LUAT DAN s u 43
BAN VE QUY DJNH NGlTCH TIEU DUNG LA TO CHlTC THEO LUAT BAO VE QUYEN LQfl NGU^Ott TIEU DUNG VIET NAM
L t THI HONG V A N
Khoa Lu^t Dan su, Dai hpc Luat TP. H6 Chi Minh Civi law Department, Hochiminh city University of Law Email: [email protected],vn
Tdm tdt
Bdi viit phdn tich vd binh ludn guy dinh "ngudi tieu diing la td chuc" theo lugt bdo vi quyin lai ngudi tieu diing VietNam hiin nay trin cosasosdnh voi Bg lugt Ddn stf ndm 2015, phdp lugt nirac ngadi vd thuc tien dp dgng, qua do, dua ra mgt so kien nghi gop phdn hodn thien guy dinh trin.
Tie khda: ngudi tiiu dUng, to chiec, phdp nhdn. ludt bdo vi quyin lgi nguoi tiiu diing. muc dich tieu ditng, m\tc dich sinh lgi
Abstract
The article analyzes and comments the regulation "consumers are organizations " under the law on protection of consumers' interests in Vietnam while comparing it with the 2015 Civil Code, foreign laws and practical application. Thereby, recommendations are made to improve the above mentioned regulation.
Keywords: consumer, organization, juridical person, law on protection of consumers' interests, goal of consumption, goal of profit
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 15/1/2018 Ngdy duyit ddng-17/3/2018
P
hap luat bao vd quydn lgi ngudi tidu diing cd ddi tuong didu chinh chii ydu la quan he giua ngudi tidu dung va td chdc, ca nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu. DSy la quan he mang tinh chat tu giiia mpt ben la ngudi tieu dung (vdi muc dich tidu dung, smh boat) va mot ben la td chdc, ca nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu (vdi muc dich sinh lgi). Theo dd, ben kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu cd thd Ik ca nhan hoac td chiic cdn ngudi tidu dung chi la cac ca nhan hay bao gdm ca td chuc va neu la td chuc thi vdi dieu kidn nao mdi dugc xem la ngudi tieu dung la van dd cdn chua dugc quy dinh, hudng dan rd rang dan ddn nhidu quan diem khac nhau. Do dd, bai vidt chu ydu tap ttung nghidn ciiu quy dmh ve ngudi tieu dung la td chdc theo luat bao vd quydn Igi ngudi tidu dung Viet Nam hidn nay ttdn ca sd so sanh vdi phdp luat nudc ngoai va thuc tidn, qua dd, dua ra mpt sd kidn nghi gdp phan hoan thien phap luat.1. Quy djnh cua phap lu^t Viet Nam ve ngirtrf tidu dung la to chiic
1.1. vi vifc thica nhgn ngiroi tieu diing Id to chuc
Khoan I Dieu 3 Luat Bao ve quydn lgi cua ngudi tieu dung (LBVQLNTD) nam 2010
quy dinh: Ngudi tieu dung la ngudi mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tidu dung, sinh boat cua ca nhan, gia dinh, td chdc.
Vdi dinh nghia nay, chung ta thay rang khi mua, sd dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat ciia ca nhan, gia dinh thi chinh ngudi mua, sd dung hang hda, dich vu hay thanh vidn gia dinh su dung hang hda, dich vu (cac ca nhan) dugc xem la ngudi tidu dung. Tuy nhien, trudng hgp ngudi mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh hoat cua td chdc thi ngudi mua, su dung hang hda, dich v\i la ngudi tieu dung hay td chdc la ngudi tidu diing (ttong trudng hgp ngudi mua chi la ngudi dai didn) la vin de cdn chua dugc giai thich rd rang dSn ddn nhung each hieu khac nhau.
Cd quan didm cho rang ngudi tidu diing cd the gdm cdc td chdc cd muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat. Cu the la: "£>« Id mot, nhieu cd nhdn rieng le hay mpt tap hpp cdc cd nhdn dual hinh thuc ho gia dinh hay cdc td chire thi ngu&i tieu diing theo thong le quoc te vd phdp lugt Viet Nam deu co cdc dgc diim chung nhu sau: la mpt hogc nhieu cd nhdn hogc nhimg to chuc mua hogc nguai sie dung hdng hoa.
