TAP CHI KHOA HUU QUAlN 1.1 uiAO DUG SO 01(25), THANG 3 - 2020
XA HOl HOA GlAO DUC TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRlTONG DINH HirOfNG XA H O I CHU NGHIA
SOCIALIZATION OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIALIST-ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY
NGUYEN THI LUYEN
Vien Khoa hoe xa hgi vung Nam Bg, [email protected]
Ngdy nhdn: 21/02/2020 Ngdy nhdn lgi: 17/3/2020 Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020 Mdsd: TCKH-S01T3-B11-2020 ISSN: 2354-0788
Xd hpi hoa gido due a Viet Nam hiin dang thuc hiin theo duang lot ddi mai phdt triin kinh te thi truang dinh hu&ng xa hpi chil nghia. Bdng phuang phdp dinh tinh dua tren cdc ngudn die lieu thu cdp ehinh thicc, bdi viet khdi qudt bice tranh chung ve gido diie Viet Nam du&i tdc dpng cua kinh te thi tru&ng dinh huang xd hpi cha nghia qua chinh sdch xa hdi hda, tren ca sa dd, dgt ra nhirng vdn di mai cho chinh sdch xd hdi hoa gido due cita Viet Nam trong giai dogn t&i.
Tukhda:
kinh te thi tru&ng, dinh hu&ngxa hgi chil nghia, xd hgi hda gido dytc, chinh sdch.
Key words:
market economy, socialist orientation, socialization of education, policy.
ABSTRACT
Socialization of education in Vietnam is currently implementing in accordance with the path of socialist-oriented economic development innovation. By using qualitative methods based on official secondary data sources, this article outlines the general picture of Vietnam's education under the impact of a socialist-
oriented market economy through policies of socialization; On that basis, proposes new issues for Vietnam's educational socialization policies in the coming period.
1. DAT VAN DE
Nin kinh t l van ddng theo co che thj frudng da vd dang Idm thay ddi dien mao dit nude, ddng thdi, khien eho eae Imh vyc xa bdi, trong do cd gido dye, cung thay ddi theo.
Tucmg ftng co che kinh tl mdi, chinh sdeh xa hpi hda la frgng tdm nhara phat frien gido dye thdi ky nay. Theo Nghi quyit Trung uong 8 Khda XI ve ddi mdi can ban, toan dien gido due va dao tgo; "Chi ngdn sdch cho gido due vd ddo tao dat mftc 20% tdng chi ngdn sach nhd nude. Xd hdi hda gido dye duge day manh; he thdng giao due va dao tao ngoai cdng lap gdp
phin dang kl vao phdt friln gido dye va dao tgo ehung eua toan xa hdi" (Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam, 2013). Chi xet rieng quy md gido due, ed nude nam hge 1995-1996 cd 21.049 trudng pho thdng vdi 436,4 nghin lop hpe dd tdng len 27.227 trudng vdi 408,7 nghin Idp hoc mudi nam sau do va 28.951 frudng vdi sd Idp hge Id 501 frong hai muai nam sau (hinh 1); eao dang vd dai hgc tft 96 frudng (nam 1996) tdng len 322 trudng ndm 2006 (Tdng eye thdng k8, 2019). Qua do cho thdy, ddi mdi gido dye, ma frong dd chinh sach xa hdi hda tft ddu tu bdi Nha nude vd xa hdi la frgng tdm da dem lgi
dien mao mdi eho gido dye Viet Nam. Trong qud frinh xa hgi hda gido dye, ben eanh nhiing tde dgng tft eo ch8, cbinh sdeh ehung cua Ddng va Nha nude, ban thdn h8 thdng gido dye cung nay sinh nhieu vdn d8 mdi, khde ban vdi gido due theo co che tap trung, bao cip trude day.
Phan tich ro bon nhftng vin dl nay Id trpng tam bdi viet cua chftng tdi.
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Hinh 1. So trudng, lap tdng qua cdc ndm Nguon: Tdc gid long hap tu so Hiu bdo cdo thong
ke hang nam cua Tong cue thong ki 2. KHAI LUOC VE KINH TE THI TRrCfNG VA XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC 6 VIET NAM
Kinh ti thi truang dinh hu&ng xa hdi chu nghia: Kinh tl thj trudng dinh hudng xa bdi ehu nghia Id md binh kinh tl ting qudt eiia thdi ky qua do len ehu nghTa xa hgi d Vi8t Nam; la nin kinh t8 vdn hdnh day dii, ddng b6 theo cdc quy ludt cua kinh te thi frudng, ddng thdi bdo dam dinh budng xa hgi chii nghTa phu hgp vdi tftng giai dogn phat frien eua ddt nude; la nen kinh te thi frudng hien dai vd hdi nhdp qude te;
ed sy quan ly cua nha nude phap quyen xa hdi ehu nghTa, do Dang Cgng san Vift Nam lanh dao; nhdm myc tieu "ddn gidu, nude mgnh, ddn ehu, edng bang, van minh" (Gido frinh Kinh te ehinh tri Mdc - Lenin, 2019).
Theo Vu Van Ha (2019), kinh tl tbi frudng dinh hudng xd hpi ehu nghTa Id ki8u td ebfte kinh t l ddc biet, vua tuan theo nhftng nguyen tie va quy ludt eua he thdng kinh t l thj trudng, vua bdo dam tinh dinh hudng xa h6i chii nghia.
Theo dd, vdi nin kinh tl thi trudng djnh hudng
xd hpi ehu nghia thi phdt friln kmh tl phdi di li8n vdi viec gidi quyit tdt cdc van de xa hdi.
Trinh dS phat friln kinh t l la dilu kien vdt ehat de thye bien ehinh sach xa hpi.
