S l i ^ ^ ) ^ 0 1 6 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 19
DIA DANH TINH QUANG BINH VCfl SU* PHAN ANH
N H U K G D A C D I E M CUA CHU THE VAN HOA
THE REFLECTION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURAL SUBJECTS IN QUANG BINH'S PLACE NAMES
NGUYEN DINH HUNG (TS; Dgi hpc Quang Bmh) 1. Md dau
Dia danh Id mdt bO ph§n ddc bidt eiia hf tiiong tu vyng dupe dimg dl ddt ten cho edc dii tugng dia H cd vi tri xdc dinh tten bl mdt trdi dit Dia danh tuy la mft hifn tugng cua ngdn ngQ hgc, nhung nd chinh lgi Id hinh thiic thi hifn van hda ciia mft cpng ddng cu dan dd tung hifn dfn trong vGng lanh thd cd ede dia danh [3, tt.l2]. Dia danh dupe sinh ra, phdt triin ciing van hod, vd ciing Id mOt hifn tupng vdn hod bdi vi ngdn ngG Id sdn phim/thdnh phin vdn hda Vdi cdch nhin, "chirfi trj qua d, vdn hda d lgi" (Les poliques passent. les cultures restent) [12], phin ldn dia danh do ra ddi trong nhGng ddu kifn Uch sG, dia If nhit dinh, ndn mang diu an cua mdi trudng, thdi dgi md nd xuit hifn [5, tt. 166], phdn dnh nhilu mdt cua xa hOi, bilu hifn nhiing dae dim vdn hod, ngdn ngG eiia chd thd. Vi v^y, dia danh chinh Id nhihig tim bia bdng ngdn ngG dfc ddo vd thdi dgi cua minh [9, tt. 108].
Bai vilt ndy, tG edch tilp cdn lidn ngdnh ngdn ngG - van hod, chiing tdi tiln hdnh khdo sdt dia danh Qudng Binh, nhdm chi ra cde d$c dim chu tiie van hda eua cdc dia danh d day.
2. Su- phan dnh d$c dilm chu the vdn h6a cua dia danh d Quang Binh
Tinh Qudng Binh, vimg dit hpp d midn Trung Vift Nam, Id noi ghi diu nhidu sy kifn ljch sG trgng dai ctia dit nudc, noi giao thoa tilp biln eua nhilu nin vdn hda. TG thi ki thG X trd vd sau, vimg dit ndy timg budc hgi nhgp vdo nen van hda D^ Vift Chinh vi till, dia danh, mgt chung tich ngdn ngG hpc, se phan dnh nhihig biln doi vdn hda d vimg dat md dau eho sy thong nhat vdn hda Vift Nam nhu ngdy nay.
2.1. Dja danh phdn dnh tin ngudi TG xa xua, con ngudi dd muln liy ^n ngudi, tdn ddng hp ddt ten cho ede dii tugng dia If noi cu trd, ddc bift d cdc vGng dit mdi khai hoang lgp nghifp, the hifn st^ tri dn. Tmh hinh dia danh d Qudng Bhih ciii^ vdy. Qua khdo sdt gin 7000 d a danh tren dia bdn, cd thi thdy:
Thic nhdt, nhilu dia danh phdn dnh tdn cdc ddng hg cd cdng khai khin l$p ldng xdm, till hifn vdn hda ddng tpc. Chdng hgn nhu tdn edc Idng: Trdn Xd, Li Xd, Dgng Xd, Mai Xd, Vo Xd, HodngXd, ...Qudng Binh ed 15 ldng mang ten ddng hp khai khin, ddu phdn bl d huyf n Lf Thuy, huyfn Qudng Ninh. Lich sG ghi nhdn d edc huyfn phfa Bic Qudng Binh khdng ed logi tdn Idng ndy vi nhiing ddng ngudi thidn d vdo nam thdi Nhd Ly, Nhd Trin thudng d theo nhdm eung huyet thdng, vupt ddy Hoanh San, khdng d Igi vimg Bd Chinh md d thing xudng Tan Binh (thufc hai huyfn Qudng Ninh, Lf Thuy ngdy nay), noi dit dai phi nhidu, phG hpp vdi nghd ndng.
Thu hai, cd nhiing dia danh, ten nhiing cdng trinh dupe ddt theo ten ctia ngudi kidn tao ndn ho$c hoat dfng d dd. Vf dy: luy Th^
(Ddo Duy TG), luy Ong Ninh d thanh phi E)dng Hdi, din trang Hodng Hoi Khanh d Lf ThGy, dirdng Ong Tru, dong Quan Hodng (Hodng K I VidmJ d Qudng Ninh, gidng Mu Td, bin dd Mf Suit, bin do Cu Bu',...
ThG ba, nhidu con dudng d tiianh phi Ddng Hdi, thi xd Ba Ddn vd cde huyfn li trong tinh dupe d^ ten eiia edc danh nhdn, lanh ty, anh hiu^ ddn tpc: Hiing Vuong, Trdn Hung Dgo, Hd Chi Minh. Nguyin Du, Cao Bd Qudt, Vd Thi Sdu, Hai Bd Tnmg,...
