Anh hu'dng cua thu nhap phi nong nghiep den sinh ke cua cac ho gia dinh nong thon tai mien Trung va Tay Nguyen
TRAN THE cadJNG*
BOI VAN QOANG"
D 6 TRtfcJNG LAM*"
NGUYEN THp QUANG ANH""
Tom tdt
Nghiin cdu sA dung phuang phdp phdn lich dinh lugng nhdm ddnh gid dnh hudng cua thu nhdp phi ndng nghiip din sinh ke hg gia dinh tai mien Trung vd Tdy Nguyen. Ket qud nghien ciiu cho thdy, thu nhdp phi ndng nghiep khdng tao ra sUkhdc bi^t trong lao dgng gia dinh cho hogt ddng chdn nudi, trong khi cd ldm gidm ddng ki lao dgng gia dinh cho hogt dgng vd lao ddng di thui, cho hogt dgng sdn xudt nong nghiip ndi chung. Ben canh dd, thu nhdp ndng nghiip cdng chua tao ra sU khdc biet trong ddu tu trdng trot vd cdc hang muc ddu tU chdn nudi, nhu:
gidng, thdc dn, thii y, ngoai trd mdt sdhgng muc khdc (nhu chudng trai) chUa dUdc xem xet.
Ngodi ra, thu nhdp phi ndng nghiip cd xu hudng tdm gidm thu nhdp nong nghiip cua hg gia dinh do su chuyen dich lao ddng, cung nhu gidm tinh hdng hod cua sdn phdm ndng nghiip.
Tuf khoa: thu nhdp phi nong nghiip, sinh ki'hg gia dinh, mien Trung, Tdy Nguyen Summary
The study employs quantitative method lo assess the impact gf non-agricultural income on household livelihoods in the Central region and Central Highlands. The outcome indicates that non-agricultural income does not make a difference in family labor for animal husbandry activities, while there is a significant reduction in family tabor in terms of hired labor, and agricultural activities in general. In addition, there is no difference in agricultural income in farming investment and livestock investment such as breeds, feed and veterinary medicine, except for some other unregarded items such as breeding facilities. Moreover, non-agricultural income tends to reduce agricultural income due to labor mobility as well as reduce the commodity attributes of agricultural products.
Keywords; non-agricultural income, household livelihood, Central region, Central Highlands
GIOI THIEU giam dan. Cd cau ndng nghiep thay ddi theo hudng phat huy Idi the so sdnh cua Qua gan 35 nam ddi mdi, ndng nghidp Vidt Nam cdc vung vd hlnh thdnh cac khu sdn xuat da hpi nhap sdu, rdng vao thi trUdng quoc td', dat mffc ndng nghidp ldn. Cd cau kinh td ndng tang trffdng cao va dn dinh trong mdt thdi gian ddi; thdn cung chuyen dich manh theo hUdng ed cd'u kinh td' ndng nghidp, ndng thdn chuyen dich gia tdng cac hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep.
theo hudng tieh eUe. Ddc biet, trong nhffng giai doan Su chuyen dich cd cau kinh te nhanh khd khan, khiing hoang kinh te', nong nghiep da trd chdng nay td't yd'u dan tdi sU thay ddi cdc thdnh "tru dd" eho nen kinh te ed nUdc va la nen tang ngudn lUc sinh ke cung nliu chien Iffdc cho dieh vu phdt trien. Tuy vdy, theo xu hffdng phdt sinh kd ciia ndng hp. Xu hUdng chung trien chung, ty trong GDP ndng nghidp cd xu hffdng la ngudn Iffc lao ddng chuyen dich ngdy
•, ". "*. " " , Khoa Kinh te va Phat trien nong thdn, Hpc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam Ngdy nhgn bdi; 0^/05/2020;Ngdy phdn bi$n: 18/05/2020; Ngdy duvfl ddng; 25/05/2020
BANG 1: KET QUA HO! QUY DOI VCll LAO DpNG TRONG NONG NGHIEP
mx,f
X, X, X,, He so ch^n N R2 P-siB
' • ^ ^ ' • ^ H '^SAiUMtlHtm
-41.812"' -1226.789"' -401,556"' 47.054*"
2436.059"' 1004 0.2207 0
1 ^ n, ^
-3.991"
14,26"' 13.61"
3.399- -0.124"'
1004 0.0023 0.677
* ' j ,
^ H^stf -27.I26'"
-540.65"*
167.78""
38.025'"
364.414""
1004 0.1096 0
cang manh sang edc boat ddng phi ndng nghidp, tff dd cdc chie'n Iffdc sinh ke cua ndng h0 cung chuyen dieh tff ehien Iffdc sinh kd bao gdm nhieu hoat ddng ndng nghiep sang cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nghidp. Tuy vdy, sdn xud't ndng nghidp vdn Id mOt trong nhiftig boat ddng quan ttpng vd Uong nhidu trffdng hdp Id khdng thd bd eua ndng hd; cdc hoat ddng, cung nhu thu nh^p tff phi nong nghidp cd thd CO nhifng tdc ddng ngffdc trd lai vide diu tff hay hidu qua ciia hoat ddng san wxix ndng nghidp cua nong hd.