Theo Nguyin Viet Ha (2018), khi kinh tl thi frudng dinh hudng xa hpi chft nghia phdt frien, cdc ndng lyc tilm in frong nhdn ddn dugc gidi ph6ng, ddi sdng mgi ting Idp nhan ddn duge edi thien tiing budc. Cftng vdi do, kinh te thi trudng cung gdy ra hdng logt nhftng bi8n tugng tieu cue nhu: sy phdn hda giau ngheo lam sdu sdc them nhiing mdu thudn xa hdi; dl nay smh nhung te ngn tham nhung, tdi pham, bao lye; kieh thich chft nghTa thyc dung, ehu nghia ea nhan... Vdi tinh ehdt va dae trung cua nen kinh t l thi trudng, eac ITnh vyc ddi sdng xd hOi ma frong dd gido due khdng Id ngoai Ie chju tac ddng manh me tft ca che kinh t8 thdi ky nay.
Quy dinh vi xa hpi hoa gido due v&i hinh thicc "nha nu&c vd nhdn eung Idm": Mdt s6 nghien ciiu nhim dl xuit giai phdp thuc hien xa hgi hda giao dye da dua ra hudng tiip cdn khd tuong ding vl ngi hdm cfta khai ni8m ndy, Pham Van Thanh (2010) xem 'xa hgi hda gido dye' la qua frinh ndng cao vai trd dinh hudng, ehi dgo, quan ly vd diu tu ngay edng tang eua Nha nude cho qua frinh phdt frien sy nghiep gido due. Nha nude va nhdn dan ciing lam gido due, nhung frong do Nhd nude gift vai frd chft dao de buy dpng sy ddng gdp ve fri lye, nhan lyc, vat lyc, tai lye cua xd hdi phat frien sy nghiep giao due. Theo do, Nhd nude khuyen khich, tgo di8u kien cho td chftc, cd nhan dau tu, ddng gdp fri tu8, cdng sftc, tai sdn eho gido dye; ede ngudn tdi cbinh ddu tu eho gido dye bao gIm cac nguon thu tu dieh vu phye vy, hd trg hogt dpng gido due (Hai Binh, 2019). Cung vdi chiin luge dii mdi eo cbl kinh tl, ngay tft Dai hgi VI (1986)
"eac vdn dl xd hgi vd ddi sdng nhdn dan" la mdt frong sdu vdn dl trpng tdm phdt trien kinh tl - xa hpi giai dogn 1986 - 1990 dupe xdc dinb, frong dd ddi mdi vl ddu tu gido due theo hudng nha nude vd nhan dan eftng thyc hien lin diu
1 Al^ CHI KHUA H I J L IjuAiN u i OiAO DUG s o 01(25), THANG 3 - 2 0 2 0 ti8n dugc dl cap. Sd dT ddy Id vdn dl dugc xem
la het sfte mdi me vi trudc dd toan bd ngudn luc vl con ngudi, tdi cbinh, co sd vdt chdt, frudng sd, phuang tien cho gido due diu tft Nhd nude bao eip. Theo dd, thdi ky nay "vi8c dong gop ciia eae td ehfte kiiih te tap thi vd efta nhdn dan vdo viee xdy dyng co sd vat ehit cho ngdnh gido dye theo phuang chdm "Nha nude vd nhdn ddn cftng lam" cdn dugc quy dinh ro rang thdnh che dp, vua de huy ddng hgp ly sy ddng gdp cua nhan ddn, vfta frdnh mgi sy Igm dyng" (Ddng Cpng san Vi$t Nara, 1986). Nguyen tac thyc hien ehinh sach khuyen khich xa hdi hda vd huy dgng v6n ddu tu cho giao due duge quy dinh tai Dieu 4 Khodn 6 va Dieu 10 (Nghj djnh sd 69/2008/ND-CP), theo do ea sd thye bien xa hdi hda dugc lien doanh, lien k8t vdi ede td chftc, ca nhan frong vd ngodi nude phft hgp vdi ehftc ndng nhiem vu boat ddng nhdra buy dgng vdn, nhdn lue vd cdng ngh§, ndng cao chit lupng dich vu...; CO sd thyc hien xahpi hda dugc phep huy d6ng vdn dudi dang gdp co phdn, vdn gop tu ngudi lao dpng frong don vi, huy dpng ede nguon vdn hgp phap khac thdng qua hgp tdc, li8n ket vdi doanh nghiep, td chftc kinh te, td ehftc tdi cbinh, ea nhan frong vd ngodi nude d8 dau tu xay dyng ea sd vdt chat. CG ch8 Nha nude va nhan dan eftng dau tu eho giao due da di vdo thyc tien ddi sdng. Trong h8 thdng gido dye, ben cgnh trudng edng lap (100% ngan sach Nhd nude), frudng bdn edng, trudng edng lap ty ehu tdi chinh; vd cde loai hinh trudng tu thuc, dan lap (trudng ngodi cdng Idp) hinh thdnh. Su van hanh ciia cdc frudng ndy tuan theo co ch8 kinh tl mdi. Tnrdng ngodi cdng lap ty do eanh franh vl dich vy phyc vu, mftc hgc phi, chdt lugng gidng day, tuyin dyng vd su dyng gido vien...nhung npi dung, ehuong frinh gido due vd mpt sd tieu ehi khdc frong td chuc nhd trudng vdn phai tuan theo quy dinh ciia Bp Gido due vd Dao tgo; trudng cdng lap, dac biet trudng bdn edng vd trudng cdng lap ty chu tdi ehinh) theo hudng md hon ve eo ehe thu - ehi (ty thu - chi
mdt phdn), tuy8n dyng, sft dyng nhan lyc vd td chftc boat dpng gido due.
