,4 3.1 3,5 3.3 3.3 3,5 3.4
4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4
85"
3.1 2,8 3,1 3,2 3,05
6.5 6.1 5,3 6,4 6.1
6,2 5.9 5,9 5,6 5,9
Iheo 3 goc do, % 20"
-96,05
•90.53
•95.33 60"
•92,34
•92.58
•96,89 85"
•95,23
-89.83
-93,95
Mau dugc danh gia dua tren muc do suy giam dp bdng trudc va sau khi thir nghiem ket hop vdi quan sat muc do hinh thanh ldp gi tren be mat mau (hinh 4) trong suot qua trinh thii nghiem cho thay:
- Su suy giam do bdng theo 3 goc do cua mau M2 nhd han so vdi cac mau Ml va M3.
- 0 mat dudi ciia tat ca cac mau deu xuat hien nhieu viing gi xanh vdi kich thudc ldn.
Tren mau M3 gi xuat hien it nhat, nhieu nhat la tren mau M2 nhung ldp gi tai day tao thanh tucmg doi dong deu tren toan bg be mat,
- 0 mat tren cua mau Ml da hinh thanh ldp gi mau nau tdi nhung ddng thdi cung xual hien cac dam gi mau xanh day, kich thudc Idn phii deu tren be mat.
- 0 mat tren cua mau M2 cung da hinh thanh
;ldp gi mau nau toi va ciing xuat hien cac dam gi :mau xanh day nhung kich thudc be va cd dang hinh tron phii d^u tren be mat.
- Ldp gi tren be mat mau M3 cd mau nau vang, cac vung gi mau xanh cd kich thudc nhd phan bo khdng deu tren toan bo be mat.
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M3
Hinh 4. Ldp gi tren be mat mdu Ml, M2, M3 Quan sat cac mau hgp kim Ml, M2, M3 sau 9 thang treo trong dieu kien tu nhien, d ngoai trdi cd tiep xuc vdi nang, mua va nhiet do thdi tiet d cac viing khi hau khac nhau nhu Ha Ngi (viing do thj), Hai Phdng (viing bien) va Ha Giang ('viing cao) cho thay cac mau hgp kim tren deu chua xuat hien gi phan nao cd the
TAP CHi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHt CAC TRl/OfNG BAI \H}C kV IHU^ I • SU 92 - 2013 kh^ng dmh rang cac mac ddng hgp kim nay,
dac biet la mau M2 co linh chat diic idt va cac tinh chat ca ly phii hop cho vice diic tugng dai bang ddng.
Ti^n hanh diic thir nghiem mgt pho tugng cao 1,2m, nang g:m 150kg bang mau M2 cho thay ket qua rat ldi be mat khdng bj rd khi, cac chi lict dugc dien day 100%, chirng td dg chay loang cua hgp kim kha tdt.
3. KET LUAN
Til cac ket qua thu nghiem cho thay:
- Mau M2 cd do cirng. cau iriic te vi va miic do suy giiim do bdng sau khi ihu nghiem irong mdi trudng an mdn tdt nhat so vdi mau Ml va M3. Do cung ciia mau Ml, M3 deu
tuang duang vdi NGI, rieng mau M2 co phii nhinh hon dang ke. Nhu vay, ca 03 mau dfing hgp kim Ml, M2, M3 da lya chgn deu cokhi nang se dap iing dugc tieu chuan de diic tu^g dai ngoai trdi.
- Ldp gi tao thanh tren be mat mau M2c6 dang hinh trdn, kich thudc luong ddi dongd^u, ve phuang dien hinh thai hoc la cd kha nSnc hinh thanh mdt ldp gi cd cau tao chat sit tren be mat vat lieu Day se la nen tang hinh thanh moi ldp san pham cd kha nang bao ve va han chj tdc do an mdn nen ddng.
Nhu va> be mat ciia tugng dai bang dong se tang kha nang tu bao ve, tang kha nang chdng an mdn v a duy tri dugc gia trj ngh? tliu|l, tham my ciia lugng dai mgt each ben vfing.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1, npoMi.iui,ienHi.ic uBCTHbie MCTajiJibi H cnjiasbi. A H. CwMpsrHH: H.A. CMHpsirHHa; A.B. BenoBa- MocKBa 1974.
2. CKyjibRTypbi H CKy,iii>nTypHbie MarepHajibi, H B.O;iHopa;ioB MocKsa. H3o6pa3HTeabHoe McKyccTBO 1982.
3 Coeexbi HaHHiiaiomMM HopTpex B cKyjibnTypc, H. BjpraHOB - MocKsa. 2005 Dia chi lien he: Pham Hoang Van - Tel: 0982430104, email: [email protected]
Trudng Dai hgc My thual cdng nghiep Ha Ngi 277, La Thanh, 6 Chg Dira. D6ng Da. Ha Ndi