Van diuig phuong phap 3P trong xay dung he thong luong tai cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam
Th5. Nguyfe Thi Minh Huong
Khoa Ouan trj kinh doanh, Dai hpc Kinh t^ Ky thu^t Cong nghiep
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di vdi mpi td chiic hay doanh nghiep, hen luong ddng vai tid cdt Idi hong hd thdng Quan tri nguon nhan lyc. Thdng qua he thdng tien luong, doanh nghidp se nang caokha nang thu hiit, iuu giii va dn dinh dpi ngfl nhan sy, nang cao muc dd hai Idng, gdn bd cua nhan vien, tang eimng hieu lyc va hieu qua eiia quan Iy. Vi vay, xay dyng mdt eo che ha luong cdng bang, minh bgch va cd tinh cgnh tranh la vdn de cap thiet eiia cdc doanh nghidp.Thye te tiong cac doanh ngtiidp \^id( Nam hidn nay, hd thdng Uen luong ma cac doanh nghiep dang ap dungda va dang it nhieu bdc Id nhiing bdt cap, khidn cac doanh nghiep cam thdy bdi rdi, khd khan tiong vide chi tia dd vua dam t>do tinh cdng bdng, phd hpp vdi kha nang cua doanh nghiep ma vdn cd tac dyng kich thich, Iuu giu va phat tridn nhan tai.
1. Mot so hat cap cua he thong tien lirong h-ong cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien nay:
Mgt la, hong doanh nghiep cd Uid tdn tai hai he thd'ng tien luong:
i) Hd thdng thang bac luong tmyen thd'ng, von la thang bac Iuong ciia nha nudc hoac dupc thiet kd theo nguydn tde tuang ty vdi mdt sd d^c diem nhu chu yd'u dya hen tham ndn cdng tac thay vi dua vao tang nang lyc, nhcuih chdng "dung hdn" d nhiing ngach cao, phan anh bdng cdp thay vi nang lyc thye te.
ii) He thdng thu nhap ngoai thang bac (cdn dupe gpi la lucmg kinh doanh, tiiu nhap tang them, luong hieu qua...) la he thdng tra luong thudng Uieo nhung tidu efii khac so vdi he thdng luong tmydn thdng neu tien. He tiidng nay rdt no lyc tgo ra nhung gian each hpp ly giiia cac chiie danh nhung cflng cd nhidu van dd nhu ed sy tiung lap vdi tiiang bae hay chi dya trdn 1 tieu chi hoge ed rdt nhieu tieu ehi...
Vide tdn tai hai he tiidng luang tgo ndn su rdc rdi, trung lap nhung thu nhap thyc td ma ngudi lao ddng nhan dupe vdn chua phan anh dupe nang luc, nd luc va hidu qua eua hp.
Hai la, sii dyng Quy luang khdng hieu qua:tinh tigng nay xay ra kJiidoanh nghiep khdng xac dinh chinh xac nhu cdu nhan su, sii dung nfiieu nhan sy so
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vdi nhu edu, quan ly nhan sy khdng hudng den hidu suat. Ddn ddn thu nhap khdng cgnh hanh, khdng cd tae dyng trong viec thu hut nhan tai vd giu chan nhan j tai iam vide lau dai. Ngoai ra, su khdng phu hpp giiia ca cau ha luong cd dinh va bien ddi sd iam eho dpi ngu nhan vidn khdng ed duoc cam giac hai long, se khdng khich Id duoe ket qua edng viec cung nhu giii cfian nhan sy.
Ba la, doanh nghidp khdng cd phuang thuc xay dyng va quan ly quy luong phu hop: Vide xay dyng quy luong eiia nhieu doanh nghidp khdng theo nguydn tde hay dua vao kd hogch kinh doanh, ngudn chi luong khdng rd rang ddn ddn bi ddng, khd kidm soat. Nhieu doanh nghiep cdn coi vl6c qudn Iy quy luong la ciia bd phan tai ehinh, chua chu ddng can eii h6n ket qua kinh doanh de tik luang.
Bdn la, cae tieu chi chi tra khdng rd rang: ket qua la ngudi lao ddng khdng hieu rd thu nhap duoe ha theo nguydn tde nao hay gia tri nao dupc khuydn kfiieh. He thdng luong ciia mdt sd doanh nghiep chua dap ling dupc ky vgng ciia ca nhdm dd'i tuong, chua ed tac dyng kich thich, hay phan bidt, lam cho hp thdy dupc sy khac biet dar^ ke giua sy quan hpng, xudt sde trong edng vide cua ban than so vdi ngudi khac.
