N G 6 N NV^IJ
S 6 5 2015
NHAN KI NiflM 100 NAM NGAY SINH JOSEPH HAROLD GREENBERG (1915 - 2015) DIEM L4J ISHCNG D6NG G 6 P QUAN TRQNG CIJA 6 N G
T S B 6 MINH HUNG I «-*-. y ^ r ^ Joseph Harold Greenberg smh ngdy 28-5-1915
I W M J ^ . i H ¥ Brooklyn, tiidnh phi New York, M^ vd qua ddi vk) I . J ^ f f M H i ' ? » * i ngdy 7-5-2001, tgi nhd rifing d tiidnh pho Stanford,
California, Mj^. Ngay td khi edn Id hgc smh trung hgc, dng dd td ra thich thu, dam mfi vdi vifc hgc t§p, 1 I aM-- J ' ^. npjiifin euu vl cdc ngdn ngii vd dd ty hgc ngogi ngu' r ^ ^ ^ ^ V J S K ^ bang cdch dpc skh ngii i * ^ vd cdc bai khda vl n^igi K 4 \ i • M^ ' " ^ ' ^^" * ^ ^ " ^ ^ khieu n^ogi ngti, Greenberg P I \ IV A I cdn bilu hifn thifin hudng bam sinh vl am nhgc.
^ '•' " ' Ndm 14 tuoi, dng tham gia cu0c thi bilu dien ddn ducmg dm, dgt dugc gidi nhat d ddng nhgc thinh phdng. Nhimg sau khi tit nghifp trung hge, dng quylt djnh khdng phdt trien sy nghifp theo hu(hig dm nhgc. Tuy vgy, ve sau dng van thudng xuyfin choi d ^ vdo cdc budi toi [8,4], [23,29].
Greenberg tdt nghifp dgi hpc ndm 1936, Trudng Dgi hgc (DH) Columbia, My (chuong trinh dao tgo cd nhan tien tien) n g ^ nhdn chdng hgc (anthropology).
Ciing can ndi thfim ring, vdo thdi ki ndy, d hiu hit cdc trudng DH tgi IA%
ngdn ngti hge chua dugc tach rieng Id m^t khoa/ ehuyfin ngdnh ddo tgo dgc lgp md chi Id mgt bd mdn cda ngkih nhan chdng hgc (gom cd: I) nhdn chung vdn hda hgc - cd vai trd quan trgng bac nhit, 2) khdo cd hgc, 3) nhdn chung ngdn nga hgc, 4) nhdn chung hgc thi chdt). Cung chinh bdi vi khdng dugc ddo tgo chlnh quy ve chuyen ngWi ngdn ngit hge, nfin vl sau ndy dng thudng hay ndi dda vdi cdc hgc trd vd ding nghifp Id: 'Tdi hgc bilt nhieu tii chinh cdc ngdn ngfl- han Id td cdc nhd ngdn ngft hgc" [lib, 7]. The nhung v(A kiln thdc nen tdng vl nhan chiing hgc, dng cd nhilu lgi thi khi nghifin ciiu ehuyfin sdu vl linh vyc ngdn ngd hgc so sdnh ljch sd, phdn chia cde ngdn ngft theo quan hf hg hdng/ ddng tOc dya trfin nhiing ddu tich huydt thdng (genetic traits) cua chdng. Thfim vdo do, dng cdn cd thi so s^nh, doi chilu kfit qud phdn ehia ngdn ngft hg t$c vdi kit qud phan chia cdc tdc ngudi theo kfit cau gen di truyin td cdng trinh nghifin eiiu cda ede nhd sinh v§t hgc cung nhu Id ket qud gidm djnh hda thgch ciia cac nhd khdo co hgc.
Trong suit nhiing nSm d h$£, dgi hgc (1932-1936), Greenberg van ddnh nhilu thdi gian hgc tgp, nghifin ciiu vl edc ngdn ngft. Chinh dng dd ty nhdn minh Id ngudi thudng gay ra philn phuc cho cdng tdc t l chdc vd Ban Gidng huln ciia nhd tnidng vi cd luc ehi cd m3i mdt mlnh di^ ddng kl mdn hge dd
NhSn Id nifm 100 ndm,.. 69 (tilng A R|lp, Akkadian). Khi tiiam gia mdn hgc Cdc ngdn ngft bdn dfa chdu Kfp,
dng dugc tiqi xiie vdi mgt trong nhftng nha ngdn ngft hgc danh tien^ Id Franz Boas ^hy trdch gidng dgy mdn hqc tren) vd dd tim dge dugc tdc phdm Sd tay vi cdc ngdn nga bdn dja chdu Mp do chinh Franz Boas Id ehd bifin. Vl sau, dng cdn dugc gdp gd mgt so nhd ngdn ngft hgc hdng dau (trudng phdi elu tiiic lugn) khde d My thdi biy gid nhu: Bernard Bloch, Benjamm Lee Whorf, Edgar Sturtevant, Franklm Edgerton vd d$c bift Id Leonard Bloomfield.
