NhuTng yeu to tac dong
den phong trao nong dan Binh Djnh dirdi trieu Nguyin nuTa dau the ky XIX
NGUYIEN CONG T H A N H *
D
fldi trieu Nguyin (nfla diu t h i ky XDC), xufit phfit tfl nhiing l^ do khfic nhau, phong trdo ndng dfin bimg no, dien ra ram rp k h I p ca nUdc. Tuy nMen, tdy vfio mdi dia phuong phong trfio cd nhuhg sic thdi ridng. Do v$y ngMen cdU phong trfio ndng dfin eua mdi dia phflOng gdp phan ldm sdng td bflc tranh ehung eiia phong trfio ndng dfin Vidt Nam dfldi trilu Nguygn.Binh Dinh lfi edi ndi eiia phong trfio ndng dfln Tay Son, manh dat thflgng vd, cd truyen t h i n g dfiii t r a n h chd'ng fip bflt, efldng quyln. Nua diu t h i ky XIX, Binh Dinh ehda duhg nhiing ylu t l co ban eho sU bimg no va phfit tri&i cua phong trao ndng dfin.
Song trong thUc td', cfic eude dau tranh eua ndng dfin vd ede t i n g ldp nhfin dfin khde ehdng trilu Nguyen d Binh E)inh diln ra le te, md nhat so vdi bflc t r a n h chung eua ca nudc; nguydn nhan cua thifc trang nfiy la gi?
Dd lfi nhiihg v&i d l md tfic gia tfip trung Ifim rd trong bfii viet nfiy.
Sang t h i 1 ^ XDC, c h l dO phong kien
^^gt Nam t i l p tuc lfim vfio khung hoang tram trgng ve mgi mfit. Dilu nfiy da tfic dOng sflu s i c d i n nen kinh tl'-xa hgi d Binh Dinh. Trong sd nMeu nguydn n h a n d i n din sfl bimg n l cfic cuOc dau tranh cua ndng dfln d Binh Dinh, n l i len mfiy dilm CO ban sau:
Diu the ky XDC, rudng dat tfl d Binh Dinh phfit trien manh, Ifih fit hdi bO phfin ruOng dfit edng. Theo tfii Hdu dia ba, rudng dfii tfl dien eua 559 fi'p thuSc trfin Binh Dinh vfio nfim 1815 lfi hon 65.515,5 mau, cMem ty le 91,03%; tfl tho hon 2.091,6 mlu, cMd'm 96,75%. Tren eo sd khdo cdfl dia ba eua 24 fi'p tieu bieu d Binh Dinh vdo nfim 1815 eua Pgs. Ts Phan Phuong Thao eho thfiy, sd hiJu rupng dat tU nhan cMe'm dai da so dipn tieh rupng dai d trong cdc fi'p nay, vdi ty le 93,36%'". Ty lg nfiy cao hon ban so vdi ty le binh qufin cua ca nflde (82,92%).
Khoang culi nhiihg nam 30 eua the' ky XDC, rudng dat tfl d Binh Dinh trd thanh mOt van de ngMem trong, cin phai giai quylt. Theo Vu Xufin Cfin: "Binh Binh rudng cdng chl cd tren 5 nghin mdu md rudng tu nhiiu din tren 7 vgn 1 nghin mdu, cdc rupng tU thudng bi bgn hdo phu chiim cd, ngiM ngheo khdng nhd cdy gi"'^'.
Khdng cM bi mfit h i t rudng dai, ndng dan Binh Dinh chiu sfl tae dgng cua tMen tai, mfit miia, ddi kdm, gid gao tang eao thfldng xuyen diln ra. Theo "Bgi Nam thUc luc" vfi "Chdu bdn triiu Nguyin", trong vdng nda dfiu t h i hy XDC, Binh Dinh hon 15 lan xay r a mai miia, ddi kem, gia gao
*Ths. Nguyin C6ng Thfinh, TrUdng Dai hoc Quy Nhon
66 Nghiin Clhl Ddng Nam A 11/2012 eao (nhu cdc ndm 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825,
1827, 1830, 1832, 1833. 1837, 1839...).
Cimg vdi thidn tai lfi djch b i n h , chi tinh nfim 1849, dich bdnh t h i td, todn tinh c h i t 17.358 ngUdL..
