CO HAY KHONG YEU TO NlT TRONG BAI TUi DIEU NGUYEN LANG QUY CUA KHUONG VIET DAI SlT?
PHAM VAN ANH (•)
R.''
^ ^ t o n g van hgc tmng dai Viet Nam,
^Qr sang tac tir ididng nhieu, ciing khdng cd nhiing thanh tuu that dot xuat. Do dd, gan day, tuy hudng nghien cuu theo the loai dugc chu y hon trudc, song it cd tac gia danh tam huyet cho viec nghien ciiu the loai tir. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi bai tir dieu Nguyen lang quy ciia Khuong Viet dai su (933-1011) thi van de cd khac.
Bang chimg la da cd hang chuc bai nghien cim chuyen biet ve tac pham nay dugc cdng bd trong cac sach va tap chi chuyen nganh*''. Sd dT cd hien tugng ay, han la do tac pham cd "Vi trf cd mdt khdng hai trong lich sir ngoai giao va van hgc dan tdc" (Le Manh That)*^'.
Trgng diem thu hut su chu y cua cac tac gia lihi nghien ciiu tac pham nay la lap trudng tu tudng cua tac gia, y nghTa ngoai giao, dac biet la van de van ban hgc cua tac pham. Van de yeu td nir, hoac gia la gigng nir trong bai tic nay chua tirng dugc dat ra.
Khudng Viet dai su ten that la Ngd Chan Luu, ngudi huong Cat Lgi, huyen Thudng Lac (nay thudc huyen Sde Son, Ha Ndi)*^*. Luc nhd dng hgc Nho, sau ra thanh Dai La theo hoc dao Phat vdi thien
su Van Phong d chiia Khai Qudc. Den nam 40 tudi ndi tieng tinh thdng thien hgc, dugc Dinh Tien Hoang het sice ham md, phong lam Tang thdng. Sang thdi Tien Le, dng cang dugc trgng dai, true tiep tham gia cac cdng viec trgng dai cua trieu dinh. Nam 987, Khudng Viet dai su viet bai tir dieu Nguyen lang quy de dua tien sir gia nha Tdng la Li Giac ve nude.
Toan van bai tir*'*' sau khi da ngat cau, phan phien nhu sau:
Phien dm:
Tudng quang phong hao cam pham truong.
'*'ThS. Vien Van hoc.
Dao vgng than tien phuc de huang.
Van trimg son thiiy thiep thuang luong (lang), Cim thien quy Id trudng.
Tinh tham thiet, Ddi li thuong,
Phan luyen sir tinh lang.
Nguyen tuong tham y vj bien cuong, Phan minh tau nga hoang.
Dich nghla:
Anh sang tot lanh, gid mat, giuong canh budm gam, Xa ngdng thdn tien trd ve que huong
cua hoang de.
Mudn triing non nudc vugt lan sdng xanh, Dudng v l xa xdi qua chin tang trdi.
Tinh tham thiet,
Doi dien vdi chen rugu ehia tay, Quyin luyen vin xe sir [niu lai].
Xin hay dem y sau xa vi bien cuong, Tau cho vua ta biet ro.
Ta diu bilt, Phat giao chu truang tilt due, diet due, coi "sac" la cai can kieng kj (gioi sde). Khudng Viet dai su la mdt nha su ndi tieng diic cao vgng trong, hiln nliien dng cang nghiem can tri gioi. Nhu vay, theo le thudng, trong tac pham ciia dng khdng the cd yeu td nii dugc.
Hon nira, xet hoan canh ra ddi ciia tac phdm, Khudng Viet dai su sang tac bai tir nay trong tiec tien sir do trieu dinh td chirc vdi tu each la dai dien ciia vuong trilu Dai Viet de tien dai dien ciia
nha Tdng nen cang Ididng the c6 yeu td nir trong dd.