dich vu cua nhd cung cdp cho muc dich sinh
44 TAP CHI KHOA H y c n i a r L i aw «jv±i J^/AWIO
/ioa? Aoflc tieu dung.... " . ' Ddng quan diem nay, cd tac gia da cho rang: "Khdi niem ngu&i tieu dung trong Phdp lenh Bdo vi quyin lai ngu&i tiiu dung da chinh thuc duac dua vdo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Biiu 3 LBVNTD ndm 2010. Theo dinh nghia ndy, ngu&i tieu dung CO the la cd nhdn, to chiec mua, sic dyng hdng hoa, djch vy. Nhung bin mua, su dung hdng hoa, dich vu cUng khong phdi la ngu&i tieu diing niu hp mua, su dung hdng hoa, dich vy khong phdi di thoa mdn nhu cdu tiiu dung cua minh ...."? Tac gia khac ciing cho rdng:
"Khdc v&i cdch quan niem cua nhiiu quoc gia trin thi gi&i nhu Cpng hoa Lien bang Bice, Cpng hoa Phdp... vdcd Lien minh chdu Au chi Id cd nhdn, ngu&i tieu dung cua Viet Nam bao gom cd cd nhdn vd to chuc mua, su dung hdng hoa, dich vy phyc vy cho nhu cdu tiiu dung vd khong nhdm myc dich bdn lgi". ^ Quan diem khdc thi cho rang ngudi tieu dung chi la cdc cd nhan: "Xdc dinh nguai tiiu dung la cdc cd nhdn xudt phdt tie chinh myc dich cho su ra d&i ciia ITnh vi^c phdp ludt ndy Id ho tra nhirng ngu&i tiiu diing yeu the trong quan he vai nhd cung cdp hang hoa, dich vu.... Chinh vi vay nhin chung, da so phdp lugt bdo ve quyen lai nguai tieu dung cdc nu&c vd viing lanh tho khong coi to chiec Id ngu&i tieu ditng. Cdc giao dich md hp tham gia se duac bdo vi theo phdp ludt hap dong, mac dii doi tupng cua giao dich Id hdng hoa, dich vu tieu ditng....".'^ Quan diem tuong ddng cho rang: "I^ec coi to chiec Id nguai tieu dung se ddn den nhimg tru&ng hpp md moi quan he giiea cdc chu the hodn
' Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy, "Mpt so van de phap ly trong giai quyet tranh chap giiia nguoi tieu dung va ben cung cap hang hoa, dich vu bang phuong thirc thucmg luong", Tgp chi Nhd nudc vdphdp ludt, s6 11 (343)/20I6,tr 54-55.
^ Le Minh Hung, "Hgp dong mEu, dieu kien giao dich chung - Nhin tir goc do bao ve quyin Igi ngucn tieu diing", Ky yeu Hpi thao: Bdo ve guyen lgi cua nguai yeu the trong linh vuc ddn su, Khoa Luat Dan su (Truang DH Lu^t TP H6 Chi Minh), thang 06/2013 tr. 30-31.
^ Trucmg DH Luiit Ha Noi, Gido trinh Lugt Bdo ve guyin lai nguoi tiiu diing, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan Ha Npi, 2012, tr. 177.
" Trucmg DH Luat Ha Npi, tldd, tr. 10 - 11.
todn binh ddng nhung vdn co su can thi^p vd bdo vi cua phdp lugt ve bdo vi ngu&i tieu diing, ddn den thiit hgi cho phia nhd cung cdp hdng hoa, dich vy, mac du hp khong Igm dung suyiu the cda nguai mua. Lugt Bdo v$
nguoi tiiu dung Viet Nam khong nen dp dung cdc bien phdp bdo vi ngu&i tiiu ditng doi vai to chuc hay noi cdch khdc, khong nen coi to chiec la nguai tiiu diing."^
Nhu vay, du cd nhiing quan didm khac nhau vd viec quy dinh ngudi tieu dung la td chdc nhung dinh nghia tai khoan 1 Didu 3 LBVQLNTD nam 2010 cho thdy cac nha lam luat da thua nhan td chuc ciing cd the dupe coi la ngudi tidu diing n£u mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tidu dung, sinh boat cua td chuc dd. Tuy nhien, the nao la
"muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat" thi van chua dupe giai thich.
1.2. Ve quy dinh "muc dich tieu dung, sinh hogt" cua to chiec
Khoan 1 Didu 3 LBVQLNTD nam 2O10 neu ra dinh nghia vd ngudi tidu dung va de cap "muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat cua ca nhan, gia dinh, td chdc". ^ Ddng thdi, khoan 2 Dieu 3 luat tten cGng neu ra dinh nghia ve td chuc, cd nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu la "to chiec, cd nhdn thuc hien mpt, mpt so hogc tdt cd cdc cong dogn cua qud trinh ddu tu, tie sdn xudt den tieu thy hdng hoa hogc ' Le H6ng Hanh - TrSn Thi Quang H6ng, "Lu^t Bao ve ngucri tieu diing c6 nen quy dinh t6 chtic la nguai tieu diing", httpsVAuatminhkhue.vn/kien-thuc- luat-dan-su/Iuat-bao-ve-nguoi-Ueu-dung-co-nen-quy- inh-to-chuc-la-nguoi-tieu-dung-.aspx, truy c$p ngay 21/11/2017.
* ve quy dinh nay, co quan diSm cho rSng: "... quy dinh vi khdi niim nguai tiiu dung cdn dugc sira dot theo hudng bd sung them dogn "nham cdc muc dick phi lot nhuan " di quy dinh ndy co thi bao qudt cdc tnrcmg hgp "tiiu diing" khdc (khong vi muc dich l<^
nhuan, nhimg cUng khong nham di phuc vg nhu cdu sinh hogt, tieu ditng cua cd nhdn, hg gia dinh, to chire).
Theo do, cdc trudng hap bin mua, sir dung hdng hoa, dich vu vdo muc dich cong ich hay muc dich phi lgi nhudn khdc nhu de thir nghiem sdn xudt, nghiin cuu khoa hoc... (vi du- viic mua vd sir dung cdc mdy mdc, thiit bi quang trdc dtr bdo thoi tiet, cdc phuong tiin, thiit bi diiu tiit giao thdng. chi ddn duang bg... phifc vu nhu cdu cong dong) cUng cdn dugc xem la ngudi tieu diing. " (Le Minh Hung, tldd, tr. 52)
L U A I U A N S U 45 cung img dich vu trin thi truang nhdm myc
dich sinh Ipi, bao gom: a) Thuang nhdn theo quy dinh cua Lugt Thuang mgi; b) Cd nhdn hogt dpng thuang mgi doc lap, thu&ng xuyen, khong phdi ddng ky kinh doanh.".