Ngay trong thdi gian hgc DH, Greenberg cdm thiy Ax thich thu khi^ty phdt hifn ra nhieu s\i tuong ding vd khde bift gifta cdc ngdn ngft d chau Au, chau A vd chau My. Khi hpc xong chuemg trinh DH, ngodi tieng Anh, dng edn thdng thgo edc ngdn ngft khac Id Akkadian, A r$p. Do Thdi, Dde, Ethiopic, Hv Lgp, Latin, Nga vd Yiddish. Sau khi t6t nghifp DH, dng nhdn dugc hgc bong tur DH Northw^estem University, My, ldm nghifin ciiu sinh, thyc hifn dl tdi lugn dn tiln sT vl ljch sd, vdn hda cde dan tgc d chau Phi, tgp trung d hai nudc Id Nigieria vd Kano. Cflng nhd vgy, dng cd dieu kifn hgc, bilt thfim cdc ngdn ngft bdn dja chdu Phi vd quan tam den vin de phdn logi cdc ngdn ngft d chau Iyc ndy theo quan hf hg tdc. Ngay sau khi hodn thdnh lugn dn tien sT vdo ndm 1940 (d tuli 25), dng tilp tyc n h ^ dugc hgc bong nghifin euu sau tiln sT 1940 -1941 tgi DH New Haven trudc khi trdi qua 5 ndm lifin tilp sau dd trong quan dgi, phye vy tgi Bdc Phi vd sau chuyin den nudc Y. Sau khi Chiln banh Thi gidi tiid II kit tiiiic, nam 1946 - 1947 dng vdo ldm vifc tgi DH Minnesota, tiep sau dd ehuyen din DH Columbia ndm 1948, lam giing vifin khoa Nhan chdng hgc. CGng thdi gian ndy dng cd ca hOi tham gia H0i Ngdn ngft hgc New York, sinh hogt hgi cung vdi Roman Jakobson vd Andre Martmet, hai nhd ngdn ngft hgc clu tnic l u ^ hdng dlu ehdu Au vda mdi chuyen den My. Den ndm 1962 Greenberg bdt dau gidng djy, nghien cdu tgi DH Stanford eho din khi chlnh thdc nghi huu ndm 1986. Ong tilp tyc duge mdi ldm Gido su thinh gidng cua DH Stanford, vd van mif t mdi nghien cdu, cdng bl nhiing phdt kiln mdi ciia mlnh vl ngdn ngft cho din nhihig ngdy cuoi ddi [8,4].
Greenberg dd ddnh ti'gn cugc ddi minh cho khoa hgc, theo hai djnh hudng nghifin cdu chlnh Id ngdn ngft hgc so sinh ljeh sft (historical-comparative linguistics) vd ngdn ngft hpe Iogi hlnh (typological linguistics). 6ng la tdc gii/
chd bifin cda 10 cuIn sdch, cdng vdi 240 bai bdo khoa hgc (hiu hit Id cdng bl qu6c tl) vl cdc cdng trinh nghien cdu cua mhih theo hai djnh hudng trfin [24, 348]. (Cdng trinh tieu bilu cua Greenberg dugc lift kfi d phln Phy lye).
Vdi hai (^nh hudng nghifin cdu chu dgo trfin, trong suit eh|ing dudng ddi hem niia thi ki, Greenberg gin nhu dd khdo sdt cdc ngdn ngft tifiubieu cd m$t trfin khdp cdc chdu lye; thogt dlu Id nhdm ngdn ngft Hfin lye dja Au - A, sau dd Id cdc ngdn ngft bdn dja d chdu Phi, chau My vd chau Uc/ Dgi Duong. Bdi thi, Greenberg xdng ddng dugc xem la nhd nghifin ciiu logi hlnh ngdn ngft chuyen sdu nhat vd bao gim so lu(?ng cdc ngdn ngft nhilu nhit trong till ki XX [24,342].