Nhung van de phirc tap nay sinh d chinh chd co hd nhu bat kha ay. Ta hay thir mudng tugng ve mdt vi Khudng Viet dai su dire cao vgng trgng (dau khdng tdc, hoac gia cd ddi mii thay tu, mac ao ca sa, tay cam tfch trugng), la dai dien ciia mdt vuong trieu, khi tien biet sir nudc ngoai ve nuoc lai ndi kieu: Ngai vang lenh sang nudc toi, nay ngai ve, toi rat tham thiet (chung toi nhan manh) khi phai chia tay (Tinh tham thiet/ Doi li thuong - Tinh tham thiet/ Doi dien vai chen rugu chia tay), tdi mudn vin xe ciia ngai lai (Phan luyen sir tinh lang - Quyin luyen vin xe sir), v.v... Ldi le ay lieu c6 phii hgp vdi ngdn tir ngoai giao eua mdt vj dai su kha kinh? Tinh cam sudt mudi thai qua ay lieu cd phii hgp vdi mdt nha tu hanh dac dao vdn quen vdi sde sac khdng khdng chang?
Dilu nay da ggi ban khoan cho khdng it nha nghien ciru, Pham Thi Tu trong bai vilt Vi bdi tic ddu tien vd tdc gid ciia nd: su Khudng Viet^^^ trong khi khdng dinh nhiing ddng g6p Ngd Chan Lim vdi tu each nha ngoai giao, ddng thdi ciing td y ban khoan vi tinh cam trong bai tir c6 phdn nhim nhuong thai qua. Cdn Hoang Van Lau nhan djnh rdng ngdn ngii trong bai tie la thu ngdn ngir da dugc "nang bac"'^'. Vdn dl dat ra la tai sao lai cd hien tugng nhu tren?
Mudn giai thich dugc cac hien tugng neu tren cdn chu y den dac trung thl loai. Ta bilt rdng tac pham Khudng Viet dai su sang tac thudc the tir, vdn la thl loai cd ngudn goc tir Trung Qudc. Ta thudng quen doc cac tac pham tho hon
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (98) - 2010 PHAM VAN ANH la dgc tir. Trong khi dd, tho va tir cd
nhieu khac biet, dugc cac nha tir luan thdi quan chu khai quat thanh cac menh de nhu: "thi cuong - tir nhu" (tho cuong - tir nhu), "thi trang - tir mj" (tho trang trgng - tir iiy mj), "thi nha - tir tuc" (tho trang trgng - tir dung tuc)... Ndi mgt each hinh anh: "The tir nhu cd gai dep, cdn tho thi nhu mdt trang sV (Dien Ddng Chi: Tdy pho tic thuyet). Nhu vay, mudn tim hieu tac pham ciia Khudng Viet, trudc bet can tim hieu dac trung the loai cua nd.
Tir, la each ggi tat cua "Khiic tir tir"
vai nghTa la ldi ciia khiic nhae, de ca hat.
Viec tac tir chi it tir thdi Tdng trd ve trudc tuan theo nguyen tac "tien nhae hau tir" (Nhae trudc ldi sau), "y thanh dien tir" (dua vao thanh - am nhae - de dien ldi), viee lam tir vi the thuc chat la viet ldi de dien vao cac ban nhae (Yen nhae) cd trudc. Vi the sang tac tir cdn ggi la "dien tir" (dien ldi). Tir bi che dinh, tdng thudc vao am nhae, dd chinh la li do Truang Viem cho "Tir lay hgp nhae lam dau" (Tie nguyen). Voi tu each la ldi cua ban nhae, ldi phai phu hgp vdi khuc nhae ma nd dugc dien vao, ddng thdi phai dap irng dugc tinh "kha ca" (c6 the hat duge), nham dap irng nhu cau giai tri "trudc chen dudi trang" (tdn tiln nguyet ha). Chinh vi vay Khudng Viet sang tac bai tir Nguyen lang quy ciing nhan khi "ddi dien vdi chen rugu chia tay" (ddi li thuong).