20 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG S6 6 (248)-2016
Thr tu, dia danh tieng ddn tfc thilu sd d viing niii phfa tay Qudng Binh phan dnh vdn hoa dat tdn ngudi theo tmydn thuyet dan gian, thin thoai hodc ten ciia nhiing ngudi khai phd I$p nen ldng ban: Niii Cu Lodng, eo Odng Dimg, thdc Put, haa% Pua Son, len Cha Ngan, deo Mg Dg, thung lung C/ia Ndi, ban Net, xdm Td Pdo,.. .thd hifn ban sac van hoa cua ngudi ChGt, ngudi Ngudn.
2.2 Bia danh phdn dnh dgc diim tdm U vdn hoa tpc ngudi
Con ngudi, chu thi sang tgo ra dia danh, thudng cd y mudn gyi gam tdm tu, tinh cdm vd udc vpng ciia minh vdo vifc dat ten, lam cho dia danh cd *tfnh If do". Vi vdy, dia danh tit ylu la vgt dan phdn dnh tam li vdn hoa tdc ngudi sinh song tren dia ban.
Troi^ cdch nhin chung nhat, moi dia danh ra ddi ddu gdn vdi mOt li do nhdt dinh. Hay ndi each khdc, moi dia danh ddu mang mOt y nglua khac nhau ttong vide phan dnh hifn thyc. Dia danh cd y nghia the ndo, vd co ban khdng phy thupc hodn toan vdo ban than doi tugng dia Ii md cdn phy thude vao cdch tihin, dc quan sat, Idi tu duy vd udc vgng ctia ehu the dinh danh. Ching han, eung mdt ddi tupng dia If nhung ntii cd tdn Thdn Dinh (Qudng Ninh) Iai dupe vua Ld Thanh Tdng ddt ten Id ntii Bdt Nghia (cdc niii ttong cung son hf ddu hudng ve phia tay, duy nhdt nui ndy hudng vd nam) [11, tt.32]. Theo dd, nghia cua dia danh, ngodi nghia bieu dat, nghia ngG phdp, edn bao ham ed nglua bieu trung vd nghia vdn hda, ed mli lien hf chat che vdi nhiing diu in vdn hda dgc trung cua moi cgng dong, mSi ddn tOc. Y nghia do da vupt ra khdi khudn kho bidu nifm eiia cac kf hifu trong ngdn ngG chung de trd thdnh mdt logi kf hifu ddc bift md khdng loai tG nao cd the cd dupe.
Dia danh phan dnh dde ddm tam li vdn hda tdc ngudi (dia dcmh u&e vgng), thi hifn cdch dinh danh ttdn co sd Ii do chG quan xuit phdt tG tinh cam, mong muln eiia chu thd dinh danh. Dd Id loai dia danh "v6n dimg di ghi nhgn nhitng y tu&ng eao qicy, tren thuc te
khong gdn liin v&i cdc ddi tirgng dia If [9, tt.27]. Vf dy: thdn Hda Binh (huyfn Qudng Trach) mong udc su binh yen; thdn Htmg Lgc (Lf ThG^) ude vpng sy gidu ed, phdt trien. Ddc ddm phan dnh cua loai dia danh ndy nhu sau;
1) Dia danh thd hifn khdt vpng ve mft cufc sdng thanh binh, vd mpt viing dat sdng ydn In, trudng tdn vdi ede ylu td: hda, binh, an, yin, tru&ng, thg, vtnh, ttong do ydu to hoa cd 25 dia danh, ylu td binh eo 43 dia danh. Vf du tdn ctia sdng ntii, ldng xd: Binh Giang, Binh Phuc, Yen Binh, Thanh Binh, Binh Thugn, Binh Minh, Binh Hd, Hda Lugt, Hda Tdn, Thugn Hoa, Phu Hoa, An Xd. An Md, An Ndu, Lgc An, Yin Lgc, Chinh Yin, Tru&ng Due, Qudng Tru&ng, Thg Linh, Thg Lgc, Bgc Thg, Vinh Tuy, Vinh Ninh, VTnh Phu&c,...
2) Dia danh phdn dnh mong muln cufc sing thinh vupng, phdt triin thi hifn qua cdc ylu t6:j}hu (38 dia danh): Phd Xudn, Phii Lgc, Bdc Phu, Dong Phd, Phu Dinh...; lgc (29 dia danh): Phd Lgc, Lgc Thugng, Di L$c, Lgc Ninh, Lgc Dgi...; hung: Hung Ldc, Qudng Himg...; lgi: Tdn Lgi; ninh: Qudng Ninh, AnNinh, Hda Ninh,-
3) Dia danh thi hifn mong udc sy trh trung, cufc song ngdy cang ddi mdi vdi cdc ylu td tdn (72 dia danh): Tdn Tiin, Tdn Hda, Tdn Binh, Tdn Hg, Tdn Lgp, Tdn Thify...;
xudn: Xudn Kieu, Xudn Due, Xudn Giang Xudn Hoa...; duang: Cdnh Duang, Duong Thdy, Duang Xd,...
