NGHliN c u u
Dau tu true tigp nuoc ngoai tai Hai Phong:
mot so vdn dg va giai phap
VOThiThaiffi Hpc vita Chinh sach va Phat Wen
Trong nhtmg nam qua, ngu6n v6n dciu tu Uirc H^p nuac ngocii CFDl) co vai trd nhu mOt d6ng luc chinh thuc ddy su piiat tri^n idnh t^ xa h0i cOa ca nude noi chung va iiai Phdng ndi rieng. Bai vi^t plian tich thuc trang FDI tai iiai Phdng giai doan 2010 - 2018, chi ra mOt sd han ch^ va nguy&n nhan; qua dd de xu& giai phap thtic 6Ay thu htit va sii dung hi^u qua vdn FDl tai Hai Phdng trong giai doan tdi.
I.Dal van l e
La mdt trong nhtmg dia phucmg dAu tign thu hilt FDl tai Vi?t Nam, dSn nay Tp.Hai Phdng da va dang trd thanh di^m 6in ciJa nhi^u tap doan hang d^u th^ gidi.
Tinh dSn thang 11/2019, Hal Phdng da thu hiit duoc 684 dy an FDl cdn hi^u lyc vdi tdng vdn dang ky 17,66 ty USD, den tir 38 qudc gia va vung lanh thd tren thi gidi. Mac do da trd thanh mdt di€m sang trong ca nude vk thu hut FDl, song Hai Phdng chua khai thac tdt nhung loi ich ma FDl mang l?ii ciing nhu hoat ddng FDl tai day vkn tdn tai nhirng han ch^ nhu: co cau dau tu FDl theo nganh bi m^t can ddi, tac ddng lan tda va lidn kdt giua khu vuc FDl va khu vuc trong nude chua duorc nhu ky vong, chua dat duoc muc tidu thu hut cdng nghd cao... Trdn CO sd phan tich thuc trang, danh gia lloat ddng FDl tai H4i Phdng giai doan 2010
— 2018, tu dd dua ra mdt vai goi J nham tang cudng thu hot va su dung hidu qua FDl, gdp phan phat tri^n nhanh, bdn vung thanh phd.
2. Thye trang lau tv true tiep nirvc ngoai tai Hai Pliong
2.1. [Vhung k^t qua dat duoc
- Sd luong du an, vdn dang liy va quy md dy an ngay cang tang
Hinh 1 cho thSy, nam 2010 Hai Phdng mdi chi thu hot duoc 21 dy an FDl, nam 2015 tang len 55 du an va nam 2018 tang vot len 112 du an. Nhu vay, tinh tu nam 2010 din nam 2018, sd dy kn FDI vao Hai Phdng da tang tdi 433,33%, binh quan mdi nam tang 27,13%.
Luong vdn FDl dang ky vao Hai Phdng giai doan 2010
— 2018 binh quan la 965,09 tridu USD. Luong vd'n nay tang m?nh vao cac nam 2012 (l.i 19,1 tridu USD), nam 2013 (1.884,1 trieu USD) va tang ky luc vao nam 2016 vdi 2.467 trieu USD. Nam 2018 lugng vdn FDl dang ky tang 188% so vdi nam 2017, dat 743,3 tridu USD (hinii 1). LOy ke den thang 11/2019, sd dy an cdn hieu luc trdn dia ban Hai Phdng la 684 dy an vdi tdng vdn dau ty idn den 17,66 ty USD.
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Hlnfi 1: st iv *•• n>I vA so \&n lUng kf dmrc dip ph^p Ini Hal Fbaag etolflpjB 2010-2018
Ngudn: Nile giam thong ke Hai Phong 2018
Quy mo du dn FDl tgi Hdi Phdng giai doan 2010 — 2018 ludn dilng ddu cd nudfc vdi miie binh qudn Id 34 bigu USD/du dn, gdp 3 Idn quy md du dn FDI lgi Binh Duong (12 higu USD/dy dn); gdp 6 llji quy md dv dn FDl lgi Hd NOi (5 trigu USD/du dn) vd H 6 Chi Minh (6 Wgu USD/du an)
- D6i tae dau tu nude ngoai da dang. Tinh dgn ngdy 31/12/2018 Hdi Phong dd thu hiit duoc 38 qudc gia va viing lanh th6 (linh eho tdt ca eae ngdnh, ITnh vuc).