Tir ciing nhu cac the loai van hgc khac, Ididng phai la nhat thanh bat bien, ma la trong mdi giai doan phat trien lai cd dac diem rieng. Mudn hieu ve bai tir cua Khudng Viet dai su, can xac djnh vj tri ciia nd trong tir sir, phai dat tac pham
cdn khao sat trong su van ddng, phat trien cua the loai.
Ta diu bilt, tir xudt hien kha sdm song din cudi thdi Dudng mdi bat dau phat trien manh, qua giai doan Hoa gian.
Nam Dudng, sang thdi Tdng dan phat triln len dinh cao, dat miic la "Van hgc tuong ling vdi thdi dai ciia nd ma cac ddi sau chang the nao theo kip" (Vuong Qudc Duy). Tuy nhien, each ndi: Han phii, Dudng thi, Tdng tir, Nguyen khiic, Minh - Thanh tieu thuyet cimg thuc te phat trien cua the loai tir thdi Tdng khien khdng it nha nghien ciiu d Viet Nam nham tudng rang bai tir cua Khudng Viet dai su sang tac dudi sir anh hudng cua Tdng tir. Ki thuc, "Nira the ky thudc nhirng nam dau khi nha Tdng mdi lap qudc, the loai tir khdng he hung thinh cimg sir hung thinh cua trieu dai mdi dugc kien lap, ve co ban van nam trong trang thai dinh tre. Vuong Chude thdi Nam Tdng tirng khdng ngudi cam khai rang: 'Budi dau binh djnh thien ha, phap do le nhae deu dan dan toan thinh, nhung nhgc chuong (chi the tir) cua sT dai phu lai suy vi hon ca thdi trudc' {Bich ke mgn chi - Quyen II). Trong bdn nam chuc nam trdi, tac gia tir khdng qua chuc ngudi, tac pham tir chi cdn 33 bai"*^\ Trong sd 33 bai nay khdng cd bai nao viet theo dieu Nguyen lang quy, va nhin chung cac tac pham khdng cd gi dac sac neu khdng ndi la budc liii tham ldn neu so sanh vdi thanh tuu ma Hoa gian phai va phai tir Nam Dudng da dat dugc. Sang thdi Tdng, phai dgi din cac sang tac cua Yin Thu (991-1055, vdn chju anh hudng rat sau sac cua tir phong Ngii dai) the loai tir thdi Tdng mdi khdi
sde. Chinh vi the, Phimg Hu (1843-1927) trong sach Cdo Am lugn coi Yen Thii la
"Bdc Tdng y thanh gia so td" (Thuy td cua cac nha dien tir thai Bac Tong)*^'.
Va dieu kha thii vj la khi Khuong Viet dai su viet bai Nguyen lang quy ciia minh vj thuy td eiia cac nha dien tir thai Bdc Tdng cdn chua ra ddi. Lan ve thdi dilm xuat hien cua dieu Nguyen lang quy, tu lieu hien cdn ghi nhan dieu tir nay chi xuat hien vai cac sang tac eua Phiing Dien Ti - dai than trieu Nam Dudng (2 bai), va sang tac ciia Nam Dudng hau chii Ly Due (cd sach phien la Li Due, 1 bai). Xem the du biet, ngudn anh hudng den viec tac tir ciia Khudng Viet dai su khdng phai la Tdng tir ma la thl tir thdi Ngii dai, gan gui nhdt la phong khi sang tac tir ciia trieu Nam Dudng.
Vay thl loai tir giai doan Ngii dai c6 dac diem ra sao?
