NCHIENCUV- TRAOBOI
DIEU KIEN PHAP LI VE NGUdi LAP DI CHUC
HOANC THI LOAN * Tom tat: Tie khi dugc phdp lugt ghi nhdn, hogt dong lap di chiic chi gdn liin vdi cd nhdn. Trong khoa hgc phdp li, cdn nguyen cua vdn de ndy cUng nhu ca sa de ghi nhdn quy djnh diiu kien doi vdi nguai Igp di chuc vdn chua dugc nghien cuu mgt cdch CM thi. Bdi viit li gidi vi^c tgi sao ngudi lap di chuc chi CO thi Id cd nhdn; trinh bay ca saghi nhan diiu ki^n vi ngudi Igp di chuc theo quy dinh ciia phdp lugt ddn su Vi?t Nam; chi ra mgt sd hgn che, thiiu sdt vd di xudt sua doi quy djnh cita phdp lugt
hi^n hanh ve ngudi Igp di chiic.
Tir khod: Bg tuoi; khd nang nhdn thuc; ngudi lap di chuc
Nhgn bdi: 25/02/2019 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 10/12/2019 Duyit ddng: 24/12/2019 LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR A TESTATOR
Abstract: Since it has been recognised by the law, making wills is only attached to individuals.
The reasons for this issue in question and bases of legal provisions on conditions for a testator have not been specifically studied from the scientific perspective. The paper explains why only individuals can be testators and analyses the bases of legal provisions on conditions for a testator under the civil law of Vietnam. The paper also points out some limitations and inadequacies and offers proposals for amending the current legal provisons on testators.
Keywords: Age; ability to perceive; testator
Received: Feb 25"', 2019; Editing completed: Dec l(f, 2019; Accepted for publication: Dec 24"', 2019
1. Vipc ghi n h a n ngirdi l^p di chiic chi c6 t h e la ca n h a n
Trong cac quan he phap luat, sd lugng cbii t h i cua quan he phap luat dan sy ludn dugc xem la nhilu nhat. Dieu ndy dugc li gidi rdng, ddn su thugc ve tu - Igi ich cua cdc chu t h i ludn gdn vdi y chi cua chinh hg khi tham gia cac quan hp xa hdi. Cho nen, nhu cJtu vl loi ich se khdng dimg lai d timg ca nhan rieng le ma cdn cua nhdm ngudi hodc cpng ddng ngudi trong xd hgi. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi hogt ddng lap di chuc, ed nhdn Id chii thi duy nhdt dugc phdp ludt ghi nhan.
* Gidng vi£n, Tnr&ng D?i hpc Lu^t Hi Ngi E-mail: [email protected]
Theo D ^ tu dien tieng Viet, "ca nhan"
dugc hilu Id "riing mgt minh, mgt nguai, tieng ngucei"}^^ theo do, ca nhan la thudt ngQ ehi timg con ngudi ddc Idp. Trong khoa hpc phdp li, ed nhdn bao gdm: "cong ddn, ngudi nuac ngodi, ngudi nuac ngodi khong co quoc tich"^'^ cy thi: cdng ddn Id ngudi mang qudc tjch Viet Nam; ngudi nude ngodi, gom cong ddn nude ngodi, ngudi khdng qudc tjch thudng tni hodc tam tni d Viet Nam va ngudi khdng cd qudc tich Id ngudi khdng cd
(I). Vi?n ng6n ngQ hpc, Bgi tir dien tieng Viet, Nxb.
Hong D^c, Hd Npi, 2008, tr. 191.
(2). Tnr6ng Dai hpc Ludt Hd N§i, Gido trinh li ludn nhd nuac vdphdp lugt., Nxb. Tu phdp, Hd Npi, 2004, tr.431.
TAP CHi L U A T HQC SO 9/2019 43
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quoc tich Vipt Nam vd ciing khdng cd quoc tjch nude ngoai.'"'* Nhu vay, quy dinh ciia Bp ludt dan su (BLDS) "di chuc Id sic thi hi$n y chi ciia cd nhdn nhdm chuyin tai sdn cua mink cho nguoi khdc sau khi chit" se dugc hieu Id timg con ngudi hay the nhan rieng biet vdi tSn ggi dudi gdc dg phdp li Id cdng dan, ngudi nude ngodi, ngudi nude ngodi khdng cd quoc tjch. Vipc BLDS chi ghi nhan quyen lap di chuc thugc ve ed nhdn ed the li gidi d mpt vdi khia canh sau:
- Xuat phdt tii bdn chdt cua quan he thua ke la qud trinh dich chuyen di sdn cua ngudi chit cho nhQng ngudi cdn sdng. Qud trinh ndy se hinh thanh nhieu loai quan he lien quan tdi tdi sdn, cdc van de ciia mgt cd nhdn vdi nhiing ehu the khac sau khi hp chet. Cho nen, phdp luat chi ghi nhdn su kien chit cua cd nhan la can cii phdt sinh quan he thira ke.
Ddy ciing Id sy ghi nhdn thugc tinh khach quan eiia sy v^t, hipn tugng. Thua ke chinh la sy kl quyen, nghia vy tuong ling, phu hgp cua cdc chu the khac ddi vdi cd nhdn dd chet. Do do, mpt trong edc vdn de cot loi.cua qud trinh thua kl la hogt ddng Idp di chiic. Nd phdn dnh sy the hipn y chi ciia cd nhdn nhdm de Igi di sdn cua hp cho ngudi khdc sau khi chit. Hoat dgng ndy chi cd thi thupc ve cd nhdn.
- X6t tu bdn chat cua loai hinh chu thi:
Phdp nhdn hay td chQc Id sy td hgp cua mgt nhdm thi nhdn dugc phap ludt hodc xd hgi thua nhgn dja vi phdp li hodc vj tri nhdt djnh trong xa hpi. Theo thuylt gia djnh (dugc cdc ludt gia Tay Au ghi nhgn vd ngudi giai thich ciing nhu tan dbng nhat Id Laurent - ludt gia
ngudi Bi) thi phap nhan la mgt chu thi gii djnh. Cdc hoat dOng ciia phdp nhdn diu thdng qua ca nhdn. Hogt d^ng cua timg cd nhan nhan danh phdp nhdn hay td chuc phdi dya tren sy thdng nhat ciia tap the hodc dilu le chung md Idp di chiic Id hoat ddng phdn dnh rd net y chi cua ca nhan quyet dinh cdc van de ciia chinh minh sau khi chet. Do d6, neu gan hoat dpng lap di chuc vdi chii the khdc khdng phdi cd nhan Id gdn hoat ddng c6 thuc vdi mdt chu the gid djnh. Dieu ndy sg trd nSn vd nghia vi khdng thi xdc djnh dupe y chi dich thyc eua viec dinh dogt tdi san.