Tuy nhidn, vide nghien cffU dnh hffdng ciia hoat ddng phi ndng nghidp de'n sinh kd cfia hp gia dinh ndng thdn tai Viet Nam chffa dffdc thUc hidn nhieu. Chinh vi v|y, vide thffc hien nghien cdu danh gid dnh hffdng cua thu nhap phi ndng nghidp dd'n sinh ke ndng nghidp cua cdc hd gia dinh ndng thdn tai mien Trung va lay Nguyen la can thid't.
c a S6 LY THUYET VA PHl/aNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Cdsdiy thuyd't
Nghien cffu cua Ji va cdng sff (2012), Yin vd cpng sff (2016) va Zhu vd cdng sff (2019) cho thay, cdc boat ddng phi ndng nghiep cd dnh hffdng nhd't dinh tdi vide gia tdng dau tff trong lam nghidp, sff suy giam trong din tU mdy ndng nghidp cd nhd vd su gia tdng hidu qud tffdi tieu cua cdc ndng hp.
Yang vd cdng sff (2014) phdn tich dffa hdn khao sdt 2,000 ndng hd tai 5 tinh ciia Tmng Qud'c chi ra rang, nhap eff va boat ddng phi ndng nghiep khdng cd tac ddng tieu cifc tdi hidu qua ky thuat ciia san xuat Ma mach.
Theo Dedehouanou vd edng sff (2016) nghidn cffu vd cd hdi cho hoat ddng phi
Economy and Forecast Review
Mguon' N h o m nghien CL/U tong h d p
ndng nghidp tU thdn tai nong thon Nigeria chi ra rang, vide tham gia cdc boat ddng phi ndng nghidp lam gia tang chi tieu cho ndng nghiep, nhU: diu vao di mua, thud lao dpng. Nghidn cffU ciing dd xuat ede chinh sdch phdt trien ITnh vffc phi ndng nghidp d ndng thdn giup dieu hoa qud trinh phat trien ndng nghidp.
PhtTcfng phap nghidn cffli
s d lieu sff dung trong phdn tich thu thdp tff khdo sat ndng thdn cua dff dn nghien cffU "Impact of shocks on the vulnerability to poverty: Consequences for development of emerging Southeast Asian Economies" (DFG FOR 756). Vung khao sdt bao gdm 3 U'nh: Hd Tinh, Thffa Thien Hudd mien Trung vd Dak Lak d khu vffc Tay Nguydn. Khao sdt dffde thffc hien vao nam 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013 vd 2016. Sd lieu eua 2,200 ndng hd tff 220 thdn bdn ciia ba tinh thu thdp trong hai ndm 2013 va 2016 dffdc sff dung trong phan tich eiia nghien effu.
Nghien cffu nham ddnh gid sff thay doi eua cac hoat dpng phi nong nghidp tdi dau tff vd hidu qua cua san xua't nong nghidp trong ndng hd. Md hinh hdi quy sff dung phffdng phap ffdc Iffdng binh phUdng nho nha't (Ordinary Least Square - OLS) giup danh gid dnh hffdng ciia cdc yd'u to' khdc nhau de'n mdt bid'n phu thudc nhat dinh. Md hinh hdi quy tdng quat nhu sau:
K=/('X^,Xj,-,...,XJ + u Trong dd:
X^: Id bie'n phu thuoc cua quan sat thff i (i=I, 2,,., n).