Thl loai tir xet trong khoang cudi thdi Dudng din hit thoi Ngu dai dugc sang tac trong mdi trudng am nhae va nii sde. Thdi Ngu dai la giai doan xa hdi Trung Qudc cd nhilu dgng loan. Trong giai doan nay, rieng cd Hau Thuc va Nam Dudng la hai tilu qudc dugc hudng cudc sdng kha thanh binh. Quan thdn cac nudc nay sdng xa hoa hudng lac, trilu dinh Hau Thuc va Nam Dudng trd thanli hai trung tam phat trien cua the loai tir thdi Ngu dai. Tai trilu dinh Nam Dudng, ndi tilng nhdt v l tir chfnh la hai vj vua Li Canh, Lf Due va nguyen lao dai thdn Phimg Dien Ti. Do bj anh hudng tir phong ciia thdi Ngii dai nen viec Khudng Viet dai su sang tac tir
trong budi tien sir do trieu dinh td chirc ciing la viec bet siic binh thudng.
Cd the muong tugng phan nao ve dac diem cua the loai tir giai doan Ngii dai thong qua cuong ITnh sang tac cua phai Hoa gian dugc Au Duong Quynh neu ra trong bai tua Hoa gian tap (viet theo lai de nghi eua nguoi bien soan, tiic Trieu Simg To). Theo Au Duong Quynh, cac tir gia phai Hoa gian (ciing nhu cac tir gia thoi Ngii dai noi chung) tren co sd kl thira thanh tua ciia eae tir gia thdi Dudng, tilp tue truy eau sir ggt giira ve ngdn tir, ndi mdt each hinh tugng la:
"Chudt nggc cham chau, phong hda cdng ma vugt kheo; trdng hoa tia la, phdng xuan sac ma tranh tuoi". Theo dng, ngdn ngii ciia tac pham tir phai phii hgp, hai hoa voi tieng nhae ldi ca, "tieng tilng hgp voi gigng loan", "chir chu hai boa luat phugng". Cai ggi la "gigng loan" chinh la gigng nii, vi tir dugc sang tac cho ca nil hat. Chinh vi tir dimg de hat tren nin nhae nen theo Au Duong Quynh, cai dep ciia tir la cai dep trong sir thdng nhdt cua ba ylu td: thanh - sac - lai. Tir, tiic phdn ldi hat, dd la de "phu giup cho net dep yeu kieu" cua ca nhan, va vi thl "khdng ldi nao khdng trong treo tuyet dieu". Khao sat Hoa gian tdp, qua nira cac bai dugc viet vdi ngdn ngir diem le, thii phap trir tinh uyen chuyen ham sue, ldi dep ma tinh ndng, mang xu hudng duy tinh va duy mT^''', "nam tram bai trong Hoa gian tdp deu la ldy eai diem ngir dl ta cai dilm tinh"*"". Phai tir Nam Duong cung khdng vugt ra khoi truyin thdng nay* .
Khudng Viet dai su khi tilp thu the loai tir va van dung nd trong sang tac
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (98) - 2010 PHAM VAN ANH dieu ay cd nghTa la dng ddng thdi tiep
thu nhiing dac trung tham mT cua the loai trong phong khi ehung cua thdi dai.
Cho nen bai tir ciia dng, ndi canh thien nhien thi "tudng quang, phong hao"
(anh sang tdt lanh, gid mat), ndi thuyen thi dimg hinh tugng "cam pham" (budm gam), ndi ngudi ve thi ggi la "than tien", noi ve la "de huong", ndi dudng xa thi
"Van trimg son thiiy thiep thuang lang"
(mudn triing non nudc vugt lan sdng xanh) hay "cim thien quy Id trudng"
(dudng ve xa xdi chin tang trdi)... cai
"diem ngii" dugc huy ddng d tan suat cao. Le Quy Ddn trong phan Le ngdn sach Todn Viet thi luc het siic tinh te khi cho rang bai tir ciia Khudng Viet "Uyen chuyen boa mT, cd the vde dugc" (MM T-t^ - uyen le kha ciic)*'^'. Cho nen Hoang Van Lau da diing khi ndi rang ngdn ngir trong bai Nguyen lang quy cua Khudng Viet dai su la thii ngon ngir da dugc "nang bac", vi sir chudt ggt ve ngdn tir trong tac pham nay la nhdm dap ling tinh chat duy mT cua the loai. Tuy nhien, theo dac trung the loai, cai dep vl mat ngdn tir (diem ngir) khdng tach khdi cai "diem tinh", ldi dep cdt de ndi tinh ndng, yeu td duy mT khdng tach rdi ylu td duy tinh. Do vay, trong trong tac pham, khi ndi ve tinh cam thi phai la
"tinh tham thiet", la "phan luyin sii tinh lang"... Dieu nay la hoan toan phii hgp voi "ban sac duong banh" cua thl loai tir giai doan cudi thdi Dudng din ddu thdi Bac Tdng.