- X6t vl khia canh hinh thdnh vd c h ^ dut tu cdch chu th6: Ddi vdi cd nhan, sy sinh ra vd chit di thupc vl Ig ty nhien, nd t6n tai khdch quan md khdng phy thugc vdo y chi cua chu thS khac. Theo le tu nhiSn, khi c&
nhdn chet di, nhiing cua cdi, vgt chat ma ho da dy trG, tich luy dugc se dich chuyen cho ngudi cdn sdng. Cdn doi vdi phdp nhan, to chuc khdc, su hinh thdnh vd cham dOt hodn todn phy thugc vdo y chi ciia nhd nude ho$c cGa con ngudi cy the. Khi c h ^ diit sy ton tai ciia minh, tdi sdn cita phap nhdn, td chirc phai xQ li theo quy djnh cGa phap lugt ho$c sy thdng nhdt tG cdc thdnh vien. Dieu nay cdng eho thay, vipc Igp di chiic de djnh doat tdi sdn cua ca nhan chi cd the thugc ve cd nhaa
- Xet d khia canh thyc hipn cac ho^t dgng cua chu the: Phdp nhan hay td chuc \i chu thi thyc hien cac boat ddng thdng qua CO chi dgi dien. Neu ngudi dai dien thyc
(3). Oieu 3 Ludt quoc tjch ndm 2014.
(4). T r ^ van LiSm, Ddn lugt, Quyin I: Ddn lu$l nhgp mdn thi nhdn, Nxb. Thu Ldm An Thu Qudn, SdiG6n, 1974, tr. 309.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019
NGHIEN CtJV - TRA P DOI
hipn hoat dgng lap di chiic cho phdp nhan, td chuc se bit cgp vi y chi de thilt lap di ehiic Id y chi cua ngudi xdc lap, hp mong mudn mang Igi Igi ieh tinh thdn cho chinh minh bode Igi ieh vdt chat cho nhiing ngudi thdn cua hg. Hogt dgng ndy khdng phan dnh dugc y chi cimg nhu mye dich duy tri vd phat triln phdp nhdn, td chuc cua cdc thdnh vien khdc.
Cd the dat ra tradng hgp: viec lap di chiic ciia cd nhdn nay Id su thong nhdt y chi cua phdp nhdn nhung khi ghi nhdn quyin lap di chuc cho ca nhan, phap ludt cho phep ngudi dd quyen duge sua ddi, bd sung, thay thi, buy bd di chiic d bdt ki thdi dilm ndo trade khi chet. Dieu nay se trd nen vd nghTa khi ca nhdn thi^t lap di chiic chet, ngudi edn sdng khac Igi thyc hien hogt ddng nay. Ngodi ra, vi§e thyc hien cdc boat dgng cua phap nhan, td chirc diu dugc thi hien cy the trong dieu le boat dgng, dugc phdp ludt cho phep hodc dugc xdc djnh mdt each cy the dya tren su thdng nhdt ciia nhieu thdnh vien. Chinh vi vay, ngudi dai dipn khdng the su dung y chi ciia rieng minh de thiet Igp di chiic cho phdp nhan hay td chuc. Dilu ndy cd the vi pham quyen, Igi ich vd y chi eua cac thdnh vien phdp nhan khac hodc vi pham quy djnh ve co chi hogt dgng cua phap nhan.
Nhu vay, dii xet d khia cgnh ndo, vipc lap di chiic chi cd thi trao cho ca nhdn vi dilu ndy phan anh bdn chdt ciia quan he thira kl la quan hp khdch quan, phat sinh dya tren quy ludt ty nhien vl sy sdng, cai chit cua con ngudi. Se la y nghTa va phu hgp khi ciia cai, vdt chdt cua ngudi cd tdi sdn dugc djch chuyin theo y nguypn cua chinh hg cho
ngudi khde sau khi chit. Vai trd ciia phap luat la ghi nhan, tdn trpng va dam bdo thyc hien y nguyen nay.
2. Co sd ghi nh^n dieu Idpn ve ngudi lap di chuc
Hai hgc thuyet vl quyin tu nhien*^' vd thuylt tu do y chi'^' chi phdi vd tao sy dnh hudng tuong ddi nhilu din quy djnh vl dilu kien de di chuc hgp phdp. Thuyet ve quyen tu nhien chi ra rang, quyen lap di chiic xuat phat tu Igi ich tinh than ciia ngudi cd tdi sdn mong mudn de lai cho ngudi khdc sau khi chet di, cho nen vipc ghi nhgn quyen lap di chiic Id duong nhien khi cd phap luat. Trong khi dd, thuyet ve sy tu do y chi Igi khdng dinh quyen ty djnh dogt cua cd nhdn xudt phat tir y chi cua moi cd nhdn vd phdi dugc phdp lugt tdn trgng, bdo dam thyc hien. Day ciing Id CO sd de phdp luat ddt ra di8u kipn ve khd nang nhdn thiic, dieu khien hdnh vi cung nhu khd ndng ve tri tup, sy minh man vd
(5). Thuyit v i quyin ty nhien dupe hinh thdnh u-en co so thuyit khe u6c x5 hpi. Cdc nha tu tuang nhu Jean Bodin (1530 - 1596), Thomas Hobben (1588 - 1679), John Locke (1633 - 1704) cho rdng su ra d&i ciia Nhd nuoc Id sdn phdm cua mpt (che udc (hpp dong) dupe ki k i t giCia nhttng con ngudi song trong mOt trang thdi Uf nhien khong c6 Nhd nude. Do d6, Nhd nude Id nhiing gi hp cho rdng n6 phdn dnh Ipi ich ciia cdc thdnh vi6n trong xd hpi vd mSi thdnh vien diu c6 quyen yeu ciiu nhd nuoc phyc vu hp, bdo ve Ipi ich ciia ho. Cho n6n, khi hinh thdnh nhd nuoc, ngudi dan c6 nhtJng quyen ndng nhat dinh nhu mot IS ty nhien.
(6). Thuyit tu do y chi dupe xay dung tren sir k i thira tu tucmg triit hpc ciia Platon, LCanto vd tri^t hpc t6n gido phuong Oong md tifiu biiu cho sir khdi xudng nghien eiiu vi y chi vd su tu do Id Athur Schopenhauer (1788- 1860). Hpc thuyit ndy dupe xay d\mg tren co sd sy ghi nhdn kha ndng cua mpt ngudi trong viec hdnh dpng vdi nhihig k i ho^ch md ban thdn dS d i ra, khong bj can thiep bdi b^t cd yiu t6 ndo khdc.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019 45
NGHIEN CUV- TRAO DOI
sang suot cua cd nhan khi Igp di chuc. Dieu ndy cd the dugc gidi thich nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, ve mgt y hgc, con ngudi phdi dat dp tuoi nhat dinh mdi cd kha ndng ve mdt nhdn thGc cung nhu dilu khiln hdnh vi.
Chi khi nhgn thGc dugc cdc van de xung quanh cuOc sdng, cd nhdn mdi cd thi nhdn biet dugc gid trj Igi ich vat chat hodc tinh than md doi tugng ciia quyen nang nao dd mang lai cho hp. Ciing tu gdc do ndy, khi cd nhan dat dp tuoi nhat dinh thi y chi cua cd nhdn thS hipn ra ben ngodi mdi dgt dugc sy than dao, mdi cd CO sd dl khdng djnh dd la y chi dich thuc cua hg. Ddng thdi, thdng qua khd ndng nhdn thGc ciing nhu dieu khien hdnh vi cua minh, cd nhdn hodn todn cd the ty chiu trdch nhi^m vl hdnh vi cua minh trade xa hpi. Day Id CO sd dl phdp lugt quy djnh dO tuoi dp dyng doi vdi cd nhan khi lap di chuc. Moi thdi ki Iich su phdt trien cua phdp li4t, moi quoc gia dya tren kha nang nhdn thGc, mire dg tradng thanh, khd nang dilu khiln hanh vi, khd ndng chiu trach nhi^m bdng hdnh vi cua cd nhdn md dua ra do tudi phu hgp dl dp dung ddi vdi cdc boat dgng tuang ung.
