Dia danh ai Le Hoa
Nguyen D u e NhuS^
' Vifn Sii hgc, Vifn Hin lim Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi?t Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhanngay20 thang6nam2018. Chip nhan dang ngay 10 thing 8 nam 2018.
Tdm tat: Trong cugc khdi nghia Lam Son do Le Lgi lanh dao, nhidu dja danh Ijch sir con ghi dam trong sir sach vdi nhimg chidn cong hien hach, ttong do co dia danh ai Le Hoa 6 viing bien gidi phia bac Viet Nam. Tai day, vao cuoi nam 1427, cac tudng Pham Van Xao, Trinh Kha, Luu Trung va Le Khuydn da chi huy nghia quan Lam Son chan danh tan 5 van vign binh cua nha Minh do Kidm qudc cong Mgc Thanh chi huy. Ai Ld Hoa dugc ghi chep ttong nhieu tai Ugu, dac bi?t trong
"Dai Viet sir ky toan thu", "Dai Vigt thong sir", 'Tuyen Quang tinh phu". Tuy nhien, vd vi tri hign tai Clia dia danh ai Ld Hoa van dang con co y kien khac nhau. Co nhieu can cii de cho rang ai Ld Hoa nay thuge huygn Ha Hoa tinh Phii Thg.
Tir khda: Ai Ld Hoa, Tuydn Quang, Lam Son, Dang XuSn Bang.
Phan Io?i nganh: Sft hgc
Abstract: The Lam Son insurrection led by Le Loi is renowned for and linked with many historical sites highlighted in history books with glorious victories, including the mountain pass of Le Hoa by Vietnam's northern border. It was there that, in late 1427, generals Pham Van Xao, Trinh Kha, Luu Trung and Le Khuyen commanded Lam Son insurgents to beat the 50,000 reinforcements of the Ming dynasty led by Mu Sheng. The name of Le Hoa is recorded in many documents, especially in
"Dgi Viet sie ky todn thic''' ('The Complete Annals of Great Viet"), "Dgi Viet thdng sd^' ('The History of Great Viet") and "Tuyin Quang tinh phu" ("The Poetic Essay on Tuyen Quang Province"). However, there are still various opinions on its exact location. There are many grounds to believe that it is in the present-day Ha Hoa district of Phu Tho province.
Keywords: Le Hoa Pass, Tuyen Quang, Lam Son, Dang Xuan Bang.
Subject classification: History
1. D a t v a n de ly hoc ljch sft; trong do co 3 tac pham:
"Dai Viet sft ky toan thu", "Dai Viet tiidng Tft nhimg thd ky trudc, dia danh ai Ld Hoa sft", "Tuyen Quang tinh phu". Tuy nhidn, da dugc nhac ddn qua nhidu tae phdm dja vd vj tri xac thuc hien nay ciia ai Le Hoa d
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Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 11-2018 dau thi dang cd nhung y kidn khae nhau.
Trdn co sd phan tich ghi chep d 3 tac pham noi ttdn vd dia danh ai Le Hoa, bai vidt nay gdp them mgt so y kidn vd vj tri va dac didm lich sft cua ai nay.
2. Ai Le Hoa t r o n g "Dai Viet su* ky toan thur" va "Dai Viet thong sft"
Dja danh Le Hoa cd le dugfc chep sdm nhat trong Du dia chi, tac pham nay nguydn co ten 1& An Nam v« cdng (do Nguydn Trai bien soan nam 1435). Phan vidt vd Tuydn Quang, Nguydn Trai cho biet: "Le Hoa cung Ld d vd Tuydn Quang". Ld Hoa la tdn nui, nay ggi la Ld Hoa quan. Khi khdi nghTa, Ld Thai Td sai quan phong ngu Tran Ban sfta sang ehd ay; sau chdng eu chi binh cua tudng Minh la Lieu Thang (dung ra khdng phai la Lieu Thang, ma la Mgc Thanh) d day. Theo Ha Van Tin, nui Ld Hoa hidn nay chua bidt ro d dau. Thdi Ld bay gid cd Ld Hoa quan. Sach Cucmg muc chu vd Ld Hoa quan rang: "Ld Hoa quan theo Tuyen Quang tinh chi, tuong truydn trudc thuge Tuyen Quang, nay thudc vao huydn Mdng Tu, tinh Van Nam d i t Thanh, khdng ro cd diing khdng. Nhu vay, sdng Ld Hoa chi la mgt doan cua sdng Hdng d dat huydn Mdng Tu. Ld Hoa quan ban la viing dat giap gidi Lao Cai, cho sdng Hdng chay vao Viet Nam" [6, tt.228, 606].
