TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9 (241) 2018
DO TH! HOA VA MO HINH PHAT TRIEN BEN V O N G D O THI BJNH DU-ONG
NGUYiN QUANG GlAl'
S(> dung nguon dCr lieu thir cap ciing vai nhirng quan sat tir thwc tien do thi hoa a tinh Binh Dwang, bai viet di sau phan tich, so sanh tien trinh do thi hda a Blnh Dwang thong qua cac chi bao ve mire do do thi hoa; sw dich chuyen ca cau kinh te, lao dong va thu nhap cua cw dan Blnh Dwang, dac biet trong nhwng nam gan day Tren co sa do gai ma mo hinh phat trien ben virng do thi a tinh Blnh Dwang, do la mo hinh ket hap hai hda gii/a Bo thi nen - Chilm do thi va Bo thi ve tinh.
Tir khoa: md hinh phat trien dd thj, mire dp dd thj hda, phat triln do thj bin virng, Binh Duong
Nhan bai ngay; 23/7/2018; dwa vao bien tap. 25/7/2018, phan bien- 8/8/2013; duyet dang: 25/10/2018
I.DANNHAP
Khi t h i gidi ngay cang dd thj hda nhanh, viec dam bao tinh b i n vung cho cac dd thj dang trd thanh moi quan tam toan c l u . Hon mpt nira dan sd t h i gidi hien dang sdng d dd thj (54,5%, 2016), tang 30% k l tir nam 1950. Du bao dan s l dd thj t h i gidi dat khoang 70% vao nam 2050. Dan s l dd thj toan cau dy kiln se tang them 2,5 ty ngudi tir nam 2014 d i n nam 2050, vdi g i n 90% su gia tang tap trung d Chau A va Chau Phi - nhu'ng nude dang phat trien va cd nIn kinh t l mdi noi (United Nations, 2015:
2-4). Dd thj ddng vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi s u phat triln b i n vung vi chiing tao ra 70% GDP toan c l u , nhung
Truong Ogi tigc Thu Dau M6t.
cung tieu thu g i n 2/3 nang lupng ciia t h i gidi, va chilm hpn 70% lupng phat thai khi nha kinh tpan c l u (World Bank, 2018). Do vay, c l n cd nhirng giai phap quan trj dd thj thdng minh hpn trong xu hudng dd thj hda nhanh hien nay. Tuy nhien, h l u h i t eac dd thj khdng cd chiln lupe tai cho de thich nghi vdi sy gia tang dan so khdng the tranh khdi. Nhilu dd thj da va dang bj m d rpng vypt qua kha nang dap irng ciia cp sd ha ting, lam giam chat lupng sdng cua ey dan. Do vay, nd luc phat trien dd thj b i n virng ta muc tieu, xu hudng vupn d i n eua t h i gidi (Colldahl va cdng sy, 2013).
Viet Nam ndi chung va tinh Binh Duong ndi rieng chinh la mpt trydng hpp thyc t i l n rd net ciia t i l n trinh dd thj hda thieu k i l m spat nay.
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - OO TH| H O A V A M O H I N H P H A T T R I E N . .
Thep ddi qud trlnh dp thj h d a ' ' d tinh Binh Duong, dac biet trong khoang mpt thap ky g i n day, cd the thay t i e dp dd thj hda npi day diln ra ngay cang nhanh, gdp phan quan trpng nang cac ddi sdng kinh t l - xa hpi ciia tinh, song cung dat ra hang loat van de nhy dan s l cp hpc tang manh va phan bo khdng ddng d l u ; ha t i n g ky thuat va xa hpi dp thj ehua dap irng;
b i t d l u x u l t hien cac can benh dd thj nhu aeh t i e giao thdng; d nhilm mdi trudng, qua tai v l y t l , giao due.
"Benh to dau" ciia dd thi da, dang va se la bai toan khd dat ra cho tinh Binh Dupng. De dd thj cua Binh Duong cd t h i phat triln b i n virng, thi trong chiln lupe xay dung va phat trien dd thj, tinh Binh Duong c l n quan tam d i n md hinh dd thj phti
hpp vdi dac diem rieng cua tinh.