Thic hai, vl sy tac ddng, chi phdi, thdm chi can thipp y chi bdi cdc chu th6 khdc.
Khi d do tudi tradng thdnh, cd nhan se dgt dugc khd ndng vl tri tue, sy minh man, sdng suot. Qua dd, ciiinh cd nhan se cd nhiing nhdn thuc, ddnh gid sy vat, hipn tugng mpt cdch khdch quan vd phu hgp nhdt. Ddc bipt hem, khi cd nhan tham gia vao qud trinh djnh dogt tdi sdn thdng qua vipc Igp di chuc, cdn ddm bdo logi trir sy can thiep bdi •^ chi eua chG the khdc. Ddy la mgt trong cdc co sd dl
ghi nhdn dieu kipn vl tri tup, su minh man, sdng sudt cua ca nhdn khi lap di chuc.
Tha ba, vl qud trinh khai thac sGc tao ddng ciia ban than de tgo ra tdi sdn, khd ndng xdc lap quyen sd hiiu ddi vdi tai sdn thdng qua cdc hoat dgng cua ddi sdng.
Khi dat dd tudi nhdt dinh, con ngudi co xu hudng khai thdc chinh sue lao ddng, tri tup cua bdn than de tgo ra ciia cdi, vdt chat duy tri cudc sdng ciia ban than. Vice ldm nay cd thi tgo ra lugng cua cdi du trG nhat djnh.
Khi cdn sdng hp cd the chiem hiiu, su dung, djnh dogt theo cdch cua rieng hp vd trade khi chet hg ed the Igp di chuc chuyen djch cho ngudi thdn. Ddy la mpt trong cdc co sd de hien thuc hod qua trinh thua ke trong xd hpi.
Thu tu, sy can thipp bdi y chi cua nha nude khi thyc hipn vipc dieu chinh quan hp xa hdi bang phap luat.
Khi nha nude duge thiet lap, nhdm duy tri va bdo ve quyin lye ciia minh, giai cap thong tri phdi xdy dyng mgt he thdng phap ludt dl dilu chinh cdc quan h? xa hdi theo y chi cua minh. Moi kieu nhd nude khac nhau cd che dp chinh trj, van hod, kinh te khdc nhau nen he thdng phap luat cung khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, tinh chAt chung cua nhd nude Id sy duy tri quyin lye cdng tach biet khdi van dl tu Igi cd nhan, nhdm ngudi de hudng den tinh dn dinh, trgt ty chung cua todn xd hgi.
Xet dudi sy chi phdi ciia hoc thuyet khoa hgc vl nhd nude vd phdp ludt, quan he ve thua kl cung Id mgt trong cdc quan he dugc qudn li bdi nhd nude va dieu chinh bdi phdp lugt ma d do, sy can thipp bdng ylu td y chi ciia nhd nude vd phdp lugt ludn hudng tdi dam bdo Igi ich cua edc chd the trong quan
46 TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 9/2019
NGHIEN CUV - TRA O Ddi
he thua ke, dong thdi iogi trir sy vi phgm quyin, Igi ich cGa chii thi khdc khi thyc hipn vipc lap di chuc. D6i vdi dilu kipn ve ngudi lap di chuc, dilu nay cdng thi hipn rd khi phap luat d§t ra dp tudi, khd nang nhgn thuc, dieu khiln hdnh vi Id dilu kipn bdt budc hrong dp dyng dl xem xdt tinh hgp phap cua di chiic. Day la eg sd dl nha nude thuc hipn vai trd cGa minh trong viec dilu chinh quan he vl thua ke bdng phdp ludt.
Viec quy dinh cac dilu kien dl mdt giao dich cd hi^u lye phdp luat diu ddt ra'tuong ddi gi6ng nhau ddi vdi cdc chu thi. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi di chuc, phdp ludt Igi dgt ra dieu kipn khdt khe hon vl ca dp tudi ciing nhu khd nang nhdn thuc, sy minh man, sdng su6t. Dieu nay Id do quylt dinh ciia cd nhan lap di chuc se khdng the thay ddi khi phdp luat thGa nhdn gia tri hieu luc cua di chuc dd.
Mat khdc, quySt dinh ciia cd nhdn Idp di chiic thudng Hen quan tdi viec dinh dogt tdi san
!dn cua hg, thdm chi dd Id cdng sue dugc tao ra ciia ca ddi ngudi. Ngodi ra, vifc Idp di chuc hodn todn mang yeu t6 don phuang cua cd nhdn. Ben cgnh viec xdc dinh npi dung cho ai dd hudng di sdn, phdp ludt van ddt ra cac quyen nang khdc cho cd nhdn lap di chiic nhu: chi dinh ngudi thyc hipn nghia vu ve tdi sdn, chi djnh ngudi thd cung, ngudi quan li di sdn, ngudi giG vd cdng bd di chuc... Tradng hgp cd nhdn thyc hien cac quyen ndng nay trong ndi dung cua di chiic, su rdng bupe quyin, nghTa vy cua cdc ehu thi khdc se xuat hien khi ban di chGc cd hieu luc phdp lugt, trong khi dd, su rdng budc quyin va nghia vu cua cac ehu the khac dugc chi dinh trong di chuc Igi khdng
xudt phdt tu y ehi eua hg. Do do, dl dam bdo quyen vd Igi ieh chinh dang thi ngudi Idp di chuc phdi dgt khd ndng nhan thuc, dilu khien hdnh vi d mGc do cao hon cdc giao djch khdc. Vdi nhGng li le do, phdp lugt ddt ra dilu kipn khdt khe vl ngudi Igp di chGc dl ddm bao viec thua nhgn bdn di chiic dd dugc lap hodn todn xudt phdt tu mong mudn dich thyc, sdu sac ciia ngudi cd tdi sdn vd trong qud trinh lap di chiic cd nhan do hodn toan tinh tdo, minh man, sdng suot.
3. Danh gia quy dinh cua phap luat hi^n hanh ve dilu kipn d6i vdi ngirM Igp di chuc
BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh vl ngudi Igp di chuc cy the tgi Dilu 625 nhu sau:
"/. Nguai thdnh nien co du diiu ki^n theo quy dmh tgi diem a khodn 1 Diiu 630 ciia Bg lugt ndy co quyen Igp di chiic di dfnh dogt tdi sdn cua minh.
2. Nguai tit du 15 tudi din chua du 18 tuoi dugc lap di chiic, niu dugc cha, me hogc nguoi gidm hg dongy vi vi^c Igp di chiic ".
