I KHOA HOC
DIEN HAT NHAN PHAT L^N
TL/ SAU TRONG LONG DAT
N g u y HCiu T a m
Bang cac nha mdy dien hgt nhan mini, ngdnh ndng lumg hgt nhan mudn tu ciiu minh cho tuong lai. Cdc nhd mdy dien nho S sou dudi mdt ddt se an todn hon nhflng nhd mdy Idn nam tren mdt dot vd Idm cho dien hgt nhdn re hon. luy nhien nhiing y kien chdng thi coi cdc kg hogch ndy Id khong kinh te, hon nda con sg sutdng nhanh khong tinh trudc dugc.
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Galena, mdt ldng nhd 600 dan d Alaska bang gia, sap xay mdt nha may dien hat nhdn nhd mang ten "4S" nghia la Super-Safe, Small, Simple - Si8u An toan, Nhd, Don gidn vdi hat nhan ndng rue ciia may chi cd kich thudc 2X0,7m, do hang Toshiba chi tao. Tuy nMen nd vdn cung cap 10 MW dien. Galena se cd the Id thi diem cho mqt the he Id phan ling nhd mdi. Nganh nang luqng hat nhdn mudn tu ciiu minh cho tuong lai bdng cdc nha may dien hat nhdn mini ddn dung. Dac biet la d My, y tudng mini-nukes vdi cdng suat den 300 MW nhan duqc su khich le dang ke. Tuy nhien y kiln phe phdn den tir nhd vat ly E. Lyman coi dd cdn Id "nam d vuong qudc Mdng tuqng", cdn chuyen gia dien hat rMdn J. Riccio coi nd xudt phat tu "bq may Myen truyln duqc tta diu tot ciia ngdnh dien hat nhdn".Tuy nhien xu hudng ndy lai cd nhung ngudi ung hq nd'i tilng: Bill Gates diu M vao hang TerraPower lap kl hoach san xuit Id phan ung nhd. Td'ng thdng Obama Myen bo cho ngdnh dien hat nhan vay 54 ty Ddla. Cdn bd tiudng nang luqng My Steven Chu coi
la chuyen duong nhien khi chuyen mdt phdn dd cho mini-meiler, vd tr8n td "Wall Street Journal" mdi day, nha vat ly giai Nobel ca ngqi: "Cdc Idphaniing theo modul" la" mdt ttong nhimg ITnh vuc hiia hen nhat ciia nganh kinh te hat iMdn.
Cac Man chiing cua nhimg ngudi img hd cho nha mdy dien hat nhdn Id:
- Tuong lai. Id phan img nhd chi cd gid re mat dudi 600 trieu Ddla, ttong khi gia Id phdn ling GW hien nay la tren 5 ty. Thdi gian xay lap chi tir 2-3 nam. Trong kM viec cap pM rat khd khdn; du an xdy Id phan ung ldn d Olkiluoto, Phan Lan chdm nhieu nam roi va tang ngan sdch nMlu lin.
- Vi chiing duqc tiln che, mini-meiler cung cd the duqc xay d nhiing nude khdng cd chuyen gia hat nhdn ban xu, chiing cd cdng suit tuong tu nhu cdc nhd may dien chay bdng than hay kM nen dl dang May th8 va vdn cd Me diing cac mang dien va Mocbin cii.
- Cac Id phdn ung nhd d sdu dudi dat nen bqn khiing bo khd danh cdp nguyen lieu hat nhan de che tao bom.
lUIWlBH.tJJII ] thang 5-2010
Vi du nha mdy dien hat I nhan mPower do bang I Babcock&Wilcox chuyen I san xuit Id phdn ung khdi I dqng chotaungam quan su, I thiet ke. Ld phdn ung cho I mPower la Id phdn img nhd I nude ap suit thdng thirdng l e d cdng suit 125MW, nd Ise chay 60 nam vdi diem I chot: thanh nhi8n lieu da I dimg Cling Id hoi nam sau Itrongvokmldphdnungma I chang ai tdi duqc Nhung I NRC-co quan cap phep cho
• cac nha may dien hat nhan I cua My vdn chua cap giiy Iphep cho Id phan Mig I mPower, ma dieu ndy cdn I cd the keo dai nhieu nam.