Qua ban hai thdp ni8n vdn hanb theo co ch8 mdi, eftng sy khdi sac budc dau giao due thdi ky ndy xuat hien nhung lyc can ngdy cdng rd net, nam 2013, frudc yeu edu thye tien ve ddi mdi ean bdn vd todn dien gido dye, xa hdi hda gido due dugc tiep tyc xdc djnh qua Nghj quy8t 8 Khoa XI efta Ban Chap hdnh Trung uong Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam: "la khuyen khich xa hdi hda de dau tu xdy dyng vd phdt frien cde trudng chat lupng eao d tdt ed cdc edp hpc vd frinh do ddo tao; tang ty 18 trudng ngoai edng lap ddi vdi gido due ngh8 nghiep va giao due dai hge. Hudng tdi ed logi hinh eo sd gido due do eOng ddng dau frr" (Dang Cgng sdn Viet Nara, 2013). De thyc hien xa hgi boa gido due, can tiep tyc doi mdi chmh sdch, co che tai chinh, huy ddng sy tham gia dong gdp cua todn xa hdi; ndng cao hieu qud diu tu de phdt trien gido due vd ddo tgo. Trong dd, Nhd nude gift vai trd ehu dgo vdi mftc chi cho giao dye vd dao tao tdi thiiu d mftc 20% tdng chi ngdn sach; Tftng budc bdo ddm dii kinh phi boat dOng chuyen mdn eho cdc co sd gido dye, dao tgo cdng lap (Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, 2013), Thyc hien xa hpi hda gido dye d cde bae hpc Id khdc nhau va cung duge xde dinh ro. Ddi vdi gido due mim non va phd th6ng, Nhd nude uu tien tap frung diu tu xay dyng, phdt friln cac co sd giao due edng lap vd cd co ehe hd trg de bao dam tftng budc hoan thanh muc tieu phd cap theo ludt dinh. Khuyin khich phdt fri8n cae loai hinh trudng ngodi cdng lap dap ung nhu eau xa hdi vl gido due chit lugng cao d khu vyc do thi. Ddi vdi gido dye nghi nghiep vd giao due dgi hpe, cdn dly manh xa hpi hda. Cd chinb sach khuyin khich eanh franh Idnh manh trong gido dye va dao tao tren ea sd bdo ddm quyen lgi eua ngudi hge, ngudi sft dung lao ddng vd CO sd giao due, dao tao (Dang Cdng sdn Vi8t Nam, 2013). D I tiep tue phdt buy sftc manh todn ddn cho su ngbi8p giao dye, ddng thdi md
; lx^\>
rpng hgp tde nude ngoai thyc hien xa hpi hda giao dye, gin ddy nhit, Ludt Gido dye 2019 ban hanh, theo dd Nha nude cho phep hgp tde cdng hr, Ii8n doanh, lien ket de dau tu frong ITnh vye giao due,
3. THlTC HIEN XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC THCJI KY DOI M O I VA N H O J G VAN DE DATRA
3.1. Cff che kinh ti mdi vd cdc logi hinh trudng Dgi hpi VI cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam thdng 12/1986 da md ddu cho edng eude d6i mdi todn dien d Viet Nam. Xudt phdt bdi ddc frung nhieu thdnh phdn efta eo eh8 kinh t8 mdi, gido dye thdi ky ndy la da dang hda cde loai hinh frudng, Idp; ngodi frudng cdng lap, ede hinh thftc dao tgo, quy che cdc frudng, lap ddn lap, tu thyc da dugc ban hdnh ngay tu nhftng nam ddu ddi mdi (Bg Giao due, 2016) ben cgnh cac logi binh trudng ban cdng, frudng cdng lap tu chu tdi ehinh sau do. Cdc logi hinh frudng the hien sy da dang ve binh thuc sd hiiu cfta co che kinh te bdng hda nhieu thdnh phdn. Trudng edng lap vdi eo sd vdt ehdt edng, quy luong vd kinh phi khdc eho hoat ddng gido due tft ngudn ngan sdch nha nude. Tuy nhien, dl thich ftng vdi nen kinh te thi frudng, tgi cac trudng cdng lap ciing nhu trudng bdn cong vd trudng cdng lap ty chil tai chinb da dien ra ede boat dgng mang tinb 'ngi bg' nhu; td ehfte day tang tiet cd thu tft ngudi hgc. Hen ket ede chuang frinh gido dye (ngoai gido dye ehinh khda), khai thde them tft mat bang nhd frudng,... tren ea sd dd tang thu nhdp ngoai luong cho dpi ngu gido vien va cong chue, vien chu'c nhd trudng theo mfte do ddng gop edng sftc vd hi8u qud lao dpng khac nhau eua mdi ngudi. Vdi co che mdi nay da tao dpng lye eho gido vi8n vd edng chftc, vien chftc trudng ve viee 1dm vd thu nhdp tdng them; vd dae biet, ed sy ehu trgng dau tu ve chuyen mdn cua dpi ngu bdi su canh franh ve hieu qud lao ddng vd thu nhap. So vdi frudng cdng lap 100% dau tu tu nhd nude, trudng ban cdng vd frudng cdng lap ty chu tdi
ehinh mgt phin khdng ed sy khac biet v8 co ban nhu hmh thftc sd hihi edng ddi vdi ea sd vat chit nhd frudng, tuy nhien vl td chftc qudn ly nha frudng ed sy phdn chia rach rdi ban. Nhd trudng chu dfing hem vl vi8c tuyin dyng, to chuc vd su dung nhdn sy, ngoai dpi ngu eo hftu (budng theo quy lucmg tft ngdn saeh nhd nude) la lye lugng gido vien thinh gidng vd lao dpng hgp ddng do nhd trudng tuyin dung vd sft dyng (hudng luong ngodi ngan saeh vd theo quy djnh frong gidi ban eho phep cua nhd trudng - quy che chi tieu npi bp). Hai loai hinh frudng nay tu chu 'mpt phdn' frong thu hpc phi - duge phep ty thu theo de dn vdi khung hgc phi cua trudng da duge duyet. Cd trudng cdng lap vd tnrdng edng Idp ty ehu mgt phin hien nay dang frong qua frinh hudng tdi xa hpi hda gido dye ngdy cang cao, thdng qua tft ty chu tai ehmh mgt phan den ty ehu todn phdn nhung nam ti8p theo. Khi dd, loai hinh frudng nay ngodi sd hftu edng vl CO sd vat chit (ban diu) va luong co bdn eho ddi ngft co huu thi cac cbl phi khdc trudng se tuchu.