Greenberg tiep thu phuang phdp so sdnh Uch sd ngdn ngft hgc truyen tiling vd tin tudnj^ ring gidi thich cdc hifn tugng (bien dli) ngdn ngft dya trfin tien trhih phdt trien ljch sd/ tiln hda cua cdc ngdn ngft Id thuylt phye nhat bdi le tit cd cdc ngdn ngft dlu cd qud Utah tiln hda rifing cda nd, md ljch sd tiii
70 Ng6n ngit so 5 nim 2015 luon Iudn Id duy nhat - m$t chilu [1 Id, 131] d mgi tbdi d^. Id hito thuc khdch quan, minh dinh durt khodt cdi hi|n hihi vd khdng hito hihi. 6ng hoto toto c6 Ii khi cho rdng t r ^ g thdi hito duong cim mpt ngon ngii ndo d6 Id kit qud qud trinh tiln h6a/ phdt triln cila nd d nhihig giai do?in trudc. Do vdy, theo dng, phto lo^i cdc ngdn ngii theo hg t ^ (genetic/ genealogical classification) Id cd y nghia quan tipng nhit, tdch b ^ h nhit, bdi nd xdc dmh dtog sai mOt cdch Id r$t (dua tito nhihig biln Shi cia ngdn ngO theo tiln trinh Uch sii dd dien la trong thyc tien). Theo dd, hudng phto lo^ ndy cdn cd ^ nghia gdp phan hieu bilt thto vl qud hrhih phdt triln ljch sir - vto hda cdc t ^ ngudi (dua hto nhihig chtog tich dupe ghi nh§n trong ngdn ngii). Tiong khi dd, phto lo^
cdc ngdn ngii theo lo^ hlnh (typological classification) chi cd the ddng gdp vdo vi^c thiet l§p n6n cdc kilu d ^ g ph6 qudt ngdn ngti, ph6 h$ bien thito cila cdc gid tli ngdn ngii, nhung I^i khdng phdn djnh dupc tito chi dtog hodc sai khi dp dung. S6 tito chi vl lo^ hlnh hong ngdn ngfi cd thi dugc Iua chpn dl phto lo^ cd thi ndi Id vd kl, diu$c nhilu cip d$, lk^ ldp khde nhau [1 Id, 118].
Ngudi ta cd thi phto Io{ii cdc ngdn ngit theo tinh chit (iUie dilm ciia h^ th6ng nguyto dm/ phu dm; theo ddc dilm hlnh vj; theo ca che kit ciu cii phdp ciia thdnh phin trong cdu; theo tito chi ngdn ngfi cd thanh dito hay khdng cd thanh di?u; Idp tit cd phto bi?t hay khdng phto bi^ giong, ngdi, s6, v.v... Ctog v^y, phto lofii cdc ngdn ngfi theo ngfi vuc (aieal classification) / vtog phto b6 sg gdp phan hilu bilt them vl qud trinh tilp xiic gifia cdc ngdn ngii Iiln kl vdi nhau vl mdt dja Ii, nhtmg vi$c phto chia ranh radi dl phto lojii cdc ngdn ngii hfhi quan mpt cdch tudng minh, r ^ h rdi, chuin muc, t$n ciing thi hau nhu khdng thi xdc l?p dupc [1 Id, 131].
TrSn thuc tl, khi nghito cto cdc ngdn ngft tiieo djnh hudng phto lo^ hp t§c, Greenberg dd vto difng phuang phdp sg sdnh da nga (mass/ multilateral comparison) [9, 75], [4,264], [lid, 1251 - so sdnh mOt nhdm ngdn ngli ctog liic dvia tren iihfhig trudng hpp tuang dong kip, tftc Id gi6ng nhau cd vl hlnh thftc vd j nghia (form-meaning pairings). Theo dng, ddy Id phuong phdp tot nhit dl xdc djnh nhfhig tuong d6ng quan sdt dupc gifhi cdc ngdn ngfi Id (i) cd ctog xuit phdt tft ngdn ngB cgi nguon/ngdn ngU bd mf (proto-language) hay khdng, vd lo^ hft din mftc thip nhit khd ntog cdc hudng hpp tuong dSng do (ii) triing hgp ngdu nhiln (accidental resemblance) - su lua chpn ki hi^ti/
hlnh thftc ngdn ngfi ndo dl hiln th) j nghia ndo Id hodn toto vd doto, tvi chpn trong tit cd cdc ngdn ngfi tu nhito, x&n cd thi xdy la cdc trudng hpp titog hpp ngiu nhito Id dilu hiln nhito; (iii) do qud trinh biiu tugng hdg dm (sound symbolism), tftc Id vi^c chpn lya hinh thftc ngdn ngft dl bilu thj -j ngMa xdc djnh ndo dd khdng cdn hoto toto Id vd doto md cd nguyto nhto ciia nd; d ddy ddng chft y nhit Id trudng hpp md phdng dm (onomatopoetic), tftc Id djnh danh/ tft ngft hda cdc su vdt, hifn tupng, diln biln chu8i cdc su ki?n, v.v...
hong hi$n thuc khdch quan dua hto viSc md phdng/bat chudc nhiing dm thanh, tilng dOng, nhOng hhih dnh, kilu d ^ g Idp thi md chftng sto smh ra (vd con ngudi nhln thiy, nghe dupc, hodc cdm nhdn dugc); hodc cd thi Id (iv) do vay mugn (borrowrngV lan tda (diffiision) gifia cdc ngdn ngft cd m6i quan h$ tucmg lien vl Ijch sft - vto hda hfiu quan.