Trong mdi quan he giua td chuc, ca nhan san xuat kinh doanh vdi ngudi tieu dung thi ngudi tieu dung la ben yeu thd va dugc phap luat uu tien bao ve.' Tuy nhien, dd dugc coi la ngudi tidu dung thi ngudi mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu phai vi muc dich tieu dung, smh boat. LBVQLNTD nam 2010 khdng giai thich vd "muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat"
nhung tu quy dinh tten cd thi thiy khdng thS coi la ngudi tieu dung neu vide mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu nham muc dich sinh lgi nhu mua de bdn lai. Vd van dd nay, cd quan diem tuang ddng cho rang: "Myc dich tiiu dung, sinh hogt a day co nghia Id ngu&i tiiu dUng mua hdng hoa, dich vu di su dyng cho cdc nhu cdu cua cd nhdn minh, gia dinh minh... khong phdi Id phuc vy cho viec bdn lgi, hogt dpng sdn xudt kinh doanh khdc hogc cdc hogt dpng nghe nghiip."^
Tuy nhidn, muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat cua ca nhan, gia dinh thi cd the xdc dinh dugc nhung muc dich tieu diing, sinh boat cua td chuc la rat khd dd xac dinh. "Viec xdc dinh mpt to chiec mua mpt logi hdng hoa hay su dung mpt logi dich vu vi muc dich thuong mgi hay myc dich tiiu dUng khong phdi di ddng. Chdng hgn, to chuc vay tiin di xdy nhd &phuc lai cho nhdn vien thi dup'C coi la tiiu diing hay thuang mgi Hay mpt to chiec mua thuc phdm ve phuc vu cho cong nhdn dn trua, chdc rdng vdn se co nguoi tranh ludn chi phi dn trua ndm trong qud trinh tdi
^ Nguyen Thi Van Anh (chii bien), Vai tro cua Hoi Bdo ve nguai tiiu diing trong viic bdo vi ngu&i tieu diing, Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha N6i, 2012^ tr, 15.
Theo do, "nguoi tiiu diing gap nhiiu diim bdt lai vd CO 4 yeu the ca bdn so vdi thuang nhdn. Dd Id. yiu the vi thdng ttn, yiu thi vi khd ndng dam phdn, yeu the vi khd ndng chi phoi gid cd vd cdc dieu kien giao dich, vd yiu the vi khd ndng chiu nii ro phdt sinh tir qud trinh tieu diing hdng hoa. Boi vgy, vi lgi nhugn, thuong nhdn lam dn khong chdn chinh san sdng lgi dung yiu the ndy ciia ngudi liiu ditng md xdm pham quyin lgi cua ho."
^ Truong DH Lu^t Ha Noi, tldd, tr, 12.
sdn xudt sire lao dpng vd phuc vu cho muc dich kinh doanh chung, khong the coi la vi muc dich tieu diing vd nguoc lgi, se co nguai khdc phdn bien lgi rdng ro rdng to chuc do mua thuc phdm ve khong co muc dich bdn lgi md di tiiu dung tgi cho, phdi duac coi Id di tiiu diing."^ Han niia, ttdn thuc te, tdn tai nhidu loai hinh td chuc khdc nhau dugc thdnh lap, boat ddng vdi nhung muc dich da dang, phong phu (cd the cd tu each phap nhan hoac khdng cd tu each phdp nhan) lam cho vide xdc dinh trudng hgp mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich "tieu dung, sinh hoat"
cang khd khan hon.
Ddi vdi td chuc la phap nhan, neu Bp luat Dan su (BLDS) nam 2005 quy dinh theo budng liet kd cac loai phap nhan va khdng dua ra tieu chi dd phan loai thi BLDS nam 2015 da phan loai phdp nhdn dua vdo muc tidu hoat ddng. Theo do, phdp nhdn dupe chia thdnh 2 loai la phap nh&n thuang mai vd phdp nhan phi thuong mai. Cu the, "phdp nhdn thuong mgi la phdp nhdn co muc tieu chinh Id tim kiem lai nhuan vd Ipi nhudn duac chia cho cdc thdnh vien. Phdp nhdn thuong mgi bao gom doanh nghiep vd cdc to chiec kinh ti khdc. Phdp nhdn phi thuang mgi Id phdp nhdn khong co muc tieu chinh Id tim kiem Ipi nhuan; neu co lai nhudn thi cUng khong duoc chia cho cdc thdnh viin. Phdp nhdn phi thucmg mgi bao gom co quan nhd nu&c, dan vi vw trang nhdn ddn, to chuc chinh tri, to chiec chinh tri - xd hoi, to chuc chinh tri xa hpi - nghi nghiip, to chiec xd hpi, to chuc xd hpi - nghe nghiep, quy xd hpi, quy tu thien, doanh nghiep xd hpi vd cdc to chuc phi thuang mgi khdc". '^ Ben canh dd, BLDS nam 2015 ciing quy dinh mdt sd vin
' Le H6ng Heinh - Tran Thi Quang Hong, tldd, tmy cap ngay 21/11/2017.
'" Khoan 1,2 Diiu 75 va khoan 1, 2 Dieu 76 Bo lu^t Dan sir nam 2015 ve viec phan loai phap nhan, c6 quan diem cho rang: "Theo chiing toi, ddy Id mgt diim co phdn khong hgp ly.Ve mdt ly ludn, da dua vdo tieu chi ro rang nhu tren diphdn loai phdp nhdn thi khong cdn thiit phdi Hit ki ra tirng logi phdp nhdn". (Xem: TrSn Tuan Vii, "Nhimg diem mai cita chi dinh phdp nhdn trong Bg lugt Ddn su ndm 2015 vd mgt s6 vdn de ben guan", Tgp chi Khoa hoc phdp ly, s6 01 (104)/2017 tr.37.
