Anh hu'dng cua von tam ly,
tmh each ca nhan den su" gan ket cong viec cua nhan vien ngan hang tai Viet Nam
• • LE CAT VI"
Tom tat
Nghien cdu sd dung phuang phdp dinh luang de xdc dinh sU dnh hudng cua vdn tdm ly, tinh cdch cd nhdn tdc ddng de'n sU gan ke't cdng viec cua nhdn vien ngdn hdng tgi Viet Nam. Ket qud cho thdy, cd4ye'u td thudc vdn tdm ly: Suhy vong; SutUtin; Khd ndng thich dng; vd Tinh Igc quan deu cd tdc ddng cung chieu de'n sU gan ke't cdng viec cua cdc nhdn vien ngdn hdng.
Ben cgnh do, nghien cdu ciing dua ra sU tdc ddng cua cdc nhdn td thudc tinh cdch cd nhdn den su gdn ke't trong cong viec cua nhdn vien. Dong thdi, de xudt mot sd gidi phdp md nhd quan tri CO the sddung de gia tdng vdn tdm ly, tinh cdch cd nhdn nham ndng cao sUgan ke't trong cdng viec cho ddi tuang Id cdc nhdn vien ngdn hdng tgi Viet Nam.
Ttf khoa: gan ke't cdng viec, vdn tdm ly, tinh cdch cd nhdn, nhdn vien ngdn hdng Summary
The research uses quantitative method to determine the influence of psychological capital, individual attributes on the work cohesion of bank staffs in Vietnam. The results show that all four factors of psychological capital, including: Hope; Confidence; Adaptability; and Optimism have the positive impact on the work cohesion of bank staffs. In addition, the study shows the impact of individual attributes on cohesion in the workplace. At the same time, some solutions are proposed so that managers can use to increase their psychological capital and individual attributes in order to enhance the cohesion in bankers' work in Vietnam.
Keywords: work cohesion, psychological capital, individual attributes, bank staff
GIOI THIEU ke't cdng viec cua nhdn vien ngdn hdng tgi Viet Nam", vdi mong mudn ddng gop Cac nghien effu trffdc day da cho tha'y, vd'n tam ly mdt phan nhd vao sff phat trien ben viJng va cae thanh phan eua vd'n tam ly cd anh hffdng tich eua edng tac quan tri nhan sff tai ngan cffc de'n hieu qua cdng viee eua nhan vien. B e n canh hang ndi rieng va sif phat trien cua cac dd, vd'n tam ly eung dffdc tim tha'y ed anh hffdng de'n doanh nghiep tren thi trffdng Viet Nam sff tff tin, sii hai long, banh phue va cam ke't eiia nhan ndi ehung.
vien (Stajkovic va cdng sff, 1998; Lutbans va cdng sff,
2007...) hay sff nd life lam viee eiia nhan vien (Nguyen, CO SO LY THUYET VA PHU'ONC T. T. M., 2014). Ben canh dd, eac nhan t d v e tinh each PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
ea nhan eiing gay nhffng tac ddng khdng nhd de'n hanh
vi ciia ngffdi lao ddng, the' hien thdng qua md hinh Co sdly thuyet
5 nhan td ldn cdn ggi la Big Five. Costa va edng sff Sugdn ke't trong cdng viec. Meyer va (1992) da chi ra 5 nhan td dd la: Tinh hffdng ngoai edng sff (1991) da dinh nghia gan ket vdi (Extraversion); Sii nhay cam (Neuroticism); San sang td chffc la mdt trang thai tam ly bieu thj trai nghiem (Openness to experience); Sii d i chiu md'i quan he eua nhan vien vdi to'chtfc, (agreeableness); Sff tan tam (conscientiousness). ^ Hen he mat thie't de'n quye't dinh de duy
Chinh vi vay, tac gia thffe hien nghien effu "Anh trinhan vien vdi td chffc. Mgt ldi hffa cua hudng cua vdn tdm ly, tinh cdch cd nhdn de'n su gdn ca nhan vdi td chffc, bao gdm: y thffc ve
'Trifdng Dai hoc Sai Gon I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhan bdi: 22/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 11/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 20/10/2018
C O
^ Kinh tevaDi/bao
Kinli tc va DUiiiio
long trung thanh, sff gan ket va niem tin vao eac gia tri eua td chffc.
Vdn tdm ly (Psychological Capital).