Trong sd cde nhd ddu hr do cd eae tdp doan xuygn qu6e gia, thupe nhdm 500 edng ty c6 thucffig higu hdng ddu the gidi dgn tir Nh^t Bdn, Han Qudc, Hoa Ky, Bi... Han Qud'c dting dau danh sdeh ddu tu vao Hdi Phdng vol sd' von ddng ky Id 6,67 ty USD, xgp thir 2 la Nhat Ban voi 4,90 ty USD, Hdng Kdng xgp thu 3 vdi 1,85 tyUSD.
- Ngu6n von FDI ed ddng gdp Idn vdo quy md vdn ddu tu phdt trign thanh phd. Ngu nhu nam 2010 khu vye FDl ddng gdp 4,25 nghin ty dong, ehigm 13,43%
tdng vdn ddu lu thanh phd, thi nam 2018 vdn FDl ehigm 27,19% vdi 29,77 nghin ty ddng. Giai doan 2010 - 2018, binh qudn mdi nam khu vue FDI ddng gdp 13,8 nghin ty ddng. chidm 25.5 % trong Idng vdn ddu tu thdnh phdi.
- FDI thiie day tang hirdng kinh te thanh phd. Khu vue FD! ed tJ' lg ddng gdp Idn va lign tue vdo tdng trudng kinh lg chung eua Hal Phdng. Neu nam 2011, ^ trong ddng gdp cua doanh nghigp FDl vao GRDP thanh phd la 14,42%, thi nam 2016 la 22,01% va nam
2018 Id 25,15%. TJ trpng ddng gdp ndy ngang bdng vdi ty trpng ddng gdp eua khu vue Nhd nude vd chi sau khu vyc ngodi Nha nude.
- Khu vue FDI eflng ddng gdp dang kg vao ngudn thu ngan sdeh thanh phd. Ty trpng ddng gdp vdo tdng thu ndi dia thdnh phd va tdng thu ndi dia lit khu vyc doanh nghigp eua doanh nghigp FDl cd xu hudng tang kha rd: nam 2011 la 1.277/7.334,8 ty dong (=17,4%) tdng thu ndi dia, ehigm 28,2% tdng thu ndi dja tir khu vue doanh nghigp; nam 2018 la 3.967/24.777 ty ddng (= 16%) tdng thu ndi dia; chigm 35,3% tdng thu nOi dia tu khu vue doanh nghigp.
- FDI thiie ddy chuygn djeh co cau kinh tg theo hudng edng nghigp hda. Giai dogn 1990-2018, khu vuc FD! ddng gdp chu ygu vao ehuygn dieh eo edu kinh tg thdnh phd thong qua ddu tuvdo khu vue edng nghiep, ddc bigt Id cdng nghidp che bidn, che tao chidm uu thg vupt hdi vdi 414 dy dn (ehidm 66,77% tdng sd du dn FDI eiia thdnh phd), tdng vdn ddu tu 13,25 ty USD (ehidm 78,27% tdng vdn FDI dang ky eua thanh phd).
Gid tri sdn xuat cdng nghigp (GTSXCN) cua khu vuc FDI tang tir 48,61% nam 20i 1 Ign 67,25% nam 2018 thi GTSXCN eua khu vue nha nude gidm tir 17,3% ndm 2011 xudng 8,79% nam 2018 va khu vuc kinh Id ngoai nha nude giam tir 31,92% nam 2011 xudng cdn 23,96%
vao nam 2018. Rd rang khu vue FDI dang chidm uu the vupt hdi trong llnh vue cong nghigp ciia Hai Phdng.
- FDI gdp phdn giai quydt vige lam, tang thu nhgp cho ngudi lao ddng. Sd lao dpng lam vige trong khu vuc FDI cd xu hudng tang ddu qua cde nam. Nam 2010, khu vue nay mdi sir dung 51 nghin lao ddng, ndm 2015 la 74,4 nghin lao ddng va dgn nam 2018 tang len 123,9 nghin lao ddng (tang gdp 2,4 Idn so vdi nam 2010). Tinh chung ca giai dogn 2010 — 2018, khu vue FDl da tgo ra 680,3 nghin vige ldm, binh qudn sii dung 75,6 nghin lao ddng/ndm. Didu nay eho thdy khu vuc FDl cd tde dpng khdng nhd tdi edng an vige ldm vd ndng cao chat lupng ddi sdng ciia ngudi lao dpng d thdnh phd Hdi Phdng.