vdi k = 2, 3,..., k la ede bid'n dde lap cua quan sdt thff i, dai didn cho edc yd'u td anh hffdng dd'n phu thudc.
u: Id sai sdngdu nhidn, phan dnh anh hffdng cua cac yd'u to' bdn ngodi md hinh. ^
Nghidn cffu sff dung so' lieu nam 2016 de xem xet dnh hudng cua cae yeu td, nhU: vung, mien, trinh dp hoc vd'n, sU da dang trong san xua't ndng nghidp va boat ddng phi ndng nghidp (dai dien Id thu nhdp tff phi ndng nghidp) dd'n sinh kd, nhU: lao dpng thud trong sdn xud't ndng nghidp, dau tU trong trdng ff-ot, chdn nudi.
Kd't qua Udc lUdng edc md hinh hdi quy cho phdp ddnh gia tac ddng cua boat ddng phi ndng nghidp den dau tU va hieu qua hoat ddng ndng nghidp (Bdi vii't sd dung cdch vidt sd thdp phdn theo chudn qud'c ti').
71
BAMG 2: KET QUA HOI QtlY DOI Vdl CHI PHi DAG Ttf TRONG TROMG TROT
Bl^'n sd'
LnlX,,) X., X,.
X,.
^(„
He so chdn N R2 F-sig
H« 8*
-0,046- -1,468'"
1,919'"
0.072""
5 . 7 9 7 - 1012 0.1023 0
infif,) : ln(VJ ^ '•]
Hfstf ,^pi^pS'.'i4|¥- Ms* J H I M
1.863- 51,04""
8 6 . 9 5 5 -
-2.254' 42.791"
1012 0.0826 0
-0.0001"
-643.593*"
506.843"- 41.443""
-21.179"- 474.642"' 1004 0.2419 0
BANG 3: KET QOA HOI QGY DOI VCJl CHI PHI DAU TCT TRONG CHAN NaOI
Bl^n sH
Ln(X.,) X,, X^.
Xj.
X , He stf Chan N R2 F-sig
I-n(V,)
msg
-0.047"' 0.75- 6 . 2 5 6 - 0.435'"
-7.679"' 1004 0.1208 0
Ln(Y,)
H*»* j j t
-0.107- 1.424"
3.545'"
0 049-
-11.545"' 1004 0.0465 0
LnOf,) I-n(VJ
Hfs«r J L
-0.007- 2 317'"
4.43"' 0.287"' 2.17"' -10.755"' 1004 0.2024 0
Hfsir -0.119"
1.261'"
4.654"' 0.383'"
-1.921'"
1004 0.1723 0 Nguc . Nhom nghien cifu tong h^p KET QUA NGHIEN CLHJ VA THAO LUAN
Ve Lao d(ing ndng nghidp
Lao ddng trong ndng nghidp dUdc chia thanh ba nhdm de xem xdt, gdm: Lao dpng gia dinh cho boat dpng trdng trot (Y,^, ngay cdng); Lao ddng gia dinh eho hoat ddng chan nudi (Y,^, ngdy edng); Lao ddng thud ndi ehung (Y^, nghin ddng). Trong do, cdc yen td'ddnh gia bao gdm:
X^^: Thu nhap phi ndng nghidp (nghin ddng/hp).
X^: Vung midn = 1 ndu Id midn Trung; = 0 ndu Id Tay Nguyen.
X^: Dan tdc = I ndu Id Kinh, = 0 neu la nhdm dan tdc khac.
X. • Sd'nam di hoc binh quan ciia lao dpng (ndm).
Kdt qua Udc lUdng hdi quy (Bang I) cho tha'y, khdng cd sU khac biet ve lUdng cdng lao dpng gia dinh eho boat ddng chdn nudi giffa edc hd. Tuy nhidn, anh hffdng ciia cac yd'u to' rd rdng hdn ddi vdi lao dong trong hoat ddng trdng trot va lao ddng di thud.
v d su khac biet gitta hai khu vUc midn Trung va Tay Nguyen, do sUphdl tridn ciia cdc cay trdng cdng nghidp (nhU: cd phd, bdng...), ndn lUdng edng lao ddng gia dinh vd thud ngoai eiia cac hp gia dinh d Tay Nguydn cd sff khdc biet ra't ldn so vdi cdc hp d mien Trung.
