QUYEN Lire NHA NlTdC VA ClTONG CHE NHA NlTdC TRONG Ddi SdNG XA HQI
1. Quan ni^m ve quyen luc nha niroc Quyen luc trong ddi sdng xa hpi Id khai liem dugc xem xet tir nhiing gdc dg khdc ihau. Theo mdt cuon tir dien phd thong, [uyen lye dugc hieu Id: "Quyen dinh doat npi cdng viec quan trgng ve chinh trj va siic nanh de bdo dam viec thyc hien quyen lye iy"'. 6 day, quyen lye chi dugc gidi han rong linh vyc chinh trj - phap ly cua ddi dng xa hdi. Quyen luc khdng chi Id "quySn linh doat" ma cdn bao gdm ca "siic manh"
ido ddm cho quyen luc dd dugc thyc hien.
3e nban thay la quan niem ve quyen Iyc nay
;hi ddng khung trong ITnh vuc chinh tri - (hdp ly, trong khi quyen lye hien dien trong ihieu quan he cua ddi sdng xa hpi nhu: quan ip trong ddi sdng gia dinh, quan he lao long, quan he trong cac td chiic xa hdi do ca ihdn lap ra... Cung vdi quan niem ve quyen uc tuong ty nhu vay, xem quyen luc la 'quyen dinh doat vd siic manh de bao ddm y thuc hien", Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam Id md rdng sang cdc ITnh vyc khdc ciia ddi dng xa hdi: "trudc het la de td chiic nen sdn :uat"^. Mpt quan niem khdc ve quyen lye rong ddi sdng xa hpi dugc vien din khd hdng dyng trong khoa hpc chinh tri vd khoa igc phdp ly nude ta, tbeo dd, quyen lye luge hieu la y chi cua mot bSn bupc b§n kia hai tudn theo, bao bdm trong dd cd sy phyc Ling. Day la quan niem ve quyen lye cd tinh ho quat trong ddi sdng xd hpi, tuang ling di cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi, nhung i xet trgn phuong dien tam ly (ve mat y hi). Ve ca ban, cdc each the hien ndi bam
POSTS., Vifn Nhd n\x6c va Phdp luat.
Vi^n Ngon ngir hpc, Tir diln tilng Vi?t, Nxb. Dd dng, 2002, tr. 815.
TLT dien bdch khoa Vi0t Nam, Tdp 3, Nxb. Tii diln ach khoa, Ha Ngi, 2003, tr. 638.
Vu Thu- cua khdi niem quyin lye nha nude tren day deu thich hgp de gidi thich hien tugng dugc ggi la quyen lye ciia Nbd nude hay quyen Iyc nhd nude. Cdn noi r5 hon d day rdng, quyen lye nhd nude dugc hieu la quyin Iyc dugc thuc hien bdi chii the Id Nhd nude, cdc ca quan nhd nude va cdc to chire xa hpi, ca nhan dugc Nha nude liy quyen thyc hien quyen luc do. Quyen Iyc nha nude dugc thyc hi8n bang cdc phuong phap, hinh thirc, phuang tien ciia Nha nude, trong dd, phap lugt Id cdng cu cd tinh ddc trung vd dac biet quan trpng.
QuySn lye nhd nude, do dd, khac vdi quyen lye xa bdi (hieu Id quyen Iyc trong xa hdi dan su do cdc ddng phdi, cdc td chiic xa hpi, cac cd nhdn thuc bien khdng nhan danh Nhd nude, khdng cd tinh nhd nude). Quyen lye nhd nude vd quyen lye xa hpi kbd cd the noi quyen luc ndo quan trpng, cd siic manh hon quyen lye nao. Dieu do phu thupc vdo bdn chat, tinh chat cua Nha nude cung nhu sy phat trien cua van minh, dan chu trong lich sir nhan loai. Trong cac xa hdi chiem hiiu nd le, xa hpi phong kien, cac Nha nude dugc dinh tinh la chuyen che, canh sat, quyen lye nha nude thdng tri trong ddi song xa hpi, thi quyen lye nhan dan chi la sdn^
ngam, tiem tang, the hien trong cac ly thuyet cua cdc nha tu tudng ti§n bd. Quyen Iyc xa hdi hay quyen Iyc nhan dan chi Id bp phan nhd be, "lep ve" trudc quyen luc nhd nude.