Bai tie ciia Khudng Viet dai su vilt theo tir dieu Nguyen lang quy. Ten tir dieu nay lay tir tich Luu Thdn va Nguyen Trieu lac vao coi Thien Thai -
coi tien, sau vi nhd que nen tir biet ra ve.
Nguyen lang quy nghTa la "Chang Nguyen trof ve". Ten tir dieu chinh la ten khiic nhae. Mdi nhae idiiic tu nd cd y nghTa rieng. Y nghTa cua khiic nhae Nguyen lang quy the hien d chinh ten ggi cua nd, dien dat tinh cam luu luyen luc tien dua. Do vay, ngi dung phan ldi (tir) dien vao ban nhae ay phai phu hgp vdi ndi dung ban nhae. Dieu nay ddi hdi tir nhan nhat thiet phai am hieu ve am nhae. Va khi dd, ten dieu (chinh la ten nhae khiic) ddng thdi la ten cua bai tir (tir de). Bai Nguyen lang quy cua Khudng Viet dai su viet ve canh chia li nen tinh cam trong bai tir rat budn ba, quyen luyen. Nhu la mdt sir mac dinh, tho ca cd kim khi viet ve de tai chia li thudng nhudm budn, sir lira chgn ve de tai it nhieu da quy dinh ndi dung tac pham va tam trang nhan vat trii tinh.
Neu xet cac tac pham tir giai doan Hoa gian va Nam Dudng se nhan thay cd rat nhieu bai viet ve de tai li biet, song thdng thudng dd la cac cudc chia li mang mau sac ai tinh. Hoa gian phai cd tdi 4/5 ndi chuyen nam nir, "Neu khdng phai niem vui hdi hgp thi ciing la ndi sau chia phdi"*'^*. Nhung niem vui hdi hgp thi it ma ndi sau chia phdi thudng nhieu, bdi vay gigng budn thuang ai oan bang bac trong cac tac pham tir giai doan nay.
Sang tac tir thdi Nam Dudng hien cdn 217 bai, chieu theo thdt tinh (bay trang thai tinh cam: hi - vui sudng, no - ttic gian, ai - dau budn, cu - sg hai, ai - yeu thuong, d - cam ghet, due - ham muon), thi cac bai mang tam trang dau budn chilm 204 bai (khoang 90%), cac bai mang tam trang vui sudng chilm 13 bai
(khoang 10%)*''*'. Cd thl thay cam hiing budn la cam hiing chii dao trong cac sang tir thdi Ngii dai, n6 tro thanh mdt trong nhiing dac trung tham mT cua the loai, quen ggi la "dT bi vi m f (lay budn la dep) va "dT tinh ddng nhan"(dimg tinh dl lam rung ddng ldng ngudi)* '\ Cai
"bi" la yeu td phd dung trong cac sang tac tir giai doan Ngii dai, va sang tac tir ciia Khudng Viet dai su ciing khdng nam ngoai pham vi dd.