Ai Le Hoa hay Ld Hoa quan ( ^ '^ | | ) la mgt dia danh ljch sft quan trgng lien quan mat thidt ddn cugc khdi nghTa Lam Son d i u thd ky XV, do do nhieu bd chinh sft eiia Viet Nam ddu de cap ddn, nhu Bgi Viet su ky todn thu, Kham dinh Viet sii thong gidm cucmg mi^c, Dgi Vi$t thong sic.
Trong sach Bgi Viet su ky todn thu (Ban ky thuc luc Q.X, td 32b) va Bgi Viet thong
sti (De ky dd nhat, td 27b) ed chdp ve dja danh Ld Hoa nhu sau: "Miia ha, thang 4 [nam Dinh M&i - 1427] sai phdng ngu sft la Tran Ban doc sfta eua ai Le Hoa" ( S 23 ^
^AP5m^mm^i^f^myTodn
thu cung chep ve dudng tien binh cua dao vien binh do Mde Thanh chi huy nhu sau:
"ngay 18 [thang 9 nam Dinh Mui 1427],... Chinh nam tudng quan, thai pho Kidm quoc cdng Mdc Thanh, Tham tudng Himg An ba Tft Hanh, Tan Ninh ba Dam Trung dem 5 van quan va I van con ngua danh vao ai Le Hoa; hai dao (ca dao ciia Lidu Thang - NDN) ddu ddn dau dia gidi nude ta" [2, t.3, tt.42], [1, tr.78]. Trong Bgi Viet thong sic ed chep kha ro vd dia danh Ld Hoa: "sai Pham Van Xao va Ld Kha dan binh tugng dong gift ai Le Hoa thuge Mdng Tu, dgi dd chdng dao vidn binh tft Van Nam sang" [ 1 , tt.78]. Trong Minh thuc luc cd ghi chep kha ky ve vide nha Minh td chue, dieu ddng hai dao quan sang Giao Chi dd chi vign cho Vuong Thdng dang bj nghia quan Lam Son bao vay d thanh Ddng Quan. Tai td 8b, q.32 cua tac pham Minh thifc liJtc cd chep: ngay hdm nay [26 thang 10 nam Tuyen Dftc thft 2, tftc ngay 14/11/1427], quan cua Chinh nam tudng quan Kiem qude eong Mdc Thanh da den ttai Cao, huyen Thuy Vi, Giao Chi. Khi ay,
"ca hai con dudng thuy bg "giac" ddu chdng eu, giao thdng bj ngan ttd. Bgn Thanh ddc suat tao binh thuydn, sai ngudi tuan tham, tiep tuc theo hanh trinh ma tien" [3, t r . l 8 6 ] . N h u vay, dao quan cua Mgc Th^nh theo hai dudng thity bg da tidn sau vao ngi dja nude ta. Ciing theo Minh thuc liic thi ngay 22/2/1428, d Ddng Quan, Tdng binh Giao Chi cho ngudi ve tau ring:
" G i n day, Ld Led tap trung dan ban xu, tu phong nguy vuong dd Iam vung long dan 90
Nguyen Due Nhue chung, bat nga mang dai quan vugt song
xam luge. Bgn than mong dai quan den tang vien gSp, lai nghe An Viln h k Lieu Thang dSn quan ai Trin Di tii tran, Bao Dinh ba Luong Minh, Thugng thu Ly Khanh ddu bi benh chet. Do d5c Thoi Tu mang quan tcti Xuong Giang thi bi giac tap kich, KiSm qu6c c6ng, Tan Ninh ba Sin chau Qui Hod thi bj giac ngan tro kh6ng tigndugc" [3, tr.l86].