Theo Lutbans va cgng sif (2007), vd'n tam ly la trang thai phat trien tam ly tieh cffc eua mgt ca nhan va dffdc md ta bdi:
(i) Sff tff tin de dam nhan va thife hien nhffng nhiem vu mang tinh thff thach vdi nd life can thiet de dat dffdc thanh cdng;
(ii) Thai do lae quan ve sif thanh edng d hien tai va tffdng lai; (iii) Kien tri hffdng tdi mue tieu va khi can thie't ed the xoay ehuyen mue tieu de dat de'n thanh cdng;
va (iv) Khi dd'i mat vdi nhffng van de bat ldi, hg duy tri, thieh nghi va vffdt qua nhffng trd ngai de thanh edng.
Su hy vong. Khia canh tam ly ed ffdc md hy vgng bat ngudn tff Thuye't hy vgng ciia Snyder, C. R. (2000). Theo dd, by vgng dffdc dinh nghia la "trang thai tich cffc tao nen ddng life eho ea nhan dffa tren cam giac thanh cdng d cac muc tieu dang hffdng de'n hay cae ke hoach mong mud'n dat dffdc". Vi vay, eac ca nhan dffdc thue day y thffe quye't tam, y chi de dat dffdc muc tieu mong mudn. Chinh vi vay, gia thuye't dffdc dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tUOng quan duang giUa Su hy vong vd Su gan ket trong cdng viec
Su tu tin. Xet ve khia canh tam ly, sff tif tin vao ban than de cap de'n "sff tff tin, kha nang lam ehu tinh hud'ng ciia ea nhan trong viee tao ddng life, sff dung cac ngudn life va cae boat ddng can thie't de thffe hien hieu qua mdt nhiem vu eu the trong mdt bd'i canh nha't dinh"
(Stajkovic va cdng sif, 1998). Do dd, gia thuye't dffdc dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giifa Su tu tin vd Su gdn ket trong cdng viec
Khd ndng thich dng. Xet ve khia canh tam ly, kha nang thich ffng dffdc md ta nhff la dae diem eiia ca nhan, trong dd, hg ed kha nang linh boat, mem deo ffng bie'n, dd'i phd vdi bat ky tinh hud'ng nao de ed the dem lai hieu qua trong cdng viec (Lutbans va edng sif, 2007). Gia thuye't dffde dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giita Khd ndng thich ifng vd Sugan ke't trong cong viec
Tinh thdn Igc quan. Lac quan la thai do sd'ng diem tinh, an nhien trffdc nhffng tinh hud'ng, sff viec khdng mong mud'n xay ra. Ngffdi cd thai do sd'ng lac quan se ludn tha'y sff thanh than va nhe nhang trong euge sdng. Vi vay, sif lae quan dffdc giai thieh dffa tren sif ke't hdp giffa cac ye'u td'lien quan de'n cae dae die'm ca
mm-. MO HiNH NGHIEN CtifU ->>
5=3
>
o
3
Nguon: Tac gia d& xuat
BANG 1: KET QUA PHAN TICH CRONBACH'ALPHA
vA PHAN TicH NHAN TO VON TAM LY
NhSn td' H$ sd' tai nhan to'
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Stf hy vong
Gia tri Eigen = 7.194; FhiTOng sai trich (%)= 29.973; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.834; Tri trung ijinh = 4.076
Ne'u lam vao tinh the kho khan, toi co the nghT ra nhieu each de thoat khoi no
Vao thdi diem hien tai, toi dang hang hai theo duoi cac muc tieu ciia minh
Moi van de deu co each giai quye't
Toi CO the nghi de'n nhieu each de dat difOc cac muc tieu hien tai cua minh
Tai th&i diem nay, toi dang dat difOc nhiTng miic tieu ma minh da dat cho ban than minh
Ngay bay gic( toi tha'y ban than minh nhu" la kha thanh cong trong cong viec
.850 .843 .706 .699 .691 .657 Kha nang thich uTng
Gia tri Eigen = 3.105; PhUdng sai trich (%)= 12.937; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.832; Tri trung binh = 4.035
Khi toi CO mot sU that bai hay kho khan trong cong viec, toi co the nhanh chong vifdt qua de tie'p tuc co' gang
Toi thu'dng quan Iv rui ro trong qua trinh lam viec Toi thu'dng tU an ui ban than minh
Toi thich thii khi gap cac sU viec bat ngd
Toi CO the idem che sif nong gian de lam viec tie'p vdi ngUdi da tao ra cam giac do
Toi cam tha'y toi co the xuf ly nhieu viec ciing mpt liic trong bat ke tinh huong nao
.812 .797 .751 .750 .725 .711
Srf trf tin: Gia tri Eigen = 2.315; Phu'dng sai trich (%)= 9.646; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.832; Tri trung binh = 4.035
Toi cam tha'v tU tin khi phan tich mot van de va tim ra giai phap Toi thich ttf giai quye't cac rac roi