2.2. Mdt sd tdn tai, han chd
Mdt la, vdn FDI thye hign chua eao. Tinh ICr nam 1990 - 2018, Unh theo luy ke eae dy dn FDl, sd vdn FDl cam kdt vdo Hdi Phdng da dat trgn 12,4 ty USD, trong dd vdn FDl thuc hign gdn 4,11 tJ USD (chidm khodng 33,13%). Vdn FDl thue hign binh quan giai dogn 2010- 2014 Id 24,17% thdp hon giai doan 2015-2018 la 40,97%.
Nhu vdy ty le gidi ngdn vdn da tang Ign ddng ke, nhung miie binh quan vdn FDl thye hidn trong cd giai dogn 2010 — 2018 mdi chi dgt 31,64%.
Hai Id, eo cdu ddu lu FDl theo nganh d Hai Phdng thigu bdn vung do mdt can ddi trong dau tu, didu nay cho thdy miic dp lan tda ciia cdc dy dn FDl chua mang Igi kdt qud nhu mong dpi. Trong sudt giai doan 2010 — 2018, hdu nhu vdng bdng dy dn FDI ddu tu vdo linh vye ndng nghiep, lam nghigp va thiiy sdn. Ngodi ra, mdt sd
linh vye khac nhu thdng lin, tmydn thdng; tai chinh, ngan hdng, bdo hiem; y td vd hogt ddng trp giiip xa hdi cung rdt thua thdt du dn FDl.
Ba Id, sd lugng vige ldm do doanh nghigp FDl tgo ra cdn kha nhd. Giai dogn 2010 — 2018, khu vyc FDl mdi tgo ra 680,3 nghin viec Idm, ehi chigm binh qudn 7%
lupng vige ldm eiia todn thanh phd (9.712,3 nghin lao dpng). 93% sd vige lam cdn lgi eua thanh phd Id do khu vyc kinh td trong nude tgo ra. Mat khdc, tde dpng ciia khu vye FDI ddn nang cao chdt lupng ngudn nhdn lye cOng chua ro net. Lao ddng trong nude ldm vi&c trong khu vue FDl ehii yeu la edng viec lao dOng phd thdng.
Bdn la, khu vye FDl ddng gdp eho ngan sach chua tuong xiing vdi quy md va tidm lyc. Trgn dja ban Hai Phdng tdn tai nghieh ly, mge du thu hiit FDl Idn, tde dd tang tnrdng, kim nggeh xuat khau eao nhung sd ndp ngan sdch chua nhu mong dpi. Theo Cue thud Hdi Phdng, ndm 2018, ed 307/351 doanh nghiep FDI ehua ndp thud thu nhdp doanh nghigp vi da phan dcing hudng iru dai hoae Id. Tinh trang doanh nghigp FDl trdn thud, ehuygn gia van xay ra.
Nam la, hi#u ling lan tda eua cae dy dn FDI sang cde khu vye khde thdp. Bdi cde doanh nghiep FDI Idn thudng ldp rdp linh kign nen sdn phdm ed gia tri gia tang thap, phy thupc nhidu vao ngudn nguygn, nhi^n ligu dupe eung cap tir nude ngodi. Day la nguygn nhdn khdng nhd gdy nhgp sidu va it Ian Ida ddn doanh nghigp dja phuong, ddn ddn viec chuydn giao va tidp thu cdng nghg ehua dgt dupe nhu ky vpng.
2.3. Nguyen nhan
Thii nhdt, khung chinh saeh khuygn khi'eh uu dai ddu tu edn bdt edp. Hg thdng luat phdp ndi chung vd phdp ludt lien quan den hogt dpng ddu lu ndi rigng Cling nhu cae ehinh sdeh uu dai ve tai ehinh (uu dai vg thug thu nhap doanh nghigp, uu dai ve thud xudt nhap khau va uu dai vd tai chinh ddt dai) danh eho docinh nghigp FDI cdn thigu tinh dn dmh, khdng nhdt quan trong thue thi.
Thu hai, nang lye egnh tranh cua Hdi Phdng ehua cao, cdi each hdnh ehinh ehua todn dign vd ben vting.
Dieu nay thd hien d Chi sd Nang luc eanh tranh cap tinh (PCI) 2018 eiia Hdi Phdng dgt 64,48 diem, diing vi tri thii 16/63 tinh, thdnh, tut 7 bae so vdi nam 2017.