Nhan kl nifm 100 ndm... 71 Hay ndi cdch khde, khi ctog mpt tuong d&ng kip ndo dd tdi xuit Iii$n d
nhilu ngdn ngft dang xem x^t thl hudng hpp (i) sS ctog dupc xdc I$p m$t cdch tudng mmh, vd nd Id ylu th tito quyet cho phto lofii ngdn ngft tiieo hp t§c;
nd ctog gitip phdt hito nhiing trudng hpp cdc ngdn ngft cd quan hi hg tgc xg (distant genetic relationship) vdi nhau, bdi 15 m$t hp t9c ngdn ngft dlu cd nhiing chi nhdnh, chi hp khde nhau [lid, 126] trong qud trinh tien hda cfta nd. Ngupc 1^, nlu so sdnh theo hudng tiing cdp cdc ngdn ngft m$t cdch don Id, rdi r^c theo cdch truyen th6ng, thl nhQng tuong dong quan sdt dupc cd nhilu khd ntog chi roi vdo trudng hpi; (ii), (iii) hodc (iv), md ba trudng hpp ndy khdng ddm bdo m$t cdch chdc chdn cho myc tito phto lo^ cdc ngdn ngft theo hp tpc [lid, 130].
Greenberg ctog cho bilt rdng, khdng phdi tit cd cdc tuong d6ng kip dlu cd gid bj nhu nhau dl xdc djnh quan h$ hp tdc ngdn ngft. NhOng tuong dong kip vl ylu tS ngft phdp (kilu nhu cdc phu td/ tiln t6/ l^u t6 ddnh diu ^ nghia ngft phdp, h? thdng cdc djii ttr nhto xung) thi cd gid hj cao hon Id tuong (Kng cdc don vj tft vung (ngft nghia); tuong ddng vl cdc ylu td ngft phdp bat quy tic/ bit tiiudng (hregularities) till cd gid t4 cao hon cdc ylu td ngft phdp tiiudng gdp; tuong dong trong ldp tft cto bto (tlii du nhu tin gpi cdc bd phto co the ngudi, cdc sd dim cto bdn), l p cd gid trj cao hem Id tuong ddng hong ldp tft ve vto hda, v.v... [9,308], [1 Id, 124]. Ndi m^t cdch khdi quit, khi nhtog tucmg ddng cd xdc suit roi vdo mdt trong cdc trudng hpp (ii), (iii), (iv) ctog thip, thi chtog cd gid trj ctog cao trong vi^c xdc djnh moi quan h$ hp t$c gifia cdc ngdn ngft hftu quan.
Trotig phuong phdp so sdnh Ijch sft, Greenberg cdn ddc bi^t nhan m ^ nguyto tdc cu xft cdng bdng vdi cdc ngdn ngft. dng gpi dd Id tinh ddn chd Irong ngdn nga Oinguistic democracy) [lid, 126]. Tit cd cdc ngdn ngft dlu cd gid trj nhu nhau, khdng ngdn ngft ndo Id cip tiln hon hodc lac h$u hon.
Theo dd, dng dd gidn tilp ph@ phto quan dilm l|ch Uic vl bto chit ngdn ngft, vl mdi tuong quan ciia ngdn ngft vd cpng ddng ngudi sft dyng nd, nhu dd ttog xuit hi$n hong gidi ngdn ngft hpc d till ki XVffl vd XK hude dd [I3a], [22].
Btog phuong phdp so sdnh da ngft, Greenberg dd thdnh cdng hong vi^c phto lo^ cdc ngdn ngft bto dja chdu Phi theo quan h$ hp tpc, dupc cdng bd trong ndm 1949 - 1950. Nhfing nam tilp tiieo dd, dng bodii tiii$n bh phto lo^
cfta mbih vd chinh thftc cdng bd kit qud phto lo^i cdc ngdn ngft d chdu Phi tiidnh 4 ddng hp gia dtoh ngdn ngft [7b, 10] gdm:
1) Ddng hp Niger-Congo: cd cdc chi hp vd ngdn ngft ti$u bilu Id:
- Chi hp Bantu: (ngdn ngft) Boulou, Douala, Luva, Kikongo, Shona, Zulu.