Diroi thai Lg Thanh Tong, nam 1469, dinh ban d6 12 thua toyen. Thita tuyen Himg Hoa CO 3 phu, trong d6, phvi Quy Hoa quan ITnh 3 huy^n Trin Yen, Yen Lap, Van Chdn va hai chau Van Ban, Thuy VT (nay 14 dia ban Lao Cai \i Yen Bm) [4, t.l, tr.l077].
Dirang tien quan cua vien binh Mgc Thanh nam 1427 tit Van Nam vao Dai Viet khong khac so voi ducmg quan Minh xam luge Dai Viet nam 1406, duai tnia H6.
Theo Minh thuc luc, nam 1406 Tay Binh hau Mpc Thanh tijng chi huy mot dao quan xam luge Dai Viet, xuit phat tir Mong Tu (Van Nam), vugt qua cac cua ai a Tuyen Quang, tien xudng Bach Hac. Vi diem nay, khi khao vi dia du Tuyen Quang, Nguyen Van Sieu trong Dai Viet dia du loan hien da dan Phuang du ky yeu va cho biet rang: ciia ai Da B6 6 phia tay bjc phu Giao Chau;
Mpc Thanh di danh An Nam tir huyen Mong Tu, tinh Van Nam, qua Da B6, dan cay ma duong danh quan cuop trai Manh Liet tai cua ai Hoa Quan; Thanh tien quan dap luy cr ba bac song Dao, dong thuyin sang song Bach Hac, di qua ai Da B6 nay [5, tr.118]. Clia ai Hoa Quan ma Nguyen Van Sieu nhac den, lieu co phai la Le Hoa quan khong? Day la van de can nghien ciru.
NhSm ngan chJn canh quan Van Nam, L6 Lgi phai cac tucmg Pham Van Xao, Trinh Kha, Luu Trung va Le KhuySn dem quin
16n giu ai Le Hoa cam cyr vai Mpc Thanh va bi mat dat phuc binh cho dich. Doan biet dugc thai dp chan chir cua Mpc Thanh, Le Lgi da sai bpn til binh vira bat dugc dem phil an, sac thu cua Lieu Thang den doanh trai Mpc Thanh. Biet tin Lilu Thang, Luang Minh da bi giet, dam vien binh con lai dang hi vay ham a Xuong Giang, dai quan ciia Mpc Thanh khong danh ma tu tan vo. Mpc Thanh dang dem dan quan thao chay. Cac tuong Pham Van Xao, Trinh Kha thira djp tung quan ra danh, pha tan quan giac a Lanh Cau, Dan Xa, chem chSt han 1 van ten djch, bit s5ng hem 1.000 ten va hon 1.000 con ngua. Quan Minh bi chet duoi a cac khe vuc nhieu vo ke. Mpc Thanh chi c6n mot minh mpt ngua tron \i [2, t.3, tr.45], [1, tr.80], [4,t.l,tr.817].
3. Ai Le Hoa trong "Tuyen Quang linh phu"
Tuyen Quang tinh phti ( [ * % % jg]) dugc Dang Xuan Bang viet nam Tan Dau, nien hi^u Tu Dire thii 14 (1861) khi ong dang gia chiic Tri phii Yen Binh, tinh Tuyen Quang. Hien ban Tuyen Quang tinh phli dugc luu tai Vien Nghien ciru Han Nom (ky hieu A. 964). Sau nay, trong An Nam tgp chi co dang nguyen van Tuyen Quang tinh phii cua Dang Xuan Bang cimg Cao Bdng tinh phii cua Trin Huy Phac.