Trong 50 nfim nda dfiu t h i ky XIX (1802-1852), trdn tofin qudc c6 1.814 Ifing xidu tdn, trong dd d Bic BO vd Ble Trung BO cd 1.792 Ifing (chiim 98,8%)*3>. Con stf thd'ng kg trgn dfiy cd t h i chl mang tinh so bg vfi chite dly du, song cho thfly M^n tflgng dfin xidu tfin chu yg'u diln ra d Bic BO vd Ble Trung BO. Tinh Binh Dinh thuOc khu vuc Duygn Hdi Nam Trung BO, nhflhg dfln xidu tdn trd thfinh mOt Mdn tugng khd p h i high dudi trilu Nguyin. Qua sd cu cho thfiy so fip xidu tdn d Binh Dinh trong nda diu t h i ky XDC Ign d i n hfing trfim fip.
Nfim 1821 xidu tdn 16 fi'p, ngach binh tMlu nMlu. Nfim 1823 "ddn trong hgt xi^u tdn 30 dp vd man, linh t/iiiu s6 khdng ldy ddu md xung diin tiin"^*\ Cd nhflhg fi'p xigu tdn h i t ca. Nfim 1826, trfin Binh Dinh tau: nhfin dfin trong hat xidu tfin 96 fi'p, phudng, nay dfi ve dugc 18 fi'p, luc tuc ve 75 fi'p, cdn 3 fi'p khdng vl*^*.
•Rnh Mnh dfin xieu tfin v l n t i l p tue dien ra dfldi trilu Tu Ddc. Nfim 1848, Binh Dinh ed 675 thdn, s l ngach linh tai Kinh vfi d tinh hon 11.000 ngudi khdng t h e dieu tuy- In du dugc vi Ifiu nay cdc ldng dan tung bfin phdi pMdu bat, hofic bi nhfi gifiu c$y t h i bfle Mlp, dga nat md bd trdn, hofie do bfli man mfi khdng dfim ndi ciing bd lfing ra di<6'...
Chinh vi vfiy ldm cho mfiu t h u i n xfi hOi ngfiy efing gay git, d i n d i n sfl bimg n l cfic cupc dfiu tranh ndng dfin vfi cdc dfln tOe tMlu so. Nda diu t h i ky XDC, Binh Dinh khdng diln ra cudc khdi nghia ndng dfln ldn nfio. Sdm vfi tigu bilu nhat lfi eudc khdi ngMa eua Nguyin Vdn Khing. Nfim 1806,
NguySn Vfin K h i n g I§p edn cd d Tflgng Son, t^p hgp lyte lflgng, dinh t l ehflc dfinh c M ^ trfln thfinh Binh Dinh. Vide bi 10, nghla qufln bi ddn dp khic H|t, Nguyin Vhn Khd'ng bj b i t , cuOc khdi nghia thfli b ^ .
Quic sd qudn trilu Nguyin cdn chdp tai mOt s l cuOc n l i d$y cua cfic dfin tde tMlu s l d Binh Dinh. Nfim 1829, trfln t h i n Binh Dinh tflu: "Hai ngudn Trd Vdn, Trd Binh.., thitimg cd hoang man qudy phd, gdn ddy chia ddt 32 ddn ludn phiin ddng bink phdng tha.., thi md bgn man cdn thUdng thiia aa hd lin xudng Umg giit hgi ddn Hdn (Viity^''\ Nfim 1831, lut lflgng dfin tOe thi&i s l nli dfly, tiln x u £ ^ ddnh ngudn Trfi Binh. Nam 1834, cdc dfin tOc tM4i s l d ngudn Trfi Vfin 1^ n l i d|iy, ddnh quan qufin trilu dinh, cfldp eiia rdi riit vfio rflng.
Trdn dfly lfi mOt stf eutfc dfiii tranh cua ndng dfln vfi cdc dfin tOc tMlu so d Binh Dinh dudi trilu Nguyin (nijia diu tfal )sy XDC) dugc sd cu phan dnh Iai. Dieu dd cho thfiy, ngodi cuge khdi ngMa cua Nguyin Vfin Khdng, khdng cd cugc khdi n ^ i i a nfio ldn. Khdi ngMa cua Nguyin Vdn K h i n g d d ton tai trong mOt thdi gian n g i n vfi khdng gfiy dnh hudng dfing k l doi vdi chinh quy- l n phong kie'n.