- Chi hp Adamawa: Zande, Ngbandi, Sango.
- Chi hp Kwa: Efik, Yoniba, Fanti, Anyi, Krou.
- Chi hp Gur: Mossi, Dogon, Senoufo.
- Chi hp Monde: Bambara, Dioula, Malinke.
- Chi hp Tdy Atlantic: Wolof, Temne, Peul, Kissi.
2) Ddng hp Nilo-Saharan:
- Chi hp Songhai: Songhai-Zarma, Kanouri, Forian.
- Chi hp Chart: Dmka, Nuer, Chilouk, Bari, Bongo.
72 Ngdn ngfr s6 5 ndm 2015 - Chi hg Maban: Maba, Runga, Minu.
- Chi hg Fur. Fur, Amdang, Bagiimi, Berakou.
- Chi hg Koman: Komo, Kwama, Uduk.
3) Ddng hg Afro-asiasic:
- Chi hg Semitic: A r|lp. Do Thdi, Maltese, Tigrfi.
- Chi hg Berger: Tamazight, Rifain, Kabyle, Chaouia.
- Chi hg Cushietu: Somali, Oromo, Afar, Gedeo.
- Chi hg Omotic: Gamo, Melo, Basketto, Seze.
- Chi hg Chadie: Haoussa, Mandara, Ngala, Bana.
4) Ddng hg Khoisan: (ngdn ngft) Hottentot, Sandawe, Hatsa vd Bochimaa Cling bdng phuong p h ^ so sdnh da ngft, Greenberg dd phdn lo^ii cdc ngdn ngii b ^ dia d chdu M^ (American Indian languages) thdnh 3 ddng hg gia (finh ngdn ngft: (1) Ddng hq Amerind - dbng hg Idn nhat, cd cdc chi hg nhuAlmosan (Halkomelem, Kwakwala, Kutenal), chi hg Penutian (Chmook, Takehna, Mixe), chi hg Hokan (Mohave, Akwa'^a, Walapel), Andean ((Juechua, Aymara), Macro-Carib (Surinam, Faai, Kaliana), v.v...; (2) Ddng hg Na Dene, ed ede hgdn ngft nhu Haida, Tlingit, Athabaskan, Eyak, Koyukon, Navajo, Apache;
(3) Ddng hg Eskimo-Aleut, ed cdc ngdn ngft nhu Aleut, Inuktitut, Yupik.
Theo Greenberg [12,97] phan lo^ 3 ddng hg ngdn ngft chdu MJ' trfin Id tuong dng lln lugt vdi 3 dgt di ddn cda ngudi chdu A qua chdu MJ^. Dgt 1 Id khoang each ddy 12.000 ndm, ddng ddo nhat vd khi md Columbus d^t ehdn len chdu lye nay ndm 1492 thl cdc the h^ ngudi di ddn thu$c dgt 1 dd cd mdt tren khdp chdu Iyc; dgt di ddn thd hai (ddng hg ngdn ngft Na Dene) xdy ra khdng ldu sau dgt 1, vd dgt 3 Id cdch day khodng 4.000 - 5.000 ndm (ddng hg ngdn ngft Eskimo-Aleut). Kit qud phan lo^ cdc ngdn ngft bdn dia chdu My cua Greenberg cting trung hgp vdi kit qud phdn tich di truyin hge duge cdng bl [12,97-98], mdc du dng trien khai ngufin cdu hoicn todn ddc Idp, chd khdng dya vdo kit qua di truyin hgc ndy. Tuy nhifin, neu nhu kit qud phdn lo^ edc ngdn ngft d chau Phi trudc dd cua Greenberg dugc hiu hit cdc nhd ngdn ngft tan tiianh (tmh din hi^n nay), tiu kit qud phdn Io?! cua dng d chdu My l^i gay ra nhifiu tranh cai m ^ du dng vin ^mg phuang phdp da nga - phuang p h ^ md dng dd tdng sd dyng nd d ehdu Phi vd hodn tiii?n dxmg suot thbi gian ddi [11 c].