Trong An Nam tgp chi, ghi la Tuyen Quang phli (M. % iS) va khong ghi ten tac gia.
Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi sir dung nguyen ban chir Han trong An Nam tgp chi (luu tai Vien Nghien ciru H^n Nom, ky hi?u A. 2916). Ban chep tay gom 26 trang, viet theo hai dang chir: chinh van ca chir lorn, chu giai chii nho hon^.
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Khoa hgc xahgi Viet Nam, s6 11- 2018 Ndi dung eua Tuyen Quang tinh phii de cap ddn vimg dit Tuydn Quang ttong ljch sft, vdi nhirng md ta rlt chi tiet va chti giai ky cang timg muc (tft didn each dung dat, hinh ±d, nui sdng, thanh tri, cd ti'ch, san vat dia phuong, chg bda, phong tijc tap quan, nhan vat, ddn mang ludi giao thdng thuy bd...) Cd thd xem, Tuyen Quang tinh phu la mgt cdng trinh nghien cftu day du, toan dien vd dia Iy - ljch sft cua mgt dja phuong.
Trudc TuySn Quang tinh phii da xult hign nhidu cdng tnnh chuydn khao dja ly hge ljch sft tim cd nhu Du dia chi cua Nguydn Trai (thd ky XV), 6 chdu cgn luc cua Ducmg Van An (thd ky XVI), Phu biin tgp luc eiia Ld Qu;^ Ddn (the ky XVni), Hodng Viet du dia chi eiia Phan Huy Chd, Gia Binh thdnh thong chi cua Trinh Hoai Diic, Bac Thdnh du dia chi cua Le Quang Djnh (dlu thd ky XDC)... Tuy nhien, nhftng cdng trinh kd tren dugc bien soan dudi dang van xudi, eon Tuyen Quang tinh phii ciia Dang Xuan Bang dugc vidt theo thd van bien ngau, chinh van gdm cac cau tft lue, sau do CO chd giai bang van xudi. Day la net dac sae, doe dao eiia Tuyen Quang tinh phli. Ngi dung Tuyen Quang tinh phii de cap ddn cac ITnh vuc sau: I) dien each, dung dat va danh xung Tuyen Quang ttong ljch sft; 2) cuong vuc Tuydn Quang; 3) dudng di; 4) phan da; 5) hinh the; 6) khi hau; 7) niii sdng; 8) thanh tti, tinh ly va phu, chau huyen ly; 9) thud; 10) ddn, bao;
11) chg; 12) ddn chtia; 13) nhan vat, liet nft;
14) san vat; 15) linh dj; 16) eo tich; 17) phong tue. Dudi day, chting tdi xin didm lai vai muc cd lidn quan den ai Ld Hoa.
O mue "Cuong vue Tuyen Quang", Dang Xuan Bang trinh bay cu thd va sue tich: bac thdng vdi Van Quang (Van Nam - Quang Tay), nam tiep vdi Doan Hiing, tay
ftng vdi Hung Hda, ddng ixng vdi Cao, Thai. Theo ghi chep d do, phia bic giap chau Trin An, phft Tidu Trin An tinh Quang Tay, chau Quy Thuan, huydn Bao Ninh, phli Quang Nam, huyen Van Son, phli Khai Hda tinh Van Nam nha Thanh;
phia nam giap 3 huygn Tay Quan, Hiing Quan, Son Duong phu Doan Hung, tinh Son Tay; phia tay gidp 3 chau huygn Thuy VT, van Ban, Trin Ydn phu Gia Hung, tinh Hung Hda; phia ddng giap huydn Thach Lam, phu Trung Khanh, tinh Cao Bing vi Djnh Chau, phu Tdng Hoa; phia ddng nam giap chau Bach Thdng phii Thdng Hda tinh Thai Nguydn. Dja ban giap gidi gifta Tuyen Quang vdi Tmng Qudc cd eac cua ai: ai BIC Nam thuge xa An Quang, gidp xa Man Due chau Quy Thugn phii Tidu Trin An, tinh Quang Tay nude Thanh; ai Thinh Kham thudc xa Bach Tich; ai TSn Nhai thuge xa Binh Di (va thudc Dd Djnh) giap huydn Bao Ninh phu Quang Nam tinh Van Nam nude Thanh; ai My Thu^n thuge xa Tidu Midn huydn Vi Xuydn; ai Dau Khiu thudc xa Tu Hda; ai BIC Ty thuge huydn VTnh Tuy (va giap huygn Van Son, phli Khai Hda nude Thanh). Tuyen Quang tinh phli ducrc soan nam 1861, do do dja danh ai Ld Hoa khdng dugc nhac ddn, vi khong eon thuge dja ban Tuyen Quang, ma cd thd da bi mat ve Trung Quoc thdi nha Minh hofic nha Thanh.