4) Dia danh the hifn khat vpng ve mpt que huong non nudc hiiu tinh, tuai dep, mong muon sy hodn ml vdi cdc yeu to mt: My L0c.
A^ Cdnh. My Hoa, Lf My, Ddng Mp...; tiin:
Tien Lang, TiinLf, TiinGi&i, Qudng Tiin...;
td: Td Loan; vdn: Vdn Tgp, Vdn Loi, Vdn Tiin...; udc vpng cho vd dpp tton^ tdm hin nhu: nghta, nhdn, chdnh, due, hien, luan^
trgng ed trong cdc dia danh: Nghta Ninh, BSc Nghta, Nhdn Trach, Ly Nhdn Nam, Chdnh Hda, Bd Chdnh, Due Phd, Thugn Dice. Hiin
S6i^48)-20I6 N G 6 N NGtr & p6fi S 6 N G 21
Ninh, Cd Hien, Luang Ninh, Hoa Luang, La Trgng, Trgng Hoa,...
5) Loai dia danh udc vgng khdng phdi den hinh trong hf thing dia danh goc ddn tpc thieu sd d Td^ Qudng Bmli. Ndu edc dia danh Hdn Vift the hifn sy phong phii, da dang hon vl tdm h' vdn hda tfc ngudi dupe ki thdc qua moi ten ggi thi dia danh viing ndy chu yeu gdn vdi cay cd, d a hinh noi cu tni (gin suoi, khe, ven chdn ndi, trong edc thung lung nhd, ho|e xa hon trdn cae hang dd cd nude ehay ra). Tu lifu den da thu thgp dupe nhilu dia da^h kilu ndy d vung ntii huyfn Minh Hda, noi sinh song eiia ngudi Nguon, ngudi Chiit Chdng hgn nhu nhiing dia danh tiing NguIn: xdm Sgt (xdm ed nhidu cay sat), xdm Phooc Ldc (vung nudc mgc nhilu cdy ldc), xdm Chdm Von (vung mgc nhilu cdy mdn), xdm Cliddng (gin niii/chddng Sooc), Tddng Dg Ddm (dim Id nim, da: tan i^tdn lyi, chi niii dit mpc nhieu nim nhung da tdn lyi), xdm R{ic Mon (xdm d gin hang dd cd nude chdy ra mdn dd), xdm Ld Hang (d gdn mifng hang).
Ciing cin phdi ndi r6 han vd d a danh ddo Mu Gig (huyfn Minh Hda): Dia danh ndy theo tieng Ngudn Id Mu Dg. Theo cG Udu den dd, dia danh imy dupe d?it theo sy tich cua ngudi NguIn: cd mft bd gid thdi iy cupe sdng khd khdn, ddi khdt nen theo eon chdu sang Ldo kilm sing. Bd d dupe niia dudng, din mft cdi die, mft qud nim xudng, quay diu ve que huong vd lui din d (dg.i. Ngudi d qua lgi thuang tinh liy dd dip ddn len thdnh doi/deo vd d§t tdn Mu Dg (dg tiing NguIn cd nghia tdn lyi). Trong tiing Ngudn khdng ed phy dm diu vilt "gi". Vi v§.y, neu dia danh ndy viet
"Mu Gig" se sai lgc vl nghia.
2.3. Bja danh phdn dnh nhirng tdc dpng vi m^ chinh tri, x3 hgi, tdn gido, tin ngudng trong cdch dfnh danh
Tye kiing tin hiiy thin phong kiln ghi dau an rd ndt trong thay doi dia danh, thi hifn sy anh hudng eda ehl dp chinh tri din vife ^nh danh. Tyc kidng tdn hu^ cd tG tiidi Ly-Trin, din ddi Ld-Mgc van tiep tyc. Thdi Ld Trung
Hung, hifn tupng nay thiy ro qua vifc thay doi ten ldng c6 yeu t l tdn, do kidng hGy vua Ld Kinh Tdng (Ld Duy Tdn). 6 Qudng Bhih,^
ldng Tdn Lang dii thanh Tiin Lang Tdn Li tiidnh Tiin Li. Thdi Trinh, tG sdng Gianh ti^
vdo kidng hGy tdn c ^ ehiia Nguym cd cde ylu td: kim, hodi. doi, lan. Vi v§y, lang Thuy Lan doi thdnh Thuy Liin (kidng tdn chiia Nguyen PhGc Lan). Thdi Nhd Nguyen, do kidng huy vua Thifu Trj (Mien Tdng) ndn lang Phii Tong dbithkhhPhu Chinh.