46 T ^ P C H I K H O A n v ^ rnj\r i^i ov^ u dd nhu chu thd ttong quan he dan sir, tai sdn
chung vd ttdch nhiem dan sir cua hd gia dmh, td hgp tdc vd td chuc khac khdng cd tu each phdp nhan ttong quan he dan su tu Didu 101 din Diiu 104.
Tu nhiing quy dinh tren cua BLDS nam 2015, ddi chiiu vdi dinh nghTa vi ngudi tieu dung cua LBVQLNTD nam 2010, chung ta thiy ring ddi vdi ngudi tieu dung Id td chuc thi:
Thii- nhdt, niu td chdc dd la phdp nhan thi trudc tidn phai la phdp nhan phi thuang mai.
Tuy nhidn, phdp nhdn phi thuang mai van cd thi cd hoat ddng thu lgi nhuan du khdng phai !a muc dich chinh; khi dd, phdp nhan phi thuong mai cd dugc coi la ngudi tieu dung hay khdng cdn phdi xem xet viec mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu la cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat chu khdng vi muc dich thu lgi nhuan. Ridng ddi vdi phap nhan thuong mai - phap nhan cd mue tidu chinh la tim kiem Ipi nhuan vd thdng thudng, boat dpng cua phap nhan nay ddu phuc vu cho muc tieu chinh cua minh. Do dd, rat khd dd xdc dinh phdp nhan thuong mai la ngudi tieu dung.'^
Ddi vdi loai phdp nhan nay, BLDS nam 2015 su dung thuat ngu "muc tidu chinh la tim kiem loi nhuan", cdn LBVQLNTD nam 2010 thi gan td chdc, cd nhan kinh doanh
" Phap nhan thuong mai (doanh nghiep, t6 chiic kinh tl) thi c6 myc tieu chinh la tim kiSm lai nhuan thong qua hoat dpng kinh doanh, thuang raai. Hoat dpng nay "khong chi Id hogt dong tnfc tiip theo ddng ky kinh doanh, thuang mgi md con bao gom cd cdc hogt dgng khdc phuc vij thuc day, ndng cao hiiu qud hogt dgng kinh doanh. thuang mai. Vi du: Cong ty trdch nhiim huu hgn A dugc cdp giay chung nhgn ddng ky kinh doanh tivng ITnh vifc may mac. Hoat dgng cua Cong ty A khong chi gidi hgn a viic may sdn phdm Id hdng dit may di phuc vu thi trudng md cdn bao gom cd hdnh vi mua nguyen vdl liiu vi di sdn xudt, xdy dtfng nhd xuong. mua sam trang thiet bi. thui xe 6 to di dua cong nhdn di Idm. di nghi hdng ndm theo chi dg hogc mua mot so ti vi di cho cons nhdn gidi tri sau gia Idm viic...". (Khoan 3 Di^u 6 Nghi quyet so 03/2qi2/NQ - HDTP TANDTC ngiy 03/12/2012 hirong din thi hanh mpt s6 quy dinh trong Phan thu nhat "Nhimg quy dinh chung" cua Bp lu§t To tyng dan su da dupe siia d6i, b6 sung theo Lu^t sira doi, bo sung mot s6 dilu cua Bo luat T6 tung dan su ngay 29/3/2011)
hang hda, dich vu vdi "muc dich sinh lgi".
Du thuat ngii cd su khdc nhau nhung xet v6 ban chat cd the thay neu td chiic kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu la phap nhan thi dd chhih la phap nhan thuong mai. Tuy nhien, cd phdi mpi boat ddng cua phap nhan thuang m^i diu la vi muc tieu tim kiem lgi nhuan hay khdng va cd vide sii dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tidu dung, sinh ho£it khdng la vin de khd xac dinh. Do dd, eiing khd cd thi kit luan phap nhan thuong mai ludn ludn khdng Id ngudi tieu diing. Cd tdc gia da cho rang:
"... khodn 1 Biiu 3 LBVQLNTD dua them
"myc dich tieu diing, sinh hogt cua to chuc"
Id chua duac ro rdng. Boi le, hogt dpng tieu ditng, sinh hogt cua to chiec khong thi xdc dinh dup'C... Truang hop nhd Idm ludt nguy rdng to chicc cUng Id ngu&i tiiu diing thi mot mat no khong phit hop thong le chung, phap lugt bdo vi quyin Ipi ngu&i tieu diing duac ddt them bin cgnh lugt ddn su, thuong mai chi de ho tra cdc cd nhdn yiu the trong cdc giao dich... Dong th&i, no cUng co the bf lam dyng boi chinh cdc doanh nghiep cUng Id nhiing to chicc dgc thu. Thay vi hp thuc hien cdc quyin cda minh theo ludt ddn su, thuang mgi, hp gidnh lai thi bdt chinh vai phia ben kia bang cdch kh&i kiin thong qua cdc quyen cda nguai tiiu dung."^^
Thu hai, neu td chuc do Id hg gia dinh, to hgp tac va td chuc khdc khdng cd tu cdch phap nhdn thi phai hoat ddng thdng qua cac thdnh vidn hoac ngudi dai dien (thudng la cdc ca nhdn) vd chi dupe coi la ngudi tieu dung khi mua, su dung hang hda, dich vy cho muc dich tidu dung, sinh boat va khdng co muc dich sinh loi.