I Hang dien hat nhdn My IWestinghouse cung theo I dudi mdt du an tuong tu, 11d phan ung nhd Iris cdng I suat 335 MW la mdt ttong nhung ung vien nang ky iMat cho dudn GNEF-Global Nuclear Energy Partnership-Cong ty ndng luang hat nhdn todn cdu.
Tu 2006 chinh phii My cd suy cho du an ndy, nham
thod man nhu can nang luqng cua cac nude dang phat trien. Cac nude cdng nghiep secung cdp cac mini- meiler d dang cd vd bqc kin cho hq, cdc nhd may dien hat nhdn nhd nay chay li8n tuc khdng cin bdo dudngttong30namrdivl lai nude cii nhuchai khdng.
Anh, Phap, Canada, Trung Quoc vd Nhat Bdn la
KHOA HOC I cac nude cung cip GNEP Cac nude nhu Jordanie, Kazacxtan hay Senegal da quan tam tdi Id phan ling nhd, nhung hq se phai hiia khdng duqc lam giau urani. Tuy nhien cdc nha phdn ddi sq urani se vao tay bqn khiing bd. Nhit la vdi Cdng ty Akma ciia Nga, hang mdi thanh lap Mdng 12 rdi, the hien diing kieu tan dung dd ph8 thai, nd cdi biln loai Id phan ung khdi ddng tau ngam nguy8n tii Mdi Li8n Xd cho ung dung ddn su.
Cling vdi tinh an todn, tinh kinh te ciia mini-meiler cimg dat cdu hdi. O My, rieng gid giay phep cho nhd mdy dien hat nhan da ndm giua 50-100 trieu Ddla, the nen cdng vdi phu pM an toan, chinh cac nha may nhd se vd cimg dit.
Bdi vdy md nha vat ly GS. A. Lovins ciia DH Colorado tin rang. Id phdn ung nhd se „chdng bao gid dang gid". Cac nha hoach djnh du kiln 3500- 5000 Ddla/kW cdng suit lap dat d Id phan ling nhd.
Vdi nha may dien chay than gid giua 900-2800 Ddla, nhamay dien kMgiagiiia 520-1800 Ddla, ngay vdi may dien gid, gia cung chi giua 1900-3700 Ddla.
Ong bao: „Ngdnh dien hat nhan no luc Myet vqng lam ra ve nhu minh diy siic song, nhung trq giiip nha nude cimg chang la diu hieu cho siic khoe cua tinh kinh te, ciing it bet nhu truyln mau Id diu hieu cho siic khoe y hqc".
Dau sao cdc nha ling hq Id phdn ung mini chang de cho nhimg ke hay cdn nhan pha binh khi sac himg khdi. Hq lap rMiing du dn ngay cdng tao bao hon.
Nhd nghi8n cuu dien hat nhdn Sanders ciing cdng su thiet ke mdt mlM-meiler khi duqc san xuit 50 16 phan ling/nam, cudi cmig chi gia250 trieu Ddla. Hang TerraPower ciia Bill Gates dang thiet kl loai Id phan img gqi la 16 phan ung sdng chay, d day khu vuc phan ra hat nhan cham cham chay qua mdt hat nhan nguyen lieu dai. Ddu tien dimg uran duqc lam gidu, roi dot chay het. Qua khoang thdi gian 50-100 nam thi mqt „s6ng phan ra hat nhan" nhu vay cd the lien tuc cng cap dien ma khdng can tiep nhien lieu. Tuy nhien Id phdn ung sdng chay nay vdn dang ndm tten sieu may tinh. Nhung TerraPower da lien ket vdi Toshiba, hq mudn ciing nhay xuc tien tuong lai cho mini-nukes. Tuy nMen Men tai thi ngay Id phan ling nhd „4S" ciing van dang chd giiy phep xay dung, va ngudi ddn Galena vdn dung ngudn nang luqng dd'i mdi do Quy nang luqng tai tao Alaska hd ttq: Id
thang 5-2010