Cdc hp gia dinh ngffdi Kinh eung si3f dung it lao ddng gia dinh eho boat dpng trdng trot hdn vd ngffdc lai, hp cung thud lao ddng ngodi nhidu hdn so vdi cac hp ddng bdo dan tdc thidu sd. Cdc hd gia dinh cd trinh dp hpc van cao hdn cung cd xu hudng dau tU nhieu lao dpng hdn so vdi cdc hd khdc.
Bdn canh dd, thu nhdp tff boat ddng phi ndng nghiep ed tac ddng khd rd ret ldn vide sff dung lao ddng gia dinh va lao dpng thud ngoai. Cdc hp gia dinh cd thu nhdp phi ndng nghidp cao hdn siJ
72
dung ca lao ddng gia dinh va lao ddng thud ngodi. Didu ndy ed thd dffdc ly gidi do sff thoai lui cua lao ddng trong hoat ddng ndng nghiep, eung nhff cde hp gia dinh cd the d^n coi sdn xud't ndng nghidp mang tinh chat dam bao an ninh lUdng thffc - thffc pham cua hp hdn la mpt hoat ddng sdn xuat hang hod. Tac dpng ddn vide sff dung may mdc, cdng nghd se dffdc xem xdt trong ddnh gid ve dau tff trong ndng nghidp.
vd diu tu trong ndng nghiep Dd danh gid tac ddng ciia thu nhap phi ndng nghidp dd'n dau tff trong boat ddng san xud't ndng nghidp, mpt sd' yd'u td dffdc sff dung de ddnh gid, bao gdm:
X^: Thu nhap phi ndng nghidp (nghin dong/hd).
X^: Viing midn = 1 neu la mien Trung;
= 0 ndu Id Tdy Nguydn.
X^: Ddn tdc = 1 neu la Kinh; = 0 neu la nhdm dan tdc khde.
X^\ So' nam di hpc binh quan ciaa lao ddng (nam).
X^: Sdloai cdy trdng trong hd.
X^^: Sd' loai vdt nudi trong hd.
Ddu tii trong hotft dgng trdng trgt Cac khoan muc dau tff trong boat dOng trdng trpt dffde xem xdt bao gdm:
Chi phi chung eho trdng trpt (Y^, nghin ddng/l,000m^); Chi phi d^u tff mdy mdc (Kj,, nghin ddng/^OOOm^) vd Chi phi dau tff phan bdn {Y^^, nghin ddng/I,000m-).
Kd't qud hdi quy (Bang 2) cho tha'y, cdc hd gia dinh d Tay Nguyen cd mffc chi phi diu tff cho trdng trot nhin chung cao hdn so vdi khu vffc mien Trung. Cac hd gia dinh ngffdi Kinh cung ehi dau tff cho hoat ddng trdng trpt ndi chung cao hdn cdc hp dong bao dan tde thieu so' khde.
D^c bidt, tinh da dang ve cay trdng trong trdng trpt ciia cdc hd cd the dam bdo tinh riii ro trong san xua't ndng nghiep, nhimg cflng ed xu hffdng ban ehe dau tff tham canh (gdm mdy mdc va phan bdn) trong tr6ng trpt.
Phan tich ciing cho tha'y, thu nhfip phi ndng nghidp khdng ed sff tdc ddng dang tin cd^ tdi mffc dau tff trong trdng trpt, bao gdm ed mdy mdc vd phan bdn. Cac hO cd thu nhdp phi nong nghiep cao hdn khdng cd sff khac bidt trong dau tu may mdc, phan bdn cho trdng trpt so vdi hd c6 thu nhap phi ndng nghiep tha'p hdn.
Dau tu trong hogt dgng chdn nudi Cde khodn mue d£u tff trong hoat dpng chdn nudi dffde xem xet bao gdm: Chi phi thffc dn chan nudi (Y^^, nghin ddng/
BANG 4: KET QUA HOI QUV DOI VOl THU NHAP MOMG
Blfii stf 11*'!
Ln(X,,) Xj,
X„
X,.
X,^
X,, He so chan N R2 F-sig
MGHl|P Ln(Y,„) ' '
Hestf -0,039"
-0,955'"
0,515'"
0.037' 0.072'"
0.297'"
7.344'"
769 0.2001 0 n g u o n : N h o m nghien cufu tdng hijp
loai vdt nudi); Chi phi diu tff gid'ng vat nudi(y , nghin dong/Ioai vat nudi); Chi phi thu y (Y^^, nghin ddng/hd);
Tong chi phi dau tff cho chan nudi (J'/Q,, nghin ddng/
loai vdt nudi).