Nhung tai sao duong thdi trong quan he ngoai giao voi nha Tdng, trieu Tiln Le dang phai "dimg thuat", phai
"giir ke"*'^', Khudng Viet la dai dien cho trilu dinh Dai Viet, hon niia lai la mdt vi dai su diic cao vgng trgng ma trong khi dua tien mdt each "ngoai giao", "xa giao" voi Lf Giac ma phai "tham thiet", rdi cdn mudn "vin xe sir" d lai? Ve diem nay, ta chu y den dac diem sang tac cd tinh chdt dac thii cua the loai tir. C) khoang thdi Tdng trd ve trudc, lam tir la dien ldi vao ban nhae cd san de hat. Tir la san phdm "irng ca nhi tac" (de hat ma vilt), de dien xudng, khdng phai de dgc.
Tir dugc sang tac cho ca kT hat, ca kT vira la ngudi the hien, vira la ngudi truyen ba, ve CO ban mdi trudng sang tac ciia tir la mdi trudng am nhae, thien ve yeu td nir tinh h6a, vi the tir rat bao dan trong ngdn tinh. Theo dd, hieu qua tham mT eua mdt bai tir gdm ba yeu td can ban: thanh, sac, va ldi. Thanh tire am nhae, nen nhae cua bai tir, do nhae cdng dien tau; sac, nir sac, chi ca nir, la ngudi the hien ca tit;
ldi, tiic khiic tir tir, ca tir (cai ngay ta ggi la tir chinh la phan ldi nay).
Su dien xudng tir dugc tien hanh trong mdi tmdng am nhae, cd the dugc
thuc hien ngay trong cudc mgu - tmdc chen (tdn tien, hoac gia la nhiing khdng gian tho mdng va tinh tir kieu: duai trang - nguyet ha, trong hoa -hoa gian), thdng thuang cd mgu trg hiing. Nguoi thuang thirc can ban la nam nhan: tay cam chen, tai nghe tieng nhae, gigng ca, mat nhin nir sac, ddng thai thudng thirc cai hay cai dep cua ca tir. Chi trong quy trinh nay, gia tri nghe thuat ciia tac pham tir mdi dugc bieu hien mdt each toan ven nhat.
Tir nhan - chii the sang tac - sau khi hoan tac pham cua minh, thuc chat mai chi hoan thanh mgt cdng doan sang tac, tiep tuc sau do, can phai thong qua ca nir hat len, hoa ciing tieng nhae, thong qua loi ca tieng nhae truyen toi ngudi nghe.
Den budc nay, tac pham tir mdi thuc su hoan tat. Ndi each khac, mdt bai tir trong giai doan chua thoat li khdi am nhae, viec tac tir van la "y thanh dien tir",
"u'ng ca nhi tac", de den vdi ngudi tiep nhan can thdng qua khau trung chuyen, dd la ca nir.
Con dudng di tir tac gia tir - tir nhan - den ngudi tiep nhan nhu sau:
TAC GIA TU' - TU' NHAN -» CA NU' -^
NGU'61 TIEP NHAN
Nhu vay, ca nii la khau trung gian giira tac gia va nguoi tiep nhan. Trong trudng hgp sang tac, iing tac tai chd (nhu trudng hgp sang tac cua Khudng Viet dai su), thi tac gia ddng thdi la khan, thinh gia - ngudi tilp nhan. Tac pham khi din ca nir thl hien, ddi vdi tac gia da cd khoang each nhdt dinh. Ca nir da mang dang ve cua chu the sang tao thir hai, CO hd khi hat tac phdm tir, ca nii nhu dang thl hien tac phdm, bieu dat tinh cam ciia chinh minh. Cac tir nhan khi
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (98) - 2010 PHAM VAN ANH
sang tac rat luu y den yeu td nay, tir nhan cd the nhap than vao ddi sdng, tam trang ca kT, thay ca kT viet len ndi niem cua hg; trong trudng hgp sang tac tir la tam tu, tinh cam cua tir nhan, hg se thdng qua ca nir de bieu hien, se "nhd"
ca kT se "ndi thay" cho minh. Chfnh vi vay, cd nhirng tac pham tir tac gia cua nd la nam nhan nhung trong tac pham, dai tir nhan xung ngdi thir nhat lai la "thiep".