Con trong cdc xd hdi hien dai, quyen luc xa hdi so vdi quyen Iyc nha nude khdng chl
"n^ang bdng" ma cdn cd xu hudng trdi, chi phdi quyen lye nhd nude. Ngudi ta cd th§
bi6u dat quySn lye xa hdi thdng qua khdi niem "xd hdi cdng dan" (hay Id "xa hdi dan sy") vdi tu each la nhan td ddi trpng vdi quyen lye nhd nude. Van de cd tinh quy ludt ddi vdi mpi quoc gia la xa hoi cdng dan se
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd6/2012 ngdy cdng trudng thdnh, trd thdnh Iyc lugng chi phdi ddi song chinh trj, ddi sing ciia Nhd nude, quyen lye nbd nude. Thyc chat ddy Id qud trinh hipn thyc hda quan nipm vl "chii quyen nhdn ddn", "quyen lye thugc ve nhan ddn", "nhdn ddn 1dm chii"... Nhu vay. trong qud trinh phdt triln ciia xd hgi, xu hudng cd tinh quy lu§t Id quyin Iyc nhd nude ngdy cdng 1? thupc vdo quyin lye x3 hOi, siic mgnh nhan ddn ngdy cdng Idn mgnh. Nh&ng dien bien chinh trj tir thgp nien 90 ciia Ihl ky trudc din nay, vipc m§t s6 ngudi ndm quyin dpc tdi bupc phdi tir chiic, ra di trudc "dp lye dudng pho", "cdch mgng nhung", mdi ddy Id
"cdch mgng hoa Idi"... Id nhiing vi dy.
Cdn luu y rdng, quyin lye ndi chung trong ddi sdng xd hpi Id hipn tugng cd tinh vinh ciiu, ngudi ta khdng thi tiiy tipn loai bd nd, kbi ma con ngudi trong xa hpi khdng thi thieu cdc hogt ddng chung de tin tai vd phdt trien^. C.Mac dd chi ra sy hien dien vTnh cim quyin Iyc khi vilt ring: "Tdt cd mgi lao dgng xa hdi tryc tiep hay lao ddng chung ndo tien hanh tren quy md tuang doi Idn, thi it nhieu deu cdn den mpt sy chi dgo de dilu hda nhiing hogt dpng ca nhan vd thyc hipn chire ndng chung... Mdt ngudi dpc tau vi cam ty minh dieu khien lay minh, cdn m$t dan nbac thi can phdi cd nhac trudng"^.
Nhung, quyen lye nbd nude cd tdn tgi vTnh vien khdng Id vdn de khdc. Trong ly luan ve nhd nude vd phdp luat d nude ta, dya tren quan nipm triet hgc ve cdc hinh thdi kinh tl - xd hdi vd cac kieu nhd nude tuang img, cdc tac gid thudng trinh bdy quan diem rang Nbd nude s5 lu tieu vong trong xd bgi cdng sdn tuong lai. Nhung day la quan dilm md bdn din nd cdn qud sdm. Xa hpi cpng sdn tuang lai d dd Nha nude ty tieu vong la x3 b^i dugc dy bdo cd ca sd v$t chdt dii ddo, con ngudi "1dm theo ndng lye, hudng theo nhu cau" cd 16 kbd cd the cd dugc. Ngdy nay,
^ Xem: Ph.Angghen - Unin. Ban vi quyin uy. Nxb.
Su thdt, Hd Noi, 1959.tr. 5-10.
^ C. Mdc - Ph.Ang ghen, Todn t&p, tdp 23, Nxb.