Xdt ridng trgn dia bdn tinh Binh Dinh, cdc cuOc dfl'u t r a n h cua ndng dfln vfi cfic t i n g ldp nhfin dfln khfic ehtfng trieu Nguyin (nda d i u t h i ky XDC) chfld hOi tu vd phdt t r i l n thfinh mtft phong trfio rOng ldn k h I p tofin tinh, thu hut ddng ddo cac t i n g ldp trong xa hdi t h a m gia. Khdng ehl ft v l s l lflgng, cfic cuOe khdi ngMa diln ra ridng Id vfi n h a n h chdng hi dfip t i t . Hoat dOng dfiu t r a n h eua ndng dan vd cac tang ldp nhfln dfin chi&ig trilu Nguyin d Binh Dinh chite tao r a dugc nhiing dau an dflm nfit trong phong trfio ndng dfin chlng t r i ^
Nguyin d nUdc ta. •'
Nguyin Cdng Thdnh - NhOng yju td'tdc ddng di'n phong trdo ndng ddn... 67 Ly giai cho dfic trUhg trdn, cd the t i l p
efin d nhiing nOi dung cu the sau:
ThiJC nhat, xit khia cgnh sj^ phdt trien cOa rugng dd& tU.
Khfic vdi cde tinh Nam KS^, d Binh Dinh, dfldi thdi ky efie chfla Nguyin, ruOng dfli edng gifl vai trd quan trgng nhfii trong ede bg phfin rudng dfii. Sang the ky XDC, rudng dfii tfl phfit trien manh, vfin d l nfiy da dugc trinh bfiy d p h i n tren.
Theo quy lu§t ehung, qufi trinh phdt trien ruOng dfit tfl, thu hep mgng dfii cdng, di Hen vdi sfl phfin hda xa hOi vfi b i n cung hda eua ngfldi ndng dfln. Do vfiy, ruOng dfii tfl phdt t r i l n dflgc xem lfi mdt trong nhuhg nguydn nhfin dfin d i n sfl bung no eua phong trfio ndng dfin d nflde ta. Ld mdt tinh ndng ngMep, ndng dfin cMlm dai da so, Binh EHnh phfin nfio ehiu anh hudhg cua ye'u to e h u r ^ nfiy.
Thifc chdi eua vflh d l ruOng dfii tfl d Binh EKnh nda d i u thd' ^ XDC cd diem khdc biet. Do sfl tfic dOng eua dilu kidn dia Mnh, dia chai va nhd nhuhg t h a n h qua eua phong trfio ndng dfin Tfiy Son, ruOng dfit tfl d Binh Dinh phat trien khdng di kdm vdi qua trinh tap trung ruOng dai vdo mdt sd' ehu sd hflu. Theo tfii Hdu dia ba cua 24 ap tieu bieu d Binh Dinh vfio nfim 1815, s l chu rudng khd (ed sd' ruOng dfii sd hflU tfl 5 mifiu trd len) cM cMem ty Id 3,25% vfi sd htiu vdi t i n g so lflgng ruOng dfli 23,07%. Ty le nay cM bang 1/7 so vdi tinh Hfi Ddng vfi 1/22 eua Thfii Binh<8>.
Cd t h i thay rang, d Binh Dinh vfio nda dau the ky XIX, sd huh ldn v l rudng dai eMdm ty Id rfii it. Phfin ldn rudng dflt tfl nam trong tay sd ddng chu sd hiiU. Chinh dieu nay tao ndn dac diem n l i bat nhfit cua sd hOU rudng dfit tfl d Binh Dinh Id tU hi3U rudng dai cMe'm ty Id r a i ldn ( t h ^ cM cd thdi liy cMlm flu t h i tuyet ddi) vdi tanh
trang sd huh nhd, manh miin vd dfin trdi trdn mOt s l ddng chu sd hflu'^'.
Ndi nhfl thd', khdng cd nghla da so ndng dfin diu ed ruOng dfit tu, bdi ruOng dfit tU p h i n nMlu tfip trung trong tay efie nhfi hfio phu, nhilu ndng dfin v l n khdng cd ruOng dfii cdy cfiy. Chlnh dfie dilm ndy dd tfic dOng den nguydn nhfln bimg n l vfi phfit triln cua cdc euOc da'u tranh ndng dfin vd cdc t i n g ldp nhdn dan khdc d Binh Dinh dfldi trieu Nguyen.
rftii" hai, chinh sdch cda trieu Nguyen dot vdi vdng dc& Binh Binh.