Toi lam viec vdi sU tif tin cao
Tinh huong cang thu" thach toi cang cam tha'v thii vi Toi lam viec diing hen va co ke hoach
Toi cam tha'v W tin khi co the dat du'dc cac muc tieu
.783 .782 .781 .750 .713 .705 Tinh th^n lac quan: Gia tri Eigen = 1.919; PhUdng sai trich (%)= 7.997; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.794; Tri trung binh = 4.131
Toi mong ddi nhieng dieu thii vi trong cong viec hdn la kho khan Toi lac quan ve nhiing gi se xav ra vdi toi trong tu'dng lai Toi mong moi viec dien ra thuan ldi cho viec dat difdc muc tieu Toi CO the dat trang thai thu" gian de dang
Ne'u CO cam giac ba't an khi thUc hien cong viec, toi se difng lai va lam no trong liic khac
Khi khong chae chan ve dieu gi, toi thu'dng hy vong nhiing dieu tot dep se de'n
.772 .748 .742 .737 .696 .618 Nguon: Tint! toan cua tac gia
nban vdi cae tae ddng eua dieu kien ben ngoai thdng qua cac tinh hud'ng cu the (Seligman, Martin E. P., 2002). Gia thuye't dffdc dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giita Tinh thdn Igc quan vd Su gan ke't trong cdng viec
Economy and Forecast Review
59
BANG 2: KET QUA PHAN TICH CRONBACH'S ALPHA VA PHAN TICH NHAN TO TINH CACH C A NHAN
Nhan td' Hg sd' tai nhdn td'
1 1 2 1 3 1 4 Srf nhay cam: Gia tri Eigen = 4.668; Phu'dng sai trich (%)= 21.220;
Cronbach's Alpha = 0.812: Tri trung binh = 4.015 Thoai mai. kiem soat stress de dang
Hav lo lang. cang thang
Giff dffdc tiiai do binh tmh trong hoan canh kho khan Cam xiic dn dinh. it buon phien
.820 .803 .705 .682
Tinh hrfoTng ngoai: Gia tri Eigen = 4.196; Phffdng sai trich (%)= 19.073;
Cronbach's Alpha = 0.844: Tri trung binh = 4.072 Hav noi
Hoat bat Rat nhiet tinh
Co tinh chuan xac. quvet doan Hoa dong. than thien
.843 .841 .790 .732 .658
SSn sang trai nghi§m: Gia tri Eigen = 2.109; Phffdng sai trich (%)= 9.584;
Cronbach's Alpha = 0.872: Tri trung binh = 4.011 Thffdng CO nhffng v tffdng mdi
Hieu ki vdi nhffng dieu mdi la Mffu tri va SUV nghi sau sac Co tri tffdng tffdng phong phu Co dc sang tao
.782 .771 .716 .641 .593 Srf d§ chiu: Gia tri Eigen = 1.549; Phffdng sai trich (%)= 7.041; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.724: Tri trung binh = 4.131
Hav giup dd. chia se vdi moi ngffdi D S tha thff
Chu dao, an can
Thich hdp tac vdi ngffdi khac
.802 .790 .789 .690 Srf tan tam: Gia tri Eigen = 1.171; Phffdng sai trich (%)= 5.321; Cronbach's Alpha = 0.784: Tri trung binh = 4.135
Can than trong cong viec
Co gang de'n cung de dat dffdc muc dich cong viec Lam moi thff hieu qua nhat
Lap ke hoach va tuan thii diing ke' hoach
5
.829 .744 .650 .641
iVId hinh 1 BiS'n phu thudc
Srfgan ke't
BANG 3: KET QUA PHAN TICH HOI QUY BOI Bidn phu thuOc
Srf gan ke't Md hinh Sff hv vong
Kha nang thich ffng Sff tff tin
Tinh than lac quan Sff nhav cam Tfnh hffdng ngoai San sang trai nghiem Sff de chiu
Sff tan tam
R .756^
Hd sd' Beta chu^n hoa 0.228 0.047 0.305 0.022 0.171 0.176 -0.064 0.042 0.069
R^
.572 Gia trit 3.129 4.585 4.865 5.784 3.424 3.299 -1.331 5.768 4.320
R^di^u chinh
.565 Mrfcy
nghia .010 .005 .000 .001 .000 .000 .001 .000 .003
Sai Idch chu^n
.32396 Da cdni Dung sai
.750 .813 .621 .749 .689 .613 .721 .791 .632
Durbin- Watson
1.917
»tuvdn VIF
1.333 1.230 1.611 1.335 1.450 1.520 1.373 1.354 1.502 FHgudn: Tinh toan ciia tac gia
Tinh cdch cd nhdn. Theo Bradberry, T. (2007), nhan each (Personality) la tinh each cua mdi ea nhan, la sff khae biet tam ly lam cho ea nhan trd thanh mdt ea the duy nha't vdi nhffng dae trffng tam ly rieng biet. Tinh each phan biet ea the nay vdi ca the khae, nd ed tam anh hffdng ldn de'n hanh vi va suy nghi cua con ngffdi, tff dd tac ddng de'n edng viec va cac md'i quan he xa hdi. Tinh each ea nhan dffdc chia thanh 5 nhdm, dd la: Sff nhay cam (neuroticism); Tinh hffdng ngoai (extraversion); Sff san sang trai nghiem (openness to experience); Sff dd chiu (agreeableness); Sff tan tam (conscientiousness).