Chinh trj quIc gia. Ha N0i. 2002, tr. 492.
ngay d cac nude phdt triln nhat ve kii cung cho thIy myc tieu dd con rdt xa con ngudi van cdn thilu thdn nhilu Tren phgm vi todn cdu, ngudn tdi ngi ngdy cdng bj khai tbdc can kipt, sy phat cOa khoa hpc vd cdng nghp lam tang i suat lao d0ng vd gdp phan cdi thipn ddi!
con ngudi, nhung de mpi ngudi (
"hudng theo nhu cdu" thi cdn Id sy mong ddi Idu, chua the ndi trudc dieu gi...
2. Cirdng che nhd nvdc v^ moi q h$ giO'a cirdng che nhd nude vol quyen nhd nirdc
Trong ly luan cung nhu trong thyc nhd nude - phdp lugt, tuang quan giua khdi nipm "quyen luc nha nude" va "cir che nhd nude" hau nhu chua dugc gidi qi hodc gidi quyet khdng "tdi". Dieu do den tinh trang sir dung lan Ipn, khdng p dinh mgcb Igc hai khai nipm, tham chi xem cudng che nhd nude la cai vdn co tr quyen lye nhd nude, vd ban nOa la ddng i hai khdi niem. Thyc ra, quyen luc va cui che cung nhu quyen lye nha nude vd cul che nhd nude la cac khai niem rdt gdn nl nhung khdng ddng nhdt. Quyen lye co hieu nhu d tren, nhung bdn than quyen;
khdng phai la cudng chl. Cd quan niemi rdng, cudng chl la: "Dung quyin lire i nude bdt phdi tuan tbeo"^. 6 day, viec di khdi niem "cuOtig che" nhu mpt "i quyin" cho ITnh vyc nhd nude Id khong ca sd, yi trong ddi song xd hot khdngj quan den nhd nude cung cd cudng che. B cdn chu y la each dien dat vl cudng c theo dd, cudng chl = (bdng) "dung qu;
lye" + (cgng vdi) "bit phai tuan theo". Tl ra, dd chi Id the hien bdn ngoai cua cui che. Sy "the hipn ben ngodi" dd trong 1 vyc nha nude la d cho menh l^nh, quyfin.
ciia Nhd nude dugc ghi nhan trong cdci phgm phdp lugt, cd tinh "bdt buOc chur Khi mgt ngudi khdng tuan theo quy J
' Vi§n Ng6n ngii hpc, Tii dien ti^ng Vi?t, Nxb, Ndng, 2002.tr. 233.
QUY^N LUC NHA NUdc vA ..
-ong quy pham phap luat, Nhd nude se sur ung quyin luc de "bdt" phai tudn theo do la udng che. Nhung dieu dd chua dua ra dugc dn chat ciia cudng che, cho dii ngdn ngu rinh bdy cd thS hieu dugc dd Id cudng chl.
Trong khoa hpc phap ly nude ta, cac hai niem "quyin lye nbd nude" vd "cudng he nha nude" va tuong quan giiia chiing lau nhu chua dugc bdn luan. Tuy nhien, cd tie thay dugc van de ndy trong cac gido rinh Ludt Hanh chinh d nude ta. Cd chS cdc ac gid xdc dinh rang, trong quan ly hdnh hinh nha nude, cac chu the quan ly dilu Jiien boat dpng ciia cdc ddi tugng quan ly lidng qua mdi quan he "quyen luc - phuc Luig" cd hdm y chi "quyen lye". O cho khdc, dc tdc gid phdn biet "cudng che hanh chinh"
di tu each la phuang phap quan ly nhd nude di cdc phuang phap qudn ly khdc (nhu tiuyet phuc) de thuc hipn dugc sy qudn 1^^.