Trudng dan lap, tu thyc (frudng ngodi cdng lap) cd sy khac biet co bdn trude b8t v8 hinh thfte sd huu ddi vdi co sd vat ehdt vd co che tai chinh so vdi trudng edng Idp trudng ban cdng va frudng cong lap ty chft tdi ehinh. Ngoai ndi dung, ehuong frinh gido dye vd quy che ngdnh ve dieu kien boat ddng, trudng ngodi eong lap ehft ddng hoan todn v8 ddu tu ca sd vdt ehat vd ca che tai ehinh frong td chuc va boat ddng. Vdi binh thue frudng tu dugc xem nhu 100% xa hgi hda gido due v8 ngu6n lyc tdi ehinh vd eo sd vdt chdt tft ede td chftc, ca nhdn vd doanh nghiep, ngudi hgc ehi frd todn bp cdc chi phi tuong ung cho su lya chpn dich vu giao dye cua minh. Ngoai ra edn ed sy Ii8n kit gifta cdc frudng trong vd ngoai nude theo eae co cbl lien kit dao tao va nghien cuu khde nhau nhu:
hgp tac hd trg gido due; ciing khai thdc djch vu gido due...hay theo myc ti8u cua cde frudng frong sy phu hgp vdi quy dinb eiia phap lugt
lAFGHlKHUAMOmjuAWLt uiAODUG SO 01(25), THANG 3 -2020 Vi8t Nam vl gido dye. Giao dye ngoai cdng lap
phat friln the hi$n sy diu tu ngdy cdng tang cfta nhdn dan cung Nha nude frong qud frinh xa hgi hda giao dye. Cac lyc lugng xa hdi tham gia ngay cang tich eye vao viec huy dpng fre d8n trudng, xdy dyng ca sd vat chdt cfta frudng hge, diu tu md trudng, ddng gdp kinh phi cho gido dye dudi nhieu hinh thftc. Ndm 2006 phan ddng gdp ve tai cbinh cua ngudi dan eho hge tap eua con era d tmdng cdng lap vd ngodi cdng lap vao khoang 25% so vdi tdng ngdn sdch ddu tu eho gido dye. Ben canh do ciing huy dgng dugc sy
Bang 1. S6 li6u trudng hpc, gido vign vd gidng vi6n, eua Vi6t Nam nam
ddng gdp efta doanh nghiep, cdc td ehfte ehmh fri, xd bdi vd thu hut duge ddu tu nude ngoai (Vi8n Khoa hge gido due ViSt Nam, 2010). Tinh din thdi diem ndm hgc 2017-2018, ty 18 trudng, giang vien - giao vien, sinh vien - hge sinh cua gido due dai hgc vd giao dye phd thdng ngodi edng Idp Idn lugt Id: 27,5% vd 2,6%; 21% vd 3%; 15,7% vd 2,2% (Bang 1). Qua sd Ii8u eho thdy, trong dau tu ngodi cdng Igp thi gido due dgi hpc dugc chft trgng md rdng va dat tdc do ddu tu cao ban so voi giao due phd thdng.
sinh viSn vd hpc sinh cong lap vd ngodi cong lap hpc 2017-2018
GDDH
GDPT
Tru6ng Giing vi6n (ngu&i)
Sinh vien (nguai) Tniimg Gido vien (ngu6i)
Hpc sinli(ngu£ri)
T6ng 236 74.991 1.707.030
28.710 852.998 15.923.718
Cong lap 171 59.232 1.439.495
27.975 827.592 15.583.195
Ty le%
72,5 79,0 84,3 97,4 97,0 97,8
Ngo^i c6ng lap
65 15.759 267.535
735 2 5 4 0 6 340.523
Ty
27,5 21,0 15,7 2,6 3,0 2,2 Ngudn: Thdng ke cua Bp Gido due vd Ddo tao (tinh din ngdy 13.3.2019) Theo ddnh gia chung ve gido dye cdng lap
vd ngodi cong lap thdi ky ndy, sd lugng hpc sinh, sinh vien, hpe vien eao hgc vd nghi8n ciru sinh tang nhanh, nhdt Id d gido dye dai hge, tren dai hge vd giao due ngh8 nghiep; ddi ngu nhd gido va can bd qudn ly gido due phat frien ed v8 sd lugng vd chdt lugng, vdi co cdu ngdy cang hgp ly (Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, 2013). Sd lugng giao vien (gido due phd thdng) tft 492,7 nghin ngudi (ndm hgc 1995-1996) tang len 780,5 nghin ngudi (nam hgc 2005-2006) va 861,3 nghin ngudi (2015-2016); gidng vi8n (gido dye dai hpc) tft 23,5 nghin ngudi (1996) tdng len 53,4 nghin ngudi (2006) va 72,8 nghin ngudi nam (2016) (Tdng eye thing ke, 2019).
Ben canh sy tang th8ra vl sd lugng, ddi ngu cd su chuyin bi8n ro net v8 chuy8n mon nghi8p vu, khdng chi la gido due ngodi cdng lap md ea
gido due edng lap. Trong boi cdnh cua sy "canh tranh", du mudn hay khdng, nang lyc giao vien la yiu td quyit djnh, dilu ndy da thftc day sy tich eye thay vi sftc y vdn cd efta thiy co trong thdi ky duge bao cap hoan toan cdc ehe dd tien luong mi8n ehi can sy tu gidc (du ed hay khong) eua moi ngudi vol sy dam bdo ve thdi gian 8 tilng/ngdy vd 6 ngdy/tudn frudc thdi ky dii mdi. Cftng vdl dd, trong mdi trudng "cgnh tranb", ndng cao frinh dp ehuyen mdn nghiep vu duge dat ra eho mli gido vien thdi ky ndy.
Ty 18 gidng vien dai hpc cd frinh do tien sT vd thae sT ngdy cdng eao, hi 9,653 tiln sy va 34.152 tbgc si (ndra hgc 2013-2014) tang len 20.198 tiln sTvd 44,634 thac sT (ndm hgc 2017- 2018), (Thdng ke Bg Giao due, 2019).
