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Dg an dAu tu xay dgng ed nhiiu dae diim rieng biit khac vdi san phAm eua cae ngAnh san xuAt khAc nhu ngudn vdn Idn, thdi gian thgc hiin dai, Anh hudng bdi nhiiu bin liin quan. mdi hudng b i n ngoai... LAnh dao la yiu td then ehdt d i thanh cdng hong bAt ky hoat ddng nao lien quan d i n sp hpp tAc giua cae nhdm lam viic eiia con ngudi. Trong xay dgng, lanh dao i4t cAn thiit. giil vai hd tao ra mpt mdi tmdng lAm viic hd trp cho nhiing bin tham gia dp an hoan [hanh tdt cdng viie dg an. Munns va Bjeimii (1996) nhAn manh rang sp thanh edng hay thAt bai trong quan ly dp An phg thupe rAl nhiiu vao lanh dao dg An.
1. Nganh xay dung Viet Nam hien nay Nganh xay dpng cd vai trd quan trpng trong sp phai triin kinh k i xa hpi dae biit la ddi vdi cac qudc gia dang hin da phat triin nhu Viit Nam hiin nay. Theo sd liiu eiia Tdng cgc thdng ki thi gia tri nganh xay dgng dang tang U li Ihu^n vdi GDP tu nam 2005 d i n 2017. Th| hudng xay dgng Viit Nam phan hda manh va canh tranh gay gAt vdi sd lupng doanh nghiip Idn, rao cAn gia nhap thAp, edng nghi Idia tuong ddng giiia cac nha thAu. Sau hon 30 nam Viit Nam chuyin ddi md hinh kinh t i tP nin kinh t i bao cAp sang nin kinh t i thj trudng dinh hudng xa hpi ehu nghia, day la giai doan nganh xay dgng Viit Nam khdng ngimg tang trudng kio dai din thdi diim hiin nay, theo sd liiu ciia Tdng cgc Thdng ki (GSO) thi nam 2019, tdng san phAm trong nude (GDP) dat kit quA An tupng vdi tdc dd tang trudng la 7,02% trong dd khu vpc edng nghiip va xay dpng tang 8,90%, ddng gdp 50.4% vao GDP.
Nam 2020, Chinh phu dat mgc Uiu gia tri san xuAt xay dgng loan nganh tang khoang 9 - 10% so vdi nam 2019; ty li dd thi hda dat khoang 40%. Theo Tdng cge Thdng ke nude ta hiin nay ed khoang 74,000 doanh nghiip xay dgng dang hoat dpng tai Viit Nam, chiim phAn Ion la cac doanh nghiip quy md vira va nhd diiu nay khiin thj cho thj trudng xay dpng Viit Nam phan manh vdi ap Ige canh tranh cao.
2. Lanh dao trong quan ly du an dau tir xay dung edng trinh
Lanh dao la yiu td then chdt d i thanh edng trong bAt k> hoat dpng nao lien quan din sg hgrp lac giiia eae nhom (hoac nhdm) lam \iec cua eon ngudi.
Trong xAy dpng, lanh dao rAt eAn thiit, diiu nay da
I O KiHH Tt CHA.U A - THAI BIHn DunTHO ITnAna t> 2 0 3 0
dupe d i cap hong nhiiu nghiin eihi. Thamhain, 2003 nhAn manh tAm quan hpng cua nhA lanh dao tao ra mdt mdi trudng lAm viic h6 h p cho nhOng b i n tham gia dg An hoAn IhAnh tdt cdng viie d p An. Munns vA Bjeirmi (1996) nhAn manh sp thAnh edng hay thAt bgi trong quAn ly dp An phg thupc rAt nhiiu vAo lAnh dao dg an. Lanh dao thpe sp hiiu quA s i dAm bAo hAI hda mge tiiu eua eae b i n liin quan ddng thdi ngan ngiia xung ddt trong d p An xAy dpng. Theo tAc giA Kloppenborg vA cdng sp, 2003 vai trd lanh dao dp An nhu tA "thgc hiin mdt cAch ed h i thdng v i sp hiiu biit vi ky thuAt vA ky nang lanh dao" trong cac giai doan ciia vdng ddi khac nhau cua mOt dp an, vdi mgc dich la d i hoan thanh lAm nhin va chiin lupc ciia dp An.