Jhu vay, "quyen luc nha nude" va "cudng he nhd nude" da cd sy phan biet. Trong mgt udn gido trinh nhan xet cho rang: "Cudng he la bien phap bat huge bang bgo lice ciia ac ca quan nhd nude cd tham quyen"'. Day ung la quan diem cua mpt sd tac gia khdc . 'hi nhan manh them rdng, ddy Id bao luc cd 5 chuc vdi quy md rdng Idn va cd danh ghTa cdng cdng, khdc vdi cac thii bgo lye bdc bx)ng ddi sdng xa hgi.
Trong khoa hpc phap ly, cac nha nghien liu da chia cudng che nha nude thdnh cdc gng thiic: cudng che hinh sy, cuang che anh chinh, cudng che ky lugt, cudng che an su va ca mdt dgng tuy chua dugc khoa pc phdp ly tdng kit nhung cd the nhan dien ugc, do Id cudng che hien phdp. Cdc nhd ghien ciiu thiia nhan chung rdng, bien phap ugc ap dyng tren ca sd hodc cd lien quan
Tnr6ng Dai hpc Luat Hd Npi. Gido trinh Lu§t Hdnh ii'nh Vi?t Nam, Nxb. Cong an, 2011, tr. 13 vd 128 - 36.
Trirdng Dai hpc Ludt Hi N^i, Gido trinh Lu^t Hdnh linh Viet Nam, Nxb. Cong an, 2011. tr. ! 30.
Vu Thu, Chl tdi hdnh chinh: ly lu§n vd th\rc tiin, xb. Chinh tri quIc gia, Hd Ngi, 2000, tr. 13.
den vi pham phdp lugt nhu: cdc bien phdp ngan chdn (vi dy, giQ ngiidi, khdm ngudi, tgm giQ- phuang tien... nham ngan chdn vi pham phdp lugt tilp dien, xdc dinh rd tinh trang vi pham phdp lugt, bdo ddm viec thi hdnh chl tdi phdp ludt...) vd chl tdi (cdc chl tdi hinh su, cbl tdi banh chinh, chl tdi ddn sy...) Id cudng chl nhd nude. Tuy nhifin, cd cudng chl nhd nude khdng dua trfin co sd vi phgm phdp lugt hay khdng cdn Id van dl tranh lugn. Trong cdc gido trinh Lugt Hanh cbinh nhilu quan diem cho ring, cudng chl nha nude khdng nhdt thilt lien quan din vi phgm pbap lugt. Theo cac tdc gid, cdc bi?n phdp phdng ngCra hdnh chinh (nhu ddng ciia bien gidi khi cd dich bpnh, kilm tra gidy to...) khdng lien quan den vi pham phdp luat ciing Id cudng che'. Thdt ra do chi Id sy ban che quySn ciia cd nhan, td cbiic trong hodn cdnh dgc biet hay bdt thu&ng ciia ddi sdng xa hgi md thdi. Mdt suy nghT dung ddn ve Igi ich chung ciing nhu Igi ich cua ban than trong hodn cdnh nhu vdy hoan toan cd the chap nhan sy hgn che dd mdt cdch ty giac, khdng quan niem do la cudng che. Cbi khi ndo ngudi ta khdng thuc hiSn sy hgn che quyen dd, tiic la da vi pham phap ludt, thi mdi dan den cudng che nha nude.
Bieu dgt cuang che nha nude ve phuang dien phap ly cd the la sy hgn che quydn nham Idm ro vi phgm phap luat, bdo ddm thi hdnh quylt dinh ve vi phgm; cd the la budc thyc hien nghia vy da khdng dugc thyc hipn, cd thi Id sy bd sung them nghia vu mdi ddi vdi ngudi vi phgm. Duon^ nhien, de dp dyng cac bien phap cudng cbe nha nude dd thi phdi diing den quyen Iyc, nhung du the ndo thi bdn than cudng chl nbd nude khdng phdi la quyin lye nba nude.