Ngoai dau tu tu cac cd nhan, td ehuc vd doanh nghiep frong thdnh lap va td chftc trudng thi ddu tu tryc tiep cfta nhdn ddn eho eon em hgc tap tang thera ddng ke, cu thi: 1) ddi vdi frudng cong lap (sd gid hge tang, budi hgc them ngoai ehinh khda hay ehuong frinh hge tang thera ... ddng thdi kem theo dd cdc khodn hge phi tuong irng); 2) hay tft sy lua chpn cac 'djch vu gido due toan phdn' eua frudng ngodi edng lap hoae du hge nude ngodi. Dieu ndy dugc xera Id sy ehuy8n bien manh rae tft xa hgi hda gido due thdi ky nay. Vdi ede binh thftc td chftc gido due dao tgo phong phft cimg cac muc phi khde nhau ngudi ddn co thi lya chgn 'kenh
ddu tu' phu hgp nhdt ddm bao quyin hge tap cua con em minh. Ngodi trudng cdng lap cha me hge sinh cd thi lya chgn trudng ngodi edng lap, du hge "tgi chd", du bpc nude ngodi hay cdc dich vu gido dye khde. Qua sd lieu eho thdy, sd lugng hge sinh khdng tdng trong hai muai nam tu 1995-1996 din 2015-2016 frong khi giai dogn nay sinh vi8n, hgc vien cao hge vd ngbi8n eftn sinh tdng nhanh; ddng thdi si hge sinh binh qudn fr8n mgt gido vien giam dang kl (tft 31,6 xudng 17,9), (Bang 2). Ty le hgc sinh fr8n gido vien giam vd hgc sinh vdo cao dang, dai hgc tang phan dnh sy chuyen bi6n tich eye frong gido dye.
Bang 2. S6 lugng ngudi hgc Giao due pho thong
Hpc sinh (nghin ngirai)
Sp hoc sinh binh quan tren mpt giao vien Cao dang va dai hpc
Sinh vien (nghin nguoi) Tren dai hpc (ngtrpi) Hpc vien, nghien ciju sinh
1995 -1996 15.561,0
31,6 1996 509,3 2000 12.656
2005-2006 16.650,6
21,3 2006 1.666,2
2015 67.497
2015-2016 15.353,8
17,9 2016 (khong tinh cao dang)
1.767,9 2017 (khong tinh cao dang)
65.460 Ngudn: Tdc gid tdng hap tic Tong cue thdng ki (2019) Quy md ddo tao md rdng, sy eanh franh giua
cdc trudng edng lap, ngodi edng lap ve chat lupng, hieu qud vd djch vu gido dye co xu hudng tang, tao sy chuyen bien nhdt dinb md frong dd ngudi dugc hudng lgi tft 'dich vy giao dye tang them'. Se Id thieu ehmh xdc khi nhin nhan ehdt lugng gido due ehi qua thanh h'eb hgc tap efta ngudi hge d mdt sd trudng hay chi ddi vdl trudng eong lap hay ngoai c6ng lap. Vi thdnli tich ehi Id hinh thuc bieu bien ben ngodi, hay ket qud giao dye cua mgt trudng ciing mdi ehi phdn anh mgt khia eanh ndo dd frong sy danh gia mang tinh rieng Ie phy thupc ede yeu to dau vao va dpi ngii thay eo gidu kinh nghiem ngau nhien da eo. Su chuyen bien theo hudng tich cue eua ngudi hpc mdi cbinh Id tieu chi quan frong phdn anh ehdt lugng gido due, vd nhu vay, can cd
cai nhin tdng the khi xera xet danh gid ehdt lugng, hieu qud gido dye. Theo dd, giao dye thdi kj ndy phan dnh ro trinh dp hieu biet, nang lye fr8p can tri thftc mdi cfta bp phdn hge sinh, sinh vi8n duge nang len; gido dye trung hpc pho thdng nang khieu dat frmh do eao cfta khu vyc va th8 gidi. Theo ket qud duge nit ra hi chucmg tring ddnh gid Hgc smh qude te (PISA) do td chftc hgp tac va Phat trien Kinh tl OECD thyc hien (03 nam radt lin), vdi ddnh gid nara 2015 fren bdi tbi cua hem nfta trieu thi sinh dai di8n cho 28 frieu hpc sinh 15 tudi d 72 qude gia vd nin kinh tl, Vi8t Nam xIp bang 21 frong top diu gdm cde nude vdi sd dilm chung fren 500 nhu; Smgapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Estonia, Canada,Taiwan, Finland, South Korea, Chma, heland, Slovenia, Germany,
1 J^f t-,111 JSJiurt n y u i^uAiN 1^ I iiAODUC SO 01(25), THANG 3 -2020 Netherlands, Switzerland, New Zealand,
Denmark, Norway, Poland, Belgium, Ausfralia, Viefriam (PISA 2015 Results in Focus).
Cftng vdi do, qudn fr; dai hpc theo hudng ty ehft dang duge quan tdm vd ed budc ddi mdi. Xu hudng phdn tdng va x8p hang giao dye dgi hpc din binh thdnh rd net, nghien euu khoa hgc frong trudng dai hgc dugc chu frgng frong nhung nam gan ddy. Theo sd li8u thdng ke frong 3 nam gin day, cde vien vd frudng dai hpc cd sd lugng cdng hinh nghien ciru khoa hge cdng bd fren tap chi khoa hge thude danh mue Scopus vd ISI tang len ddng kl (Vu Dftc Dara, 2018). Ddo tao dgi hoc, eao ding va sau dai hgc ed su dilu chinh theo hudng ti8p can nhieu hon vdi hpc che tm chi tao su chuyen bien ve chat lupng; viec dao tao sinh vien cdc lap "cu nhdn tai nang", "ky su tdi nang"
... dat ket qua tot (ehdt lugng ciia cde sdn phdm ndy dat chudn mye qu6e te - hdu bet sinh vi8n cde Idp ndy khi ra nude ngodi, duge tham gia hge tdp tai ede nude diu dat kit qud hgc tap d tdp ddu, va CO khdng ft sinh vi8n dat kit qud vugt frdi); sd ddng sinh vi8n tdt nghiSp dai hgc, cao ddng cd hoai bdo lap thdn, lap nghiep vd ty lap, ndng dgng (Vi8n Khoa hgc gido due, 2010). Ty le sinh vien tdt nghiep dai hge ra frudng cd viee lam chiim ty le cao, dat xip xi 90% (chi khoang 4% sinh vien tdt nghi8p dai hgc ehua e6 viec lara, frong khi cde nude Id 7%), (Vu Due Dara, 2018).