Dudi con m i t cua ede dng vua Nguygn, Binh Dinh lfi vung dat cd vai trd rai quan trgng, do dd ludn nhfln dugc sfl quan tam dfic biet eua cMnh quyen phong kiln Nguygn. NMlu chinh sdch dflgc ban hdnh, cfie ehinh sfich dd vfla t h i Mdn sfl uu fii eua nhd nudc trong phfit trien kinh te', xfi hOi,
"v3 vi" dfin ehiing, vfla thfiy rd y thde d l cao canh gific, phdng vp ddi vdi vimg dfii v l n lfi noi phdt tieh eua phong trfio ndng dfin Tfiy Son.
K l tfl kM ldy lai dugc vimg dai Binh Dinh, chinh quyen n h a Nguyen chfim lo ciing ctf bO may chinh quyen, xfiy duhg luc Iflgng quan ddi, he t h i n g din, luy, hai tan..., sfin sfing ddi phd vdi cde cugc daii tranh cua ndng dfin va efie t i n g ldp nhfin dan khfic.
Dfldi thdi Minh Menh (sau nam 1832) lflc Ifldng qufin dOi d Binh Dinh gIm: 2 vp thudc Binh Dinh td vd va hOU vp; 1 ve thiiy qufln; 20 dOi thuOe Binh Dinh tnmg ed vfi hflu CO; 3 dOi tflgng binh; 1 dgi phdo thu vfi 1 dOi tuan thfinh. Ndm 1839, Binh Dinh ed khoang 15000 Hnh. Tai cdc cda nguon, hdi t£m deu dfit Thu sd, quan Thu ngfl d l thu thue' va d i n bao de gifl an mnh, trah dp cdc euOe noi day eua ede dan tdc tMlu so, canh phdng mat biln.
68 Nghiin cijeu Ddng Nam A 11/2012 Chu dOhg xfly dflhg lgt lflgng qufln dOi,
nhanh chdng dd bpp ede cuOc khdi nghla d Binh Dinh ngay tif trong "trUng nUdc^' cua efie dng vua trilu Nguyin, dflgc t h i MOn rd nhfii dfldi thdi ky Minh MOnh, nhflt lfi khi phong trdo ndng dfin didn ra manh mS trgn Idilp ed nflde.
Nfim 1833, euOc bao dOng cua Ld Vfin Khdi bung n l . Binh Dinh huy dOng Iflc Iflgng vdo hd trg dfin fip. Sg rfing nhfln luc luc lfldng qufln dOi dia phfldng mdng, ndng dfin vfi ede t i n g Idp nhfln dfin n l i d§y.
Minh Mdnh liln sai: rut 100 biln binh tru phdng d Phu Ydn, 8 thdt voi manh d Qudng Nam cimg vdi biln binh gidi cfldi voi, 200 Hnh tinh d Qudng Ngfii d i n ddng gifl tai Binh Dinh. Mfic du vfiy Minh Mdnh v l n ehUa ygn tfim, trong nfim 1833, tid'p tuc mat du tong die Vu Xufln Cfin: "Vda rdi vl ngodi biin cd ddng, nin dd mdy ldn trung diiu ddn dong d tinh nhiiu rdi. Nay ngucd n&n chiiu xem s6 binh hiin nay cd du di phong thu tinh thdnh thi thdi, niu khdng du thi nin ggi thim ddm ba trdm ddn ddng cdc nai ldn can, cdp cho tiin, lucmg, khi gidi, di phue vu viic phbng thu... lgi thim mat dd finh hinh dpng ttnh d ddn gian, niu cd mgt vdi bgn cdn bdy, dem long odn hdn, dm muu gdy sU nin liiu ca ddp ngay tic trudc, khdng di cho ndy mdm. Niu thdnh dn ldn thi nguai mdc tpi khdng nhe ddK"*^*".
Nhfim nfing eao ^ thflc canh gific, trdeh nM^m cho tang ldp quan lai dia phflong trong vide dli phd vdi phong trdo ndng dfin, ngodi vide khen thfldng cho nhflng ngfldi cd edng, Minh Mdnh rfli kidn quylt xfl I^ ky lufit nlu de cfic cuOc khdi ngMa n l ra. Nfim 1834, cfic dan tOe it ngfldi d ngudn Trd Vfln n l i d$y. Minh MOnh eho e l t ehflc vien Thu ngfl d dfly, quan tinh hi gifing mOt cap*^^'.
