PETROVIETNAM
Nghien cu'u che tao chat tao gel cho hydrocarbon su-dung t r o n g d u n g
djeh nu-t v o via t h u y \ac goc dau
ThS. Bill IVIinh Son
Tong cdng ty Thdm dd Khai thdc Ddu khi PGS.TS. Hoang Dung
Trudng DH Md - Dia chd't
ThS. Ta Quang IVIinh, KS. Nguyen Thi Cham
Tong cdng ty cophdn Dung dich Khoan vd Hda pham ddu khi
0
/•if'
Tom tat
Cd nhieu phffdng phdp dexffly vung can ddy gieng khoan nhdm ndng eao he so thu hoi ddu khf nhff: phffdng phdp hda hpe (xff ly bdng dung dfeh axit, nhu hod axit, axit bpt...); phffdng phdp nhiet (tdeh sdp, hdc in...); phffdng phdp vdt ly (Idm sach chat thdi rdn vd can nffdc Idng dpng, bdm rffa day gieng vdi mpt hon hpp cdc chd't hoat dpng be mat)... Viee dp dung cdc phffdng phdp ndi tren mang lai hieu qud kinh te nhffng ed nhffpe diem Id thdi gian duy tri vd hieu qud keo ddi sau khi xff ly khdng cao.
De khde phue nhffng nhffpe diem cua cdc phffdng phdp ndy, ehung tdi dd Iffa chpn mpt sd gidi phdp cdng nghe dffpc thffc hien dffdi ddy gieng nhdm ndng eao he so thu hdi ddu cua cdc md mang Igi hieu qud kinh te vd ed dp on djnh cao hdn. Dd Id phffdng phdp xffly vdi hda chd't vd ddc biet Id xffly cdhpc (nfft vdthuy Iffc via eua tdng chffa ddu).
Bdi viet cung cap cdc kit qud nghien cffu vd che tao ehdt tao gel ddu hydrocarbon dffdc sff dung trong dung dich nfft vd via thuy Iffc. Thi nghiem dffdc thffc hien bdi tdc gid vd nhdm epng tdc vien tai phong thi nghiem cua Tong edng ty co phdn Dung djeh khoan va Hda pham Ddu khi trong khodng thdi gian tff thdng 10/2010 den thdng 1/2011.
DAU K H i - s o 3/2011 45
I.GIGflTHIEU
Viec tang san lUpng khai thae cua cac gieng khai thac dau nham gdp phan nang eao he sd thu hdi dau eua md la nhiem vu quan trpng eua cae edng ty dau khi. Khai thac dau khi d Viet Nam hien nay la mpt nganh cdng nghiep mui nhpn mang lai hieu qua kinh te eao nhat. Tuy nhien, trong qua trlnh khoan, hoan thien gieng, khai thac va sda chOa thudng gay ra cac tdn hai thanh tao d mUc dp khae nhau, lam suy giam san lUpng khai thac cua gieng. Chinh vl vay, can ed giai phap edng nghe tdi Uu tac ddng len vung can day'gieng de tang he sd thu hdi dau khi cua md.
Cd nhieu phUPng phap xd ly vung can day gieng do la: Phuong phap hda hpc (xd ly bang dung djeh axit, nhu axit, bpt axit...); phUPng phap nhiet (tach parafin, nhUa hac in....; phUPng phap vat ly hpc (lam sach cac chat ran ban, lang dpng va nUdc tdn tai d vung can day gieng;
bom rda day bang dung djeh cd pha chat hoat tinh be mat). Mac du cac phuong phap neu tren dupe ap dung, xCr ly trong cae gieng khai thae, bom ep nUde mang lai hieu qua kinh te, nhUng thdi gian duy tri, keo dai hieu qua sau xCrly khdng Idn.De khae phue nhUng nhupe diem cua eae phuong phap tren, hien nay ngUdi ta da lUa chpn mdt sd giai phap edng nghe tiep tue tac dung len vung can day gieng nham tang he sd thu hdi dau cua md dat hieu qua kinh te eao. Dd la phUPng phap xd ly hda hpe, dac biet xd ly bang eP hpc (vd via thuy lue). Trong npi dung bai bao nay, tae gia dUa ra ket qua nghien eUu che tao gel dau sd dung trong dung djeh nUt vd via thuy lUe gdc dau, day la mpt phUPng phap hien dang dupe sd dung tren the gidi de tang he sd thu hdi dau mang lai hieu qua kinh te eao eho cac gieng khoan dau khi d them lue dia Viet Nam.