Ve ngdn ngft hgc lo?u hinh, ca duyfin md Greenberg di din quylt djnh nghien cdu ehuyfin sdu vdo Dnh vyc ndy cung khd bit ngd. T^ mgt bull hOi thdo khoa hgc hfin ngdnh Ngdn ngft hgc - Tam Ii hgc, dugc t l ehue t^ Trudng DH Indiana, My, vdo mua hfi ndm 1953, sau khi Greenberg trinh bdy xong bdo edo tham Iudn ve ngft phap^ ngft dm. thl Cornelius Osgood, nhd tdm II hgc tham dv hgi thdo nh$n xet rdng: "Thay dd gidi thi?u rit chi tilt, ki ludnc vd thdt an tin^g phuong phdp, quy trinh phan tich ngdn ngft thdnh cdc y ^ t l CO ban. Nfiu nhu Tliay ed thl ndi cho chung tdi biet dugc dieu gi dd md nd dp dyng dung cho tit cd cdc ngdn ngft, thl ddy thyc sy mdi Id ifilu md cdc nhd tam li hgc quan tdm" [1IS, 13].
Chat vin nfiu trfin vd hinh trung dd bugc Greenberg phdi luu tdm nhilu ban vl nhu can xdy dyng nhitng pho qudt hflu fch ve ngdn ngft. Tft ddy, dng dd bdt dlu xem xfit l^i phuong pWp nghi&i cdu Io?! hhih ngdn ngft d till ki XDC
Nhan ki nijm 100 nim... 73 vd nhto ra rdng, dl tdi ndy cd till dupc md rpng chft khdng phdi chi dCmg 1^
d vi^c phto chia cdc ngdn ngft (dua tren cdch tiiftc td chftc, kit cau vd ho^t dOng cua h$ thdng hhih vj khdng gidng nhau giiia cdc ngdn ngft) tiidnh 3 nhdm CO bto: a) don l|p (isolating), b) chdp dinh (allutmative) vd c) biln hinh (mflective) [1 lb, 14]. Theo do, sudt tiidi gian gin hai tiidp ki (1960 -1970), dng tdp trung nghito cftu nhilu vl lo^ hlnh ngdn ngft vd phd ni^m ngdn ngft.
Vd qud th$t rit bit ngd, trong Ilic md hiu hit gidi ngdn ngft hpc M>^ dang chu tdm ddi theo h thuylt ngdjjhdp Igo sinh (Generative Grammar), // thuyet ci phdp (syntactic theory), phd nilm hinh thiie (formal imiversal), phd nifm thue the (substantive univeisal), cdu trtic bi mdt/ cdu trdc sdu (surface/ deep structure), v.v... ciia Chomsky [5], thi Greenberg cdng bd kit qud nghito cto cfta dng, ctog vl phd ni^m ngdn ngft, nhung theo mpt dudng hudng tilp cto hoto toto dpc l$p: khdo sdt tiiyie dja hen htog lo^t cdc ngdn ngft khde nhau:
Some universais ofgrtmmar with particular reference to the order ofmeaningful elements (Mgt so pho nllm nga phdp, ddc bill Hen qugn din trdt tu eua cdc thdnh phdn cd nghta) [Ua]. Cdng trinh dpt phd ndy dd hd tiidnh mdt hong nhfhig bdo cdo khoa hpc chuyto ngdnh dupc trich dan nhilu nhat cho din hifn nay [1], [8], [24], [27], mjc dft phin nhilu cdc phd ni?m dupc nto Id nhfing xu hudng (tendencies) ngon ngtt hodc phd ni?m hdm y (implicational), chft khdng hodn toto Id phd ni$m tuy^t ddi (absolute imiversal) - dp dyng chimg cho tat cd cdc ngdn ngft. Trong cdng trinh ndy, Greenberg, lin diu tito hong Ijch sft ngdn ngft hpc, dd thilt I$p dupc 45 phd ni^m ngft phdp dua hto ket qud khdo sdt 30 ngdn ngft thu$c 5 chdu Iyc kbdc nhau [11a, 41]^ (i) chdu Au:
Hy Up, Y, Phin Lan, Na Uy, Basque, Serbia, Welsh; (ii) chdu A: Nh^t, Thdi, Malai, Miln Di^n, Thd Nhi Kl, Do Thdi, Bumshaski, Hindi, Kannada; (iii) chau Phi: Nubia, Yoraba, Swahili, Fulami, Masai, Songhai, Berber; (iv) chau Dp Duong: Maori, Loritja; (v) chdu My: Maya, Zapotec, (Juechua, Chibcha, Guarani.
Vdi cdng trinh vang dpi ndy, Greenberg cung ddng thdi xdc ldp mpt each tudng muih phucmg phdp nghito cftu thito vl djnh lugng, quy ngp, cu thi vk phd ni§m cdc ngdn ngft, ve tinh tucmg ddng, giao thoa, hOi tu ciia chtog (ctog nhu vl gidi h ^ chl djnh biln thito ciia chtog) - Id hudng tilp cto thft hai gdn liln vdi tSn tudi cia dng sau ndy (Oreenbergian approach); khde vdi hudng tilp cjn fliito vl dinh llnh, diin djch, trUu lugng cua Chomsky (Chomskyan approach) [7a], [7b].