Sau Idii dfin fip xong phong trfio ndng dfin Tay Son tren dfii Binh Dinh, Gia Long
mOt m$t nfing cao y dfl'e, thu phue nhfin tfim. M$t khdc ra sflc tidu diOt cfic thu ^nh, tri thdc Tfly Sdn, nhfim trif bd tfln glc phong trfio ndng dfln Tfiy Son. Khdng chi Gia Long, mfi ngay cd Minh MOnh sau d6 vfin t i l p tgc truy lung con chfiu Tdy Son trgn dia bfin Binh Dinh.
Nfim 1826, Vu Vfin Nguydn trtfn vdo fip An Tfly (Tfly Son- Binh Dinh) eung vdi cfic con cua Thdi sfl Bui Die Tuydn Id BCii Die Khudng vd Die Tri luydn tflp vd nghO, chidu qufin. Dugc tin, vua Minh MOnh ha ldnh: "Bgn dy Id dd v6 lgi, niu di yin khdng hdi tdi thi ngdy khde lgi nhu Nguy Tdy, khi dy cbn hdi tpi dugc sao? Nin sai Trdn thdn bdt vd xa tpi chit^^^K
Nfim 1831, Nguyin Vfin T h i (ngudi Binh Dinh) che dfiu hfiu dup Tfiy Son Id Nguyin Vfin Luong (con cua Nguyin Nhae) vd Nguyin Vfin Trfldng (chdu npi Nguyin Nhae). \^0c bi phdt gidc, t a t ed eon chfiu ciia Nguyin Nhae diu bi chdm ngang Iflog, thdn thuOc, eon gdi eimg d i n g ddng diu bi trdm quylt'^3'.
Vdi nhiing cMnh sfich tren dfiy cung vdi
^ thflc "chu ddng phdng vi" etia chlnh quyln phong k i ^ Nguyin, cdc cupc daii tranh cua ndng dfin Binh Dinh khd c6 kha nfing bimg n l vfi phdt trien. Pgs. Ts Do Bang khdng qud kM cho r ^ g "TS chiic hdnh chtnh vd bp mdy quan lgi triiu Nguyin d Binh Binh dd phdt huy dUx chiiic ndng qudn l^ ldnh thS, ddn cU, phdt triin kinh ti vd ddn dp cdc cudc khdi nghia cda nhdn ddn d thi ky XTJT'"'.
Ben canh dd, nhfi Nguyin cho tM hanh nMlu chinh sfich t i l n bO nhfim giai quygi nhiihg khd khfin v l kinh td' vfi xa hOi tren dia bdn tinh Binh Dinh.
Sau kM Ifly lai dflgc viing dfli Binh Dinh, ndm 1802, Gia Long can dan cdc quan chflt dugc b l nMpm d ^ cai tri d dfiy.
Nguyen Cdng Thdnh - Nhi^g yi'u to tdc dgng di'nphong trdo ndng ddn... 69 6 n g eho rfing: "Bdt ndy trdi qua binh cdch
dd Idu, sua; ddn hao mon, bgn ngUai nin tuyin duang ddc j), ra sdc v5 vi, khii'n cho ki dm Idu dy dUgc hdi lgi nghi ngai"^'^^\
De dieu hba mfiu t h u i n giai cfi'p, vdo nhOfrig n a m mfit mua, ddi kdm, thidn tai, dich bdnh, nhfi Nguyin cho thflc hidn efie cMnh sdch cflu te dfin nghdo. Trong "Bgi Nam thuc luc" vfi "Chdu bdn triiu Nguyen"
da nMeu lan chdp v l cfic cMnh sdeh hS trg cua nhfi nudc ddi vdi ngfldi dfin d Binh Binh vfio nhiing thdi diem gfip khd khfin.
Giam thue' eho ndng dfln dflOc thfle Mgn khfi nMlu, nhfii Id dfldi trieu vua Minh Mdnh. Nfim 1822, d Binh Dinh gfip ban hfin, Minh Mdnh dfi ha lgnh cho bd hO xdt gidm 6/10 thue' rudng eho nhuhg hd bi tMen tai nang, 5/10 eho nhiihg hO bi thien tai nhe. Tilp dd, nfim 1823, 1824... t i l p tuc gidm thue' rupng cho n h a n dfin Binh Dinh.
Khdng cM gifim thud' ruOng, trong nhiing nam dae biet khd khan, n h a nflde cdn eho dan ng thue' rudng, midn giam thue' nhfin dinh cho nhfin dfin dia phflong. CM tinh ridng nfim 1842, nhfi nflde gidm thue' than 2/10 eho n h a n dinh d Binh Dinh, vdi tong sd' tien dflgc midn giam la hon 8573 quan'^^\..