Lien quan din vua Hdm Nghi, cung cin phdi ban din hai dia danh Minh Hda, Tuyin Hda. Theo Dinh Xuan Vinh, hai huyfn Tuyen Hda, Mmh Hda (Qudng Bhih) ^ u ddt ndm 1874 ciing viing dit thupng luu huyfn Minh Chdnh [12, tt.416-490]. C6 phdi hai huyfn dd Id mft? Sdeh Dgi Nam tht^c lgc [6, tt.86] vd Ddng Khdnh du dfa chi [7, tt.l377] chdp chi tiet hi^n Minh Hda thanh l$p ndm 1874 kem theo bdn do bdng chG Hdn. Tuy nhien Quoc triiu chinh biin todt yiu [8] ehdp: "Vdo ndm 1887 dgi quan P h ^ d ddn Minh Cim thuOc hi^^n Ti^in Hoa.... Qua miln thupng nguyen huy^n Tuyen Hda ggi Id xG thing Cugi rude vua Ham Nghi". Nhu v§y vdo ndm 1887 xuat hifn dia danh Tuyin Hda. Trong Qudng Binh nhdn vgt chi eiing ghi ro Tri huyfn Tuyen Hda tiidi ki 1884-1885 Id dng Nguyin Vdn Nhuan [10, tt.345]. Theo Bdch khoa toan thu, vua Hdm Nghi huy Id Nguyen Phue Ung Lieh, cdn cd ten Id Nguyin PhGc Muih, vd nhd vua din Mmh Hda ndm 1885. Vi v|iy, theo chiing tdi, ed thi thiy, hai huyfn Tiryin Hoa, Minh Hoa thdi dd chi Id mft (cdng d a gidi), lue ddu tdn la Minh Hda, sau dd khodng 10 ndm (1884) dii ten tiidnh Tuydn Hda vi kidng ki chG Minh (ten vua Hdrn Nghi). Theo dd, Minh Chinh huy^n ciing ddi thdnh Tuyin Chinh huyfn thufc phG Qudng Trgeh.
Cde dumg phi Dong Hdi trudc ddy do ngudi Phdp ^ t , nay ciing dupe ddt Igi tdn dd phG hpp vdi ehe dO mdi nhu: dudng Hi^mh Cdn (Rue Huynh Con) dii thanh dudng Co Tdm (tdn chien sT each mgng), dudng (^udng
22 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG s l 6 (248)-2016
Binh Quan (Rue Porte Quang Bmh) tiianh dudi^ Mf Suit, didng Thugc Bia so 1 (Route coloniale n" 1) (^i thdnh (2^c Ig IA, nay Id duimg LfiThu&ngKift. Quang Trung,...
Dfa danh hdnh chinh ra ddi tG cdc quylt dinh ciia chfnh quyin, phdn dnh quan dim ehinh tri eda moi thdi ki. Vi v^y, khi chl df m6i ra ddi, ed nhiing dia danh dupe thay dii.
Lang Phd Luu xua kia gom 3 Idi^: Phu Luu, Vdn Tien, Tam Da, sau nay chi cdn lgi mOt lang Phil Lieu ndm trong xd d|it tdn mdi:
Qudng Luu Ldng Di Ludn ndm 1945 sdt nhdp vdi lang Di Lgc tiidnh Lien Di, tG ndm 1975 Di Ludn Iai dupe tdch ra thufc xd Qudng Tiing.
Hifn tugng tdch Idng eu 1^ ldng mdi den ra khd phi biln d Qudng Binh, nhilu nhit Id sau ndm 1990, khi Qudng Binh trd vl dia gidi cii, do ddn sl phdt triin, nhu eiu cdng an vifc lam tdng. Cdch l^p Idng mdi khdng edn ddng khung tiieo truyln thing, md thudng theo xu hudng md:
+ D^t tdn mdi trdn eo sd tG mgt lang, giG ten cu, thdm ylu t l hgn dinh chi phuong hudng, vi tri ho^e sl thG ty. Vi dy: xa Ddx:
Trgch cd thdn: Thugng Ddc, Dong Dice, Trung Dice, Nam Ddc; xd TTuinh Trgch cd:
tiidn ; Thanh Trgch, tiidn 2 Thanh Trgch, tiidn 3 Thanh Trgch,...
+ D^t tdn mdi bing cdch ghep mft ylu td cua dia danh x3 vdi mft ylu to mdi, rAax xd Thanh Trgch tiidnh tiidn: Thanh Vinh, Thanh Khi. Thanh Danh; xd Thudn Birc thdnh thdn:
Thudn Hoa, Thudn Phuac. Thugn Ninh,...
+ Cd noi khdng dung tdn ldng eu md d|t ten mdi, thudng mang y nghia <^ng vidn tinh tiian cdch mgng. Vf dy: xa An Ninh nay ed 4 thdn: Hodng Vinh, Thdng Nhdt, Dgi Ddng, QiQ^t Thdng, vin trudc day Id edc Idi^: Kim Ngi. Cao Xudn, Hodnh Phd, Phdc Luang, Thu Thic, PhdcNht, Vinh Lgc.
Dii vdi cu ddn Dgi Vift d cu den Qudng Bhih tG thdi tiieu L^ tiii mdnh dat ndy Id noi
"ma thieng nudc dfc". TG Idu, viing dit ndy da tmyen tyng edu ca: Quang Binh Id ddt 6 chdu/Ai di den do qudy bdu vi khong.
Vi vgy, de tin tgi, duy tii vd phdt triin cufc sing, con nguM d day phdi dm tianh Ididng ngGng vdi tiiidn nhidn, nhun^ cung "nuong nhd" vdo thidn nhidn vd cde tiid lye sidu nhida Vdn hda dn ngudng eua Qudng Binh Id vdn hda md, ed tfnh chit giao thoa, tilp biln.