Su nhay cdm (ggi tat la N). Theo Costa va cdng sff (1992), sff nhay cam la mgt khia canh eua tinh each ei nhan khi hg ed xu hffdng xau ho, tffc gian, bat an, tram cam, d l bi tdn thffdng va hay lo lang. Ngffdi nhay cam cao
dS ed nhiihg W tffdng khdng hdp ly va Idia nang kiem soat edn bd'c ddng, cung nhtf sir cang thing rat kem. Gia thuye't dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giita su nhay cdm vd sU gan ke't trong cdng viec
Tinh hudng ngogi (ggi tat la E). Tinh hffdng ngoai bao gdm cac dae diem, nhir:
tinh xa hdi, sff quye't doan, nang dong, Ngffdi hffdng ngoai la ngffdi nang dong, boat bat, lae quan va thffdng cd kha nang ndi trdi trong nghe nghiep (Barrick va cdng sff, 1993). Gia thuye't dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giita Tinh hudng ngogi vd Sugan ke't trong cong viec
San sdng trdi nghiem (ggi tat la 0), Theo Costa va edng sff (1992), dac diem nay lien quan de'n eac ea nhan ed xu hffdng sang tao, giau tri tffdng tffdng, td md va trai nghiem nhffng dieu mdi trong eugc sdng.
Ngffdi ludn san sang trai nghiem, cd tinh edi md eao, ludn td md ve the gidi va mong mud'n dffde trai nghiem de cude sd'ng cua hg trd nen phong phu hdn. Hg san sang tan thanh y tffdng mdi, cac gia tri ddc dao. Hp trai nghiem nhffng cam xue tieh cffc va tieu cffc sau sac hdn so vdi cae ea nhan khong edi md. Gia thuye't dat ra la:
H^ Cd mdi tuang quan duang giih SSn sdng trdi nghiem vd Sugdn ket trong cdng viec
Su de chiu (ggi tat la A). Costa va edng sff (1992) cho rang, ngffdi de chiu la ngffdi tin tffdng, vi tha, khoan dung, thdng cam vdi ngffdi khae, mem long, tff bi va sSn sang giup dd mgi ngffdi. Da phan bg ra't trung thffe, td't bung va dang tin cay. Nhffng ngffdi dS chiu thffdng dl thdng cam, thich hdp tac, sff am ap va sii quan tam. Gia thuye't dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang giita Su de chiu vd Su gdn ke't trong cdng viec
Sutdn tdm (ggi tat la C). Theo Barrick va edng sif (1993), sff tan tam de cap den kha nang tff kiem soat qua trinh hoat ddng, len ke' hoaeh, td chffc va thffc hien nhiem vu. Ngffdi tan tam la ngffdi cd muc dich y ehl manh me va kien dinh. Sff tan tam thffdng dffde the hien thdng qua sii cham chi, lien tuc, sif tin cay, ed tinh than trach nhiem, can than, lam viee trat ttf, ed ke hoach dn dinh va ed td chffc. Gia thuye't dat ra la:
H^: Cd mdi tuang quan duang gida Su tan tdm vd Su gan ke't trong cdng viec
Difa vao nhffng lap luan tren, tac gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu nhff Hinh.