Do ca kT "ndi thay" cho tir nhan, nen tac pham cd the cd hien tugng chuyen gigng, cd xu hudng nii tfnh hda. Dac diem nay dugc nha tir luan Dien Ddng Chi ggi la
"Nam tir Han nhi tac khue am" (Nam tir Han ma thdt ra ldi cua ngudi phdng khue. Dien Ddng Chi: Tdy Pho tie thuyet).
Tir sir lira chgn de tai, nhiing dac diem ve phuong thirc tao tac tac pham, mdi trudng dien xudng, va vai trd cua ca nii trong viec dien xudng tac pham tir, de nhan thay nhiing cau sudi mudt kieu
"Tinh tham thiet", "Quyen luyen vin xe sii" trong bai Nguyen lang quy ciia Khudng Viet dai su chinh la bieu hien cua sir chuyen gigng tir nam sang nir, la ca tir danh cho ca nii the hien, la "gigng loan"
nhu each ndi cua Au Duong Quynh, cai dep cua ca tir la de "phu giiip cho net dep yeu kieu" cua ca nir, tuy ket bai cd ldng ghep them ldi nhan giri ve sir vu qudc gia (Xin dem y sau xa vi bien cuong / Tau cho vua ta biet ro), song khdng phai la nhirng ldi le ngoai giao do Khudng Viet dai su phat ngdn mdt each hoan toan true tiep vdi Ly Giac. Dat bai tic ciia Khudng Viet trong trao luu chung cua the loai tir, tir cudi thdi Dudng den dau thdi Bac Tdng va nhin nhan mdt each can ban nhiing dac trung the loai ciia nd, ban ta se khdng cdn ban khoan
rdng tinh cam trong bai tic cd phan nhiin nhudng thai qua, ididng tuong xung vdi tinh thdn dan tdc nhu cd nha nghien ciiu da timg dat ra.
P.V.A
Chu thich:
(1) Chang han cac bai cua Pham Thj Tii:
Ve bdi Tic ddu tien vd tde gid ciia nd:
Khudng Viet. Tgp chi Vdn hpc, so 6/1974;
Nguyen Tai Can: Vdn de lap Uudng ddi vdi nhd Tdng gong bdi Vuong lang quy ciia Ngd Chdn Liru. Tgp chi Vdn hpc, so 2/1981;
Hoang Van Lau: Bdi tir d the ki X (trong sach Mpt sd vdn de vdn bdn Hdn ndm hpc, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1983, tr.191-212); Nguyin Dang Na: "Ve bai Vuong lang quy tic - Khao sat va giai ma van ban". Tgp chi Vdn hpc, so 1/1995; Nguyen Dinh Phiie: "Ve bai tir Ngpc lang quy ciia su Khuong Viet". Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, so 5/2005; Alaxandre Le: Bdi tie Ngpc lang quy vd vdn de vdn bdn hpe.
Thdi dgi, so 6/2002, v.v...
(2) Le Manh That: Lich su Phdt gido Viet Nam, Tap II - Tir Ly Nam D I (544) din Ly Thai Tong (1054), Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, 2001,tr.452.
(3) Ve que huong ciia Ngo Chan Luu, truoc day cae nha nghien ciiu cho la thuoc Thanh Hoa (Nhu Dao Duy Anh: Ddt nudc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi). Tuy nhien, ve van de nay, nha nghien ciru Hoang Van Lau co khao eiru van ban thuc dja va ghi chep ve dja danh huong Cat Lgi trong Dgi Viet su ki todn thu, khang djnh rang: "Tang thdng Ngo Chan Luu, duoc ban danh hieu Khuong Viet dai su nam 971, que quan tai huo'ng Cat Lgi, huyen Thuang Lac, sau la thon Doai xa Da Ha, huyen Kim Hoa phu Bae Ha, nay la thon Thuy Huong, xa Phu Cuong, huyen
Soc Son, Ha Noi" (Xem Hoang Van Lau: Di tim dia ehi Ngd Chdn Lieu, Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, so 1 /1996).