Tu nhiing bdt cap neu tren, van dd dat ra cho cde doanh nghidp la phai tim ra mdt each thiic mdi trong vi6c xay dyng he thdng luong. \^dc ap dyng phuang phap tinh luong tidn tien 3P, ket hpp cua ha luang theo vi tri edng vide, theo tiianh tich va theo nang luc ca nhan se giai quydt nhirng bat cap n6u hdn, dem lai hidu qua cho doanh nghiep va cho ngudi lao dgng.
2. He thong linmg 3P la gi?
He tiidng luong 3P la hd thdng luang ma Uiu nhgp ca nhan bao gdm 3 thanh phan
PI- Position: Vi tri cdng vi6c
Tra Iuong tiieo vi hi cdng vi6e hay edn goi la luong theo chiic danh, dam bao nhan vien dam nhan cdng viec gi se dupe hudng mue luong tuong Lmg vdi cdng viee dd. De xac dtnh muc Iuong theo vi tri cdng vide doanh nghidp phai tien hanh xac dinh gig tri edng vide. Gia tri cdng vide dugc xac dinh dya trdn y^u cdu
vd kien thiic, ky nang (chuyen mdn, nhan su, quan ly), qua mire dd phiic tap ciia cdng vi6c, qua hdeh nhidm va qua dieu kien iam vide. Gia tri edng vide cung sd dupe didu chinh tang ndu nhSn sy thyc fufin cdng vide do d tinh hgng khan hidm tren thi trudng.VIec phan ngach cdng vide va hinh thanh cac ngach luong can cii hdn gia tri cdng vide cua vj tri cdng vide dd.
P2-Person: Nang luc ca nhan
Luang dupc xac dinh dya tren nang lyc ca nhan ngudi dam nhan vj tri cdng vide. Theo dd, doanh nghidp se danh gia nang lue eua timg ca nhan khi bd ntiifem vao vi tri cdng viec. Can cii vao miic dp dap ling nang lyc yeu edu dd'i vdi nhdm edng viee, mdi nhan sy cy thd se dupe xdp vao khung luong, mue dd dap ling cao se dupc xdp vao bae luang eao han.
Can cii de danh gia miic dp ddp img ciia mdt ca nhan ddi vdi mdt edng vide chinh la khung nang lye, Doanh nghiep can xay dyng mdt bg khung nang lyc trong dd xdc dinh lyc yeu eau va cac cdp dd nang luc.
Khung nang lyc cho phdp doanh nghidp luong hda duac miic dd ddp iing nang luc ciia mOt iing vi&n.
P3- Perfonnance: Ket qua cdng vide Muc luong ciia mdi ngudi lao ddng dupc xac djnh dua ti^n vi tri v^ nang lue va vdi gid dinh la ngudi dd hoan thanh cdng vipc. Vi vdy, dd thiic ddy nhan vien hoan thanh cdng vide vdi kdt qua tdt, doanh ngtiidp can cii vao thanh tich dat dupe ciia timg ca nhan de quydt dinh miie luong P3 eua ngudi do.
Thu nhap ma ngudi lao ddng nhan dugc la tdng hop cua PI, P2 va P3. Vol Plva P2, ngudi lao ddng nhan dugc luong co ban hang thang. Vdi P3, ngudi lao dgng nhan dupc luang theo nang sudt va thudng.
Sy ket hpp ciia 3P viia dam bao duoc su can bdng hong he thd'ng, vira dam bao ca nhan hda thu nhgp d^
kich thich nhiing nd lue ed nhan. Phuang phap ha luong 3P da khdc phyc cac bat cap trong phuong phdp tra luong tmydn thd'ng nhu qua nang vd bdng cdp hay tham nien, khdng phan bi&t dupc nang luc thyc hien cdng vide va ddng gdp ciia ca nhan vao thyc hien mue tidu doanh nghidp.
3. Cac bmrc xay drnig he thong luimg 3P Budc I: Ra soat, Chudn hda co cdu to chiic va he thdng chiic nang, chiic danh
Myc dich efla vide ra soat ea cdu bd phan la de dam bao cho edng ty khdng cd su chdng ehdo hoac rdng chiic nang, phan dinh rd rang trach nhidm ddi vdi cac kdt qua cdng vide, tiid hidn tdt tinh h6 tip cua cac vi tri nhung khdng dan trai qua nhidu.
Dd thyc hidn budc nay, doanh nghidp cdn xac dmh rd chidn lupc kinh doanh hay dinh hudng chien lupc.
Tu dd, chudn hda co cdu td ehue, xac dinh he thdng
vj tri hdn CO sd ehudi gid tri eua doanh nghidp. Cung vdi dd, doanh nghidp sd tidn hanh chudn hda hd thd'ng ehiic danh vd md td edng vide hdn co sd phan bd cde ehue ndng ciia doanh nghiep.