PhUOng phdp nghien ciiu
Nghien effu dffde thife hien bang bang hdi de lay sd lieu, sff dung phffdng phap
60
Kinh tevaDi; baoehgn mau thuan tien. Sd Iffdng bang hdi mat (|3,=-0.437); (2) Riii ro ve sif gian lan eua ngffdi ban phat ra la 400, sau khi lam sach, loai (p2=-0.206); (3)Ruiro ve siftienldi (P4=-0.147); (4) Rui nhffng bang hdi ma ngffdi tra ldi edn bd ro tai chinh (P4=-0.119); va (5) Rui ro san pham (^^=- sdt nhieu cau trong dd, so Iffdng cdn lai 0.113). Ta't ea eac bie'n deu cd tae ddng ngffdc chieu de'n la 307. Nhff vay, cud'i eung, ed 307 bang Y dinh mua eua khaeh hang. Ke't qua eho tha'y, do phii hdi dffdc sff dung de Ide'm dinh md hinh bdp cua md binh la 57.2%, hay md hinh hdi quy dffde sff bang phffdng phap phan tieh hdi quy bdi. dung phii hdp vdi tap dff lieu d mffe 57.2%.
Dd'i tffdng la cac nhan vien dang lam
viee eho cac ngan hang tai Ha Ndi, TP. KET LUAN VA HAM Y Hd Chi Minh va Da Nang. Thdi gian
thffe hien khao sat tff thang 03/2018 de'n Ke't qua eho thay, cac nhan td thugc vd'n tarn ly, thang 06/2018 (Bdi vie't sddung cdch vie't nhff: Sii hy vgng, Kha nang thieh ffng, Sii tff tin, Tinh sdthdp phdn theo chudn qudc te). than lae quan deu tac ddng cung chieu de'n sii gan ke't
^^ ^ ^ , trong edng viee eiia ngffdi lao ddng. Ben canh nhan td' KET QUA NGHIEN CUU ve vd'n tam ly, tinh each ca nhan cung gay ra nhffng tae ddng de'n hanh vi gan ke't cua ngffdi lao ddng. Cu the', Kiem dinh dg tin cqy thang do vd cac nhan to' ve Sff nhay cam, Tinh hffdng ngoai, Sii de phdn tich nhdn td chiu va Sff tan tam ed tae ddng eung chieu de'n sff gan
Cae ket qua thu dffde tff do tin cay ke't cua nhan vien ngan bang.
Cronbach's Alpha va phan tich nhan to Thdng qua nghien cffu, cac nha lanh dao thudc ngan kham pha (EFA) (Bang 1, 2) cho tha'y, bang can ed nhffng lffu y can thie't trong van de tuye'n thang do eac nban td' nghien effu deu dat dung, can cd cae bai trac nghiem ve tinh each ca nhan, yeu eau ve gia tri hieu dung va do tin dae diem ed ban ve vd'n tam ly de' bie't dffde tinh each cay. Ke't qua cho tha'y, he so Cronbach's cd ban eua eac ffng vien, nham cd nhffng giai phap Alpha ldn hdn 0.6, thang do Iffdng dffdc giup hg phat trien tinh each phii hdp vdi dae thii eiia chap nhan, ta't ea eac bie'n deu ed he sd' edng viee trong nganh ngan hang. Tff dd, nang eao sff tai nhan to ldn hdn 0.5. gan ke't trong edng viee. Can thffdng xuyen td chffc
Phdn tich hoi quy nhffng khoa bgc nhd de ed cac giai phap nang eao kT Ke't qua md hinh hdi quy tuye'n tinh bdi nang mem, kha nang lam viee nhdm, tinh than tap the hien trong Bang 3 phu hdp vdi tap dff the', trau ddi kie'n thffc ehuyen mdn de ngffdi lao ddng heu (he so R- dieu ehinh cua md hinh = phat trie'n toan dien. Cae boat ddng ludn hffdng de'n 0.565). Ke't qua eho tha'y, 9 bie'n ddc lap viee xay difng mdt tinh each cdi md, than thien, hffdng deu anh hffdng len bie'n phu thudc theo ngoai, ddng thdi, tang sff tff tin, tinh than lac quan de thff tff tam quan trgng: (1) Rui ro ve bao bg ed the' gan ke't nhieu hdn vdi edng viec cua minb.Q
TAI LIEU THAMKHAO
I. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test for the mediating effect of goal setting, Joumal of Applied Psychology, 78,715-722 3. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9-30
4. Bradberry, T. (2007). The Personality Code, New York: Putnam
5. Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992J. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-Pl-R) and NEO Five Factor Model (NEOFFI) professional manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
6. Lutbans, F. & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33, 321-349
8. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations:
Extension and test of a three-component conceptuahzation, Joumal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551 9. Nguyen, T. T. M. (2014). Does Psychological Capital Drive the Effort of Marketers?, Journal of Economic Development, 220, 136-147
10. Seligman, Martin E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment, New York
II. Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is Hope. In CR. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of Hope Theory, Measures and Applications
12. Stajkovic, A. D. & Lutbans, F. (1998). Self-ef cacy and work-related performance: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261
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