II. CO sd KHOA HOC CUA CONG TAG NGHIEN CU'U 1. Chat long nuTt vd via thuy lUc
Chat Idng nut vd via thuy lUe ddng vai trd truyen ap suat tCr be mat xudng via va ed vai trd van ehuyen eae vat chen tU tren be mat nham giQ cho khe nut dupe duy tri d trang thai md trong thdi gian dUa gieng trd lai khai thae.
Chat Idng nut vd via thuy lUe can dap dng cac yeu cau sau:
Dp dn djnh Idn d dieu kien ap suat chenh lech va khuay trdn Idn.
-I- Khdng cd tae dung hda hpe vdi dat da eua via de tao chat hda tan vao chat Idng.
-I- Cd kha nang bao toan tinh chat colecto eua via san pham.
+ Cd dp thai nude nhd qua be mat eda khe nUt dupe tao ra.
-I- De dang tach khdi cac khe nUt sau khi hinh thanh.
H- GiU cac hat cat d trang thai lo Idng trong chat long.
-I- Chat long nut vd va chat mang cat chen dam bao cac yeu cau cdng nghe.nut vd via thuy lUe.
Trong do dac biet quan trpng la dp nhdt va dp thai nude eua chat Idng nut vd.
2. He dung dich gel dau - gel hydrocarbon
He dung djeh gel dau la dung djeh cd dp nhdt cao dau tien sd dung trong hoat ddng nut vd via thuy lUc. Mot Uu diem ldn eua loai chat long nay la kha nang tUOng hpp vdi hau het cac loai thanh tao dac biet trong nhOng thanh tao eua gieng khoan cd dp tha'm cao. Chung bao gom nhUng thanh phan ehinh sau: dau gdc, chat tao gel dau va chat lien ket.
3. Chat tao gel dau hay goi gel hydrocarbon
Thanh phan eua gel hydrocarbon bao gdm dau nen- hydrocarbon Idng, mdt mudi nhdm the khdng hoan toan cua alkyl axit octophotphat va mdt luong nhd polyamin nham trung hda.
Alkyl axit octophophat la cac san pham eua phan Li'ng cua cac rUPu beo vdi photpho pentoxit {P2O5). Ket qua
P2O5+1,5 ROH + 1,5 R'OH
0 0 0 1 I i
• 0,5 R O - P - O H + R ' O - P - O H + 1,0 R'O - P - O H I I I OH OH OR
eua phan Ung trdn rUpu beo vdi P2O5 theo cdng thUe sau:
R la gdc alkyl t d C4, ROH la butanol C4H5OH, R' la goc alkyl hoac alkylen tU C6-C22 hay hon hpp eua ehung, neu eho du rUpu beo theo ty khdi eua P2O5 ed the dUpc sCr dung nham day nhanh tdc dp phan Ung va de phan dng thUe hien hoan toan. Chung tdi sd dung 2 loai rUpu beo eho thi nghiem la octanol - CH3(CH2)70H va dodeeanol - C12H26OH.
Bat cuf mdt loai rUpu nao dupe sd dung cung cho thay rang hdn hpp alkyl axit octophosphat deu chUa 3 nhdm ehde axit phan dng vdi 2 nguyen td photpho, ed edng
46 DAU KHi - SO 3/2011
P E T R O V I E T N A M
thUe dae trUng Hjfelkyl octophotphat]2. Cau tao nay cd tinh axit do vay can 3 duong lupng kiem tuong duong de trung hda hoan toan lupng axit edn dU.
Phan Ung tao mudi nhdm dupe thuc hien bang each trdn hpp chat kiem nhdm va alkyl axit octophosphat dun ndng nhe nhang hdn hpp de phan Ung xay ra hoan toan d khoang nhiet dp 38- 121°C. Qua trinh nay cdthe thUe hien khdng can ed dung mdi pha loang. Cac dung mdi nhu kerosen, diesel, hydrocarbon vdng thom hoac naphta cung cd the sd dung nham dieu hda tdc dp phan dng.