Trong hoat dpng ciia nhd nude, quyin
' Nguyen Cii-u Vi^t - Dinh Thi?n Sor., Luat Hdnh chinh Vi^t Nam, T r u i n g Dai hpc T6ng hpp Hd Npi, Hd NOi, 1994, tr. 295-297; Truimg Djii hpc Ludt Hd Npi, Gido trinh Lu$t Hdnh chinh Vi^t Nam, Nxb.
C6ngan, 2011, tr. 131.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 6/2012 luc nbd nude vd cudTig che nhd nude rit khdc nhau vl myc dfch. Quyin lye nbd nude, x^t cho ciing hudng tdi klidng phdi cudng chl nhd nude md Id cdc myc tiSu nhu duy tri, ciing co sy thong tri g'a> cip, duy tri trdt ty xa hpi, phat triln kinh te, xd hpi, vdn hda, bdo ddm an ninh qu6c gia,... Cudng chl hay bgo Iyc nhd nude chi Id cdng cy, bi|n phdp sau cung dugc dp dyng khi cdc cdng cy. bipn phdp khdc khdng bao ddm dugc tr^t ty binh thudng cho sy hogt d§ng dl quyin Iyc dat cac muc tieu dd. Tiic Id, khdng phdi vi6c thuc hien myc tieu cua quyin Iyc nhd nude dIu nhdt thilt phdi cd cudng che k^m tbeo va cudng chl nhd nude khdng cd myc dich ty thdn. Cudng chl nhd nude chi la phuang tiin bdo ddm cho quyin lye nhd
nude dugc thyc hipn.
Din day, cd the khdng dinh ring, khdng the ddng nhat quyen luc nhd nude vdi cudng chl nha nude. Cuang chl nhd nude can den quyin lye nhd nude, gin lien vdi quyin lye nha nude, nhung chiing van la nhihig hi6n tugng khac nhau. Su ddng nhat quySn Iyc nhd nude vdi cudng che nha nude khdng cbi khdng diing ve mat khoa hgc ma cdn cd the dan din dilu hit siic nguy hgi khi ngudi dugc sii dung quyin lye nhd nude ludn nghT ring:
vipc thyc hien quyen lye nbd nude phai ludn di k6m vdi cuang che, ludn sdn sdng sir dung cudng chl dl quyin luc nhd nude dugc thyc hipn. Cho nen, cd the ndi quan nipm quyin lye nhd nude bao gdm ca "quyen dinh dogt"
va ca "sire mgnh dl bdo ddm vi$c thyc hipn quyfin lye ay" Id can xem Igi. Quan ni§m ndy bjy cd phan bipt cai thupc vl quyen lye ("quyen djnh dogt") vdi cdi bao dam quyen luc ("sire manh"), trong do cd cudng che, nhung gdp ca hai cdi trong mpt khdi nipm Id lan Idn giGa cdi cin dinh nghTa vdi cdi bao ddm cho cai do dugc thyc hien.
Cudng cbe Id can thiet ddi vdi mgi Nbd nude de bao ddm cho quyen lye nhd nude dugc thyc hien, dii ring dd khdng phai la dieu tdt hodc tdt nhat. Trong dieu kien hipn nay d nude ta, ddc biet Id trong dilu kipn kinh tl tbj
trudng vd hpi nhgp, cac quan he xa hdi n|
cdng trd n6n rat phiic tgp, cdc vi pham pl ludt dien ra cd xu hudng gia tang trong.
ITnh vyc, hogt dpng khdc nhau ciia ddi si xd h$i: dit dai, kinh te - dan sy, ^iao tho van hda, xa h^i,... nSn cudng che nhd m tdng Ien cd tinh quy ludt. Ngodi ra, su U 18n ciia cudng chl nhd nude cdn do loi phia Nhd nude da khdng tao ra dugc cac d kipn vl tl chiic, tu tudng, vdn hda...' phdng ngira vi phgm phdp luat xay ra.