Quan ly dg An nhu lA sp kit hpp eOa lanh dao vA quAn ly dp An mA cA hai d i u bat ngudn tir thpe tiin quAn ly dg an eg thi. nha lanh d^o phai quyit d|nh nhiing vAn d i eAn uu tiin va thuc hiin edng viie dp An theo hinh tp thii tp uu tiin nhAt quan, hiit d i . Thu hai, nhA lanh dao dp an cAn liin tpc nh§n thirc dupe eAc ehi tiit dp An va dua ra nhiing quyit djnh cd liin quan d i n viic thay ddi hoan cAnh. Cudi eung, ngudi lanh dao d p An cAn phAi nhan biit va chia s i dp an nay hpp nhAt vAo h i thdng Idn - ca hong td ehiic mp va trong td ehiic eua khAch hang.
Vdi dac diim vdn ed ciia dp An dAu tu xay dpng edng trinh la quy md Idn, nhiiu b i n tham gia nhu ddi dg an, nha thAu thi cdng, nha thAu thiit k i , nha thAu giAm sAt, nhiiu b i n lien quan nhu epng ddng dan cu eo quan quAn ly nhA nude vdi cAc nhu cAu va loi ich khac nhau, mdi trudng sAn phAm dAu ra dp an anh hudng tdi siic khde, cuPe sdng va sp an toan r ' khach hAng...CO cAu td chiie phiic lap, thudng nha
lAn xa so vdi Irg sd chinh ciia id chiic.. .tAt cA cAc yiu td nAy d i u gAy Anh hudng d i n Ihanh cdng dp An chAm bin dd. tAng chi phi ho$c giAm chAl lupng... Do v^y rAt cAn mdt ngudi nhae trudng cd kha nang dAn dAt, truyin cAm hiing, giao tiip gAn kit, diiu phdi tdt, Ihue dAy gAy Anh hudng d i lAm viic tdt nhAt. Tuy nhiin do cAu Inie td chiic dp An, mdi quan h i cua dp An vdi Id chiic — ehu dAu tu dp An, miie dp trao quyin eiia nha quan ly dp an vA sp ung hp, eo c h i cua quAn ly cAp eao hon thi phAn nAo cling Anh hudng tdi vai hd lanh dao cua nha quan ly dp an.
Nha quan ly dp An thi hiin vai trd lanh dao thdng qua viic xAc djnh dg An theo cAch tdt nhAt eho tAt ca cac thAnh viin vA cho dpi, nhdm biit chiing ta dang d dAu va chiing ta mudn di dAu va sau dd diiu phdi tdt vdi ngudn nhan Ipc vA thii hai dam bAo rAng nhdm, nhAn viin d i u nAm bAl dupe k i ho^ich, chi liil cAe cing viie vA dAm bAo rang khdng ed xung dpi giiia nhiing ngudi trong nhdm. Nhu vSy nha quAn ly ddng vai trd lanh d^o nhiiu hon, vai trd eiia mdt nha lanh d^o hon la mdt ngudi quAn ly. Khi dp An thpe hiin, nha quAn ly thpe hiin vai trd eAn thiit nhAt eua ngudi quAn ly. Di glAm bdt cAc lo lAng vi thdi gian eCia dp An, chi phi ciia dp an, quy d(nh, cdng viic ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdng lAm viie rAt tdt va cdng ndi tdt vdi nhOng ngudi dang lAm viic rAt tdt, sau dd bat dAu dp An lA lanh dao (chf d^o, tmyin cAm hiing va h6 hp) va vai trd thii hai trong khi thpe hiin dp an la quAn ly (Iqip ki hoach, td chiic vA kiim soAt). Hon nua vai hd lanh dao edn thi hiin quAn ly eAc nhdm, ddi khac nhau ddi hdi nhA quAn ty tao sp gAn kit, nhiit tinh. thiie dAy mpi ngudi ciing hudng Idi mpc tiiu chung cua dp An.