Kd't qua phdn tich (Bdng 3) cho tha'y, nhin chung, cdc hd gia dinh d Tay Nguyen dau tff cho chan nudi cao hdn so vdi cac hp gia dinh d mien Trung. Tffdng tff, cac hp ngffdi Kinh cung dau tU cho chdn nudi cao hdn eac hd gia dinh ddng bao dan tdc thieu sdkhac. Nhdm hp cd trinh do hpc van cao hdn eung dau tff eho chdn nudi nhieu hdn.
Tuy vay, ve chi phi diu tff trong chdn nudi, tac ddng ciia thu nhdp phi ndng nghidp chffa rd rang. Kd't qua hdi quy eho thd'y, cd sUkhdc biet dang tin cdy giffa tong ehi phi ehi dau tU binh quan eho mdt loai vdt nudi do sff khde bidt ve thu nhap phi ndng nghidp tao ra. Tuy nhidn, tdc dpng nay khdng ddng tin cay d tffng khoan muc dau tff, nhff: eon gid'ng, thffc an va thu y. Didu ndy cho tha'y, cd thd ehi phi dau tU chan nudi trong ndm 2016 cua cac hd rdi vao cdc khoan muc khdc, vi du nhU chudng trai, mdy mdc. Dieu ndy eung tUdng ffng vdi mffc dau tff eao hdn han ciia hd vdo nam 2016 so vdi ndm 2013. Ddy cd the la thdi diem nhieu ho gia dinh bat dau md rdng boat ddng chan nudi, tuy nhien do sd lieu chffa tdch bidt ro rdng nen nhdm nghien cffu chffa thd khao sat sdu hdn.
Thu nhap tit ndng nghiep
Cud'i cung, nhdm nghien effu khao sat hdi quy dd'i vdi tdc ddng cua thu nhap phi ndng nghidp dd'n thu nhap ndng nghidp cua cac hd gia dinh (Y||_, nghin ddng/hd). Ben canh thu nhap phi ndng nghidp, cdc yeu td khde ciing dffdc xem xet mffe dp anh hffdng dd'n thu nhap ndng nghidp cua hd gia dinh, bao gdin:
X^: Thu nhdp phi ndng nghidp (nghin ddng/hd).
x': Vijng mien = I neu la midn Trung; = 0 neu la Tdy Nguyen.
Economy and Forecast Review
73
X^-. Ddn tdc = I neu la Kinh; = 0 nd'u Id nhdm ddn toe khac.
X^\ Sd'nam di hpc binh quan cua lao dpng (ndm).
X^-. So'loai cdy trdng trong hp.
X.^\ Sd loai vat nudi trong hd.
Kd't qua hdi quy (Bang 4) cho thd'y, thu nhap ndng nghidp eiia cac ho gia dinh tai mien Trung thd'p hdn khd nhieu so vdi ede hp gia dinh c( Tdy Nguydn. Trong khi dd, sff khde bidt ve thu nhdp ndng nghiep do su khdc bidt ve dan tdc, trinh dp hoe van nhin ehung dd dU dodn. He sd'cua sd'lUdng vat nudi, cay trdng cung cho thay tinh chat san xua't ndng nghiep d hai khu vffc tren phan nao dd chUa mang tinh hang hda eao, khi vide da dang hod cdc loai cay trdng vdt nudi van dam bao thu nhdp cao hdn. Dieu nay ed thd lam cham qud trinh chuydn mdn hod, chuydn canh trong san xua't ndng nghidp, ddc bidt vdi cdc dia ban cd dieu kien chuydn canh nhu Tay Nguyen.