Qudng Bhih cd tyc thd "da tiiin", Cdng gi&», Nho gjdo, Ph$t gido vd Dgo gido diu cd "ch§
dGng" d ddy, vd d§c bift t^ ed deu cd till
"ngoi chung mdm". Trdn dat Qudng Binh ngdy nay cdn d sdn hdng trdm ngdi ehua, dnh, din, dfn, milu, nhd thd, nghe, md, am, phdn b6 k h ^ noi trong tinh. Nhihig di sdn hiru thi nky mt ylu ciing d vdo dia danh. Tiij' nhidn, do thi chl chfnh trj vd cdc tdc dgng xa hfi, cd till thiy ring, ridng yeu td "nhd thd"
Cdng gido hiu nhu khdng luu ddu an vao ^a danh. TG cG lifu khdo sdt, chi cd 2 dia danh phan dnh yeu to nhd thd: :^m dgo Tam Toa (Ddng Hdi) vd xom Gido (Quang Ninh). Cdn cdc tdn gjdo, tfn ngudng khde dupe phdn dnh trong dia danh d ddy rit nhilu. Ching han nhu: ldi Mi^u (milu), cin Chua. bin Chiia Non, bin Dinh, ding Ldng dong Mg, rugng Nghe, ldng Md, bin Dinh, gieng Mieu, gieng Dinh, dhngAm, viing Chua. gieng Den,...
2.4. Dpi danh phdn dnh ^c trung vSn hda sdn xuit
Qudng Binh cd mgt hf thdng sdng sudi, ao hd, dim phd ddy d§e. Vi vgy nghl nghifp chfnh ciia cu din d ddy Id sdn xudt ndng nghifp, thGa hudng nin vdn minh Ida nudc eiia Bic Hd, phdn dnh d§c tnmg chm^ ciia vdn hda Ddng Nam A. Do la phdc tfii vdn hda eda cdc cu ddn thugc nin vdn minh ndng nghi$p liia nu&c v&i ba yeu to: vdn hda nui, vdn hda dong bdng va vdn hda bien. Trong dd, yiu td ddng bdng tuy cd sau, nhung lgi dong
vai trd chd dgo [4,23].
Cde dia danh phdn dnh nghl trlng liia d Qudng Bhih Id lit nhilu. Trong gin 7.000 ^ danh thu t h ^ dupe cd: 285 dia danh dSong, 93 dja danh rgong, 273 dia danh xu (vimg A.
xua diing dl eanh tde ctia cdc ddng hp). Sl lugng dia danh lidn quan den vifc nudc tudi
M i a 4 ^ 2 0 1 6 NGON NGt* & ©dl S 6 N G 23
tidu mfng ddng cung khd nhilu, vdi: 76 ho, 85 bdu, 81 hdi, vd gan 300 khe, muong, kdnh. Dia danh cdn luu Igi dau hifu cdc logi cay trlng tix)ng sdn xuit ndng nghifp nhu; con Dua (Qudng Trgch), cdn Ddu. hung Mit (Tuyen Hda), ban Cdy Cd (Qudng Ninh), bdn Chudi, ho Muong, bdu Sen, nuang Me, nuang Cau (Qudng Ninh),...
Yeu t l vdn hda sdn xudt edn thi hifn qua edc dia danh ed Uen quan din long nghi. 6 Qudng Bhih trudc day eu dan da sdm tgo cho rmnh cdc ngdnh nghd thG cdng tmyen thong vin cd luu giG din ngdy nay nhu nghl ren, dGc, luyfn g^ng, mfc, dft, chieu, ldm giiy, dft vdi, chgm trd, niu dudng den, nude mdm, Idm muoi, Iam dl gim,.. .Cac nghe thu cdng dd da tgo ndn ede dia danh noi tieng nhu cdc ldng mOcTViic Ly. Qudng Cu, Hoa Ninh. Mai Xd; cdc ldng ren Hodn^ Giang, Phan Xd; ldng
dan Thg Dan; lang gidy Tuy Mdc, Dgi Phong, ikngd^tLU Phong VoXd, Qudng Xd Khuang Hd. ldng ^ gim A/p Cuang ldng muoi Diim Diin, Ph^ Lgc. ldng lam nudc mdm Cdn/i Throng, Bdo Ninh,..-
C6 thi thay, ldng d Qudng Binh da vupt ra khdi md hinh ldng truydn thong ctia viing Bdc BO do tfnh chit, d ^ dem dia van hda cua vimg dit, mang ddc tnmg vdn hoa sdn xudt m&, khong hodn todn dya vdo sdn xuit ndng nghifp.
2.5. Bia danh phdn dnh d^c tnmg vdn hda va trang
Lich sG Qudng Binh Id Iich sG diu tranh khdng mft mdi vi sy nghifp md mang bd c6i, vi dOe lgp ddn tfc, gdn vdi nhQng bien ck, sy kifn quan trpng ciia dit nudc. M5i thdi ki lich sG deu dd lgi dau in ttong dja danh, phdn dnh net vdn hda vu trang d§c sic etia vGng dat ndy.