Budc 2: xay dyng hd tiidng luong 3P a) xay dyng thang luong Uieo vi tri edng vide (PI) Vd bdn chdt, day la vide thiet I§p khung luong dya hdn vide danh gia gia tri edng vide cua tung vi tri.Danh gia gia tri cong vi$e id vide phdn hgng, xdp nhdm/ngach cac chire danh trdn co sd danh gid mpt each cd he thd'ng cac yeu td cau thanh lao ddng nhu kidn thue, kinh nghiem, mue dp phirc tap vd trach nhidm...theo y^u cdu cdng vi$e.
Npi dung thyc hidn:
+ Xac djnh tidu chudn danh gia: Tieu ehudn sir dung dd ddnh gid gia tri edng vide phai phan anh dupc dp phiic tap cua nghe nghiep, vi tri cdng vide chii khdng phai danh gia ngudi giu chiic vy, nghd nghiep dd. Tieu chudn danh gia dugc cy thd hda, xae djnh ty trpng cua tiing ydu td.Vd ky thuat, PI dupc xac dinh thdng qua danh gia 7 yd'u td: (1) Tac ddng ldn td chu'c,C2) Mire dp quan ly, (3) Pham vi hach nhidm, (4) Miic dp phdi hpp, (5) Trinh dd hpc van va kinh nghiem cdn cd dd dam nhgn vj tri, (6) Giai quydt vdn dd, (7) Didu kidn mdi truang lam vide.
+ xae djnh thang di^m danh gia: Vide chdm diem vi tri dupe tien hanh can eir tr^n md ta cdng vide va tidu chudn cdng vide, ciing vdi hd thdng cae tiSu ehudn, tidu chi, barem diem.Sau khi chdm diem cho hJTig vl tri, docUih nghidp s6 tidn hanh lap bang tdng hpp vi chi.Kdt qua thu dupc tu vide ddnh gia gia tri edng vide se la co sd quan trpng de thidt lap nhdm/nggch luong, xay dyng thang luang co ban.
b) Xdc djnh luang theo nang lyc (P2) Oi xac dinh dupc luong theo nang lye ea nhan, ddu tidn doanh nghidp phai xay dimg duge khung nang lyc cho cac vi tri. Trdn co sd khung nang luc nay, danh gia nang lyc cho timg ca nhan.
Khung nang lye (competency model) la cdng cy md ta trong do xac djnh cac yeu edu vd kidn thiic, ky nang, kha nang, thai dd, hanh vi va cac dac diem ca nhan khac dd thyc hidn cae nhidm vu trong mdt vi tri, mdt vi tri, mdt cdng viee hay mpt nganh nghe. Khung nang lye thuc chdt la mpt td hgp cae nang lyc ddng thdi quyet dinh den khd nang hoan thanh mdt vi tii hay cdng viee.
Khung nang lyc ciia vi tri phai thg hidn duge y^u cau cua doanh nghidp vd nSng lyc nhan vien dam nhidm vi tri dd. Thdng thudng, ydu td nang lyc ca nhan bao gom nhung nang lye cua timg ca nhan dupc do ludng bdi ASK . Trong dd:
A- Attitude la thai dd va td chdt can thiet eiia vi hi
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NGHIEN CUU
cdng viec.
S- Skill la cae \^ nang cdn ttiidt dd tiiuc hien cdng vide
K- Knowledge la cac kidn thiic cdn tiiidt dd Uiyc hien cdng vide
Tuy ntiidn, md hinh 3P cung yeu cdu cdc nha qudn ly phai chi rd nhung nang lue cy thd cua tung vi tri thue sy anh hudng den hidu sudt cdng vide. Nhiing nang lyc khdng anh hudng s& khdng duoc dd cap hong md hinh nay.
Ngoai can eii dya tren nang lye, vide sdp xep bac luong cung cd thd bd sung phu cdp theo Uidm nidn d^
khuydn khi'ch nhan sy gdn bd lau dai vdi doanh nghiep, phy cdp thu hut de khuydn kfiieh nhan lye cho nhiii^ cdng viec khan fiidm lao ddng...
c) xac djnh luong theo ket qua cdng vide (P3) Tra luong theo kdt qua thyc hien cdng vide dugc eoi la bude khd nhdt khi trien khai luong 3P. De thyc hidn duoe budc nay, doanh nghiep cdn ttddt lap bp muc tieu hay kidu chudn (KPI) cfla timg vi tri vide iam hong doanh nghidp va dinh ky danh gia vide thuc hidn muc tieu trong thyc td.