Theo quy dinh ndy, hai nhdm cd nhdn dugc phdp ludt cho ph6p thyc hien quySn lap di chuc bao gdm: 1) Ngudi thdnh nien minh man, sdng sudt trong khi lap di chuc; khdng bj lua ddi, de dog, cuang ^p;''' 2) Ngudi tG du mudi lam den chua du mudi tdm tudi neu dugc cha, me hogc ngudi giam hp ddng y ve viec Igp di chiic. Ro rdng, theo sy ghi nhdn ndy, ngudi lap di chuc vd ngudi xdc lap giao djch ndi chung da dugc khoanh viing ddng thdi xdc djnh theo pham vi khac nhau. Sy cu thi hod quy dinh ve ngudi Igp di chuc theo
(7). Dieu 630 BLDS ndm 2015.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 9/2019 47
NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI
quy dinh phdp ludt hipn hdnh dugc xem xet dya tren mgt sd khia canh sau:
- Ve do tudi
Hai loai dp tudi duge de cap Id: ngudi thdnh nien*^* (tir du 18 tudi trd len) vd ngudi tu du 15 den chua du 18 tudi. Quy djnh vl dp tudi ddi vdi ngudi lap di chiic dd tdn tgi trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat trade do nhu; Phap lugt thdi ki phong kiln'^' (tudi gia), phdp lugt thdi ki Phap dd hd*'°* (dg tudi hai mucd mdt)... den van ban thdi ki sau nay.'"* Dieu nay ciing tuong thich vdi quy dinh phap lugt mgt so qudc gia tren the gidi nhu: Dilu 903 BLDS Phdp: "Ngudi chua thdnh nien dual muai sdu tuoi khong co quyin dinh dogt"-^^'^ Dilu 961 BLDS Nhdt Bdn quy djnh: "Bdt Id nguoi ndo trdn mudi ldm tuoi deu co thi lap di c/jwc ",''•'' Dieu 467 BLDS Thyy ST quy djnh: Bdt ki ngudi nao cd kha ndng nhdn thue vd du 18 tudi cd quyin lap di chuc djnh dogt tai sdn cua minh phu hgp vdi gidi hgn vd hinh thGc theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt. Nhu vgy, ve phuong dien phap li, nhiing quy dinh nay deu gian tiep thGa nhdn mgt cd nhan chi cd th6 thyc hipn quyen lap di chuc khi dgt dp tudi nhat djnh.
Tuy nhien, su khdc nhau co bdn trong phdp ludt ciia edc qudc gia ndy chinh la dp tudi cu
(8). Dieu 20 BLDS ndm 2015.
(9). Diiu 3 BO ludt H^ng Due.
(10). Diiu 321 Bp ddn ludt Bdc kl ndm 1931.
(11). Phdp l?nh thira ki ndm 1990, BLDS cdc ndm 1995,2005 vd 2015.
(12). Nhd phdp lu^t Vi^t - Phdp, Bp ludl ddn si/ cua nuac Cpng hod Phdp, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Hd Npi, 1998, tr. 258.
(13). Le H6ng H^h, Bg lugt ddn su Nhdt Bdn (Bdn dich tir tiing Anh), HdNpi, 1993.
the. Sy khdc nhau ndy ed the phy thupc vdo nhieu nguyen nhan nhu: 1) Cdc chi sd phdt trien eua eon ngudi ve mat y hgc, tdm sinh li; 2) Sy tac dgng, anh hudng bdi mdi trudng sdng; 3) Vdn hod, tu tudng, loi sdng; 4) Vi^c nhdn thiic vd phdn dnh nhdn thuc cua con ngudi lien quan tdi dieu kipn kinh te, chinh tri, vdn hod, xa hgi... cua mdi qudc gia, song dieu nay khdng ldm mdt di vai trd dieu tilt qud trinh Idp di chuc ciia nhd nude bdng phap lugt. Mgc du cd sy khac nhau nhdt djnh Gong viec ghi nhgn loai dd tudi ddi vdi ngudi Idp di chiic nhung BLDS nam 2015 hipn dang la vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt ed nhGng quy djnh thay ddi phii hgp nhdt, cu thS;
+ Quy dinh dg tudi tu du 18 trd I6n: Day la mdc ca nhan hgi du cdc dieu kien ve nhan thiic, phdn anh nhdn thuc tdt. Quy djnh ndy cung the hien tinh tuong thich, phu hgp vdi sy phat trien cua ngudi Viet Nam. Ngodi ra, day cung Id dO tudi cd the tham gia vdo mpi logi giao djch, quan hp lao ddng tgo ra tiiu nhap, tich luy tai san - tiln dl vgt chat de ghi nhan quyen ty djnh doat tdi sdn eua chinh minh.
Do dd, trade khi chet, hg cd the lap di chiic dl djnh dogt tdi sdn cua minh cho ngudi khac.
+ Quy djnh do tudi tG du 15 den chua dii 18: Thay vi chi can sy ddng y cua cha, m?
hogc ngudi gidm hd cho cd nhan tG du 15 tudi den chua du 18 tudi lap di chiic nhu cdc bp luat trade, khodn 2 Dilu 625 BLDS nam 2015 quy djnh: "Ngudi tic du 15 tudi din chua du 18 tuoi dugc lap di chuc, niu dugc cha, me hogc ngudi gidm ho dong y vi viic lap di chiic ". Dilu nay khdng dinh mpt each ro rang hon: cha, me hodc ngudi gidm ho khdng dugc can thipp vdo ngi dung di chuc
48 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O DOT
cua ngudi tu du 15 tudi din chua du 18 tudi.