Cde dja danh c6 chung tdi thu thap dupe cd yeu t l Pit (ehuyin dm thdnh Ru tiieo tiing Vift - Mudng) nhu: Pit Cd Tun Tang, Pit Quan, Pit Cdy, PU Nha, Pu Cd Ta^ Run, Pii Chanh PU ^^^ (B° Trach),...; cd ylu t l Sdeh (th chde hanh chhih eo sd thufc thdi dgi Hiing Vuong) nhu: sdch Hung Ddng sdch Hung
doc, sdch Kim LU, sdch Ma Ndng Hg, sdch Ma Ndng Thugng, sdch Sdm Sdm. sdch Thanh Ldng (Minh Hda); cd yeu to Ke (chi noi cu tiii): Ki Sgt (Co Sa), Ke Xit (Kim Bdng), Ke Trem (Co Lidm), Ke P0dc (Bfc Thp),... phdn dnh vGng dit Qudng Bmh (xua) thufc nhd nudc Vdn Lang - Au Lac. Cu dan Qudng Bhih tiidi iy cGng chinh Id cu ddn Lgc Vi$t, dd tiiam gia cufc khdi nghia Hai Bd Tnmg gidi phdng 65 thdnh tri tiiodt khdi dch dd hO nhd Hdn.
Cde dia danh hanh chfnh el xua d Qudng Bhih nhu: Tdy Quyin, Ty Anh, Vo Lao, Thg Linh, Bd Chinh. Dfa Lj! [1, tt.61]; cdc tiidnh luy CO nhu: /ary Hodn Vuong, thdnh Khu Tdc.
tf^nh Nhd Ngo, nhQng cdnh ddng Chdm, giing Chdm, md Chdm, go Chua, gd Miiu, go Nghe, hdn Gidp, bdu Quan Hdt, ddng Phd xung quanh thdnh Ldi Cao Lao Hg [2, tt.l54]
cdn luu dQ nhGng diu tich, phdn dnh mOt thdi ki day biln dOng, khi Q i ^ g Bhih cdn thupc vuang quic Chdm Pa, liy Hodnh San ldm gidi tuyln, ehung kiln nhilu cuOc gjao tranh gidnh gi^t vdng dit q u ^ Nhgt Nam xua tG Hodnh Son den Hdi Van giiia cdc trieu dai phong kidn Phuong Bdc vdi Chdm Pa
Sau khi vl vdi Dgi Vift, Quang Bhih Id viing ehiln dia, gidi tuyln giao ttanh cua cdc the lyc phong kien, chGng kiln ba cuOc thidn d vT dgi, khai hoang lap ip, tao ndn hdng trdm xdm ldng tren mdrih dit khd cdn, khi h$u khic nghift ndy. Cua Nhdt L$ (Ding Hdi) ghi diu cufc tiiGy chien giQa quan eiia Ly Thudng Kift vd qudn Chiem Thdnh, vua Chidm thua cufc ddng ba chdu Bd Chinh. Dia Lp, Ma Linh cho Dgi Vift. Culi thdi Trin, eda biin Di Ludn (eua Rdon ngdy nay) Id nai vua Trin Duf Tdng (1376) dan qudn ddnh Chiem Thanh, vao hpi quan thuy bf tgi dra Nhdt L$. Ndm 1403, Hd Hdn Thuang bit diu tien danh Chidm Thanh bing vifc ddo kenh Sen (Lidn Cdng - Bdu Sen ngdy nay). Niii sdng Qudng Binh thdi iy tiing in ddu dodn qudn cGa Ld Thdnh Tdng nam hg, ddc bift ba cGa bien Di Ludn, Linh Giang vd Nhdt Lf.