Trong ngAnh xAy dpng, Toor va Ofori, 2008 da xac djnh sg cAn thiit phAi thay ddi tii chiie nang quAn ly dg An sang chiic nang lanh dao dp An. Nganh xay dgng dang d trong mpt Ihdi ky ddi mdi cua mpt mdi trudng kinh t i xa hpi, van hda, chinh tri va kinh doanh dAy thAeh thiie, nhAn m^nh sp cAp bAch vi mdt viin cAnh mdi m i vi cAe dpng Ipc lanh dao ngAm, ve hAnh vi lanh d^o phii hpp eho cAc dp An xay dung, cAc kit quA eg thi thpe t i cAn dat dupe vA vai hd lanh dao cQa nha quan ly Anh hudng kit quA eiia du an, kit qua Id chiie hong dAi han. Do vay cAc nhA quAn ly dp An cAn phAl triin trd thAnh nhiing nhA lanh dao vdi cAe ho^t dpng eg Ihi lae ddng tdi thanh cdng dp an trong mdi trudng lam viie ngAy cAng phiic tap, thOc dAy xAy dgng n i n van hda h'ch cpc hong nganh xAy dgng vA phAt hiin cac nhA lanh dao so huu cac giA tn tich cpc vA lAm viie theo cAc tiiu chuAn dao diic cao.
cae nha lanh dgo du An dich thpe khdng chi lA ngudi quAn ly dp An tdt mA cdn la nhA lanh dao ciia mpi ngudi vA cd lAm nhin vi tuong lai bang cAeh thi hiin sp earn kit. lAn tam va edng hien ma hp trd IhAnh hinh mAu ngudi tp lin, hy vpng, lae quan, kiin cudng, minh b^eh, dgo diic va dinh hudng tuong lai.
3. Phan hiet quan ly du an va lanh dao dir an QuAn ly du an thanh cdng khdng chi la viie ap dpng hiiu qua cac cdng eg va ky thu^t quan ly ma edn phg thudc vao nang Ipe lanh d^o va nang Ipc quan ly cua ngudi quAn ly dp an. Lanh dgo vA quAn ly lA nhirng thuAt ngii thudng dupe su dgng thay t h i eho nhau.
Tuy nhiin, cd sp khac biit dAng ki giiia hai IhuAt ngp nay: "QuAn ly ed nghia la tao ra thii Ige, quy trinh, bao cAo, thpe hiin, hoan thanh, ehju hach nhiim. Lanh dao cd nghia la tao anh hudng va chi dao vi phuong hudng, qua trinh, hanh ddng va thay ddi. Ngudi quAn ly lA nhiing ngudi lAm viic diing, lam viie bAng ly tri va ngudi lanh dao la nhimg ngudi lam dung v i i c lam viie bAng trai tim".
Trong bdi cAnh quAn ly dp An, quAn ly lA hogt dpng hang ngay cua mdt k i hoach dp an d i dai dupe cac mpc tiiu dung thdi gian, dam bao ngan saeh va dat chAt lupng edn lanh d^o la chiic nang cao hem, tao ra mpt k i hoach dg an d i tang cudng ehiin lupc kinh doanh eiia id ehiie vA dat dupe kit quA (Norrie va Walker, 2004). Theo Yukl va Lepsinger, 2005 thi nhiim vp cua ngudi quan ly liin quan d i n hiiu qua, djnh hudng va tinh dn dfnh ciia dg An, hong khi nhiim vg cua cac nha lanh dao liin quan din sg thich ling, ddi mdi va linh boat ciia dg An. CAc nha quan ly thpe ti, ed kha nang p h i binh vA khA ndng logic, hong khi cAc nhA lanh dao cd hi tudng tupng, sang tao va nh^y eAm. Tuy nhien, bAt chAp nhung khAe biil nAy, mpt ngudi quan ly dp an thpe sp cd thi hanh ddng trong ca vai hd lanh dao va quan ly.
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CA hai nang luc quan ly va lanh dao d i u eAn thiit eho sp tiianh edng b i n viing d vj til quAn ly. Mpt ngudi quAn ly (hoac ngudi lAnh dao) chi ed diim manh d mOt trong hai linh vpe nang Igc s i gap khd khan trong viic duy hi mdt ddi ngO lam viie hiiu suAt cao trong tiidi gian dAi. Kent (2005) cho rAng nhiing ngudi cd ky nang quAn ly gidi nhung lanh dao kim cd thi dat dupe su thAnh edng bin viing nhung ehi d muc vira phAi.
Nhiing ngudi cd ky nang lanh dao tdt nhung quAn ly k i m ed tiii dat dupe thAnh cdng ngAn han nhung thAt bai dAi han, nhung ky nang quAn ly gidi kit hpp vdi ky nang lanh dao gidi cd tiii dAn d i n su tiiAnh cdng b i n
NH Tt C H A U A - T H A
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vHiMi va d muc eao. \ e u t>an gidi trong viec ^ dpng cac edng eg \a ky tiiu^l. ban cd tiii dat dupe sp thanh cdng vud phai. nhung d i trd thanh mpt r^uoi quan h dg an ihge sg hiiu qua ban eOng cAn phai la mpi nha lanh dao tdt.