\^ec danh gia thyc hien edng vide phai tuan thfl quy trinh vdi cac phuang phap cy thd nhdm do ludng mdt cdch khaeh quan nhdt fiidu qua cdng vide cfla tijng vi til theo bd mye ti^u hay tidu ehudn da dat ra.Danh gia thue hidn edng viec se dua ra bang xdp loai lao ddng ciia doanh nghidp va tuong img vdi moi loai lao ddng la miic luong nhdt djnh thudng dupc ti'nh theo ty 16 phdn ham.
Cac npi dung thye hien trong budc nay: i) Xay dyng ban dd chien luoc; ii) Xay dyng BSC cdng ty; iii) Xdy dyng KPI cac bp phan; iv) Xay dyng KPl eho cac vi tri chfl chdt; v) Xay dyng quy chd danh gia kdt qua.
Nhu vay, theo md hinh 3P, hong 1 thang ngudi lao ddng se nhan dupc ca 3P, nhung cung cd the hp khdng nhan dupe P2 hoac P3 hoac cd thd cd P2 va P3.
Ndu nang lyc khdng dat % so vdi ydu cdu hp sd khdng nhan duoc P2. Tuong ty, neu hp khdng hoan Uianh myc Ueu dua ra, hp se khdng nhan duoc P3.
Sy kdt hpp ca 3P se giup ngudi lao ddng phat huy duge nang lye, tiinh dd, kidn thiic, ky nang vao edng vide, n6 lyc hdt sue hong vide hoan thanh cdng vide dd dgt hidu qua cao nhdt.
Theo md fiinh 3P, thu nhap cua ngudi lao ddng tiong doanh ngfiidp se dupc tinh theo cdng thiic:
L3P=Pl-(-P2-l-P3 Trong do:
L3P: Thu nhap tiieo md hinh 3P PI: Luong theo vi tri cdng vide P2: Luong Uieo nang lyc ca nhan
4 8 K.NH Tt CHAU A • TH*. B I N H DL/CTNO ( T H ^ N G A , 2 0 1 6)
P3: Luong theo kdt qua edng vide Bude 3: Danh gia thu nhdp so vdi till tiudng Tmdc khi ra quydt dinh ban hanh chi'nh tiiiic qiiy ehe luong mdi, doanh ngfiidp can ed budc ddnh gid tiiu nliap cfla mdt sd vi tri phd bien. So sanh vdi mue ttiu nhap trdn th| hudng, dd dam bao ti'nh edng bdng va ti'nh canh hanh, dam bao tiiyc su dat duoe myc tieu dat ra eua he thdng Udn luong.
Budc 4: xay dung va Ra quydt dinh ban hdnh quy ehd luong:
Tren co sd miic luong da duoc xac dinh theo 3P, doanh nghidp se xay dyng quy chd luong dp dyng cho toan doanh ngfiidp. Phd bidn cho toan the ngudi lao dpng trong doanh nghidp di ngudi lao ddng hidu vd cd nhirng nd lye phan ddu dgt hieu qud cao nhdt.
Tdm lgi, tidn luong va cdng tde Uen Iuong ludn la vdn de ldn ddi vdi doanh ngfiiep. Lya chgn dupc phuemg phap tra luong phti hgp la ydu td quan trgng de xay dyng doanh ngfiidp vimg mgnh, tdn tgi vd phat hidn tiong mdi trudng cgnh hanh ngay eang khdc lidt.
Phuang phdp tra luong theo 3P la phuong phap ha luong mdi, ed nhieu tien bd so vdi cac hd thdng luong theo thang bang luong eua Nha nude. Tuy nhidn, dd ap dyng dirpc phuong phap nay, ddi hdi doanh nghidp phai cd nhung no iuc rdt Idn. Doanh nghidp phai cd efiidn luoe hoac dinh hudng cfiien luoc rd rang. Ban ianh dgo doanh ngfiidP ciing nhu td cdng tac va cae bd phan phai cd sy quydt tam, cd tam huydt, ttiam gia tich eye va cd hdeh nhidm. Vide trien khai md hinh luong 3P cflng cdn phdi dugc thuc hidn theo Id trinh va iam tdt cdng tac truydn thdng, chudn bi tdm ly cho can bp nhdn vien san sang ddn nhan sy thay ddi nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nghi dinh 49/2013/ND-CP ngay 14 tiiang 5 nam 2013 Quy dinh ehi tiet thi hanh mot sd dieu cua Bd Luat Lao ddng ve tidn luong.
2. Cdng ty Tu Vdn Qudn ly OCD, Ban Un U n h dgo
& Thay ddi so 10, 14/2015.
3. Hidp Hdi Nhan sy, Ky yeu hdi thao thudng nidn 2015: " Khung nang lyc — Xu hudng ung dung trong bdi canh hdi nhgp".