Trong 10 chi so Ihanh phan, thanh phd ed 06 ehi sd tang diem (tidp edn ddl dai, tinh minh bach, chi phi Ihdi gian, tinh nang dpng eua ehinh quyen dia phuong, dich vu h6 trp doanh nghiep, thidl che ciia phdp ly vd an ninh trdt lu) vd 04 chi sd gidm.
Thii ba, edng tae quy hoaeh eiia Ihanh phd cdn chong chdo, he thdng kdt eau ha tdng ehua ddng bd.
Hg tang kel ndi vd cae djch vu do thi ho trp cdn kem;
mgng ludi giao Ihdng cd ve dudng bd, dudng thdy, dudng sat, dudng hdng khdng chua idi uu, edn ed nhigu diem nghgn, chua thuc su lign thdng vdi eae tinh duyen hdi Bde Bd vd ede tinh trong Vung kinh Id
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-_ NGHIENCUU
RESEARCH
S n o ^^^. ^t^^.- ^^^ ^^^ ^^ t ^ g ^ thugl cua khu Cdng nghigp (KCN), khu kinh td (KKT) dd duoc ddu tu nhung chua hodn thign, hidn dgi.
Thu tu, ngudn nhdn lue, nhdn lue chat lupng cao ehua dap ung dupe ygu cdu. Hang ndm, sd lupng sinh
Ba Id, khuyen khich, lao dieu kidn phat tridn cdng nghigp hd irp (CNHT). Dieu ehinh, hoan thi^n chinh sach uu dai ddi vdi ede ngdnh CNHT theo hudng dp dyng uu dai binh ddng gitra doanh nghigp trong nude ____^ ^_^^^_ va doanh nghiep FDl. Khuyen khieh ddu tu phat bidn vign, edng nhan ky thuat, hpe nghd tuy' dupc"d"do tao CNHT, uu tign phdt trign CNHT trong linh vue san xudt, kha nhieu, nhung van ehua dap ling dupe ygu cdu ciia '^P ""dp mdy mde thidt bi; dign tu; sdn xuat, lap rdp d td, diMnh nghiep FDl ed vg ky nang nghiep vu va ky nang ^^ "^y; ^ didm quy hoach phat tridn khu, cym CNHT.
mem. Tinh trang "thda thdy, thigu thp" edn didn ra do Bdn Id, phat tridn ngudn nhan lye. Tigp tuc thye chua CO sy lign kdt giua nha nude, nha hudng va nha hign ddng bd, higu qud Quy hogch phdt hien nhan lye doanh nghigp. Chinh sdch xd hdi hda hong dao tao, sir Tp.Hdi Phdng giai dogn 2011 — 2020, ddm bdo ngudn dyng nhan lye chdt lupng cao dupe khuydn khich lao ddng ed tay nghg, ddp ling nhu cdu doanh nghiep.
chua nhieu. Ben canh dd, thanh phd edn cd giai phap dao tgo lgi Thii nam, cdng nghigp hd trp chua phat trien nhu ^^o edng nhan dd thich img vdi ede thay ddi cua khoa mong dpi. Cde doanh nghidp h-ong Unh vyc ndy chu hpc cdng nghd. Ddi mdi he thdng gido dye nghe ydu Id cde doanh nghigp viia vd nhd, ed hinh dd thdp nghiep theo hudng tang eudng ty chii, ndng eao ehdt cung nhu ndng lyc td ehirc sdn xudl vd qudn ly chua li"?rig ddo tao bam sat xu hudng cua each mgng cdng cao nen khdng ddp ling dupe ygu edu eiia chudi eung nghigp 4.0, gdn ddo tgo vdi nhu edu tuydn dyng.