3.2. Nhitng van di dgt ra
Cd the ndi, xa hdi hda gido dye da tao ra sue ragnh tdng hgp cho sy nghiep giao dye phdt frien frong khi dau tu cdng cho gido dye edn cd phan han che. He thdng trudng lap va quy md gido due phdt tri8n nhanh, thye bien n8n giao due todn ddn, ddp ung nhu cdu hpe tap ngdy cdng tdng cua nhdn dan va nang eao trinh dp ddo tao, trinh do va ky nang nghe nghiep cho ngudi lao ddng. Cdng bang xa hdi trong tiep can gido dye cd nhieu ti8n bp, nhat Id ddi vdl ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd, lao dgng ndng thdn, cac ddi tugng chinh saeh vd ngudi cd hoan eanh khd khan, binh ddng gidi duge bdo dam. Chat
lugng giao dye va dao tgo dugc ndng len, gdp phdn dap ftng yeu cdu nhdn luc phyc vy cho phat trien kinh te - xd hgi, xay dyng va bao ve Td qude. Cdng tdc phat friln dgi ngu duge dae bi8t ehu frgng dl cung ed vd dii mdi, Co sd vat chat ky thudt cua he thdng giao dye vd dao tao duge tang them vd timg budc hien dai boa. Xa hdi hda giao due va hgp tdc quic t l duge diy manh, dgt nhieu ket qua quan frgng (Bg Giao due vd Ddo tgo, 2016). Tuy nhien, qua trinh xd hpi hda nham phat trien gido dye thai kj nay ty nd da 1dm xudt hi8n nhung vin dl thupc 'npi tgi' bdi sy chi phoi efta co cbl kinh te vdi cdc hinh thftc sd bun frong giao dye hien nay. Dieu nay dat ra nhirng vdn de md gido dye Viet Nam dang phdi doi dien.
Tru&c hit, ngudi hge vd xa hpi eo xu hudng xem trgng djch vu gido due: Thyc tiln cho thiy, nam hgc 2017-2018, vdi 735 trudng ngoai cdng Igp tft dau tu trong nude vd nude ngodi da thu hftt 340.523 hge sinh (Bang 1). Sd hpc sinh ngodi cong lap nay thudc bai trudng hgp chu yiu: 1) hgc smh khdng du dilu ki8n hpc tai cdc frudng cdng lap; 2) hpc sinh du di8u kien hge tap tai trudng cdng lap nhung cha me hgc sinh mudn lua chpn dieh vy giao dye khdc ngodi cdng lap md hg eho Id tm tudng dugc (thudng la cdc frudng eo lien kit ngodi nude vd mgt sd it cdc frudng ngodi edng lap frong nude ed uy thi). Qua phdng vin true tiip eua tdc gid ddi vdi ban 100 cha me hpc sinh thupc frordng hgp 2 tai Thanh phd Ho Chi Mmh frong nhung nam trd Igl ddy cho thdy, khdng hiem su lya chpn cfta cha me hpc sinh frong frudng hgp ndy nhdm chuyin "gdnh nang" efta hg sang nhd trudng cdng nhieu cang tdt. Vi hiu bet bg rat it thdi gian vd dilu kien dl thyc hien gido dye gia dinh, thera nua, theo hg frudng cong lap cd qua nbilu quy dinh nen bg kho ed thi dap ftng, tham chi bg khdng ed nbilu thdi gian dl gin con khi con rdi tnrdng vl nha. Dii vdi hpe sinh thude frudng hgp (1): ty le khd cao roi vdo frudng hgp cdc em it cd su quan tam tft gia
dinh bdi ede nguyen nhdn; dilu kien kinh t l (ea khd gia va khd klidn), su nhgn thftc vd thdi gian eo hep cua cha me hpc sinh... Khdng ehi hpe sinh ngoai cong lap, ngay ed ddi vdi nbiSu hgc sinh cdng lap, cha me cde em eung mong mudn nhieu tu nhd frudng thay bg trong vai frd gido dye, chi it la cang nbilu thdi gian hge sinh hge tap frong trudng edng tdt. Qua dd cho thdy gido due gia dinb ehua dugc chu trgng dftng mftc.
Trudng hgp khde, khdng hiem cha rae hgc sinh vdi tu duy chpn dich vu gido due tiSn ich (dac biet cd sy cdng hudng tu qudng cao mang tinh thi trudng) cd lien quan thuan ehieu vdi ket qud hge tap eua con era minh,... hay tham ehi xudt bien tam ly ngudi hge eung coi thay cd vd nha frudng CO nghTa vu phuc minh 'dieh vy ngang gia'... Nhu vay, vdi xu hudng d8 cao djch vu frong gido due; ehua thye sy quan tdm den gido dye gia dinh at ddn din "san phim loi" vi sy phdt frien tinh thdn, tri tu§ dugc quyit djnh bdi ehinh y thfte va su nd lyc cua ngudi hge chu khdng phdi chinh tu tien ich cua dich vu thdng qua frao ddi dem lgi.
Thie hai, dpi ngii va chat lugng gido dye;
Trudng cdng chu dgng ve nguon lye eon ngudi nhung CO che tuyen dyng chua mhih bach, sft dyng thieu ehe tdi. Ngugc igi, trudng ngoai cong lap ed eo ehe tuy8n dung vd sft dung nhan lyc hi8u qud nhung thieu chu ddng. Thyc te cho thdy, 1) gido vien ed nang luc giang day khdng de trd thdnh vien chftc ngdnh gido dye; 2) hay giao vien cd nang lye bode dao du'c nha gido chua dat chudn nhung ehua ehdc ed the ky ludt bode sa thdi hp. Trudng hgp 1) ed the ly gidi do
"eung - cdu"; frudng hpp 2) do bdt cap bdi ludt dinh, theo dd, hieu trudng frudng edng lap co quyen sft dung ngudi lao ddng nhung tham quyen chdm dut hgp ddng lao ddng bj gidi ban.