24 N G O N N G C A Ddi S6NG s l 6 (248)-2016
TG cdu sim cGa Trgng Trinh Nguyin Binh Khidm: "Hodnh San nhat ddi, vgn dgi dung thdn", Qudng Binh Igi ttd tiidnh viing dat chidn dia, ngdn edeh Ddng Trong vd Ddng Ngodi ciia 200 ndm Trfnh-Nguyin phdn tranh sau khi chiia Nguyen Hodng vugt Hodnh Son vdo Thugn Hda khdi nghifp. Cdc nhd sG hpc van cho rang ddng song Gianh (Linh Giang) Id gidi tuyen ehia cit Ddng Trong - Ddng Ngoai, kilu nhu sdng Hiln Luor^ (Qudng Tri) chia cdt dit nudc trong ehiln tranh ching My. TG thyc tiln phdn dnh cua dia danh d Quang Bmh, theo ehiing tdi, gi&i tuyin thuc Sic ciia cupe phan ttanh Trinh-Nguyln phdi Id vimg ciea sdng Nhgt Lf, hf thong luy Thdy, d&n ldy Vo Xd. Vd lai, de hieu y nghia eiia danh xung xG "Ddng Trong", "DdngNgodi"
cho hpp U khi ldy mft ddng sdr^ ldm gidi tuydn thi cung khd md chip nhgn each hieu
"trong sdng" vd "ngodi sdng", md phdi la td nggn, huu ngan, hay nam, bic, thupng, hg etia ddng sdng. Dilu nay cung phu hpp vdi nhdn dinh ctia Cadidre: Cua Sdi (Nh^t Lf) Id dia diu xG Ddng Trong, sdt xG Ddng Ngodi [14, tt.l31]. Ngdy nay, vGng chien d a Trinh- Nguyln vin edn day ip nhGng dia danh lien quan din cufc chiln. Dddng Md Ma, ddong Mgc Sdt ^ I n g Hdi) tGng Id chidn dia chdn thdy binh Ifnh Trinh-Nguyln. Dia danh dgong Chdi ik. noi dung Iam chdi canh eua qudn Nguyen, dgdng Ch^ (dan gian cdn gpi Id dddng Hda) Id noi dot liia bdo hifu cho cG d i m Luu Bin (Dinh Mudi), con Hgi Id noi tdp hpp dim binh, cdn Cam Id khu hdu cin, nhd dn ciia binh Ifnh; ldi Voi, noi cd cay coi um tum diing eho dfi voi chiln tru in. Cdc dia danh Trung Thudn, Phan Long, Di Ludn, Thugn Bdi, Xudn Kiiu d bd bde sdng Gianh timg Id noi ddn tni cGa qudn Trinh.
Dit Qudng Binh cung tGng in diu chdn etia doan qudn Tdy San tren dudng tiln qudn ra Bdc Hd thing nhat giang son. Cdn Odng Voi (nay la ddi Giao Te d Ddng Hdi) tuong tmyIn Id noi tni ehdn cua dpi tupng binh quan Tdy Son.
Vtrng Ca Sa-Kim Linh (Minh Hda) eda Qudng Bhih cd thdi ki Id "kinh do" cGa Trieu dinh Hdm Nghi (Scm Tridu). Nhilu dia danh (cd cd dia danh tieng dan tpc thieu so) d ddy cdn ghi diu chan Hdm Nghi khdng chiai ching Phdp edng cu ddn miln mii Qudng Binh nhu: xom Lim, Pgn Chudi (vimg nhieu cdy chuoi), tgdng Ai (ndi cd eo loanh quanh), eo Ldp Cdp, eo Odng Dimg, eo Cho (eo cd nhieu cdy ehd), rue Mon (hang dd cd nudc chdy raX tMc lidi, hdn Rooc (suoi nude chdy r6c rdch),... Dia danh xu Ma Rai (Minh Hda) phdn dnh nhilu sy tich (kl ca chfnh sG lan tmyIn ngdn) ve cdc hoat dfng chong Phdp cua vua Hdm Nghi eiing vdi ngudi Nguon, ngutt ChGt 6 Xudn Hda (Mmh Hda) cd Tgong Pua Ngu (tiing Ng^dn nghia: ndi vua d), xdm Rddng (ring/long) nai vua Ham Nghi ngy gid;
gin dd vin cdn diu vit chg Tru (Trdu) buon bdn trau bd cGa dan dia phuang. Hang Quan Tdn (Trung Hda) mang tdn Tdn quan Nguylo Phgm Tuan. TG Ma Rai, vua Hdm Nghi cdng Son trieu tl chGc ede edn cG khdng P h ^ nhu:
Thanh Thuy-Trung Thudn cua De die U Tnre, ddn Thdc Ddi Qdng Cl Liem), ddn Si Hg (Idng Kidn Trinh), ddn Can Bdn (cdy bon), Brni Ng (bdn ngudi Khiia), xdy dyng cdn cu dfa Bdn Ng Td Pdo (xdm ngudi Khiia) dk vua ngy gid, Idnh dgo phong trdo Cin Vuong tur tiidng 2/1886 den tiidng 10/1888.
Qudng Binh, mdnh dit "xe chua qua, nha khdng tiic", cdn cd hdng trdm <^a danh phdn dnh hai cufc khdng ehiln thin tiidnh ciia dan tfc ching P h ^ vd My. Chi ridng nhiing con dudng dd mang nhieu y nghia Hf thong dudng Ho Chi Minh huyen thogi, mgch mdu noi hai mien Bde Nam, chGng kiln nhilu trdn ddnh oai hdng cua quan ddn Qudng Bhih vdi ede ^a danh: Cha Lo, Cdng Trai, deo Mu Dg, ngdm Rinh.^ Ngdm Ta Le. sdn bay Khe Gdt, sdn bay Ddng H&i (cdn gpi Id sdn bgy HOu Cung^Ldc Ninh/Lgc Bgi/Bd Ha, noi ddn Bdc Ho vl tiidm Qudng Bmh ngdy 16/6/1957), deo Phu-La-Nhich, hang Tdm Co (8 tiianh nidn xung phong hi siiih tai ddy), doi Ba Bdy
861048)^016 N G 6 N N G C & Bin S 6 N G 2 5
(tiidng nifm cdc chiln sT dodn C759 hi smh n ^ y 3/7), duang 20 Quyit Thdng (dudn^ eua tudi 20 thanh ludn xung phong quydt thing), du&ng 20/7 (ki nifm ngdy ki hifp dinh Gio- iw-vo)...; nhiing con dudng hanh qudn, ehuyen qudn ttang, qudn dyng vdo Nam nhu;
dudng Gui, du&ng Ca Gi&i. duang Ddn Ddu, duang Ddy Thong Tin, du&ng Kin (ludn sdu), dwdwg H& (10 thien), dudng Xe D^ Thd, du&ng Lien U (di qua 5 dinh nui), du&ng 5 Khe (dudngttdnh 5 khe nude),...; edc ti^ dia, chidn Idiu, dia dgo, bdn dd, ben phd, vd d$c bift, van cdn dd noi dau thuong mit mdt eda dit nudc the hifn d 86 dia danh Nghm trang li$t st vai hdng vgn ngdi mp lift sT tten dat Qudng Binh.