(4) Theo van ban cua Dgi Viet sic ki todn thu.
(5) Pham Thj Tu: Vi bdi tie ddu tien vd tdc gid ciia nd: su Khudng Viet, Tgp chi Vdn hpc, so 6/1974.
(6) Hoang Van Lau: Vi bdi tic d thi ki X (in trong sach Mdt sd vdn de vdn bdn hpc Hdn Ndm, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1983).
(7) Vien Hanh Bai (chii bien): Trung Qudc vdn hpc sie, Quyen III. Cao dang giao due xuat ban xa, 2001, tr.33
(8) Dan theo Trung Qudc vdn hpc sic, Quylnlll, Sdd, tr.35.
(9) Du Truyen Bang: Dudng Tdng tic liiv phdi nghien ciru. Vu Han dai hoc xuat ban xa, 2004, tr.29.
(10) Du Truyen Bdng, Sdd, tr.31.
(11) Duy CO truang hop Nam Duong hau chu Ly Dire, ban dau sang tac theo phong each chung ciia thai Ngu dai, chdng han noi ve li sdu thi vi nhu ta giang,
"chat khong diit, ga vdn roi" (Tien bdt doan / Ly hoan loan - Dieu O dg de). Tir nam Thien Bao thir 7 (974), quan Tong ha Kim Lang, diet Nam Duong, Ly Due hi bdt cdm til a Bien Lang. Trong thai gian bj cdm til, ong dem su uu tu ve than phan, noi sdu qudc pha gia vong pho vao tie, ma rpng pham vi d l tai cua the loai, tuy duoc nha til' luan Vuong Qudc Duy cho la:
"Thl loai tir din Ly Hau ehu tam nhin moi rong, cam khai moi sau, moi bien tir ciia nhae cong thanh tir eiia sT dai phu"
{Nhdn gian tir thogi), song thirc chat day
khong phai xu huong chinh trong tic phong thai Ngu dai.
(12) Le Quy Don: Todn Viet thi lue - Le ngdn (ki hieu A. 1262, Thu vien Vien Nghien ciru Han Nom).
(13) Du Truyin Bdng, Sdd, tr.29.
(14) Dir Truyen Bdng, Sdd, tr.42.
(15) Duong Hai Minh trong sach Duong - Tdng tie mT hpc (Giang To Giao due xuat ban xa, 1998) da chi ra cac dac trung mT hoc ciia the loai tic giai doan nay nhu: "di phii vi mf', "dT diem vi mf, "dT nhu vi mf, "dT bi vi mf, "dTdnh dpng nhan"...
(16) Nha Tien Le tirng sai su Do Phap Thuan gia lam Giang lenh de don sir nha Tong, roi ciing sir Tong ngam vjnh tha ca.
Li Giac tiing "che" hai cau dau bai tha vjnh nging cua Lac Tan Vuong {Nga, nga, nga / Khuc hgng hudng thien ca / Bgch mao phii luc thiiy / Hdng chudng bdt tiianh ba:
Nging, nging, ngong / Ngang co huong len troi ca hat / Long trdng noi bong benh tren nuoc biec / Cheo hong re song xanh) thanh:
"Nga nga luong nga nga, Nguong dien huong thien nha".
(Ngong ngong, ngong mpt doi;
Ngira co nhin chan troi).
D6 Phap Thuan thay vay lien ngam:
"Bach mao pho luc thiiy.
Hong trao bai thanh ba".
(Long trang tren nuoc biec, Cheo hong, song xanh bai) Giac thdy vay rat lay lam la!
Xem: Ngo ST Lien: Dgi Viet sie ki todn thu {hkn dich), tap 1, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1993, tr.224.