Nhu vay, vide LBVQLNTD nam 2010 quy dinh vd "muc dich tieu dung, smh hoat cua td chuc" la mdt quy dinh cdn mang tinh chung chung dan den vide khd xac dinh dupe td chiic nao dugc coi la ngudi tidu dung, neu la phdp nhan thi do la phdp nhan phi thuong mai hay bao gdm ca phap nhan thuong m?i va boat ddng ndo cua td chuc dupe xem la phue vu cho muc dich tidu dung, sinh boat.
'^ Truang DH Luat Ha NOi, f/(f(/,tr, 13-14.
LUAT D A N sir 47 2. Quy dinh ve ngirdi tidu dung la to
chiic theo phap lu|t nudc ngoki Didu 2 Chi thi sd 93/13/EEC nam 1993 vd cac didu khodn giao dieh khdng cdng bdng cua Hdi ddng chau Au quy dinh: "Nguai tiiu diing la con ngu&i tic nhien, xdc lap cdc hap dong theo chi thi ndy, cho cdc myc dich khong phdi thucmg mgi, kinh doanh hay nghe nghiep".^^
Luat bao vd quydn lgi ngudi tidu dung ciia cac nudc thanh vien ASEAN nhu Thdi Lan,^'^
Malaysia,'^ Philipmes,'^... ciing deu cd quan
'^ Article 2, Council Dkective 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terras in consumer contracts, h t t p : / / e u r - l e x . e u r o p a . e u / l e g a l - c o n t e n t / E N / TXT/?uri'=celex:31993L0013, tmy cap ngay 9/11/2017.
Theo do, "consumer" means OKty natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for putposes which are outside his trade, business or profession"
'* Section 3, The Consumer Protection Act 1979 of Thailand, http://viTvw.aseanconsumer.org/
a c c p / d o w n l o a d / T h a i l a n d / T h e % 2 0 C o n s u m e r % 2 0 Protection%20Act%201979,pdf, truy cSp ngay 9/11/2017. Theo do, "Consumer" means a person who buys or obtains services from a business man or a person who has been offered or invited by a businessman to purchase goods or obtain services and includes a person who duly uses good or a person who duly obtains services from a businessman even he/she is not a person who pays the remuneration ".
" Section 3 (1), The Consumer Protection Act 1999 of Malaysia, htq}://vAvw.aseanconsumer.org/
a c c p / d o w n l o a d / M a l a y s i a / A c t % 2 0 5 9 9 % 2 0 % 2 0 Consumer%20Protection%20Act%201999,pdf, truy cap ng^y 9/11/2017. Theo do, "Consumer" means a person who — (a) acquires or uses goods or services of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household piupose, use or consumption; and
(b) does not acquire or use the goods or services, or hold himself out as acquiring or usmg the goods or services, primarily for the purpose of— (i) resupplymg them in trade; (ii) consuming them in the course of a manufacturing process; or (iii) in the case of goods, repairing or treating, in trade, other goods or fixtures on land;
'* Aticle 4 (n). The Consumer Act 1992 of Philippines, h t t p : / / w w w . a s e a n c o n s u m e r . o r g / a c c p / d o w n l o a d / Philippines/Republic%20Act%20No.%207394%20 -%20The%20Consumer%20Act%20of/o201992.pdf, tmy cap ngay 9/11/2017. Theod6, "Consumer" means a natural person who is a purchaser, lessee, recipient or prospective purchase, lease or recipient of consumer products, services or credit".
didm ngudi tieu dung Id cd nhdn (tu nhidn nhan - natural person).
Vdi Bd luat Tieu dung cua Phap thi ngudi tieu dung dugc hieu la tat cd cac ca nhan md mue dieh ho£it dpng cua hp khong nam ttong khudn khd ciia boat dgng thuong mai, cdng nghi?p, thu cdng, hdnh nghd tu do ho^c ndng nghiep.'' Ben canh dd, Bd luat Tieu diing Phap sua ddi nam 2014 da dua ra dinh nghia vd chu the khdng kinh doanh la "bdt kyphdp nhdn ndo khong co nhimg hogt dpng vi muc dich kinh doanh ". '^ Quy dinh nay cho thay ngudi tieu dung ciing hi gidi han la cdc cd nhan. Tuy nhien, phap nhan tham gia boat ddng tidu dung (khdng cd muc dich kinh doanh) cd the dupe giai thich theo nghia Id chu the khdng kinh doanh va dugc Bg luat Tieu dung bao ve.
Ngoai ra, cd nghidn eiiu eho rang: "ttong luat phap mdt sd qudc gia nhu Ao, Due, Ba Lan, Trung Qudc... , khdi niem ngudi tieu dung cdn bao hdm cd cdc td chdc, hiep hdi khi hg su dung cdc sdn phdm dich vu khdng vi muc dich kinh doanh hoac cdc chdc nang nghe nghidp."''
'^ Article 3 , Code de la consummation, Modifie par LOI n°2017-203 du 21 fevrier 2017 - art. 3 , h t t p ://w WW. w i p o . i n t / w i p o l e x / e n / t e x t , J s p ? f i l e _ id=363441, truy cap ng^y 9/11/2017. Theo do, "Au sens du present code, est consideree comme un consommateur toute personne physique qui agit a des fins qui n 'entrent pas dans le cadre de son activtte commerciale, industrielle, artisanale ou liberate.".