Phan tieh ciing cho tha'y, hp gia dinh cd thu nhdp phi ndng nghidp cao hdn, thi ed cd mffc thu nhap ndng nghidp thd'p hdn. Didu nay cho thay, sff suy giam cua sdn xud't ndng nghiep khi viec lam, thu nhap phi ndng nghiep tang len trong qud tnnh edng nghidp hda, dd thi hda d edc dia phffdng. Trong giai doan nay, cdc hd cd thd dan coi san xua't ndng nghiep chu ye'u de dam bao lUdng thUc - thUc pham eho hd gia dinh, ma khong phai ngudn thu nhdp phuc vu cac chi tidu ndng cao ddi sdng tinh than. Ben canh dd, nam 2016 ciing chffng kie'n cdc sU c6 ldn phan ndo anh hudng dd'n thu nhdp ndng nghidp eua hd, nhU: sU cd' mdi trUdng bidn d midn Trung, dich bdnh trong chdn nudi Idn d Tay Nguyen.
KET LU^N
Nghien cffXi eho tha'y. sU thay ddi rd net cac ngudn lUe sinh kd' ndng nghidp eua cdc hd gia dinh tai khu vUc midn Trung vd Tdy Nguydn. Vdi lUe lUdng lao ddng ddi ddo, lao ddng tai cdc hd gia dinh cd xu hudng
chuyen dich nhanh sang cdc boat ddng ldm thud vd tU ldm phi ndng nghidp khdc vdi nhieu boat ddng, nganh nghe da dang. Trong khi dd, dau tU vao cdc boat ddng trdng upt, chan nudi, ciing nhu phi ndng nghidp cd sU tdng ldn ro net, tuy nhidn tong gid 04 san pham nong nghiep mang tinh hang hod phdn phdi ra thi trudng chUa nhieu, mffc dd tdng chffa Mdng xffhg vdi mffe tdng diu tU. Didu nay cho thay, sdn xud^E ndng nghidp chu yd'u ddng vai trd ddm bdo an ninh lUdng thUc - thUc pham tai edc hd gia dinh, ddc bidt Id khu vffc midn Trung.
Cdc ket qud phan tich hdi quy vdi sd lieu ndm 2016 cho thd'y, tdc dpng ciia thu nhdp phi ndng nghidp ldn lao ddng, chi phi dau tff trong ndng nghiep va thu nhap ndng nghidp. Thu nhap phi ndng nghiep khong tao ra sff khdc bidt trong lao ddng gia dinh cho boat dpng chdn nudi, trong khi cd lam giam ddng ke lao ddng gia dinh cho hoat dpng vd lao dpng di thud eho hoat dpng san xua't ndng nghidp ndi ehung. Ddy Id chi dau cho thd'y, cd sff thodi lui cua hoat dOng sdn xua't ndng nghidp nhff mdt boat ddng mang dinh hffdng thi trffdng. Ben canh dd, thu nhdp nong nghiep cung ehUa tao ra su khde bidt trong d i u tu trdng trpt vd cdc hang muc dau tu chdn nudi, nhff:
gidng, thffc an, thu y, ngoai trff mot sd hang muc khdc (nhff chudng trai) chffa dffdc xem xet.
Cud'i eilng, thu nhdp phi ndng nghi?p cd xu hudng ldm giam thu nhdp ndng nghidp cua hd gia dinh, do sff chuydn dich lao ddng, cung nhff giam tinh hdng hod cua san pham ndng nghiep.Q
TAT T.fF.TT THAM KHAO
1. Dedehouanou, Senakpon F. A., Ousseini, Aichatou, Harouna Abdoulaziz, Laouali and Jabir, Maimounata (2016). Spillovers from Off-Farm Self-Employment Opportunities in Rural Niger, PEP working paper serie 2018-08
2. Ji Y., X. Yu, and F. Zhong (2012). Machinery Investment Decision and Off-Farm Employment in Rural China, China Economic Review, 23(l),7I-80
3. Su, W., Eriksson, T., Zhang, L., & Bai, Y. (2016). Off-farm employment and time allocation in on-farm work in rural China from gender perspective, China Economic Review, 41. 34-45
4. Yang, Jin and Wang, Hui and Jin, Songqing and Chen, Kevin and Riedinger, Jeffrey and Chao, Peng (2014). Migration. Local (fff-Farm Employment, and Agricultural Production Efficiency:
Evidence from China, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01338
5. Yin, N., Huang, Q., Yang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2016). Impacts of Off-Farm Employment on Imgation Water Efficiency in North China. Water, 8(10), 452
6. Zhu, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, Y., Huang, C . & Zhang, Y. (2019). How off-farm work drives the intensity of rural households investment in forest management: The case from Zhejiang, China, Forest Policy and Economics. 98, 30-43