Gi&a cudng chl nhd nude (trong Ii vyc nhd nude) vd cudng che xd hdi (tro ddi song thudng ngdy cua ngudi dan) cd li khdng moi lign he? Vin de ndy cin pl dugc nghien ciiu rat ca ban vd tj- my cdc i ddng hai chieu tir cudng che nhd nude d cudng chl xd hgi va n^ugc Igi. Nhung gi chiing nhit dinh cd mdi lien he. Ddng tb trong mli lien he nay cudng chS nhd nu ddng vai trd chii dgo. Dd la vi, cudng \c nhd nude cd dugc cdc d$c tinh het siic qu trpng: cudng che cdng khai de mpi ngi dIu bilt; thdng tin ve cudng che dugc c phuang tien truyen thdng khdc nhau dua d cdc tang lap dan cu; va quan trgng b(
cudng chS nhd nude la cu&ng che cd ti chinh dang bdi dugc ca quan quyen luc co cgng nhan danh xd hgi de thyc hien. Tir <
cudng che nha nude cd the xem Id ti guong tgo eho ngudi dan cdch tu duy cudng chl. Ndi cu the la cudng che E nude the nao thi cudng ch6 trong xa hpi 1 ay, bgo lye nha nude gia tdng thi bgo luc hpi cung gia tdng. Thgm chi se la quan nii sai ring, mpi quan be phdp luat bi vi ^hi deu phdi xii ly bang cuan^ chl dan d£n duy trong ddi sdng xa hgi ring, mgi quan xa hgi can phdi cd bgo luc.
Nhu vgy, biic tranh bgo Iyc nhd nude bao luc xd hdi la "ddng dang phdi can Giiia cac hipn tugng cudng che nha ni nhu: canh sdt giao thdng Igm dyng bao thai qua gdy hau qua chit ngudi, IJy 1 nhan ddn huyen Tien Ldng, Hdi PW cudng che thu hdi dat trdi phdp luat,...
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QUYJN LUC NHA NUdc vA ..
bao lye xd hdi nhu; cha mp cuang biic con di dn xin, cha cuang biic tinh dye con gdi, vg tirn xdng ddt chdng, chau gdi bdp c6 gilt ong dl cudp dogt tiin,... cd mdi liSn h? chdt che. Sd lugng, tinh chit, miic dg ciia cudng che cd vl phia Nhd nude vd phia xa hpi (chinh dang hay khdng chinh ddng, hgp phdp hay khdng hgp phdp) dIu Id chi bdo v6 mdi trudng xa hdi tdt hay bi "d nhiem", quyen con ngudi, an ninh phdp ly ciia ca nhdn cd dugc bdo dam hay khdng. Cd thi xem xet tinh trang cuStig chl nha nude dl biet cudng che xa hgi va ngugc lai.
Trong mdt xa hgi Idnh mgnh, cudng chl nhd nude vd cudng chl xa hpi khdng thi tranh khdi, nhimg cd vl lugng vd chdt dIu phdi dugc xd hdi chip nhan. Tdt nhien, dl co tiudng cdi thipn tinh trgng cudng chl ndi
±ung trong ddi sdng xa hpi thi phdi cit ighia tir nhieu nguyen nhdn: mat trdi cua tinh te thi trudng, hpi nhgp, sy xudng cip Igo dire, sy lech lac trong quan he giira Igudi vdi ngudi; yeu kem cua he thdng gido 3uc cua gia dinh, nhd trudng vd xa hdi; ban
;he cua gido dye phap ludt ddi vdi cdn bd,
;dng chiie, ngudi dan; each xir ly ciia Nhd ludc ddi vdi can bp, cdng chiic va cdng dan n phgm phdp luat,...