Trong muc "Nui sdng", chiing tdi quan tam ddn cac con sdng chinh va phu luu chay trdn dja ban Tuyen Quang, ttong do, mdt sdng tdn la Le Hoa. 6 muc nay. Dang Xuan Bang ghi chep vd cac sdng Idn cua tinh Tuydn Quang nhu sdng Nguu Duong, sdng Kham, sdng Dd Chu, sdng Ldi Giang... 6ng md ta ehi tidt 172 thac hidm ttd d cac vung sdng; phuong tidn dd di lai
Nguydn Diic Nhue thuan lgi nhat ttdn cac con sdng, qua cae
thac ghenh; dac biet, thuy tiinh tten dja ban ciing dugc Dang Xuan Bang ghi chep rat ti mi. Trong muc nay, cd doan: "Thugng dang. Ha dang sdng Ld theo tdi (sdng Ld trieu Tran ggi la Tuydn Giang, phan phai tft niii Bgeh Nham, Tridu Chau phii Dai Ly, tinh van Nam). Sdng Thuong Lan phia ddng nam chay qua sdng Ld Xa, huydn Mdng Tu, phil Lam An, cdn ggi la sdng Ld Hoa ( ^ ^
?X), lai qua huydn Van Son, phu Khai Hda chay vao".
Trong muc "cd tich". Dang Xuan Bang ghi chep vd ai Ho^ng Loan (ai dap bing dit d xa Hoang Loan ha, Thu Chau), dlu tfch thanh Thiic Thiiy (d xa Thiic Thuy huydn Ham Ydn), thanh Viet Tinh (d xa Dien Khanh, Thu Chau, da lat da vudng), ai Da Duong, Van Cach (d ngoai pho Bac Pha, xa Da Duong, chau Luc Ydn dap bing dit).
Tuong truyen nhung thanh, ai nay deu do Vii Cdng Mat dap (di chi dang cdn). Dac bidt, ong cd nhac den ai Le Hoa noi Pham Van Xao danh quan Mgc Thanh; Dinh Ydn Tay Clia dong hg Vu ttan gift.
Vd ai Ld Hoa, Dang Xuan Bang vidt:
"Ld Hoa quan vua Le Thai Td chdng danh giae Minh" (m^M^ ±^^'i^ ^^ ^^•.