Mudi nhdm the mdt phan tao ra cdn du axit do the khdng hoan toan theo sd ty luong cd the bieu thi bang edng thUe sau:
H(3_3x)Alx [Alkyl octophosphatjj
Vdi X nam d khoang 0,2- 0,7 dupe xae djnh sd lUpng hop chat kiem nhdm sir dung trong qua trinh che tao. Ve ty le cua P va Al trong mudi nay dao dpng tU 10/1 den 2,86/1, hpp chat phUe nay chUa the tao gel hay lam dac hda tan hoac phan tan vao dau hydrocarbon. Oe tao gel ta can phai trung hda lUpng axit dU.
Polyamin dupc sddung de trung hda lupngaxitduva gel hydrocarbon cd the dupc tao ra tCf bat eU chat amin hUu CO nao chUa 2 hoac nhieu nhdm amin. Cae polyamin maeh thang ed hieu qua cho mue dich tao gel bao gdm etylen diamin va dietylen triamin, trietylen tetramin, tetraetylen pentamin... Propylen diamin va cac chat tuong tu nhu polyamin vdng thom la phenylen diamin, metylen dianilin cung dupe sCf dung.
Viec trung hda tao gel trUde het dugc thUe hien bang each hda tan va phan tan mudi the nhdm khdng hoan toan vao dau hydrocarbon sau dd them vao mdt lUpng amin nha't djnh trong khi khuay d tdc dp Idn. Qua trinh lam dac eua hon hpp se xay ra trong qua trinh trung hda, tuy nhien sU tao gel chi xay ra dgan diem trung hda hoan toan cua polyamin. Cac polyamin thang kiem manh nhu dietylen triamin dUpc sCr dung ma khdng dupe eho dU amin bdi neu vUpt qua lupng kiem manh se lam pha huy cau true gel. Cac polyamin thom kiem yeu cd the dupc bd sung bdi vi chung khdng cd kha nang pha huy gel tao thanh. Cd the sCr dung phdi hpp polyamin beo va polyamin thom nham tao gel vdi amin kiem manh va bd sung polyamin kiem yeu de tao ra lupng du phiJ hpp.
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U 1. So do thiet bj dieu che
Mudi nhdm dUpe dieu che trong thiet bj thi nghiem nhu Hinh 1.
Hinh 1. Sa do thiet bi che tao chat tao gel ddu - mudi nhdm cua dieste photphoric
I - Bd dieu tdc 3 - Gid dd 5 - Binh phdn dng 7 - Bg gia nhiet 2-Nhiet ke 4-Mdy khuay 6-Be on nhiet 8 - Pheu cap rugu
2. Quy trinh thi nghiem che tao chat tao gel va sdr dung 2.1. Quy trinh che tao mudi nhdm mpt phdn dupe tien hanh theo phuong phap:
2.1.1. Phuang phdp 1:
Alkyl octophotphoric dupc che tao nhu sau:
- Cho 112g P2O5 eho vao binh phan Ung;
- Cho 74,7g rUpu n-Butanol vao de khi phan Ung hoan toan;
- Cho 299,3g (1,7mol) rUpu n-Dodeeanol trong khi khuay.
Hdn hpp phan Ung dupe gia nhiettdtdden xua't hien ddng hdi lUu va dupe khuay eho den khi lUpng P2O5 phan Ung het.
Dem hdn hpp alkyl axit octophophoric vda che tao phan dng vdi 25,8g hydroxit nhdm (chiem 42% theo sd ty lupng) bang each trdn cac thanh phan vdi nhau va gia nhiet den 110°C trong khoang thdi gian 1 gid. Chat tao ra sau phan Ung la chat Idng nhdt eua mudi nhdm thay the mpt phan - (the khdng hoan toan). Ky hieu mau la AIDo.