Dang tiec la d nude ta hipn nay, trong cay dyng phap lugt ciing nhu dp dung phap uat cd xu hudng giai quylt cac vin dl bing Mec cudng che mgnh hon vd dugc mdt bd )hgn khdng nhd dan cu ddng tinh, dd Id quy tinh cdc hdnh vi bi phat, md rgng hinh thiic )hat, tang miic pbgt, sir dung quy^t liet
;uang che ddi vdi vi phgm phap lugt. Can hay rang, trong tdng the yeu cdu ve hieu Iyc 'a hieu qud cua vipc sii dyng quyen iyc nhd ludc thi chi nSn xem do Id mpt budng va ihdt dinh khdng thi Id thugng sach. Ve phia Jhd nude cdn cd rat nhieu bdo ddm de uyin Iyc nhd nude dugc thyc hipn hieu lye, ieu qua nhu: giao due, td chiic... Hien nay, ido due phdp luat d nude ta cdn rdt hdi hot, hua bao gid cd dugc nbdn thiic diy dit vd im tit cdng tac ndy. Giao dye dudng nhu
mdi dimg Igi d tuySn truyin phdp ludt, d khiu hipu "song vd Idm vipc theo Hiln phdp vd phdp lugt". Chua bao gid chiing ta quan tdm, thgm chi nghT dugc ngodi gido due tri thirc phap ludt, cdn cd gido dye vl tinh cdm phdp Iu|it, gido dye hdnh vi phdp lu$t, vd phdi tiin hdnh gido dye nhu thi ndo dl dgt dugc kit qud Id gidm dugc vi phgm phdp ludt thyc su. Ngoai ra, dl quyin lye nhd nude dugc thyc hiSn cd hi^u lye, hi^u qud cdn phy thupc rat Idn vdo mdi trudng phdp ludt xa bdi r§ng Idn vd cdc mdi trudng phdp lugt trong cdc nhdm nhd xa hpi. Q day, cd tbi ndi mdi trudng tuan thii phdp lugt (dl khdng cin din cudng chl nhd nude) dnh hudng rit Idn din hdnh vi phdp ludt ciia moi cd nhdn la tuong quan ty Ip thuan. Khd cd thfi lam cho cac menh lenh quyin luc trong phdp ludt dugc thyc hi^n tit trong m^t mdi trudng ina yi pbgm phap ludt dien ra mgt cdch phd bien, vi$c xir ly vi pham phdp ludt khdng cdng bang; ddng tien, tham nhung cd the thay the cho viec xii ly; can bd, cdng chiic, ngudi cd chiic vy khdng Idm guong cho dan chiing; cdn bd, cdng chiic Igm quyin trong cudng che nhd nude...
Quyen luc nhd nude la hipn tugng cd tinh tat yeu gan lien vdi qudn ly cOa Nha nude, hi§u theo nghia rdng. Cdc nha quan ly d nude ta deu biet den hai phuong phdp ca bdn thyc hien vi6c quan ly hay thyc hipn quyen Iyc nhd nude trong quan ly Id thuySt phyc vd cudng che. Vd hdn dSu bilt din quan diSm sur dung cdc phuang phdp dd cua Lenin Id: trudc het phdi thuySt phuc, du sao di nua Cling phai thuyet phyc rdi mdi cudng che. Quan diem ndy dugc xdc dinh Id quan diSm chu dao, cd tinh dinh hudng trong vipc sir dyng cudng che nhd nude, cy the Id hgn che bgo lye nhd nude. Trong todn cyc, ddy cd le Id phuang cham ve sir dyng cudng che khdng chi d^t ra ddi vdi Nha nude xa h^i chii nghia ma la vdi mgi Nha nude. Chi cd vin de la cdc co sd de dp dung phuang cham ndy d moi Nhd nude nhu the ndo. Tir nhihig (Xem tiip trang 58)
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NHA NUdc VAPHAP LUAT sd 6/2012 dii vdi vien chire theo cdch qudn ly mpnh Ipnh hdnh chinh. Don cir dd Id quy djnh cim vien chuc tham gia dinh cdng (khodn 1, Dieu 19 Lugt Vien chire nam 2010).