Ld Hoa quan Le Thai Td ngu Minh khau da). Theo sft nha Ld, Mdc Thanh cimg Pham van Xao chdng nhau d cua quan Le Hoa. Theo Dgi Thanh nhdt thong chi, Le Hoa quan d huydn Mdng Tu, phu Lam Yen, tinh Van Nam. Dat phia nam co vung Lien Hoa (JS ^ ?^ - Lien Hoa than, vung nay d thucmg luu sdng Thao, nay mat vao nude Thanh). Xet efta quan Ld Hoa nay da mit thudc lang Dong An, Van Nam. Lang Ddng An xua thuge Mdng T\r, nien hieu Khang Hy nha Thanh thft 5, ddi le tiiudc vao huydn Van Son, phii Khai Hoa. Dinh Yen Tay
quan Trin thii hg Vu danh "giac Mac" (Vu Van Uyen la ngudi Ba Ddng thudc huygn Gia Phiic, nay thuge huydn Gia Lgc, thuge Hai Duong). Cuoi trieu Le Quang Thidu, ftng mg dep giac ttdm, cd cdng. Vua Chieu Tong eho lam Dd thong sft Tuyen Quang, phong la Khanh Duong ban, d thanh Nghi Lang, kiem ITnh vung Lien Hoa... Vd vung Lien Hoa, Dang Xuan Bang chu thieh: "xet ttong Dgi Thanh nhdt thong chi tft Van Nam vao Giao Chau eo 2 dudng. Mdt dudng di tir huyen Mong Tu, phii Lam An, qua vung Lien Hoa, vao Giao Chau quan thach, xudng ddng Trinh Lan, roi theo ta ngan sdng Thao 4 ngay ddn chau Thuy VT, lai qua do sang sdng 8 ngay ddn chau Van Ban, lai 5 ngay qua sdng ddn huydn Tran Yen, Iai 5 ngay ddn huygn Ha Hoa^, lai 2 ngay den huyen Thanh Ba, lai 3 ngay ddn phil Lam Thao. Sdng Thao tiie la thugng luu sdng Phli Luang, phia bac sdng Thao la Tuydn Giang, phia nam sdng Thao la sdng Da, ba sdng do ggi la Tam Giang. Tft Lam Thao 3 ngay den huyen Scm Vi, lai qua sdng 1 ngay den phii Hung Hda, qua do I ngay ddn midn than Bach Hac song Tam Ky, lai qua sdng Phu Luong 4 ngay den huydn Bach Hac. Mgt dudng di tir ai Ha Duong, huyen Mdng Tu, noi theo bd huu sdng Ld 10 ngay ddn chau Binh Nguydn, lai 3 ngay den huydn Phiic Yen, lai 1 ngay den chau Tuydn Giang, Iai 1 ngay den phu Doan Hung, Iai 5 ngay den sdng Tam Ky d Bach Hac. Tu phia bac vung Lien Hoa (huydn Mdng Tu, Van Nam, nay d thugng luu sdng Thao), va tft phia bac phd Bao Thang (chau Thiiy VT, Hung Hda) di den day mat 2-3 ngay dudng.
Khi hg Vii ddng efta Hung, Tuyen thi 3 ddng Hd Didp, Nguu Duong, Phd Vidn (d Tuydn Quang) va 6 chau Hoang Nham, Hop Phi, Tuy Phu, Tuy Lang, Ld Tuyen,
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Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, s6 11- 2018 Khidm Chau (d Hung Hda) chua ndi thude, cho ndn Vii Van Uyen chiem eft, ma thanh eii cung d ngi dja. Lang Ddng An, phu Khai Hda cd thanh Giao Chi. Khi hdi thi ngudi Thd ndi: tft pho Bac Bao, xa Phan Vii, huydn VTnh Tuy qua do sang sdng Ld (tiic bien gidi nude Thanh), di len phia bac, qua xu Chii Ma Pha, ddn thanh Giao Chi mat 1 ngay, ddn phd Ma Hoa mat 2 canh. Nay phd Ma Phidn (iang Ddng An) co ddn thd hg Vii (ngudi Thd con phung thd). Thanh Giao Chi la dap dat, c6 chu vi khoang 300 truong (ndn cii van cdn). Binh Nguydn nay la Vj Xuydn; Phiic Ydn nay la Ham Yen; ai Ha Duong nay la phd Ha Duong. Xa Binh Di, VTnh Tuy d phia tay sdng Ld, cd thanh cii dap bang dat, ed chu vi khoang 300 truang, ten tiic cua xa nay la lang Thanh. Trong thanh cd I hd va 12 hang da. Nude d hd 4 mua khdng can. Dan Binh Di d dly. 6 do CO ddn thd hg Vii rlt thidng. Phia ddng thanh ed da hoa sen. Da cao khoang 40 trugfng, rdng 20 ti^cmg, vut cao nhu hinh Phat, cho ndn dugc ggi Da Phat. Dgng Nggc Uydn, chau Thuy VT, Hung Hda giap gidi huyen Trin An, xung quanh xa ddu cd thanh, dd ddu la thanh cii cua hg Vu".