2. BO TH! HOA 6> BJNH DU'aNG GIAI DOAN 2005-2016
2.1. Dac d i l m do thj hda d" Binh D i r c n g Tinh Binh Duong thupc miln Ddng Nam Bd, n l m trong Viing kinh te trpng diem phia Nam va Viing dd thj T P H C M ' ^ ' . Phia ddng gidp tinh Ddng Nai, b l c giap tinh Binh Phudc, tay giap tinh Tay Ninh va mpt phIn TPHCM, nam giap TPHCM va mpt phIn tinh Ddng Nai. Binh Duong cd dien tich t y
nhien 2.694,43km^, chilm khcang 0,83% dien tich ca nydc, khcang 12%
dien tich mien Ddng Nam Bd; gdm 9 don vj hanh chinh tryc thupc"' (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2016).
Binh Dypng la dja phuong cd mire dp do thi hoa kha manh me. Cu the, trong thap nien 1990, mire dp dd thj hda Binh Dypng vap khpang 20%, den thap nien d l u cua t h i ky XXI da tang len khoang 39% (Dinh Ly, 2016) va ke tir nam 2011 trd v l sau, mire dp dp thj hda dat khoang tir 64% d i n 77%'''l (xem Bang 1).
So sanh mire dp dd thj hda d Binh Dypng vdi ca n y d c cung nhy mpt s l dd thi ldn d Nam Bd (TPHCM va thanh p h i C l n Tho) giai doan 2005- 2016 se nhan ra mdt s l d i l m sau: 1/
Bang 1. Mire dp do thj hoa cua Binh Duong so vdi ca nuoo, TPHCM va Can Tho (don v|: %)
Nam 2006 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Mire dp 36 thi h6a Ca nu6c
27,10 27,66 28,19 28,98 29,63 29,92 30,60 31,84 32,18 33,10 33,87 34,51
TPHCM 82,56 83,44 83,67 83,72 83,23 83,25 83,11 82,33 82,49 82,12 82,02 81,24
Tinh Binh Du'ong
30,09 42,99 42,84 42,87 42,73 31,66 64,10 64,81 64,50 76,79 76,96 76,51
ThSnIi pho Can The 49,93 50,40 51,89 52,12 65,80 65,92 66,10 66,32 66,45 66,70 66,74 66,89 Nguon: Nguyin Quang Giai, 2016; Men giam thong ke Viet Nam 2015, 2016; Nien giam thong ke Binh Dwang 20^6.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9 (241) 2018 tren pham vi ca nydc, mire dp dp thj hda ciia Viet Nam tang d i n theo thpl gian, tuy nhien mire tang khdng cao;
2/ mire dp dd thj hda d Binh Dypng, TPHCM va thanh p h i C l n Thp d l u eac hpn so vdi ca nydc; 3/ tai Binh Dypng, mire dp dd thj hda diln ra khdng ddng d l u ( v l khdng gian va thdi gian), tuy nhien so vdi TPHCM va thanh pho C l n Thp, mire dp dd thj hda npi day ed nhirng ehuyin biln ngpan muc ke tir sau nam 2010 (xem Bang 1).
N l u phan chia qua trinh dd thj hda Binh Duong tir nam 2005 d i n 2016 thanh hai giai doan 2005-2010 va 2011-2016, se phat hien mot d i l m dang quan tam la mire dd dd thj hda giai doan 2011-2016 tang g i n gap ddi (1,9 l l n ; 60,11% so vdi 31,72%) so vdi giai doan 5 nam trudc dd (2005- 2010). Nguydn nhan chinh dan d i n s y khac biet ve mire dp do thj hda giti'a hai giai doan nay la do ed sy biln dpng v l djch ey tai ehd; viec dd thi hda lan tda; viec sap nhap mdt sd vung hdng thdn vdp khu vyc dd thj, tir don vj huyen - xa sang thj dpn vj thj xa - phudng'°'(Nghj Quyet so 11/NQ- CP, nam 2012 va Nghj Quyet sd 136/NQ-CP, nam 2013); va dac biet la s y phat trien cac khu cdng nghiep da thu hiit nhilu lao dpng nhap c u vao dd thj (Nguyin Thj Hoai Phupng, 2017:
121). Binh Dypng la tinh cd s y tap trung r i t cac cac khu, cum edng nghiep, ngudn eung lao ddng trpng tinh khdng the dap irng nei, vi vay nhu c l u lac ddng nhap c u tai Binh Dupng
rIt cap (Tong cue T h i n g ke, 2011: 95).