DAU KHI-SO 3/2011 47
2.1.2. Phuang phdp 2:
- Can 53,8g P2O5 eho vao binh phan dng;
- Lay 29,3g n- Butanol chuyen vao binh phan Ung trong khi khuay deu den khi phan Ung het.
- Cho 102g rupu n-Octanol vao binh phan Ung va khuay deu trong 1 gid den khi P2O5 phan Ung het.
- Lay lOOg eua chat tao thanh sau phan ufng sau do cho phan Ung vdi 9,76g AI(0H)3, khuay deu va tang nhiet dp len 1100c trong 1 gid cho bay het hoi nude.
- Chat tao gel tan trong dau la mudi nhdm dupc the mdt phan eua cae rUpu n-Butanol, n-Octanol vdi axit octophotphoric dupc ky hieu AlOc.
Mudi nhdm the mdt phan thu dUPe (chat tao gel nhdm) deu la chat Idng nhdt dupe lam ngudi rdi cho phan tan vao dau diesel (hay cae san pham dau va dau tdng hpp...) vdi ndng dp 2%.
2.2. Quy trinh che tao gel ddu hydrocarbon
Gel dau hydrocarbon &ugc dieu che tren thiet bj thi nghiem d Hinh 2 theo cac phuong phap 1 va 2 dupe sd dung de tao gel cho cae loai dau hydrocarbon dupe dua ra theo quy trinh nhU sau:
-I- Dong 250ml dau hda vao cdc khuay cua may khuay Hamilton Beach.
-1- Can 5g mudi nhdm thu dugc d tren cho vao rdi dat tren may khuay va khuay d tdc dp cao tren may khuay Hamilton Beach den khi mudi nhdm tan het.
+ Cho polyamin vao va dieu chinh ndng dp den khi tao gel tdt nha't. Ket qua thu dupe d bang sau:
Bang thf nghiem tao gel ddu hydrocarbon
Mau Thanh phan Loai amin So lUOng (ml) Ket qua tao gel No
1 2 3 4 5 6
250m! dau+ 2 g AIDo 250ml dau + 2 g AIDo 250ml dau+ 2g AIDo 250mldau + 2gAIOc 250ml dau + 2 g AlOc 250mldau + 2gAIOc
TEPA TETA MDA PDA TETA MDA PDA TEPA
0,3 0,25 0,75 0,4 0,83
0,6
Gel Gel Gel Gel Gel Gel
Ghi chu:
- TEPA = Tetraethylene pentamine -TETA = triethylene tetramine - MDA = Methylene diamine - PDA = m- phenylene diamine
Ndng dp cua cae polyamine tren day dupe xae djnh thi nghiem tuy thude vao tinh kiem cua ehung.
2.3. Thi nghiem khd ndng tao gel cua muoi nhdm vdi cdc hdp ehdt amin khde
- Mudi nhdm eua mau AIDo hda tan trong dau hydrocarbon vdi ham lUpng 2g trong 250ml dau nhien lieu diesel kha'y vdi tdc dp eao tren may khuay Hanilton Beach. Sau dd cho 0,2 g, 0,4,0,6,0,8TEA-Trietylamin dung djeh khdng cho thay cd bieu hien bj dae (ed dp nhdt).
Dieu nay chUng td rang monoamin khdng cd tac dung lam dac (tao nhdt) nhU eae polyamin dUpe dem ra thi nghiem tren day.
- Thi nghiem tao gel cua hon hPp 2g chat tao gel AlOc the nhdm khdng hoan toan trong 250ml diesel nhien lieu dUpe eho vao 3,1 g hon hpp metylen dianilin va m-phenyl diamin trong khi khuay manh. Thi nghiem cho du amin thom eho thay tinh chat tao gel khdng bj pha huy.
-Thi nghiem hon hpp eua 200ml dau diesel ed 2ml chat tao gel mudi nhdm the khdng hoan toan AlOc cho tao gel vdi dung djeh NaOH 30%. Cho them vao hon hpp 3,5g hdn hpp metylen dianilin va m-phenyl diamin. Dac tinh gel eua dung dich dupe trung hda vdi dung djeh NaOH khdng bj mat khi cho dU amin thom.