" Article liminaire. Code de la consommation 2014, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.
d o ; j s e s s i o n i d = 2 9 D 7 A B 2 D 9 5 F 5 9 9 F 9 9 6 D 3 5 3 A 3 2 1 7 A E 7 F B t p l g f r 4 1 s _ 3 ? i d S e c t i o n T A - L E G I S C T A 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 7 3 6 0 & c i d T e x t e = L E G I T E X T O 00006069565&dateTexte=20171114, truy cap ngay 14/11/2017, Theo do, "non-professionnel:
toute personne morale gui n 'agit pas d des fins professionnelles ".
" Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy, "Mpt s6 vin de phap ly trong giai quyet tranh chap gma ngudi tieu diing va ben cung cip hang hoa, djch vy b i n g phuang thiic thuong lugng". Tap chi Nhd nuoc vd phdp ludt, s6 11 (343)/2016,tr.55.
48 TAP CHI KHOA HOCTHAF LY SU UJtii3j/zoi8 Nhu vay, nhin chung, da sd cdc qudc gia
deu quy dinh ngudi tieu dung la cd nhan.
Tuy nhidn, mdt sd qudc gia van thua nhan td chuc la ngudi tieu dung khi td chdc su dung hang hda, dich vu khdng vi muc dich kinh doanh.
3. Thijrc tien ap dyng phap lu^t bao vd quyen loi cua ngudi tieu dung
Thuc tien ap dung phap luat bdo vd quyen lgi ngudi tieu dung d Viet Nam thdi gian qua cho thay ngudi tieu dung yeu cdu bao ve quyen lgi chu yen la cdc cd nhan. Chang ban nhu:^" Ban dn sd 06/2015/DSST ngay 23/09/2015 cua Tda dn nhdn dan (TAND) quan Bac Td Liem - TP. Ha Ndi va ban an sd 42/2016/DSPT ngdy 14/03/2016 cua TAND TP. Ha Ndi vd tranh chap gitia ngudi tidu dung la ba Minh (ca nhan) vdi bi don la cdng ty Coca - Cola Viet Nam lien quan den sdn pham chai nudc cam dp Splash cd di vdt. Theo dd, bdn dn phuc tham sd 42/2016 da giu nguyen hudng xu ly cua ban an so tham sd 06/2015 khdng chap nhan yeu cau khdi kien cua bd Minh bdi vi vat chung ma nguyen don khdi kien khdng phdi do Coca-Cola Viet Nam hodn thien (dap nap) ndn khdng cd can cu xac dinh Coca-Cola Viet Nam cd ldi ddi vdi hang hda cd khuydt tdt ma nguyen don khdi kien.
Ngodi ra. Ban dn sd 06/2016/DSPT ngay 07/01/2016 cua TAND tinh Binh Duong giiia nguydn don la dng Tham, ba Tu (dai didn cho ngudi hi thiet hai da chit la dng D^i) vd bj dan Id Hd kinh doanh cd thi
"Thien" vd tranh chap ddi bdi thudng thidt hai do nd binh gas gay thiet hai vd tinh mang, sue khde cung dd cap ngudi tidu dung Id ca nhan. Theo dd, bdn an phuc thim ndy da buy bdn dn dan su so thim sd 59/2015/DSST ngay 25/09/2015 cua TAND thi xa Thudn An, tinh Binh Duong vd yeu cau xet xu lai theo hudng phai bdi
^° Xem thera Do Van Dai, Ludt Bdi thuong thiet hgi ngodi hgp ddng Viet Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn tap 2, Nxb H6ng Diic - Hpi Luat gia Viet Nam, 2016, tr, 456-488.
thudng thiet hai cho ngudi tidu dung (dii ngudi tieu dung cd mpt phan ldi la khdng khda van gas nhung day khdng phai la nguyen nhan true tidp dan ddn thiet hai) va dua chu thi cd lidn quan den qua trinh san xudt (doanh nghidp tu nhan Hdng Mdc va cdng ty Nguyen Lgc) vdo tham gia td tung dd xdc dinh ro ttach nhiem bdi thudng.
Trong vu an nay, dng Dai va ba Dien duac xdc dinh Id ngudi tieu dung. Day la cdc ca nhan mua, sd dung binh gas va da hi thiet hai do binh gas nd (nguyen nhan dugc xac dinh Id do ron cao su d bd phan van dieu tidt binh gas bi xo cung, be mat ron co gian khdng deu dan den rd ri gas nhe).
Nhu vay, thirc tien dp diing phap luat d nudc ta gan day cho thay ngudi tidu dting dugc phdp luat bao vd chu ydu Id cac ca nhdn mua, su dung hdng hda cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat cua cd nhdn, gia dinh.
So vdi thyc tidn xet xu d nudc ngoai, td chdc (phap nhdn cdng) ciing dupe coi la ngudi tieu dung va dugc phap luat bao ve, Vi du nhu: "Trong khuon kho cua mpt hap dong cung cdp dien giita mpt cong ty dia phuang vd mot xd, Tda phuc thdm Bordeaux dd phdi tuyen bo vi dgc diem mang tinh bat binh ddng cua mpt thoa thudn quy dinh logi bo trdch nhiem cua cong ty trong truang hop co rui ro. Nhu vgy, vy viic nay da cho thdy mpt cong ty duac gpi la "chu the kinh doanh " vd mot chu the cong duac nhin nhgn nhu Id "ngu&i tiiu diing". Toa dn dd nhdn manh trong quyet dinh ciia minh rang mgt hap dong thue bao da duQ'C ky giiea cong ty dien vd mpt xd tieu dung vi mpt dieu khodn liin quan bi quy cho la khong CO gid tri. "^'
Tdm lai, quy dinh phdp ludt cung nhu thuc tien dp dung ddu cho thiy ngudi tieu dung chu ydu dupe thua nhan va bdo v?