Them nua, frudng hgp giao vien trudng cong ngoai tiet day theo quy dinh cdn dgy thera tai trudng hay dgy tai nha, tgi cdc frung tam bode cde frudng ngodi edng lap Id kha phd bien, dae biet ddi vdi nhung mdn hge dang dugc xem Id
quan frgng va xac dinh la mdn tbi. Va dl khdc phyc dilu nay, niu thu nhdp tu luong cua gido vien trudng cdng lap chua duge eai thien thi khd ed thi ndi hieu qua gido due khdng bi dnh budng, vi thdi gian lao ddng cua gido vien hdu het gdn vdi thu nhdp vd eude sdng cfta hg. Va khdng thi ddu tu cho boat ddng giao due mdt each dung nghia, niu nhu thdi gian lao ddng eua gido vien "qud tdi". Trong khi do, tnrdng ngoai edng lap rpng md frong tuyen dyng vd linh boat frong sft dyng nhung lgi khd bdp b8nh, khdng dn dinh vi lam dyng quy8n "tu quyet".
Tinb frang d cdc frudng ngoai cdng lap, ngoai dgi ngu giao vien co huu, chu yiu la gido vi8n thinh gidng. Phan Idn frong sd hg khdng eo d\i dieu kien tham gia gidng day tai cdc trudng cdng lap hoae vfta bien eh8 tai frudng edng nhung dang ky day th8m d cde trudng ngoai edng lap. Thye frgng tnrdng ngoai cdng lap, sy thiiu dn dinh eua giao vien cung vdl quan he lao dpng theo co che 'tien hang' eua sd hihi tu se dnh hudng khong nhd den tdm ly gido vien vd boat ddng gido due.
Thic ba, mdt sd he lyy tu canh tranh frong gido dye: Vi myc tieu dau vdo vd lgi nhuan, Igi ieh cfta tftng frudng da dien ra sy canh franh theo CO che tbi trudng gifta ede frudng ca cong lap vd ngoai cdng lap. Mac dft gido due cdng lap dugc hieu la ehinh sdeh va phftc Igi, khdng vi muc tieu Igi nhuan. Tuy nhi8n, nhu tren da phan tich, gido dye edng Idp khdng cdn thudn hiy chi thyc hien nhiem vy gido due cong ich 100% nhu trudc ddi mdi, md ndi tai giao due cong lap thdi ky ndy it nhieu dan xen cac "dich vy" phyc vy ngudi hgc the hien tinh linh hogt cfta nha quan ly gido due cdng Idp nhdm thieh ftng CO ehe thi frudng vd quan frgng hon Id vi mye tieu ndng thu nhdp cho dpi ngu ngoai luong hi ngdn sdch, Trong khi dd, gido due ngodi cong lap vdi mye ti8u Igi nhuan vd sy canh franh gifta eae nhd dau tu Id ro rdng. Va ngay cd sy canh franh gifta cae trudng ngodi cdng lap eung tgo hi8u ung cudn cac frudng
lAj- t^ni rs-nurt nyC yurt ^ l A o p y c s o 01(25), THANG 3-202Q edng lap vdo vdng xody cfta co che thj trudng
frong tuyin sinh, ddo tao, tuyin dung... theo cdch ndo dd.
De dam bdo lgi ich trudc mdt, ede trudng cdng Idp tang tilt, them chucmg frinh,.. nhdm tang thu khong chi tao dp lyc cho ngudi hgc ma la cd ngudi dgy. Vi mue ti8u Igi nhuan, giao dye ngoai cong Idp, khdng hilm cdc nha diu tu frong thdi gian qua da ed nhieu chien luge xay dyng hinh dnh cfta trudng vdi cac tieu chi nhu:
hinh thftc qudn frj chuyen nghiep, to chuc hogt dgng dgy - hgc theo budng tang tinh doi radi, chu frpng "ddu ra" eho ngudi bpc... Song song do, viee ddt Igi nhuan la frpng tara fren cdc tieu ehi "vi ngudi hge" cung khdng hiem thay d nhi8u trudng thuge loai hinh ndy. Nhiing he luy tft vi8e cdt gidm bO mdn hay chucmg frinh khung theo quy dinh efta Bd Giao dye Vi8t Nam cd thi hi cdc nguyen nhdn khdc nhau nhu:
thiiu gido vien hay myc dich gidm tilt day dl gidm chi phi; hay nhimg bieu hien khac nhu: 1) tap frung 'huan luyen' eho hge sinh frong thi cu vdi myc tieu diera sd; 2) thgm chi 've ra' biic franh khd in tugng dl thu hut ngudi hge, va kit qua Id hpc sinh, sinh vien ngdi nhdm chd, chpn nham nghe... ddn den it nhieu sy dnh hudng frye tiep ve the chat, tinh than va tam ly ngudi hpc, sy hoai nghi frong niem tin xa hpi. Khac ede hogt dpng xa hpi khac, sdn pham cua gido due chinb Id ngudi hpc da dugc giao dye vd ddo tao. Tinh chat dac biet cua "sdn phdm" ndy cd khd nang tham dinh lai qua frinh "sdn xudt" ra ehinh nd, vi vay, se la nguy hai neu "quy trinh san xuat" cd loi hoac "cdc nhd san xuat" cd vdn de. Cdc chieu thftc cgnh franh trong ITnh vye giao due theo co che thj trudng tai Viet Nam
frong thdi gian qua cfta cdc nhd ddu tu (ngoai nha nude) da it nhieu cd sy dnh hudng tryc ti8p ddi vdi giao dye dgc bipt la nhgn thiic vd tdm Iy ngudi bpc vd xa hdi. Trong boi cdnh cde nha ddu tu vdi nguon vdn ban ehe, ehft frgng nhieu den Igi ich trudc mat thay vi co ehien luge dau tu ben viing; hay viee nhin nhgn lgi nhuan fr8n hit sdn phim cd ehit lupng Id ngudi hge; hoae sy quan Iy thi8u ehuy8n nghiep cua ede nhd qudn fri do ehua thye sy am hieu v8 tinb chdt ITnh vyc ddu tu v8 eon ngudi... cftng sy qudn ly cfta nhd nude edn ban ehe, ehua kjp thdi kiem soat nhiing h8 luy phdt sinh tft linh vye diu tu nay la mdt trong nhiing nguy8n nhdn ddn din sy phat trien "meo md" (neu cd) cua giao dye Viet Nam trong vdng xody cua co che thj trudng hien nay.