-Thi nghiem hon hpp eua 200ml dau diesel cd 2ml chat tao gel mudi nhdm the khdng hoan toan AlOc eho tao gel vdi dung djeh NaOH 30%.
Cho duthem 2 gipt dung djeh NaOH 30% gel bj pha huy hoan toan.
- Chuan bj 98,8ml dau diesel ho hpp vdi 1,2ml mau chat tao Gel AlOc. Khuay d tdc dp cao tren may khuay Hanilton Beach. Cho 0,75g hon hpp cua metylen dianilin va m-phenyl diamin. Hon hpp dung djeh nhdt nay duoe eho
4 8 DAU KHf - SO 3/2011
P E T R O V I E T N A M
vao binh tam giae va gia nhiet den gan lOOoC trong thdi gian 168 gid. Sau khi lam ngudi dung djeh phue hdi hoan toan dac tinh gel ban dau.
Oe kiem tra chung tdi tao gel dung djeh dau vdi dung djeh NaOH 30% sau dd gia nhiet d gan lOQOC trong thdi gian 168 gid. Sau khi lam ngudi dung djeh mat hau het dac tinh gel.
- Thi nghiem hdn hpp eua 200ml dau diesel cd 2ml chat tao gel mudi nhdm the khdng hoan toan AlOc cho tao gel vdi dung djeh NaOH 30%. Cho them vao hon hpp 3,5g hon hpp metylen dianilin va m- phenyl diamin. Dae tinh gel cua dung djeh dupe trung hda vdi dung djeh NaOH khdng bj mat khi eho dU amin thom. Dung djeh nay dUOc thi nghiem trdn lan vdi 34,1 g nhUa epoxy dupe hda tan trong 50ml dung mdi etyl axetat. Dung djeh nay tao gel cd nhdt du de tao huyen phu vdi cat chen. LUpng dUamin thom du de xd ly nhUa epoxy khi gia nhiet. Dung djeh gel chUa lOg nhUa epoxy ddgc trdn vdi 21 g cat va gia nhiet d 60°C trong 5 gid se tao ra mdt nut ran rong eua cat va nhUa epoxy.
Cac gieng khoan can ed xd ly khae nhau de dUa cac hat cat thd va sdi vao trong cau true cua dat da dudi Idng dat va ket dinh cac hat 6ugc bpc bdi nhUa vao khdng gian rong ed tac dung chi cho cac lUu the di qua va glQ lai cac hat cat khdng lien ket d lai. Mdt phuong phap sd dung mdt dung djeh nut vd chda cat dupe bao bpc nhUa epoxy trong mdt dau gdc, vdi each ddng ran phiJ hop va dung mdi nhUa. Dung djeh cd dp nhdt td trung binh den Idn dam bao cho bom hoat ddng. Mat mat do ma sat thuy lUe la kha Idn yeu cau ap suat bPm ep rat cao len thanh gieng khoan.
Thanh phan tao gel eua dung djeh nurt vd la quan trpng de thUe sU tao ra huyen phu dung nap mdt lupng cat ldn ma van bieu hien kha nang giam mat mat do ma sat. Viee eho phep cai thien dang ke qua trinh dUa cat va sdi vao thanh tao dUdi gieng khoan lam lien ket thanh tao bd rdi.
Nhu vay trong thi nghiem tren day cho thay dung djeh ndt vd via thuy lUc cd the dupc che tao vdi lUpng amin dU va cho phep cd mat cua nhua epoxy ehUa dupe ddng ran ma khdng lam mat tinh chat cua gel tao thanh. Hon hpp dung djeh gel nay cd the dupe
ddng ran vdi viec gia nhiet vUa phai de tao ra nut cat ket khdi cd dp rong can thiet.
TU day ed thiet lap mdt cdng nghe eua qua trinh nut vd via thuy lUe tren co sd gel hydrocarbon: Chung ta cd the sd dung cac polyamin kiem manh nhuTEPA - tetrastylen pentamin vdi lUPng du de trung hda tao gel eho dung djeh. Sau do cho them lUpng vUa du amin thom nhu m-phenyl diamin nham ddng ran nhUa epoxy ma khdng cd sU pha vd gel. Cung ed the SLTdung dung djeh Natri hydroxit de trung hda tao gel va eho them luong vUa du amin thom nhUtren day de ddng ran nhUa epoxy ma khdng cd sU pha vd gel.