Trong sd 45 phd ni$m ngft phdp nto Min, cd 7 phd ni$m (1-7) vl ttjt tu tiidnh phin ndng cot/ co bto hong cdu, c\i till Id b^t tu xuit b i ^ cua S (subject - chft ngft), V (verb - dpng tft), O (object - bd ngft) vd vj tri cfta tft chl quan h?
sd hftu, vj tri cfta Idp cdc gidi tft lito quan din md hlnh sdp xlp cua ba thdnh phin S, V, O. Sau ddy Id 2 thi du tito bilu cho nhdm phd ni$m vfta nto:
Universal 1: In declargtive sentences with nomitml subject and gbject, Ihe dominant order is almost ghvays gne in which the subject precedes the oi/ec/. [lla,43]
(Phd ni|m 1: Trong cdu tudng^ thugt khi cd chu ngfi vd bd ngft Id danh nga, thi trdt tlf ndi trdi/ diin hinh hdu nim ludn Id trdt tif md ti-ong dd chit nga dling trudc bd ngS)
74 Ngfln ngft s6 5 nim 2015 Univeisal 3: Langugges with dgminani VSO order are always prepositignal.
[11a, 45]
(Phd ni^m 3: Cdc ngdn nga cd ti-dt tu ndi trdi VSO thi ludn cd gidt ta dling d Vf Iri ddu Irong gidi nga/ nga dogn gidi tH.)
Tilp tiieo Id 18 phd ni$m (8 - 25) vl vj hf eft p h ^ hong cdc cdu nghi vin, cdu dilu kito/ gid djnh, cdu so sdnh tinh tft, cdc ngft do?n danh hi, vd ngft do?n dOngtft. Thidy:
Univeial 18: fiTien the descrptiveat^eoiveprecedes the noun, thedemonstiatne and the numeral, with overwhelmingly more Ihan chance frequency, do likewise.
[lla,51]
(Phd ni$m 18: Khi ttnh lu milu Id dung trudc danh tft, thi chi dinh Id vd sd lie, Ihudng xdy ra nhiiu hem Id ngdu nhien, cting sl dung trude danh lit)
Cia phd nifm tft 26 - 45 t^p tiung ndi vl kit ciu, vj hi cdc Unh vj bilu thj cdc y nghia ngtt phdp vl sd, gidng, ngdi, tiii/ thl, v.v.._. thudng gdp ttong cdc ngdn ngft biln Unh, ddc bi$t Id cdc ngdn ngft d chdu Au. Thi du:
Uiuversal 26: If a language has a category of gender, il always has the category of number. [1 la, 58]
(Phd nifm 26: Niu mgt ngdn n^ cd phgm trii vi gidng, thi mgc nhien ngdn ngft dd cdng sS cd phgm trit vl so.)
Sau khi cdng htoh hto dupc cdng bd, ngdn ngft hpc lo^i Unh bdt diu phdt triln m ^ mS vd chftng kiln su ra ddi cua htog lo^ cdc md hbib, U thuylt, djnh hudng tilp c$n, khdi ni$m mdi tft cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc ndi tilp theo Greenberg. Trudc hit, cdc cdng trinh cua Lehmann [18], dd thu gpn, tudi gito md hlnh ti^t t\r 3 thdnh phan co bto cfta Greenberg xudng cdn 2 thdnh phin Id V vd O. Theo dd, cdc ngdn ngtt sS cd d?ng (1) VO hodc (2) OV; hSn co sd ndy, quan hf hdt tu thdnh phin co ciu cfta cdc ngft d o ^ khde cd xu hudng dupc quy djnh tuong ftng. Thl dv nhu (1) s8 cd: Prep + N (gidi tft + danh tft), N + Adj (ttah tft), N + G (genitive - Hr cU sd hflu); trong khi dd, (2) sS cd:
N + Prep,Adj+N,G + N.