Quy dinh nay thi hien dugc su phu hgp khi xet ve bdn chat cua di chuc vi ndi dimg cua di chuc phdi Id su the hi$n <j chi cua ngudi thiet lap ra nd. Cho nen, quy dinh sy ddng y cua cha, mp hodc ngudi giam hd ve viec lap di chuc vd khdng dugc can thiep vdo ngi dung cua di chuc la hodn todn phii hgp. Khdc vdi ngudi dd tradng thdnh, ngudi dudi 18 tudi chua thi tham gia ddy du cdc quan hp xd hpi do hp cd nhiing dac di6m rieng vl tam sinh li va the chat. Trong cdc quan he xd hdi, ddc bipt Id quan hp phap ludt, cdc nganh ludt diu dieu chinh dia vj phap li cua nhdm ngudi ndy theo hudng ban chi khd ndng thyc hipn quyen d6 tgo su khdc biet vdi nhdm ngudi da tradng thdnh. Vi^c ngudi trong dp tudi ndy dugc thyc hipn quy^n Idp di chuc co the li gidi rdng: Mot la day Id dg tudi bdt ddu dugc ghi nhdn khd ndng lao dpng va tgo ra thu nhap. Dieu nay dugc ghi nhdn tai khodn 1 Dieu 3 Bd ludt lao dpng nam 2012 nhu sau: "Ngudi lao dong Id nguai tic dii 15 tuoi tra len, co khd ndng lao dgng, ldm viec theo hgp dong lao dong, duac trd luang vd chiu su qudn li, diiu hdnh cua ngicoi sic dung lao dgng" va Dilu 161 BO lugt ndy quy dinh:
"Nguai lao dgng chua thdnh nien Id nguai lao dong dual 18 tudi". Theo quy djnh ndy, phdp ludt lao ddng khdng djnh hai van de:
ngudi lao dpng chua thdnh nien Id nhdm ngudi lao dpng ddc thu cd dg tuoi tu 15 den chua du 18 c6 khd ndng lao dgng vd giao ket hgp ddng lao dgng; ngudi dudi 15 tudi khdng dugc tham gia vdo quan he phap lugt lao dpng. Nhu vdy, ngudi tG du 15 tudi trd len, cd khd ndng lao dpng, ldm viec theo hgp
ddng lao ddng se cd thu nhap tu hogt dpng lao ddng. Dieu nay ddng nghTa vdi viec, ngudi tu du 15 tudi se cd tdi sdn thupc sd hGu cua chinh minh tu cdc boat ddng lao ddng hgp phdp. Ddy Id co sd dh BLDS quy djnh quyen tu djnh doat doi vdi tdi sdn khi tham gia vao cdc giao djch vd chju trdch nhiem bdng chinh tdi sdn cua minh. Vi du:
Khodn 4 Dilu 21 BLDS ndm 2015 quy djnh:
"Nguai tic dii 15 tuoi den chua du 18 tudi tu minh xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich ddn su. trie giao dich ddn stc lien quan den bdt dgng sdn, dgng sdn phdi dang ki vd giao dich ddn su khdc theo quy dinh cua lugt phdi dugc ngudi dgi dien theo phdp lugt dong y". Theo dd, khoan 2 Dieu 625 BLDS nam 2015 cimg quy djnh: "Nguai tic du 15 tuoi din chua du 18 tuoi dugc Igp di chiic, niu dugc cha, me hogc ngudi gidm hg ddng >• vi viec lap di chiic "; hai la sy phdt trien ve the chdt, nhan thuc vd khd nang dieu khien hdnh vi. Dp tudi tu du 15 din dudi 18 rdt gdn vdi dp tudi thanh ni§n nen nlu phdt trien binh thudng ve mat the chat, ngudi tu du 15 den chua du 18 tudi ciing Id ngudi cd nhirng kha nang nhan thuc va dilu khien hanh vi giong nhu ngudi da du 18 tudi; ba la vipc uy quyen djnh dogt trong di chdc la khdng the vi khdng c6 y nghTa. Uy quyin Id quan hp dgi dipn cua mpt ngudi nhan danh vd vl Igi ich cua ngudi khac xdc Idp, thuc hien giao dich. Lap di chuc la hanh vi phdp li don phuong chi co hieu luc khi ngudi lap chet di. Luc ndy, quan he dai dipn uy quyen duang nhien chdm diit.
Chinh vi li do ndy, phap luat chi can thipp vdo logi di chuc do ngudi tu du 15 tudi den chua du 18 tudi lap bdng viec dua sy ddng y
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NGHIENCVV- TRAO DPI
cho lap di chGc cua cha, m? hodc ngudi gidm hd vdo qua trinh lap di chuc. Quy djnh ndy dieu tiet phdn ndo y chi Igp di chuc hodn todn la sy that, ngudi lap di chuc duge ddnh gid muih man, sdng suot, vi cha, mp hodc ngudi gidm hp Id nhirng ngudi hilu rd nhdt khd nang tri tup, mong mudn dich thyc cua ngudi lap di chuc.
- Ve khd nang nhgn thiic vd dilu khiln hdnh vi
Theo mOt sd quan diem khoa hgc, nhgn thuc dugc hilu Id qud trinh tilp thu kiln thGc vd nhGng am hieu thdng qua suy nghT, kinh nghiem va gidc quan, bao gom cac quy trinh nhu tri thGc, sy chu y, tri nhd, su ddnh gid, su udc lugng, sy li ludn, su tinh todn, viec gidi quyet van de, viec dua ra quyet djnh, sy ITnh hpi vd vipc su dyng ngdn ngG.
Nhu vay, khdng phdi Ig ty nhiSn md phdp ludt d moi quoc gia igi quy djnh cd nhdn cdn phdi dgt dg tudi nhdt djnh mdi cd quyen Igp di chuc. Vdi gdc nhin trSn vl nhgn thGc, ed nhan mudn dgt dugc nhirng suy nghT sdu sdc ciia minh khi gdn ket chinh Igi ich ciia minh thdng qua cac boat dgng cy thfi. Phdp ludt cung dat ra quyin Igi vd ngbla vy cho chu thi khdc thdng qua cdc hogt dgng djnh dogt tdi san ciia bdn than minh phdi trdi qua khoang thdi gian nhdt dinh. Dieu nay cho thdy, khi gdn kit thdi gian vdi con ngudi, dg tudi Id thugt ngQ phu hgp de md td sy vipc ndy. Do dd, viec lap di chuc ludn can phdi ddm bdo dugc ylu td dg tudi dl khdng djnh budc ddu cd sy tradng thdnh ve nhdn thGc.
Cling tG dd, vipc thyc hipn edc hdnh vi tren CO sd nhdn thuc se dam bao duge tinh ddng ddn, trung thuc, khach quan.
Tuy nhien, thyc tl cho thdy, vipc mpt ngudi dat dp tudi tradng thdnh chua bdn da Id ngudi cd ddy du khd nang nhgn thuc vd dieu khien hanh vi. Nhgn dipn dugc vdn de ndy, nhd ldm ludt da ghi nh|ui trong BLDS nam 2015 nhGng quy dinh mang tinh logi trir ve ngudi xdc lap giao djch nhu sau: "Nguai thdnh nien co ndng luc hdnh vi ddn su ddy du, trie trudng hgp quy dinh tgi cdc Diiu 22, 23 vd 24 ciia Bg lugt ndy". Vdi quy dinh ndy, nhiing ngudi roi vao trang thdi bj tod dn haySn bd mdt ndng luc hdnh vi dan sy, hgn che nang lye hdnh vi dan sy hoac cd kho khdn Gong nhgn thGc, ldm chu hdnh vi Id ngudi khdng c6 hodc khdng cd nang lye hdnh vi ddn sy day du. Theo cdch quy dinh ndy, khi cd nhan thupc cdc tradng hgp dugc quy djnh tgi cdc dilu 22, 23 vd 24 BLDS ndm 2015 tham gia vdo giao dich se can den ngudi dgi dipn ho^c se hi hgn che d mdt vai loai giao djch.
Khi nhin nhdn d khd nang nhgn thGc, dilu khien hdnh vi ddi vdi vipc Igp di chuc, BLDS nam 2015 khoanh vung dg xdc djnh ngudi dugc lap di chuc nhu sau: Ve nguySn tde, ngudi thdnh ni6n ed quyen lap di chiic, tGc Id ca nhan tG du 18 tudi se c6 quyen Igp di chuc de djnh dogt tdi sdn cua minh. Tuy nhien, cd nhan mudn Igp di chuc cdn phdi thda man dieu kien minh mdn, sang suot, khdng bj cudng ep, iGa ddi, de dpa. Nhu vdy, thdng qua quy djnh nay, phdp lugt da logi trir chu thi bj mdt ndng lye hanh vi ddn su hodc nhGng chu the gap phdi cdc van de vl nhgn thuc, trang thdi tinh thdn khong minh man, sang sudt. Ddng thdi, khdc vdi giao dich thdng thudng, nhGng ngudi bj tod dn tuyen hgn chi ndng luc hanh vi dan sy
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- 1 RA KJ Xf%JI
hay cd khd khan trong nhan thuc vd lam chu hanh vi vIn cd thi Igp di chuc.