^' Cour d'appel de Bordeaux, lere ch., 2 juin 1997 Bull, inf Ccass. 15 dec. 1997, p, 2. (DSn theo Pien'e PmTat, "Luat ve tieu diing va chii the cong trong phip li4t ciia Phap va Lien minh chau Au", Hgi thdo vi bdo ve guyen lgi nguai tieu diing, Khoa Lu^t - DH Hue ngay 17- 18/07/2017.
LUAT DAN SIT 49 cho chu the la cac ca nhan. Tuy nhidn, mdt
sd qudc gia vd ea Viet Nam du quy dinh chua rd rang nhung da thua nhan ngudi tieu dung ciing cd the la cac td chuc vdi dieu kidn td chuc dd phai la chu the khdng kinh doanh hay la td chuc su dung hang hda, dich vu cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat. Tren thuc te, viec xdc dinh trudng hpp ndo duoc coi la su dung cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh boat de phdn bidt vdi muc dich sinh lgi ddi vdi ngudi tieu dung la td chuc theo LBVQLNTD nam 2010 la van de khdng don gian. Ddng thdi, neu td chdc la phap nhan thi cd thd la phap nhan phi thuang mai hay phap nhan thuong mai theo BLDS nam 2015 ndu phap nhan nay chung minh rang minh mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu khdng nham muc dich sinh lgi.
4. Mot so kien nghi
Dd ddm bao phdp luat vd bao ve quyen lgi cua ngudi tieu dung phat huy hi§u qua dp dung trdn thuc td, tao dieu kien dd cdc chu thi dugc hudng lgi ich hgp phdp tu viec dp dung quy dinh cua LBVQLNTD, tren co sd nghien ciiu phap luat thuc dinh, dac biet la cdc quy dinh mdi cua BLDS nam 2015, thyc tien dp dung va so sdnh vdi phdp luat nudc ngoai, tdc gia xin dua ra mdt sd y kidn, de xudt nhu sau:
Thic nhdt, dinh nghia ngudi tidu dung theo LBVQLNTD nam 2010 du cdn chua dugc giai thich ro rang nhung nhin chung, so vdi phdp luat nudc ngoai, Ludt nay da cd su tidn bd nhit dinh khi thua nhan td chuc ciing cd the dugc bao ve vdi tu cdch Id ngudi tieu dung. Do do, dd trdnh nhiing each hiiu khac nhau vd dinh nghia ngudi tieu dung tai khoan 1 Didu 3 LBVQLNTD, niu sua ddi LBVQLNTD nam 2010, chung ta nen tdch dinh nghia ngudi tidu dung Id ca nhdn vd td chiic thdnh hai quy dinh rieng. Ching ban nhu: "Nguai tieu dung la nguai mua, sie dung hdng hod, dich vu cho muc dich tieu dung, sinh hogt cua cd nhdn, gia dinh; khong vi muc dich sinh lai."; "Truang hap to chuc Id nguoi tieu
dung thi phdi Id phdp nhdn vd viic mua, sie dyng hdng hoa, dich vy khong vi muc dich sinh lai."
Thu hai, quy dinh ve myc dich tieu dung, sinh boat cua td chdc thyc su rat khd xdc dinh tren thuc ti; do do, chiing ta nen bd quy dinh nay. Ddng thdi, bd sung quy dinh khdc vd ngudi tieu dung la td chdc boat ddng khdng vi muc dich sinh lgi dd phan biet vdi td chuc kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu vi muc dich sinh lgi tai khodn 2 Diiu 3 LBVQLNTD nam 2010.
Vi du; "Tru&ng hap to chicc Id nguai tieu ditng thi phdi Id phdp nhdn vd viec mua, su dyng hdng hoa, dich vy khong vi muc dich sinh Ipi". Ci day, vide gidi ban ngudi tieu dung Xkphdp nhdn vd quy dinh viec mua, su dung hang hda, dich vu khong vi muc dich sinh l^i la dd thudn tien trong vide xdc dinh td chuc vdi tu cdch ngudi tieu dung trdn thuc te va cdng phu hop vdi quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015. Bdi le, BLDS nam 2015 chi thua nhan hai loai chu the ddc lap trong quan he dan sy la cd nhan, phdp nhan (gdm phdp nhan thuong mai va phap nhan phi thuong mai); cdn hd gia dinh, td hpp tdc, td chdc khdc khdng c6 tu cdch phap nhan phai boat ddng thdng qua cdc thdnh vidn hoac ngudi dai didn, khi dd, cdc thdnh vidn (thudng la cdc ca nhan) hoae ngudi dai didn mdi la chu the tham gia xac lap, thyc hidn giao dich dan sy vd dupe coi la ngudi tidu dung (vdi tu cdch la cac cd nhan).