4. Be du an thanh cm% can phai nang eao vai tra cna lann dao trong quan ly du an xay dung
Lanh dao rAt quan trpng ddi voi Ihanh edng eua mdt dp an t>di vi ban chAt cua sg lanh dao chinh la nhani tiiue dAy eon ngudi d i dat dupe mgc tieu cua dg an trong ngudn luc han c h i va mdi trudng ludn thay ddi.
Vai tid eiia lanh dao va quan ly hong viie thgc hiin dp an thudng phg thuPc vao loai dp an, thdi gian va pham vi cua dg an. Cung vdi sg phat triin manh m i eua nin kinh t i xa hpi, sg bung nd edng nghi thdng tin. nha lanh dao va quAn ly phai triin khai rAt nhiiu eae dg an ed muc dp Anh hudng sau rdng din cac ddi tupng liin quan, cAc dp An ed quy md Idn, diin ra trong nhiiu giai doan, phiic tap va mang U'nh chAt toAn cAu voi cac mgc Uiu phai dat dupe va ngudn Igc b| han c h i txii thdi gian thpe hiin, ngan saeh va sp thay ddi nhanh chdng eiia thj trudng.
Thanh edng ed thi chi dat dupe thdng qua su lanh d^o hiiu qua, sg thdng minh, sAng tao d i kit ndi va sii dgng ngudn Ipe hiiu qua hong sudt vdng ddi dg an.
Phong each lanh dao cAn linh boat, chia se, phAn doAn tdt va sang tao d i mang lai su thanh cdng cho du an. Ddng then, cac nha lanh dao nin chu trpng vao viie xay dpng va tao dOng Ipe d i cac tiianh viin khac nhau ed thi lam viie eiing nhau vdi vai ho la mdt dpi thdng nhAt. QuAn ly du an la mpt quy trinh ed eau tnie nhung lai linh hoat ddi vdi viie tao ra mpt kit qua mdi.
Sg thanh cdng ciia nd phg thupc vao viic ap dgng hai day bude: Lap k i hoach ti^rde - tiipc hiin sau. Day la can nguyin eiia tAt ca vdng ddi du an thanh edng. Bi bAt dAu dp an mpt cAch thich hpp, ngudi quan ly dp an phai trd thanh mpt ngudi lanh dao. Tuy nhiin, phong cAeh lanh dao cAn thay ddi Iheo nhiing quy trinh eua dg an hong sudt vdng ddi eiia nd. Thuc v^y, trong qua tiinh thpe hiin se ed thdi diim ma "sp quan ly" trd nen quan Irpng hem "sp lanh dao". Khi do se thAy dupe rArig "thdng tin" (viec tap tmng tri thiic) trong nhimg giai doan lap ke hoach va "viie tmyin dat" (viic giii di thdng diip) trong nhirng giai doan san Ihpc hiin. Vi dg: kha nang phdi hpp, liin kit vdi nhau la mot k\ nang thiit \eu cho ca ngudi lanh dgo dg an
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Tai lieu tham khao:
Kent, T. W. (2005) Leading and managing: II lakes two to tango. Management Decision 43, 1010-1017.
Kloppenborg, T. J., Shriberg, A., & Venkatraman, J.
(2003). Project leadership. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts, Inc.
Long D.N., Ogunlana, S.O. and Lan, D.T. (2004). A study on project success factors on large constmctlon projects in Vietnam. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 11(6): 404—413.
Munns, A. K., & Bjeirmi, B. F. The role of project management in achieving project success.
International Joumal of Project Management, 1996.
14(2), 81-88.
Odusami, K.T. (2002). Perceptions of construction professionals concerning important on project suc- cess in four types of projecL 2nd Intemation al Conference on Construction and Project Management IPEDR.
Thamhain, J.H. T e a m Leadership Effectiveness In Technology-Based Project Environments," Project Management Journal (35:4) 2004, pp 35-46.
Toor, S.R. & Ofori, G. (2008). Leadership for Future Construction Industry: Agenda for Authentic Leadership. International Journal of Project Management. 26(1), 620-630.
Yukl, G. & Lepsinger, R. (2005) Why Integrating the Leading and Managing Roles Is Essential for Organizational Effectiveness. Organizational Dynamics, 34, 361375.