Nha nflde cdn phdt gao dfl trfl bdn rd cho dfln. Nam 1822, gifi gao eao, Minh Mdnh ra lenh ban 1000 hdc gao re cho nhfin dfin Binh Dinh, mdi hpe gid 1 quan tien. Nfim 1825, bfin re 20.000 hOc gao cho nhan dfin Binh Dinh...
Tham cM trong trfldng hgp can thidi, edn phdt kho thdc eua nhfi nflde cho dan nghdo vay hoac mua no. Nam 1827, gao dat, phfit 20000 hoc thdc kho eho dan ngheo Binh Dinh vay. Nam 1841, Binh Dinh xuai Ida kho 31.616 hOc, bdn re cho xa dfin, thu t i l n 36.982 quan, cdn tMeii 32.572 quan, eho ng tdi mua se thu^i^*....
Nfim cd bao lut ldn, ede gia dinh cd ngfldi chdi, nhfi cda bi trdi dat, nhfi nflde cd cMnh sdch hS trg tiln, gao. Ndm 1811, Binh Dinh bi lu lut thigt hai ldn. Gia Long ra lgnh phfit 4800 phflong gao cho Binh Dinh, chia hang d l c h i n cfip. Dd'i vdi nhflhg noi ed dieh bdnh ldn, ehinh quyln mua thud'c, phdi t h i y din de ehfla tri. Nfim 1849, dich bdnh, nhilu ngfldi chet; Tfl Dfle ha lgnh cho tinh than mua nMlu thud'c, phdi thfiy thud'c dd'n noi de dilu tri'i^)...
Trgn dfiy chi Id nhflhg s l Hdu tilu bieu, trong thfle t l , nhiing cMnh sdch hd trg, edu t l cda nhd nflde ddi vdi nhan dan Binh Dinh thfldng xuygn hdn nhilu, tuy nhien tde gifi khdng cd dieu kien dfla vdo bfii viit nfiy. Nhuhg chinh sdch tren la nhOttig gidi phdp tflc thdi, nhflhg cd mOt y nghia vo cimg quan trgng, phan nao mang lai nhflhg lgi ieh tMlt thflc cho ngudi dan dia phflong trong luc gfip khd khdn, t h i Men dugc mat tieh efle cua n h a Nguyen, song y nghia ldn nhfii la nha Nguygn da gdp phan quan trgng xoa diu mau thuan giai cap trong nhiihg thdi dilm "nUdc sdi liia bdng".
Dd'i vdi vimg dat Binh Dinh, trieu Nguygn cdn the hien sfl UU tidn nhfit dinh trong phdt trien kinh t l nhu xay duhg va phfit trien dd thi Quy Nhon, tao dieu kien eho ngudi Hoa t& Quy Nhon budn bfin,...
trong dd tidu bieu nhat Id thfle Men chinh sdch quan diln nam 1839.
Theo mOt sd' nha ngMen cflU, chinh sach quan dien nfim 1839 lfi cai each diln dia.
Nha nUdc lay mdt bd phan ruing dat tu biln thdnh bd phan rudng dfii cdng, roi ban cfip cho binh Hnh, ndng dan... MOt cMnh sfich khd nhu vay, chac ban chlnh quyen phong k i l n rfii dan do trong vide lfla ehpn dia diem thflc hien tM dilm. Binh Dinh luc bfiy gid chfla phdi la tinh ed bO phan rudng tfl cMlm ty lg ldn nhfit trong nude, lai dflge
70 Nghiin Cliu Ddng Nam A 11/2012 lUa chgn Idm noi d l thfle hiOn thf dilm
chinh sdeh qufln diln. Dilu dd eho thfiy sfl flu fii dfic biOt eua ehinh quyln nhfi Nguyin ddl vdi vimg dfii ndy.
Dti cdn nhilu han ehd' nhflng eMnh sdeh ndy dd gdp phfin tfing efldng bO phfin ruOng dai cdng. Sau qufin diln, diOn tich cdng diln tfing hdn 7 Iln, ehilm ty Ig 53,79%
dien tfch diln todn tinh. MOt mflC dO ndo dd, chfnh sfich qufin diln da d l lai nhllu jr nghia tiln bO, nhfii la mang Iai rupng dfli cho ngUdi ndng dfin.