Lidn quan den ai Ld Hoa, cac tM lieu chinh sft deu nhle ddn mdt tran danh oai hung, dd la ttan Lanh Cau, Dan Xa. Vi du, CO tai lieu viet: "Khi ly, tdng binh Van Nam va Kidm qudc cdng Mdc Thanh ciing vdi bgn Pham Van Xao, Ld Kha [Trinh Kha], Ld Trung [Luu Trung], Ld Khuydn cam cu vdi nhau d cua Le Hoa... den khi bgn Lieu Thang thua, vua sai lay mdt ngudi chi huy va ba ngudi thidn hg cua giac bj bit Cling cac sic thu, phu In cua Lidu Thang dua ddn quan Mdc Thanh. Bgn Thanh trdng thay sg lim, chdc lat chay tan. Bgn Van Xao va Khai thfta thang tung quan ra danh.
pha tan dugc d ngoi Nude Lanh (nguydn van la: ?^ TK ?1 - Lanh Thuy Can, tftc ngoi Lanh Thuy, td 42a, Q.X) va Dan Xa, chem dugc hon I vgn thft elp, bit dugc ngudi va ngua deu ban 1 nghin, edn bi chdt d khe sudi thi khdng kd xiet. Mgc Thanh chi mgt minh cuoi ngua chay thoat" [2, t.3, tt.45].
Bgi Viet thong sic cua Le Quy Ddn (De ky dg nhat, td 31b) ciing chep la Lanh Thuy cau ( ^ :^ ?#). Trong Binh Ngo dgi cdo, do Nguyen Trai thay mat Ld Lgi soan bd cao trudc quan dan Dai Vidt sau khi danh dudi quan xam lugrc Minh ra khdi bd edi vao cudi nam Dinh Mfai (1427), cd doan:
"Quan van Nam bj ta ach d Le Hoa; hoang bdt sg ngd ma trude da va mdng; Quan Mgc Thanh nghe quSn Thang tan d Cin Tram, giam nhau ma chay ma chi th^o dugc thSn; Huydt Lanh Cau trdi chay, nude sdng ap ftc; Thay Dan Xa tiianh niii, cd ndi thIm hdng" [2, t.3, tt.55]. Vay, Lanh Cau, Dan Xa hien d dja ban nao cua tinh Tuydn Quang va cae dja phuang lan can (nhu Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Phii Thg ngay nay)? Khi tra.
cftu dja danh cac lang xa d Tuydn Quang qua eac tai lieu Cdc tong trdn xa danh bi ldm (bien soan khoang I810-18I3)'', Dong Khdnh dia du chi (bidn soan 1886-1888), cac ban kd khai cua Chanh tdng, L^ trudng ciia cac tdng xa tinh Tuydn Quang gfti Cdng sft Phap Tuydn Quang khoang tii nam 1938-1940, thi khdng Ally xult hidn cac dja danh Manh Liet, Le Hoa, Lanh Can, Dan Xa. Mdt sd dja danh theo chung toi cd quan he ddn dja danh Lanh Cau; do la: Lanh Thuy (?^ TK, thudc tdng Mdng Son, chau Thu Vat, phu Yen Binh, xft Tuydn Quang), Lanh San (?^ [Jj, ten xa, ten tong thuge huygn Ha Hoa, phii Lam Thao, ttln Son Tay). Trong tai heu tta cftu ttdn khdng thiy dja danh Dan Xa. Dlu thd ky
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Nguydn Due Nhue XDC, d Ha Hda (tinh Phu Thg ngay nay) cd
Dan Thugng (tdn xa, tdn tdng).