Thic ba, trong khi LBVQLNTD nam 2010 su dung thuat ngu "muc dich sinh lgi" cua td chuc, cd nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vu thi BLDS nam 2015 lai su dung thuat ngu "tim kiem lgi nhudn"
dd chi muc tieu cua phap nhan thuong mai (gdm doanh nghiep vd cdc td chuc kinh td khdc) la khdng thdng nhit mac du vd ban chat la nhu nhau. Do do, mpt trong hai thuat ngii trdn nen dugc lya chpn de ddm bdo su thdng nhat trong cdc van ban phap luat bdo ve quydn lgi ngudi tidu dung. •
50 T A P C H I K H O A H O C P H A I ' LY S O U J ^ i i s j / i u i g
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] B6 luat Tieu diing Phap (siia doi nam 2014 va 2017) [trans: French Consumer Code (amended in 2014 and 2017]
[2] Bp luat Dan sy Viet Nam nam 2015 [trans:
Civil code of Vietnam 2015]
[3] Luat Bao ve q u y i n lgi nguoi tieu dung nam 2010 [trans: Law on the protection of consumers' interests 2010 (Vietnam)]
[4] Luiit Bao ve nguoi tieu dimg Malaysia nam 1999 [trans: The Consumer Protection Act 1999 of Malaysia]
[5] Luat Bao ve nguai tieu dung Thai Lan nam 1979 [trans; The Consumer Protection Act 1979 of Thailand]
[6] Luat Bao ve nguoi tieu diing Philippines nam 1992 [trans: The Consumer Act 1992 of Philippines]
[7] Nghi quyet s6 03/2012/NQ - HDTP TANDTC ngay 03/12/2012 huong d i n thi hanh rapt s6 quy dinh trong PhSn thii nhat "Nhiing quy dinh chung" ciia Bp luat To tung dan su da dugc sira doi, bo sung theo Luat siia doi, bo sung m0t so dieu ciia Bp luat To tung dan si^ ngay 29/3/2011 [trans: Resolution No. 03/2012/NQ - HDTC TANDTC dated 03/12/2012 guiding some provisions of Part One, "General Provisions" of the Code of Civil Procedure which was amended and supplemented by the Law amending and supplementing some articles of the Civil Procedure Code March 29, 2011]
[8] N g u y i n Thi Van Anh (chii bien), Vai tro ctia Hgi Bdo vi ngudi tieu dung trong viic bdo ve nguoi tiiu dung, Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2012 [trans: Nguyen Thi Van Anh (editor), Role of Consumer Protection Association in protecting consumers, Hanoi National Political Publishing House, 2012]
[9] Do Van Dai, Ludt Bdi thudng thiet hgi ngodi hgp ding Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh lugn bdn dn tap 2, Nxb. Hong Dire - Hpi Luat gia Viet Nam, 2016. [trans: Do Van Dai, Law on Compensation for non- contractual damage Vietnam-Judgments and Comments, episode 2, Hong Due Publishing House - Vietnam Lawyer Association, 2016.]
[10] Le H6ng Hanh - Tran Thi Quang H6ng,
"Luat bao ve ngudi rieu diing co nen quy dinh t6 chuc la nguoi tieu dung", https://
luatminhkhue. vn/ki en-thuc -luat-dan-su/luat- b a o - v e - n g u o i - t i e u - d u n g - c o - n e n - q u y - d i n h - to-chuc-!a-nguoi-tieu-dung-.aspx, truy cap ngay 21/11/2017 [trans: Le Hong Hanh -
Tran Thi Quang Hong, "Should Law on the protection of c o n s u m e r s ' interests prescribe organizarions as consumers?", https://
luatmmhkhue.vn/kien-thuc-luat-dan-su/luat- bao-ve-nguoi-tieu-dung-co-nen-quy-dinh-to- chuc-la-nguoi-tieu-dung-.aspx, 5/11/2010, access on 21/11/2017]
[11] Le Minh Himg, " H p p dong mau, dieu kien giao dich chung - Nhin tii goc dp bao ve quyen Ipi nguoi tieu diing", Ky yeu HOi thao Bdo vi quyin loi cua nguai yiu the trong linh vifc ddn sif, Khoa Luat Dan su (Trucmg DH Luat TR H6 Chi Minh), thang 06/2013 [trans:
Le Minh Hung, "Standard form contract.
General trading conditions - As view from the perspective of protecting the interests of consumers". Proceedings of the workshop Protecting the interests of the disadvantaged in the civil field, Faculty of Civil Law (Law University of H o Chi Minh City), 06/2013]
[12] Pierre PinTat, "Luat ve tieu dung va chii the cong trong phap luat cua Phap va Lien minh Chau Au", Hgi thdo Bdo vi guyin lgi ngudi tieu diing, Khoa Luat - Dai hpc Hue, ngay 17 - 18/07/2017 [trans: Pierre PinTat,
"Consumer law and "public subject" in French and European Union law", Workshop on Protection of consumers'. Faculty of Law - Hue University, interests dated 17 - 18/07/2017]
[13] Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy, "Mpt so van de phap ly trong giai quyet tranh chap giira ngucri tieu dung va ben cung cap hang hoa, dich vu bang phucmg thiic t h u a n g lirpTig", Tgp chi Nhd nudc vdphdplugt,s6 11 (343)/2016 [trans: Phan Thi Thanh Thuy, "Legal Issues on Settlement of Disputes between Consumers and Suppliers of Goods and Services by means of Negotiation", State and Law Magazine. No. 11 (343)/2016]
[14] Truong DH Lu$t Ha Npi, Gido trinh Ludt Bdo vi guyin lgi nguai tieu ditng, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan Ha Npi, nam 2012 [trans: Ha Noi Law University, Textbook on Law on the protection of consumers' interests. People's Public Security Publishing House, Ha Noi, 2012]
[15] Tran Tuan Vu, "Nhitng diem moi cua che dinh phap nhan trong Bp luat Dan sv nam 2015 va mpt so van de lien quan", Tgp chi Khoa hgc phdp ly, s6 01 (104)/2017 [trans:
Tran Tuan Vu, "New points of the legal persons institution in the 2015 Civil Code and relevant matters", Legal sciences journal.
N o 01 (104)/2017]