Vennemann [26] radi thif u 2 khdi niem opergnd (dilu kUin/ tiidnh phan chinh) vd operator ((filu phdi/ thdnh phan phu),,ctog vdi II thuylt Natural seriallzatign principle (NSP - Nguyen Ii chudi sdp xep tu nhifn). Cdc ngdn ngft, tiieo trdt tu tiidnh phan ndng cdt, ctog dupc xlp tiidnh 2 loju Unh: XV hodc VX, vdi X Id bd ngft cfta V. Theo nguyfn 11 cfta Vennemann, ngdn ngft md hinh XV sS cd cdc ttdt tu tuong tog hong cdc ngft do?n khde Id "operator + operand"; ngupc l?i VX sB kdo theo "operand + operator" hong cdc trdt tu ngft do?n khde. Hawkms [14b] md idng NSP vd dl xuit nguyto U Cross-cgtegory harmony (tfiih hda hpp lifn ph^un hft): kU xdc djnh dupc vj hi cfta operand trong bit kl mOt ngft do?n ndo dd thi trjt tu cfta nd ctog sS tuong ftng nhu vdy trong cdc ngft do^n khde.
Ngodi ra cdn cd accessibility hierarchy (hf ting tilp cto) cfta Keenan vd Comrie [17]; branching direction theory (li thuylt hudng md nhdnh) cfta Dryer [10a]; harmony principle (nguyfn li hda hpp) vd dominance principle (nguyfn li ndi hdi) cua Croft [7a]; performance-grammar correspondence
Nhin ki ni;m 100 nim... ^ hypothesis (gid thuylt ddi ftng hdnh vi - ngft phdp), minimize domains (thu
h?p phjun vi), minimize forms (thu hfp hinh thiic), construclabillty hypothesis (^d thuylt khd ndng kit ciu), attachablllty hypothesis (gid thuylt khd ntog gto ket) cia Havvkms [14a], [14c], [14d]; co-variation (ddng Win) [20], headedness (ddng vai trd ehirih) [30], symmetry/ antisymmetry (bilu tiiftc hda hpp/ bit hda hpp) [16], jinal-over-final constraint (chl djnh cudi-trfn-cudi) [2]; index of synthesis (chi sd tich hpp), iiuJex affusion (cU sd kit gdp) [19]; fflc bift Id semantic maps (bto dd ngft ngUa) [13bl, [25] vd cangntcal typology (loji Unh hpi tu) [3] dang cd tilm ntog phdt ttien msnh.
Vdi tim dnh hudng rdng Idn nhu v^y, Greenberg xtog dtog ddng vai hd Id ngudi ddt nin mdng cho ngdn ngtt hpc lo^ hlnh thdi kl hifn d^ [6, 86], [10b, 17], [15,19],
Greenberg Id nhd ngdn ngft hpc diu tifn nhto dupe chftc danh Vifn si Vifn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc Qudc gia (National Academy of Sciences) cua My ndm 1965, ctog nhu nhilu gidi diutog, danh Ufu cao quy khde: Halle Selassie Award for African Research (gidi thudng Haile Selassie cho cdng hinh nghifn cto chdu Phi), New York Academy of Sciences Award (gidi thudng Vifn Hto ldm Khoa hpc New York), Talcott Parsons Prize In Social Science (gidi fliudng Talcott Parson vl Khoa hpc xd hpi), v.v... [8,24], [24,348].
GU n h ^ ve nhftng ddng gdp khoa hpc quan ttpng cua Greenberg, Hllp hgt Lggi hinh Ngdn^ nga hgc (Association for Linguistic Typology - ALT) dd ddc bift thdnh I$j) hdn mOt gidi thirdng mang tfn nhd khoa hpc ndy: Greenberg Award [28], nhdm vinh danh vd xft tto^ thudng 2 ndm/ lan cho nhiing cdng trinh/ cym cdng trinh khoa hpc xuit sdc vl imh vuc lifn quan ciia cdc nhd ngdn ngft hpc.
Nhung, cd IS trto hit cd Joseph Harold Greenberg dd dl l^i mOt tim guong stog vl tinh yfu sdu sdc ddnh cho cdc ngdn ngft (bdi chtog vfta Id di sto ddc thft cfta mdi dto t$c vfta ddng vai lid Id mpt trong nhfhig ngudn tdi nguyto quy gid nhit, tUlt thttc nhit, phong phu nhit cfta nhto lo^), vd tinh thin hpc t^p, Iao dOng, ngUfn cftu bin bi, kifn djnh, say mf, mift mdi, stog t^o nhdm muc dich tich cue phdt triln, Idm gidu d^p thfm kho ttog tri thftc cfta con ngudi vl cdc ngdn ngtt vd ngdn ngft hpc ttfn ph^m vi toto the gidi vd xuyfn thdi gian.
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5. A reply to W. Leslau: The imperfect in South-East Semitic, Joumal ofthe American Oriental Society 73,167-8,1953.
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CA. Ferguson (eds). Crosscurrents in second language acquisition and linguistic theories, 37-43, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 1991.
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