Lien quan din v ^ dl ndy, Dilu 963 BLDS Nhdt Ban quy dinh: "N^di Igp di chuc tgi thdi diem Igp di chuc phdi co dii ndng lice de ldm viec ^o";^'*' Dieu 901 BLDS Phap quy dinh: "Mudn tgng cho luc con song hogc bdng di chiic thi tinh thdn phdi minh md«".*'^' Cd the thdy, yeu cdu d^t ra d6i vdi ngudi lap di ehGc vd ngudi xdc Igp giao djch la khdc nhau. Vi|c lap di chuc ludn can den khd ndng nhgn thuc, tinh than minh mln, sdng sudt hon so vdi cac giao djch thdng thudng nen quy djnh ve ngudi lap di chuc khdt khe va chat che hon. Day khdng phdi Id quy dinh nhdm han che -quyen cua cd nhdn trong vipc lap di chuc ma la quy djnh dugc ghi nhgn dya tren tinh chat thuc te cua sy vgt, hipn tugng, nguySn tde tdn trgng vd bdo ddm thyc hien quyin ty do lap di chuc cua cd nhan nhung van phdi dgt trong sy dieu chinh eua nhd nude bdng phdp lugt de ddm bdo tinh on dinh, trgt ty xa hdi.
Mac dG quy djnh cua phap luat ve ngudi lap di chuc da kha rd rdng vd phu hgp hon so vdi cdc van bdn trade dd nhung mdt sd quy dinh mdi tai BLDS ndm 2015 vdn cdn bat cap, trong dd quy dinh kl thGa vdn cdn hpc Ip mgt sd han ehi cdn dugc kiln nghj hodn thien dl dam bdo tinh tuong thich, cu thi:
Thu nhdt, vl ndng lye chu the lap di chuc Quy djnh ciia BLDS ndm.2015 ghi nhan dilu kien cd hieu lye eua giao dich dan su vd
di chuc cd phan khac nhau vl ndng lye chu thi. Khodn 1 Dilu 117 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh mgt trong cdc dilu kien cd hipu lye ciia giao djch Id: "Cha thi co ndng luc phdp lugt ddn su, ndng l\cc hdnh vi ddn sic phii hgp vai giao dich ddn sic dugc xdc lap". Theo quy djnh ndy, ndng lye chu the xdc lap giao dich bao gdm ndng lye phdp lugt va hdnh vi diu dugc de cap vdi tu cdch la dilu kipn bdt bu^c de xdc djnh hipu lye cua giao djch.
Trong khi dd, khodn 1 Dilu 630 BLDS nam 2015 chi de cap ndng luc hdnh vi va sy ty nguyen cua ngudi lap di chuc: "Ngudi Igp di chuc minh mdn, sdng suot trong khi lap di chiic; khong bi lica doi, de dog, cudng ep "
Sy thilu sdt tai Dilu 630 BLDS ndm 2015 khi quy dinh ve dieu kipn dS di chGc hgp phdp hoan todn ed the li gidi theo hudng: di chuc Id mpt logi giao djch nSn khi khdng quy djnh cu thi se dugc dp dyng quy djnh chung ve giao djch de xem xet. Van de can ddt ra Id cd quy dinh phan chung vd phdn cu the deu khdng ghi nhdn hdu qud phdp li khi giao djch ndi chung hoac di chGc ndi rieng vi phgm quy dinh vl nang lye chu the xae lap. Xem xet trudng hgp thue tl sau:''** 6ng T va bd S Idy nhau tG nam 1953 cd 8 ngudi con la B, H, Ng (da chit), Th (da chit 1999), O, Q, T vd L.
Ndm 2002, bd S chit khdng 6k Igi di chuc.
Nam 2007, ong T chit. Trade khi chit, ong T cd lap di chuc dl lai 01 nha ngdi 5 gian, 01 bg ban ghi tradng ki, 01 tu bich phe vd dien tich ddt d !d 511m2 cho 3 ngudi con trai la Q, B, (14). Le Hong Hanh, tldd.
(15). Nhd phdp lu|it Vi?t - Phdp, Bg lugt ddn su cua nuac C^ng hod Phdp, Nxb. Chinh 0-i qu6c gia, Hd NOi, 1998, tr. 258.
(16). Tod dn nhan ddn tinh Thanh H6a, Bdn dn so 67/20I7/DS-PT ngdy 10/J1/20J7 vi viec tranh chdp vi thira ki tdi sdn.
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NGHIEN CUV ' TRA P DOI
L vd chdu X la con trai anh Th dd chit. Tuy nliien, den cudi nam 2009, vg chdng anh B va chj D da ty y lam nhd tren ddt thupc di san thira ke cua bd me vd khdng bdn bac hay dugc su ddng y cGa cdc em. Tranh chdp xay ra, dng Q khdi kien ra tod yeu cdu chia di sdn thGa ke theo di chuc dng T d l lai.
- Tod so tham huyen TX xet xu (Ban dn sd 15/2017/DS-ST ngay 06/6/2017 cua Tod dn nhan dan huyen TX): Phan chia di san thua k l cua dng T vd bd S theo phdp luat vi dua tren su thdng nhat y ehi cua cd nguyen don va bj don. Ddng thdi xdc djnh gia tri tdi san anh B vd chj D phai thanh toan cho nhiing ngudi thua ke khdc.
- Ngdy 06/7/2017 Vien tradng Vipn kiem sat nhan dan tinh Thanh Hod khdng nghj vdi ngi dung: Tod an cap so thdm chua xem xet gid trj phdp li cua di chuc la vi pham Dieu 675 BLDS nam 2005. Tgi phien tod phuc thdm, dai dien Vien kiem sat cho rang, di chuc dng T Igp chi vi phgm quy dinh ve djnh doat tdi sdn chung vdi bd S nen xdc dinh di chuc cd hiSu lye ddi vdi phdn di sdn ciia dng T.
Li£n quan tdi npi dung ndy, BLDS ndm 2015 mdi chi ed quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dieu 218 BLDS nam 2015; "Viec dinh dogt tdi sdn chung hgp nhdt dugc thuc hiin theo thod thuan ciia cdc chii sd hOu chung hogc theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt". Nhu vgy, khi djnh dogt tai sdn thugc sd hGu" chung thdng qua cac loai giao djch cd the xay ra hai tradng hgp: Mot Id ngudi djnh doat ehi dugc dinh dogt tai san thupc sd hGu cua minh; Hai Id viec djnh dogt tdi sdn thupc sd huu chung cd t h i dya tren thod thuan hodc phdp ludt
quy djnh. TGc Id, xdc Igp cdc giao djch djnh dogt tdi sdn chung van dugc chdp nhgn khi cd sy dong y eua cde ddng sd hiiu. Dilu nay se khdng cd gi bdt cap n l u cdc ehu thi thyc hien diing theo quy djnh. Tuy nhien, do nhgn thuc ciing nhu dp dyng chua thyc su thiu ddo nen loai vy vice vd ket lugn Gong ban an neu trSn tuong ddi phd bien trong thyc t l hi6n nay. Dieu dang bdn lugn d ddy la quyet djnh gidi quyet tranh chdp khdng cd can cu ciing nhu hau qua phdp II cy the. R3 rang, can co mdt quy djnh ghi nhdn rd viec ngudi lap di chuc khdng cd ndng lye phdp ludt vd hau qua phap li trong tinh hudng neu tren. Theo d6, can thiet bd sung quy dinh ve van de ndy nhu sau: Di chuc hgp phdp phai cd du cdc dieu kien sau day: "Ngudi lap di chiic minh mdn, sdng suot trong khi lap di chiic; thuc hi?n quyin lap di chiic trong phgm vi gidi hgn lugt dinh; khong bi lica doi, de dog, cuang ep".