Nhu v§y, vdi chfnh sfich cai tri khdn khdo cua minh, nhfi Nguyin ndi ehung vfi chfnh quyen nhfi Nguyin d Binh Dinh ndi rieng, dd rfii thdnh cdng trong viOc ngdn chdn su biing n l vd phdt trien eda phong trfio ndng dfin dien ra tren dai Binh Dinh vfio nda diu the' ky XIX
ThU fro, di^ trieu Nguyen (ntta ddu the ky XDC) nen kinh te tren vitng ddii Binh Dinh cd bi^&c phdt triin.
Kinh te ndng ngMdp cd bfldc tien btf hon trflde, dipn tieh md rdng, efie cdng trinh thiiy lgi xfiy dflhg nMlu hon, cay trdng, vfit nudi dugc sd dung p h i biln, tao ra nMlu mfit hfing cd gifi tri dugc sd sfich gM nhfln.
Rieng v l dipn tieh rugng dat, nhd d l y manh cdng cugc khai hoang so vdi cudi thd' ky XVIII, d i n nfim 1815, ruOng dfit thifc canh cua Binh Dinh tdng khoang 1.500 mau, nfim 1839 tfing hon 2.500 m l u , dfldi thdi Tfl Dflc tfing thdm g i n 31.000 mlu.
Trong thflc te, ede cap chfnh quyln cho xfiy dflhg, sda ehfla khd nMeu de dfip phue vu cho kinh t l ndng ngMep. Dfldi trilu Nguyen, Binh Dinh ed 28 dap gifl nflde.
Theo Vu Xuan Can, d the ky XDC "tinh Binh Binh ddt dai mdu ma, khdng kim, cdc ttnh Nam Ky, lgi cd di bdi gid ni^, cd thi khdng bi hgn hdn, ndng ddn mdi ndm 2 vu gdt rdt dugc Idi'^^^K
Nda dfiu t h i ky XIX, khai thfic lflm nghidp d Binh Dinh d l y m a n h vdi nMlu hinh thflc: khai thdc dfldi Mnh thflc edng SUU, t l chflc thdnh cde h i , cde dOi khai thde chuygn nghiOp, ngofii ra efie cfi nhfin ehu dOng tg khai thfic. Phdt t r i l n nhfit lfi hoat dOng khai thfic g l , t r i m huong, ky nam hUdng.. Ngofii ra, nhfln dfln cdn t i l n hfinh khai thdc cfic loai hflong Udu, t h i sdn, dugc HOu... Nhilu san pham phai nOp t h u l hang nfim eho nhd nflde.
Hoat dOng dfinh b i t vd nudi thuy hai sdn tiln hfinh d nMlu ngfl trudng. Thu edng nghidp nid rOng ed ngdnh nghe vd quy md sdn xult. Trong thdi l ^ Heh sd nfiy, nMlu ngfinh n g h i thu cdng Mnh thfinh vd phdt t r i l n manh. Tieu bilu cd nghe ehl biln sdn p h i m tfl dfla, ldm ndn, lfim bun song t h i n , due ddng, Ifim vong, dpt cMeii, ddng thuyin, khai thdc yen sfio, Idm mudi,v.v... Dfic bidt mOt s l ngfinh nghe da c6 sU chuygn mdn hda nhfii dinh, hinh thfinh ede to chdc qudn ly rieng bidt ntui n g h i dot, n g h i rfen,.v.v...
Thuong n ^ O P P ^ ^ trien ca Hnh vUC ngi thflong vfi ngoai thuong***. Ndi thuong bilu Mpn d sfl Mnh thfinh vd boat dOng cua mang ludi chg, cdc thi tfl, cfic luor^ trao doi hdng hda... Trong dd d i l n hinh n h a i Ifi sU Mnh thfinh vfi phdt trien cua dd thi Quy Nhon nda d i u the ky XDC. Do ehinh sdch eiia nhfi nflde, nen ngoai thuong cua Binh Dinh bi han c h l rfit nhilu, tuy vdy quan hd budn bfin vdi thflong nhfin Trung Qu6c dflgc d l y m^nh. Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh) la mOt trong hai khu vflt thu hut nMeu thuy- en budn Trung Quoc tdi budn bfin nhfit ca nflde.
Mfic du cbn nMlu h a n chd' va hi trdi bugc trong quan hp sdn xufli phong kiwi lac hfiu, nhflng trong bdi canh ehe do phong k i l n dang lfim vdo k h u i ^ hoang tram
Nguyin Cdng Thdnh - Nhiing yi'u td'tdc ddng den phong trdo ndng ddn... 71 trgng, kinh t l Binh Dinh van ed bfldc phfit
trien. Sfl phfit trien dd da gdp phan khdng nhd on dinh vfi nflng eao ddi s i n g vat chat cho n h a n dfin dia phfldng, tao thdm nMlu vide lfim cho ngfldi ndng dfin kM bi mfit rudng dai. Chinh vi vfly nd cd tfic dOng tieh eflC trong dieu hda mfiu thuan giai cfip.