4. Ket luan
thidt, ddi hdi phai ton nhieu cdng sftc va til tue. Chung tdi tan thanh y tudng tten va mong mudn gidi sft hgc minh xac dugc dja danh ai Le Hoa ttong hch sft.
Ld Hoa la mdt dja danh ljch su rat quan ttgng ttong tidn trinh ljch sft Viet Nam.
Nhung dja danh ay hidn thudc dia ban nao d Tuydn Quang, Yen Bai hay Phu Thg (thudc tran Tuyen Quang thd ky XV)? Day la mdt van dd ldn can phai nghidn cftu, khao sat, tim hidu ky cang. Tuy nhidn, cdng vigc ly khdng hd dan gian chiit nao. Phan ldn cac chii thfch eua cac dich gia ve dja danh Ld Hoa (Dao Duy Anh hidu dinh, chu giai va khao ehung Bgi Viet sic ky todn thw. Ha Van Tin ehd giai Du dia chi eiia Nguyen Trai; Van Tan higu dinh va gidi thigu Dgi Viet thong su eua Ld Quy Ddn) ddu dua vao Ldi chua ciia Cuong muc. Vi du, chii thfch ve dja danh ai Le Hoa d Bgi Viet sti ky todn thu nhu sau: Cucmg muc quyen 14 chii rang Tuyin Quang tinh chi chep: tuong truyen rang trude kia thuge dat Tuydn Quang, nay mat vao dat Mdng Tu, tinh van Nam nude Thanh. Theo Bgi Thanh nhdt thong chi, sdng Nhj Ha ehay ddn huydn Mdng Tu thi hgp vdi sdng Bach Thuy va sdng Xich Thuy lam sdng Le Hoa [2, t.3, tr.337]. Hien nay, dja danh Lanh Cau (ngoi Lanh), Dan Xa (Dan Ha Xa) dang duge luu truyen kha phd bien ttong cgng ddng cu dan viing nay, bdi rang, trdn dja ban huyen Ha Hoa vln con mgt khu dam nude ldn (dan gian ggi la Dim Lanh, Dam Lang) nhan nude tft Lanh Cau (Ngoi Lanh) do vao. Ciing tft ly do tren, mgt sd nha ngiiidn cftu chii trucmg di tim dja danh ai Le Hoa tten dia ban huydn Ha Hoa ngay nay. Day la mdt hudng nghien cftu mdi can
Chu thfch
^ Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi co thara khao Ihem ban dich cua Ngo The Long (Vien Nghien cmi Han N6m) theo ban chti Han, ky h i | u Q.964. Tuy nhien, ban dich nay con thieu rat nhieu so vdi ban chep trong An Nam tgp chi.
^ Den Ha Hoa, t6ng c^ng 22 ngiy (v6i dieu ki?n giao lh6ng va trat tir tri an cuoi the ky XIX, chii khong phai dau the ky XV, khi quan Moc Thanh viia tien quan vira phai chong tra lai cac dgt tan cong cua nghia quSn Lam San).
"* Dau the ky XIX, tran Tuyfin Quang g6m co 1 phu, 1 huyen, 5 chau, 38 tong, 256 xa, thSn, phirong, trai...;
Lao Cai, Yen Bai thuoc tran Hung Hoa; con dja ban tinh Phli Tho (Irong do c6 Ha Hoa) thuoc tran Son Tay.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Le Quy Don (2007), Dai Viel thdng su. Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin. Ha Npi.
[2] Ngo Si Lien va sii thin triSu Le (1970), Dqi Vift sir ky loan thu, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi.
[3] Minh thuc luc: Quan hi Viel Nam - Trung Qudc thiky XV-XVIl, Nxb Ha Npi, 2010.
[4] Quoc Sii quan trieu Nguyen (1998), Khdm djnh Viel sir thong gidm cuong muc, Nxb Giao dye.
Ha Npi.
[5] Nguyin Van Sieu (1997), Dgi Viel dm du todn bien, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Npi.
[6] Nguyin Trai (1976), Todn lap, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Noi.
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