Thu hai, v l su dong y cho Idp di chuc v l npi dung ndy, BLDS ndm 2015 da c6 nhiing quy djnh thay ddi de ddm bdo tinh phu hgp hem so vdi cdc BLDS trade do. Nhu tren da d l cap, BLDS nam 2015 quy djnh khi ngudi lap di chuc tG do tudi du 15 den chua du 18 thyc hien viec lap di chuc thi cha, mp hay ngudi gidm hp chi dugc the hi^n y chi cua minh trong viec cho hoac khong cho lap di chuc chu khdng dugc can thiep vdo npi dung ciia ban di chuc dd, Tuy nhien, tac gia cho rang. Quy djnh ndy mdc du hgp li nhung van chua thuc sy thuyet phyc bdi vi nhiing li do sau ddy: Mgt Id di chuc Id loai giao djch ttpng hinh thGc, tue Id phdp li4t de cao phuang tien ghi nhgn sy the hipn ra ben
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NGHIEN CUV- TRAP Ddi ngoai cua y chi hon la nhung y l u td mang
tinh y niem d ben trong. Theo dd, hinh thuc ve su dong y cho Idp di chuc cua cha, mp hodc nguoi gidm hp cdn thilt phdi dugc ghi nhdn mot cdch ro rdng hem. Vi di chuc cd hipu luc d thdi diem ngudi Igp di chuc chit, neu viec ddng y cua cha, mp hoac ngudi gidm hp v l viec lap di chuc khdng rd rdng ed the dan tdi tinh trang di chuc cd dugc lap nhung van "khong ton tgi "• neu chinh ngudi lam cha, me hay gidm hd nhgn thdy khdng cdn thilt. Vi du: Tgi thdi d i l m A (17 tudi) bj mdc benh nan y Igp di chuc djnh doat tai san cho td chuc hi thipn xa hgi X. Cha, mp A ddng y cho lap nhung khdng the hipn y chi ndy bdng vdn bdn. Sau khi A chit, cha, mp A khdng chdp nhan ban di chuc vdi li do khdng biet ve npi dung hoac khdng ddng y cho lap.
Rd rang luc nay, tinh xdc thyc ve vipc cha, mp ddng y eho lap di chuc rdt thdp vd ban di chuc bi huy khi cd yeu cau se rat cao. Dieu ndy ldm dnh hudng nghiem trpng tdi quyen cua ngudi lap di chdc, ddng thdi dnh hudng tdi quyen, Igi ich cua nhiing ngudi thua ke dugc chi dinh trong di chuc vi hp se gap khd khan trong viec chGng minh sy ddng y cua cha, mp hodc ngudi giam hd ciia ngudi nay.
Hai la viec xdc djnh pham vi chu the ddng y cho lap di chuc chua bao qudt dugc cac tradng hgp trong ddi sdng dan sy. Thyc t l cho thdy, cd tmdng hgp tgi thdi diem ngudi tG du 15 tudi d i n dudi 18 tudi lap di chuc chi cd cha hodc me don than hay cha hodc me bilt viec Idp di chuc cua con va chi cd mpt ngudi ddng ^. Ngudi cdn Igi cd the biet hogc khdng bilt v l viec lap di chuc vd chua the
hipn sy ddng y, khi cd franh chdp hp hodn todn cd the t h i hi$n y chi eua minh v l vipc chua ddng y. Ro rdng, vdi quy djnh hien tgi, ngudi tG du 15 tudi d i n chua du 18 tudi chi cd the lap di chuc khi ngudi nay thugc mdt Gong hai tradng hgp: 1) Phdi cd cd cha, mp vd ca cha, me phai ddng y cho Idp di chuc; 2) Cd ngudi giam hd. Sy ghi nhgn nay hodn todn chua ddm bdo dugc y l u td khdch quan vd todn dien vi nd cd the xdm phgm vdi quyin, Igi ich cua mpt nhdm ngudi trong xa hpi.
Tu nhung bat cap tren, quy dinh khi xet den sy ddng y cho lap di chuc eua ngudi tu du 15 tudi den chua du 18 tuoi nen sGa theo hudng: "Ngudi tG du 15 tudi d i n chua du 18 tudi cd quyen lap di chuc, nhung chi dugc lap di chuc bang vdn bdn khi cd sy ddng y bdng van ban vh viec lap di chuc cua cha va me hodc ngudi gidm hp. Trudng hgp, ngudi lap di chuc chi cd cha hoac me tgi thdi diem lap di chuc thi can cd su ddng y bdng vdn bdn eua mot ngudi".
Thic ba, ve ngudi lap di chuc dudi 15 tudi BLDS ndm 2015 khdng quy djnh rd vipc Igp di chuc cua chu the dudi 15 tudi. Khi de cap tdi vdn de nay, hau bet cae quan di^m khoa hpc cho rang: Phap luat khdng de cap tdi trong phdn quy djnh ve ngudi lap di chuc se d i n g nghTa vdi viec ngudi dudi 15 tudi khdng dugc phep xdc lap loai giao djch nay.
Cung cd them co sd cho quan diem khoa hgc ndy, phdn chung ve cd nhan khi khodn 2, 3 Dilu 21 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh:
"2. Giao dich ddn su cua ngudi chua du sdu tuoi do ngudi dgi dien theo phdp lugt cua ngudi do xdc lap, thuc hien.
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3. Ngudi tic du 6 tuoi din chua du 15 tudi khi xdc Igp, th\cc hi^n giao dich ddn su phdi dugc ngudi dgi di^n theo phdp lugt ddng y, trie giao dich ddn si^ph^e vu nhu cdu sinh hogt hdng ngdy phit hgp vdi lica tudi".
Do vipc Igp di chGc khdng thi thdng qua ngudi dgi dipn vd day ciing khdng phai la logi giao djch phyc vy nhu cau smh hogt hdng ngdy phu hgp vdi IGa tudi nen kit ludn ngudi chua du 15 tudi khdng dugc lap di chuc.
Theo tinh chdt cua vipc lap di chuc, phdp luat quy dinh nhGng ngudi roi vao do tudi dudi 15 khdng dugc lap di chuc Id phu hgp.
Tuy nhien, dya vdo nhiing Igp lugn neu Gen dl ket ludn ngudi dudi 15 tudi khdng dugc lap di chuc Id thieu thuylt phyc. Vg ndi dung nay, tgi Dilu 1703 BLDS vd thuong mgi Thdi Lan quy djnh ro: "Di chiic do mgt ngudi chua dii mudi ldm tuoi Igp thi khong CO gid tri".^^^^ Dieu ndy cho thdy su rd rang trong vipc ghi nhgn tu cdch chu the dugc lap hoae khdng lap di chuc. Tgi Viet Nam, cdc nhd lap phdp xay dung ten Dieu lugt (Dieu 625) Id "ngudi Igp di chuc" nhung chi de cap hai chu thi Id ngudi trgn 18 tudi va ngudi tG du 15 tudi din chua du 18 tudi.