ling cua doanh nghiep FDI. Kha nang nghien cim, phdt Nam Id, dau tu hg tdng mgnh me. Huy ddng cde tridn (R&D) yeu ngn gap khd khan trong vige dap irng ngudn vdn ngoai ngan sach cho cac edng trinh kdt cdu ydu edu khdi khe vg chat lupng, thdng sd ky thuat, hg tang ky thudt, giao thdng, dae bidt la cac cdng trinh nguon nguygn vat lidu va ehinh sach dat hang eua giao thdng quan trpng trong thanh phd theo hudng docinh nghidp FDI. ddng bd lign hoan; uu tign kdt ndi hop ly giira cac tryc Thii sau, hoat ddng xue lidn ddu lu (XTDT) thidu QU^c 10, dudng Unh vdi cdc dudng huygn, vdi he thdng higu qua. Hogt ddng XTDT cdn dan trdi, phan tan S^^o thdng qudc gia. Ddu tu tirng bude ddng bp, hi$n ngudn lue, thidu linh chuygn nghiep, npi dung va hinh
thiie ehua phong phd, cdn trung lap gdy Idng phi. Viee kdt ndi, hd trp doanh nghidp cd quan tdm ddn tim higu eo hdi ddu hr sau cdc hdi thdo, hdi nghi XTDT chua dupe trien khai hidu qud.
3. Giai pliap tao flong lire moi cho tliu hut va sir dung hieu qua von FDI tai Hal Phong
Mpt la, day mgnh hoan thien eo chd, chinh sdch ddu tu: Tidp luc hodn tliien cdc chinh sach uu ddi ddu tu vd tdi ehinh trgn co sd ludn thii nghigm ngat ede nguyen tde dd earn kdt vdi qudc Id, ddm bdo muc ligu edng bdng vd khdng cd sy phdn bigt ddi xii vdi ede doanh nghidp FDl. Chinh sdch uu dai dua ra edn edng khai, minh bgch, don gidn, thdng nhdt, ddng bp; dupe ap dyng Idu ddi, hdnh thudng xuygn thay ddi lam anh hudng ddn chidn lupe dau tu ciia doanh nghigp.
Hai la, tgo lap mdi irudng ddu tu 4.0. Tp. Hdi Phdng cdn xay dyng mdt mdi trudng ddu tu vupt IrOi bdng edeh ddy mgnh xay dyng ha tdng edng nghd thdng tin
nhdm dap ling nhu cdu cua doanh nghigp trong thdi nude ngoai tgi Viet Nam: Tdm nhin vd eo hdi mdi dgi edng nghe sd 4.0. Dieu ndy ed nghia Id thanh phd trong ky nguyen mdi.
edn tdng eudng thuc hign cung cap dieh vu cdng hye j^Qp^ (2003), The study on FDI promotion strategy in tuyen cdp dd 3, 4 ihay eho nhirng quy dinh gidy to da ^j^^ Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
lae hau, dd ede thu tyc hdnh ehinh dupe xii ly rd rang, ^ . . ^ j_ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^
minh bach va nhanh chdng. Day manh thuc hi?n thu ^^ ^^^> ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^.^^ 3^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^
phi, Id phf bdng thanh loan qua the, thanh loan dien • ^ ^ ^^, ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^.^ ^g 5_ ^^ gg _ ^^
^ X ^ ^ ^ Z ^ t ^ ^ ; : ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ? ^ ^ ^^Mdngi.n,t.dngKdH.PHdngc.ena™20iO,.015, di lgi nhidu Ian.
dai h$ Ihd'ng hg tdng edp didn, edp nude, thodt nude, xii ly ehdt thdi, bdo vd mdi Irudng co bdn ddp dng nhu cau san xudl vd ddn sinh trgn dia bdn thanh phd.
Sdu la, hien dgi hda hogt ddng xue tien dau tu. Hoat ddng XTDT thay vi thu dpng, md ciia mpi linh vyc dpi nhd dau tu vao nhu tnrde thi nay edn hien dai hda, chii ddng thu hiit nhiing nhd dau tu md thanh phd thye su can tgi thdi diem nay. Do dd phai ehii ddng dinh hudng XTDT dd thu hiit FDl vao nhiing nganh phu hpp vdi cdc Hnh vue uu tien eiia tbanh phd; md rdng mang lucM dgi dien XTDT tai cde Ihi hudng quan tam.
Bay la, thu hut FDl trgn nguyen lac cd ehpn Ipc.
Thanh phd khong thu hut ddu lu bdng mpi gid, thay vdo dd tap tmng thu hut nhiing nha dau tu Idn, cd sii dung edng nghe cao, than thign mdi trudng va uu tign cac dy an cd chdl lupng, cd cam kdt chuygn giao cdng ngh^ va lao ddng ky nang cao; dam bdo phdt tridn bgn vungy.
Tai lieu tham khao
Bd Ke hoaeh va Dau tu, 30 nam thu bdt ddu tu