Trong hogt d^ng qudn ly, vipc cim hay hgn chl mgt quyen ndo dd ciia cdng dSn nhilu khi Id can thilt, nhung vipc cim dd phdi phii hgp thyc tl. Trong nen kinh tl thj trudng, dinh cdng Id mgt tit ylu. Myc dfch ciia dinb cdng nhim huge chii sii dyng lao dgng phai dilu chinh nhiing bit hgp ly trong sii dyng, dai ngd lao dgng. Doi vdi cdng chiic - nbOng ngudi thyc thi cdng quyin va dai di^n cho Nhd nude tbi cd thi cim dinh cong nhung ddi vdi viSn chire - nhiing ngudi
Idm cdng dn luong thi thiet nghT khong nji cim quyin ndy ciia hg.
Trong khi cdc quy dinh lien quan dli quyin cua vien chiic, bgp ddng 1dm vi|c gidi quylt tranh chip vl hgp ddng, chl (K thdi vipc, chl dp huu tri trong Ludt Viet chiic ndm 2010 dIu tilp thu bay vi8n dar sang phdp lu^t vl lao dgng thi mdt quyin rli quan trpng ciia vi^n chiic la quyen dinh zm\
Igi bj khudc tir. Tgi sao Igi cam vien cnfe dinh cdng trong khi hogt dgng cua vien chut mang tinh bgp ddng va quyin dinh conj dugc quy djnh trong Bg lugt Lao ddng hi?f hdnh. Cd 12 day cung Id m^t su cim doar thilu CO sd ly lugn lan thyc tiin.
(Tiip theo trang 43 - Quyen luc nhd nu&c vd...) ndm 90 ciia thi ky trudc xudt hiSn quan niem rat ddng chii y dugc ggi la quyen luc
"mim" hay sue mgnh "mem" (soft power).
Quan niem ndy ciing hudng vdi phuong cham dp dung phuong phdp cudng che nhd nude vira neu, nhung dd dugc nang Ien thanh ly thuylt vd cd ca sd rieng. Quyin lye
"mIm" Id khdi nipm do Giao su Josep S.
Nye - nguyen Hieu trudng Trudng Hdnh chinh Kennedy thupc Dai hpc Havard, nguyen Thii trudng Bp Qude phdng My xdy dyng thdnh chii thuyet dugc thira nhdn khd rdng rdi, img dyng trong quan he ngoai giao, vdn hda, thuang mgi... vd khdng logi trir trong sir dyng quyen lye nhd nude. Vdi quan niem quyen Iyc (trong dd cd quyen lye nhd nude) Id khd ndng dieu khien hdnh vi cua ngudi khac dS dat dugc nhu'ng gi mong mudn, dng ddt vdn de sir dyng quyen luc, khdng can diing den bgo lye de dgt dugc dilu mong mudn bdng each 1dm cho quyin
luc trd nen hap dan, thu hiit ddi tuong tac | ddng din. Theo each dd, quyen luc haysuc manh ciia quyin luc tgo ra sy thu hiit va dpj vao ban than ngudi khac chir khdng plidfe vdo sy ep bugc, de dga hay mua chupclTai nhien, quyen luc "mem" khdng logi bo vi?c sii dyng quyen lye "ciing" (hard power), trong dd cd cudng chl nha nude vd dat van dk phdi kit hgp cd hai thii quyin lye do de tgo thdnh "quyen luc thdng minh".
Ddi vdi mgi Nha nude, cd dugc quyen lye "mIm" do la dilu ly tudng. Nd 1dm gi^
di bao luc trong ddi sdng xa hdi, con ngiwi thay cugc sdng dep hon, nhp nhdm vd thanh than hem, khdng phdi nghe den hai chii "b?o Iyc" xuat hipn hang ngay. Nhung Idm 4^
nao de cd dugc quyen lye "mem" hay quyen lye cd dugc siic manh "mem" thi cdn pba) suy nghT. Va dieu chic chdn Id quan ni£m « quyin lye "mem" dang thu hiit su quan tSfl cua nhieu qude gia.