Tdm lai, phong trfio ndng dfin bung n l va phfit trien xufit phdt tfl nhieu ylu t l ehu quan vfi khdeh quan khfic nhau. Phong trdo n6ng dfln d Binh Dinh dfldi trilu Nguydn (nda diu thd'ky XDC) cCUig khdng phai ngo- ai le. Ndt ridng bipt cua che' dp rudng dfii tu, ehinh sdch khdn khdo cua ehinh quyln phong kirai Nguyen, bfldc phdt t r i l n cua n i n kinh te dia phfldng da tfic ddng khdng nhd, cM phdi d ^ dfic t n m g eua phong trfio ndng dfin Binh E)inh chdng trilu Nguyen.
Mac du d i l n r a le t^ vfi chua k i t thfinh phong trao rgng ldn trdn quy md toan iinh, song cdc cudc daii t r a n h cua ndng dfin Buih Dinh ed y ngMa to ldn, dd Id sfl tid'p ntfi cho truyen thong yeu nflde, dfi'u t r a n h chd'ng dp budc cfldng quyln eua n h a n dfin dia phflOng dugc hun due qua nMeu the' hdy.
C H U THICH:
1. Phan Phuong Thdo (2004), Chinh sdch qudn diin nam 1839 d Binh Dinh, NXB T h i gidi, Ha Ndi, tr 46.
2. Quoc sd qudn trilu NgiQfIn (2004), Dgi Nam thgc bjc, tap 5, NXB Gifio due. Ha N^, tr407.
3. Nguyin Cfinh Minh, Dfio T l Uygn (2008), Mpt sd chuyin di lich sd co trung dgi Viet Nam, NXB DHSP Hfi NOi, trl68.
4. Quic sd qudn trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thUc luc, tfip 2, NXB Gido due, Hfi Noi, tr332-333.
5. Chdu bdn triiu Nguyin. trilu Minh Mang,
ngdy 24 thfing 11 nflm Minh Mang thd 7, tfip20, trllO-111.
6. Clidu bdn triiu Nguydn, trilu Tu Ddc, ngfiy 7 thfing 8 ndm Tu Ddc thfl 1, tfip5, trl93-195.
7. Quic sd qufln trilu Nguygn (2004), Bgi Nam UiUb lgc, tfip 2, NXB Gido due, Hfi NOi, tr813.
8. Phuong Thdo, Sdch da din, tr53.
9. Phuang Thdo, Sdch da din, tr68, 10. Qudc sd qudn trieu Nguyin (2004), Bgi
Nam thUc luc, tfip 3, NXB Gido due, Hd NOi, tr937.
11. Qu6c sd qufln trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tfip 4, NXB Giflo due, Hfl Ngi, trl37.
12. Quic sd qufln trieu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tfip 2, NXB Giflo due, Hfi NOi, tr498.
13. Quic sd qudn trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tfip 3, NXB Gifio due, Hfi NOi, trl66.
14. 6 y ban nhan dan tinh Binh Dinh (2005), Dia chi Binh Dinh tap Thien nhiin ddn cU vd hdnh chinh, Binh Dinh, tr295.
15. Quic silf qufln trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tfip 1, NXB Gido due. Ha Ngi, tr486.
16. Chau bdn trieu Nguyin, trieu Thigu Tri, ngdy 7 thdng 2 nfim Thi|u Tri 3, tfipl, trl95.
17. Ckdu bdn triiu Nguyin, trieu ThiSu Tri, ngdy 30 thfing 8 ndm Thigu Tri 1, iafS, txl96.
18. Chdu bdn triiu Nguyin, trieu Tu Ddc, Tu Ddc thd 2, tfip 1, tr89-90.
19. Quic sd qudn trilu Nguyin (2004), Dgi Nam thuc luc, tap 5, NXB Giflo due, Hfi NOi, tr474.
20. Xem thgm: Nguyin C6ng Thdnh, Thuang nghiip Vi$t Nam diM triiu Nguyin (1802- 1885), dl tfii NCKH cfip trudng, DHSP Hfi NOi-2011.