4. KET LU^N
Se la thiiu khdch quan niu xem nhe vai frd efta "xa bdi hda" frong phat friln giao due Viet Nara thdi ky ddi mdi. Trong dieu kien ddu tu cho gido dye tft Nhd nude edn thap so vdi giao dye cdc nude hiSn nay, frong kbi gido due frong nude Igi dgt frong mat bang chung quoc te thdi ky hpi nhap, thi thye hien xd hOi hoa phdt huy tdng lyc frong nhan ddn cho gido dye Id can thiet vd tdt yeu. Tuy nhien, xa hgi hda giao dye se phdt sinh nhftng vin de tft chinb bdn thdn qud frinh ndy. Viec nhan dien day dft nhung phat sinh nOi tgi do eanh franh 1dm nay sinh se dem Igi cai nhin ddy du hon vl giao dye thdi ky ddi mdi. Bdi vilt md ra hudng nghien cftu tiip theo cd sy ddnh gid sdu ban va dl xuat gidi phap phft hgp frong quan ly vd hogeh dinh chinh sach nhdm phat triln gido due Viet Nam nhung nam tiep theo.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam (1986), edp nhat tai: http;//dangcongsan.vn/hi-beu-van-kien/tu-lieu- ve-dang/saeh-ehinh-fri^ooks-l 1520162411956/index-515201624137563.html-ngdy 12/10/2016.
2. Hdi Binh (2019), Rd sodt, de xudt sii-a dot, bd sung cdc chinh sdch khuyin khich xd hdi hda gido due, Cdp nhat tai: https://giaoducthoidai.vn/ket-noi/ra-soat-de-xuat-sua-doi-bo-sung-eae-cbinh- sach-khuyen-khich-xa-hoi-hoa-giao-due-4004671-v.htral ngay 2.3.2020.
3. Bd Gido due va Ddo tao (2016), Tom luac Lich sic phdt triin Gido due va Ddo tao Vi$t Nam, https://moet.gov.vn/gioi-tbieu/lich-su-phat-trien/Pages/default.aspx?ItemID=4089 ngdy 2.3.2020.
4. BO Gido due va Ddo tgo (2018), Thdng tu sd 16/2018/TT-BGDDT quy dfnh vi tdi trg cho cac ca s&
thupc hi thdng gjdo due qude ddn (thay the Thdng tu sd 29/2012/TT-BGDDT vl tai frg cho gjdo due).
5. Chinb phu (2014), Nghi djnh sd 59/2014/ND-CP quy dinh vi chinh sdch khuyin khich xa hpi hda ddi v&i ca s& thuc hiin xd hpi hoa trong linh vuc gido due vd ddo tao.
6. Chinh phu (2018), Nghi dinh sd 86/2018/ND-CP quy dinh ve ddu tu, hgp tdc nuac ngodi trong linh vuc gido due.
7. Chinhphft (2018), Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP vi ddu tu theo hinh thicc ddi tdc cdng tu, trong dd CO quy dinh khuyen khich thuc hiin ddu tu theo hinh thuc PPP trong linh vuc gido due.
8. Vii Due Dam (2018), https://m,youtube.com/watch, cap nhdt ngdy 08.11.2018.
9. Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam (2013), Nghj quyit 29-NQ/TW ngdy 4 tiiang 11 ndm 2013 vi ddi m&i cdn bdn vd todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo ddp ieng yeu cdu cong nghiep hoa, hi$n dgi hoa trong diiu kien kinh te thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hpi chit nghia vd hpi nhdp quoc ti.
10. Nguy8n Vi8t Hd (2018), Gidi phdp khdc phuc dnh hu&ng mgt trdi ciia kinh ti thi tru&ng din phdt trien nhdn cdch ngu&i edn hp, ddng viin hiin nay, truy cdp tgi https://wviav.quanlynhanuoe.vn/2018/05/04/giai-phap-khae-phuc-anh-huong-raat-frai-cua-kinh-te- thi-truong-den-phat-trien-nhan-each-nguoi'Can-bo~dang-vien-hien-nay/ngay 12.11.2019.
11. Vu Van Ha (2019), Phdt triin nin kinh ti thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hpi chu nghia: Su sdng tao eiia Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam, truy edp tgi http://tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-doi/phat-frien- nen-kinh-te-thi-fruong-dinb-buong-xbcn-su-sang-tao-cua-dang-cong-san-viet-nam-303661.btml ngay 12.11.2019.
12. Quic hpi (2019), Lugt Gido due 2019.
13. Pham Van Thanh (2010), Mpt so gidi phdp gdp phdn ddy mgnh xd hdi hoa gido due, Cdp nhdt tai; https;//nhandan.eom.vn/giaoduc/item/9218202-.bfrnl ngdy 2.3.2020.
14. PISA 2015 Results in Focus, truy cap tai http://faetsmaps.eom/pisa-worldwide-ranking- aveiage-score-of-math-science-reading/ ngdy 19.3.2020.
15. Thong ke ciia Bg Gido due va Ddo tgo (2019), edp nhdt tft; http;//www.moet.gov.vn/thong- ke/Pages/Thong-ke-giao-due-thuong-xuyen.aspx ngdy 02.10.2019.
16. Ting cue thing ke (vdi sd lieu edp nhdt 26.10.2019), https;//www,gso.gov,vn/defauh,aspx?tabid=722. Cap nhat ngay 06/10/2018.
17. Truong Minh Tuin (2017), Sue thuyit phuc cua kinh ti thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hdi chii nghia, Bdo Nhdn ddn dien tft, ngdy 5/6/2017.
18. Vien Khoa hgc Giao dye Viet Nam (2010), Kinh nghiem cua mpt sd nu&c vi phdt triin gido due vd ddo tao, khoa hgc vd edng nghe gan v&i xdy dung doi ngU tri thuc, Nxb. Cbinh tri Qude gia.