3. Ket luan
Vdi each nhin, dia danh chfnh Id nhiing tim bia bdng ngdn ngG dpc ddo v l thdi dgi eua nunh [9, tt. 108], cd thd ndi, vifc khdo sdt, nghidn cGu d§e tnmg ngdn ngQ - van hod dia danh Quang Binh gdp phin ddo sdu nhung tang vdn hod an chGa ding sau edc dia danh qua edc thdi Id khac nhau trong Uch sG. Sy hfi nh^p, dan xen vdn hod cua nhiing ldp eu ddn cd nguIn g6e ngdn ngG khdc nhau sinh sing trdn dia ban (vdn hod Vift, vdn hda Hdn, vdn hod Mdn-Khmer), sy ^ a o thoa vd tilp xue, vay mupn ngdn ngG-vdn hod giGa ddn tfc Kinh vdi cde ddn tOe Bm-Van Kilu, ChGt, Chdm, tOe ngudi Ngudn dupe t h i hifn smh dfng qua dia danh, trd thdnh nhQng v$t dan vdn hod, kf thdc nhidu gid tri vdn hda, Uch sG.
Day Id hf qua cua qud tdnh cfng cu ciia cdc Idp eu ddn d i n tG cdc viing vdn hda sdng Hdng, sdng Lani,...vd ldp cu ddn ban dia td ngdn x u a Trong qud trinh gjao luu vdn hda, cdc y l u to vdn hda ngoai sinh din bi lu md chi cdn noi bat mOt ciu trdc, mpt thilt chl vdn hda CO tmh chit tdng hda mang d ^ tnmg ridng eua vimg dit Qudng Bhih.
T A I L I | ; U T H A M K H A O 1. Duong van An (1997), 6 Chdu edn lue (bdn dich nghTa eda Vifn nghidn cdu Hdn Ndm), Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hpi, Ha Nfi.
2. Ngd van Doanh (2011), Vdn hda co Champa, Nxb Van hda Dan tpc, Ha NOi-
3. TrknTnDHi (2001), Ngdn ngitvd str phdt triin vdn hda xd hdi, Nxb Vdn hda Thdng tin Ha Ngi.
4. Pham Dire Duong (2000), Vdn hod Vi^t Nam trong bii ednh Ddng Nam A, Nxb Khoa hpc xahpi. Ha Nfi.
5. Le Trung Hoa (1991), Dia danh & thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Khoa hpc XS hOi, Ha Npi.
6. Quic sG qudn ttieu Nguyen (2004), Bgi Nam thuc lgc, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Nfi.
7. Quic sG qudn trieu Nguyen (2003), Bdng Khdnh du dfa chi. Nxb Thi gjdi, Hd Nfi.
8. Quoc sG qudn trieu Nguyen (2006), Quoc trieu chinh biin todt yiu. Nxb Thu^n Hda, Hul.
9. Superanskaja, A.V (2002), Dfa danh hge Id ff?, Dinh Lan Huong dich, Nguyen Xudn Hda hifu dfnh, Hd Nfi.
10. Nguyin Td (2002), Qudng Binh nhdn vdt chi, Hpi VHNT Qudng Binh.
11. Do Duy van (2011), Dfa chi huygn QudngNinh, Nxb Ddn tri. HdNfi.
12. Dinh Xudn Vinh (2002), 5i5/flvd'/a(iWi Vi4t Nam, Nxb Dgi hpc Quic gia Ha Npi.
13. Tran Quic Vupng (1998), Vi^t Nam cdi nhin dia vdn hda, Nxb Vdn hod Dan tgc, Hd Npi.
14.L.Cadidre (1906), Lemur de Dong Hoi, BEFEO, IV.
Abstract: Toponymy is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon and a historical categoiy. Basing on collected documentation of place-names in Quang Binh province, the article intentionally focuses on the reflection of the characteristics of cultural subjects through Quang Binh's place-names. In doing so, the place-names give more information on peoples' mentality and culture, the impact of policy, society, religions and beliefs on Quang Binh's name placing, expressing important events, the population and border-line changes of the area, which used to be the borderland, battlefield in the patriotic-war history of our nation.
Key words: toponymy; name; culture;
subject.