Trong khi cdc chu the khac nhu ngudi dudi 15 tudi, cd vdn dl vl khd ndng nhdn thuc, khd nang dilu khiln hdnh vi lai dugc quy djnh rdi rac d cdc dieu lugt khdc. Vi du:
Ngudi dudi 6 tudi hogc tG du 6 tudi din dudi 15 tudi khdng dugc lap di chuc nhung khdng dugc quy djnh cu the Id suy ludn tG khodn 2,
(17). BQ lugt ddn su va thuang mgi Thdi Lan. Nxb.
Chinh tri qu6c gia ph6i hpp vdi SO thuong mai, Hd N0i, 1995, tr. 488.
3 Dieu 21 BLDS ndm 2015 hay tradng hgp ngudi bj hgn che vl mdt thi chat, hg khdng xudt hipn ttong Dilu 625 BLDS ndm 2015 nhung Igi xudt hien tgi khodn 3 Dilu 630 BLDS ndm 2015 vdi dja vi phdp li giong chG the dugc quy djnh tgi Dieu 625 BLDS nam 2015. Cho nen, khi xdc djnh tieu chi de quy djnh ve ngudi Igp di chuc, cdc nhd lap phap nen xdy dyng mdt cdch ddng bd, thdng nhat de tranh sy trimg lap khi tim hieu, dp dung ddi vdi tGng trudng hgp cd nhan lap di chuc.
Dac biet, ddi vdi trudng hgp ngudi dudi 15 tudi khi lap di chuc. Phdp ludt nen de cap Gong Dieu lugt ve ngudi lap di chuc trong do khdng dinh: "Ngudi dudi 15 tuoi khdng dugc phep lap di chiic hogc logi di chiic do ngudi dudi 15 tuoi Igp khong co gid tri phdp li" sg ro rdng vd cy the han.
Thu tu, ve each thGc sG dung tG ngu thieu tinh thdng nhat dan tdi nhdm lan ho^c mau thuan trong hogt dOng thuc hipn va dp dung phdp ludt
Khodn 3 Dilu 630 BLDS ndm 2015 quy djnh: "Di chiic ciia ngudi bi hgn chi ve the chdt hodc ciia ngudi khong biet chu phdi dugc ngudi ldm chimg lap thdnh vdn bdn va CO cong chung hogc chung thuc " nhung tai Dilu 23 BLDS nam 2015 Igi ghi nhgn mdi ve chu the cd khd khan trong nhdn thuc va ldm chu hdnh vi. Quy dinh nay ddt ra nhiing van dg sau:
Mgt la nlu ghi nhdn nhiing thudt ngu nay ed ham y chi nhiing cd nhan co trgng thai thi chdt khac nhau thi diem khdc nhau d day la gi? Hay ngudi cd khd khdn Gong nhan thGc vd lam chu hanh vi Id ngudi bj tod an
54 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 9/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAODdl tuyen cdn ngudi cd k h i l m khuylt v l mat t h i
chdt chua bi toa an tuyen? Cdch hieu ndy chua dua tdi cau trd loi tlida ddng cho quy djnh tai khoan 3 D i l u 630 BLDS ndm 2015 vi trong quy djnh v l thira k l theo di chuc, ngudi cd khd khdn trong nhgn thuc va ldm chu hdnh vi khdng dugc d l cap mpt cdch cy the. Cdn ngudi khilm khuylt v l mat the chdt Igi dugc thuc hipn quyen lap di chuc. Quy dinh nhu vay de dan tdi sy hilu ldm, ngudi cd khd khan Gong nhdn thuc vd ldm chu hanh vi khdng duge quyen lap di chuc.
Hai Id neu ghi nh$n nhQng thudt ngG nay dang cd hdm y chi nhiing cd nhan cd trang thai the chat giong nhau lai cdng khdng phu hgp khi khdng sG dyng chung mdt cym tu de ddm bdo tinh thdng nhat. Cho nen, neu dd bd sung quy djnh ve ngudi cd khd khan trong nhdn thGc vd ldm chu hdnh vi thi ngn ddng nhat each sG dung d timg dieu ludt, vdn ban quy pham phap lugt.
Quy dinh cua phdp ludt ddt ra vdi ngudi lap di chuc mang tdi nhieu vai trd, y nghTa to Idn trong viec xdc dinh quyen, khd nang thyc hien quygn lap di chuc cua timg cd nhdn.
Tuy nhien, thuc Ggng phan tich d tren cho thdy, quy djnh ciia phdp lugt van chua thuc sy trgn vpn d l dam bdo tinh tuong thich, phu hgp vdi thyc tien. Cdch thGc ghi nhdn timg quy dinh cua phap ludt ve ngudi lap di chuc chua ddm bao tinh thdng nhdt, bao quat cao.
NhQng vdn de nay cdn phdi dugc nghien cuu d l cd k i l n nghj hodn thien phu hgp ban.
Vice k l thua quy djnh cho ngudi ban che v l mat t h i chdt, ngudi khdng bilt chG dugc quyin lap di chuc, ddng thai xdc djnh ngudi
ndy khac ngudi khd khan trong nhdn thuc vd lam chu hanh vi d ch5 chua bi toa an tuyen thi ngn ghi nhdn them cd dilu kien d l di chuc cua ngudi khd khdn trong nhan thuc vd ldm chu hanh vi hgp phdp. Cd nhu vgy, quy djnh xet tinh hgp phdp ddi vdi ngudi lap di chuc d tradng hgp ndy mdi day du vd toan dien.
Hon nua, de ddm bdo quyin lap di chuc cua mpi cd nhan, quy dinh v l ngudi han chi ve mat the chdt ngn djnh hudng ro digu kipn dg di chuc hg lap se phat sinh hieu luc. Do vgy, quy djnh tai khodn 3 Dilu 630 BLDS nam 2015 can sua Igi theo hudng: "Di chuc ciia ngudi bi hgn che ve the chat, cua ngudi khdng bigt chu bode cd khd khdn trong nhdn thuc vd ldm chu hanh vi do ngudi dugc ngudi ndy chi djnh lap thanh van bdn trude mat it nhat hai ngudi ldm chiing phdi ed cdng chiing hogc chiing thyc"./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bg lugt ddn su vd thuang mgi Thdi Lan,
Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 1995.
2. Trdn Van Ligm, Ddn lugt, Quyen 1: Ddn lugt nhdp mon thi nhdn, Nxb. Thu Lam An Thu Qudn, Sai Gdn, 1974.
3. Lg Hdng Hanh, Bo lugt ddn sic Nhdt Bdn (Bdn dich tG tiing Anh), Ha Npi, 1993.
4. Nha phdp luat Viet - Phap, Bg lugt ddn su ciia nude Cong hod Phdp, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia, HdNdi, 1998.
5. Tradng Dgi hpc Ludt Ha Ndi, Gido trinh li lugn nhd nude vd phdp lugt, Nxb. Tu phap, HdNdi, 2004.
6. Vien ngdn ngG hpc, Dgi tic diin tiing Viet, Nxb. Hdng Due, Hd Ngi, 2008.
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