KET LUAN
Ket qua nghien cUu da che tao dupe chat tao gel cho dung djeh gdc dau nut vd thuy lUc nhdm alkyl octophotphat theo 2 phUPng phap thi nghiem nham thu dupe cac mau chat tao gel dau hydrocarbon AIDo va AlOc. Mau AIDo la chat tao gel nhdm dodecyl axit photphat va mau AlOc la nhdm octyl axit photphat.
Cae mudi nay dupc the nhdm khdng hoan toan (mdt phan). Nghien cdu da due rut dMc thanh phan cua dung djeh nUt vd thuy lUc nhu sau: Thanh phan eua dung djeh nut via thuy lUe gdc hydrocarbon dupe tao gel gdm thanh phan dau hdroearbon, chat tao gel mudi mdt phan nhdm cua alkyl axit photphat. Mudi nhdm dupe che tao ed ty le P/Al (ty le photpho/nhdm) nam trong khoang tU 2,86/1 den khoang 10/1 la hdn hpp cua monoalkyl diaxit photphoric va dialkyl monoaxit photphoric. Alkyl trong nghien edu thi nghiem la Butyl va Octyl, Dodecyl cd sd carbon tUOng Ung C4, C8 va CI 2. Viee tao gel cua dung djeh nut vd tren bdi polyamin dUOc lUa ehpn tU nhdm etylen diamin, dietylen triamin, trietylen tetramin, tetraetylen pentamin, eae amin thom da chUe va hdn hpp eua chung.
Qua trinh che tao chat tao gel:
-Che tao dieste:
-I- Phan Ung este eua n-butanol vdi pentoxit photphoric P205-
-I- Phan Ung cua rupu Dodeeanol va Octanol vdi butyl photphat dupe tao d tren.
DAU KHi - SO 3/2011 49
- Phan ufng tao mudi nhdm thay the mdt phan nhdm vao dieste photphat gia nhiet den 11QOC va cho bay hoi nude.
Thanh phan cua dung djeh tao gel hydrocarbon tren dupe them vao nhUa epoxy va 1 lUpng diamin thPm de ddng ran nhUa epoxy. Qua trinh ddng ran nhUa epoxy ed tae dung bao bpc cac hat cat va tao nut eat cd dp rong vdi vai trd lien ket vdi thanh tao trong khdng gian cac khe nut vda hinh thanh.
Chat tao gel hydrocarbon-nhdm dialkyl axit photphat va tao gel dau diesel nhien lieu bdi mau AIDo cd cdng thUe tuong ddi Hi,8Alo,4(CH3(CH2)i,) (C4H8) (PO4)
Thi nghiem che tao chat tao gel nhdm bytyl dodecyl photphat
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
7. Tuyen tap cdc cdng trlnh khoa hgc Dql hgc mo Dia ehdt, tap 25, thdng 10 ndm 1997.
2.TranVan Long va r\nk, 2005. Ddnh gid kha nang khai thdc mo Dl4, DBSH. Tuyen tap bao cao Hdi nghj Khoa hoc cdng nghe. Nha xuat ban KHKT. Ha Ndi.
3. Ta Quang Minh va nnk, 2004. Bdo cdo de tai nganh Ddu khf "Nghien cdu de xuat sddung dung dich khoan goc ddu tong hgp eho tdng mong nut ne Bach Ho va cdc gieng khoan thupc bon trung song Hong". Ha Ndi.
4. Kieu Dinh Kiem, 2005. Cdc san pham ddu mo vahoa ddu. Nha xuat ban KHKT, Ha Npi.
5. Kenneth J.Lissat, 1974. Emulsion and emulsion tech- nology. Part I and Part II. New York.
6. Jean-Louis Salager, 2002. Surfactants types and uses.
MeridaVenezuena.
7. I.A. Orlop, M.S. Kendis, VN. Glusenko, 1991. Uses Ivert Emulsion in Oil Exploitation. Moseo.
50 D4uKHi-sO 3/2011