K i t qua, Binh Dypng la mdt trudng hpp r I t dac biet vdi hpn 1/3 dan s l la ngudi nhap c u tU' cac tinh khac (Tong cue Thong ke, 2011: 40). Day la d i l m khac biet trong md hinh di cu gitra Binh Duong so vdi mpt s l dja phupng trong khu vue ndi rieng va ca nude ndi chung'^' (Tong cue Thing ke, 2011: 101).
Sd lieu cung cho t h i y trong vdng hpn 1 thap ky trd lai day (2005-2016), mire dp dp thj hda Binh Duong va C l n Thp tang thep thdi gian trpng khi ty le nay da "bap hda" ddi vdi TPHCM. Oang chu y hPh xuat phat diem eua dd thj hda d Binh Dupng kha thIp nhung mire tang rIt cao. K i t luan nay cd t h i kilm chirng them qua sd lieu v l ty s u i t nhap eu'^' (xem Bang 2). Cu the, ty x u l t nhap c u d Binh Duong giai dpan 2005-2016, binh quan 56,21%o/
nam; trpng khi tai TPHCM ty le nay chi dat 15,51%o/nam; va thanh phd C l n Thp la 6,13%o/nam. Cung c l n luu y them rang lan sdng nhap eu vao Binh Dupng hien nay v l n t i l p tuc gia tang.
K i t qua Bang 2 cung ehl ra ed su biln ddng rIt ldn v l ty suit nhap cu giti'a cae nam va giira cac dia ban nghien cii'u. N l u so sanh ty suit nhap cu nam 2010 vdi 5 nam trd v l trudc (2005) thi ty x u l t nhap cu d ca ba dja ban d l u tang. Tuy nhien, hai nam tilp theo (2011-2012) lai giam (ngoai trir Can Thp). Nhung nhirng nam sau dp, tir 2013-2016 ty le nay cd sy biln ddng manh va khac biet giira eac dja ban.
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - DO THI HOA VA M O HlNH PHAT TRIEN..
Bang 2. Ty suit nhap cu phan theo dja ban 2006-2016 (don vi: %o) Nam
TPHCM Blnh Dirong Thanti pho Can Ttio Dong Nam Bo
2005 19.1 27,2 6,1 10,3
2010 26,2 89,6 9.8 24,8
2011 25,0 64,8 6,9 23,4
2012 14,8 59,1 8,9 15,5
2013 16,6 54,5 9,6 15,7
2014 16,9 70,2 8,2 18,5
2015 10,4 52,0 3,1 12,8
2016 10,7 32,3 3,6 10,8 Nguon: Tong cue Thong ke Viet Nam, 2016.
Theo sd lieu Nien giam thong ke Binh Dwang 2016, nam ndy dan sd Binh Duong dat 2.014.500 ngudi; nam chilm 48,29%, nii' 51,71%, mat dp dan sd 747 ngudi/km^ (Cue Thing ke Binh Dupng 2016). So vdi luc tai lap tinh (nam 1997) dan s l hien nay da tang g i n 3 l l n . Trong dd, ty le tang dan s l t y nhien qua cae thdi ky cd xu hudng giam dan, trong khi mire tang CP hpc dien ra manh me. Binh quan ty le tang dan sd t y nhien eua Binh Dypng giai dpan 2011-2016 khoang 0,89%/nam™. Trong khi dd, nhin ngupe lai, theo k i t qua Tong dilu tra dan s l va nha d thdi d i l m 01/4/2009, trong vdng 10 nam, 1999-2009, binh quan dan so cua tinh tang 7,3%/nam'°'. Va theo k i t qua d i l u tra dan sd va nha p giira ky thdi d i l m 01/4/2014, giai dpan 5 nam, 2009-2014, t i e dp dan sd binh quan tren dja ban tinh tang 4,61%/
nam; va mire tang nay khdng ddng d l u khi xem xet tirng khu vyc. Cu the mire tang binh quan thanh p h i Thu D l u Mdt la 4,11%/nam; thj xa Thuan An 3,56%/nam; thj xa DT An 5,03%/
nam; thj xa Ben Cat 8,25%/nam; thj xa Tan Uyen 4,68%/nam; huyen D l u Tilng 2,53%/nam; huyen Phil Giap 2,17%/nam (Cue Thing ke Binh
Duong, 2016: 11-12). Cae sc lieu nay phan anh rd mire dp phat triln dd thj d nhilu huyen trong tinh, dac biet tai thanh pho Thu D l u Mpt vd thj xa Bin Cat.
Trong vdng 5 nam (2011-2015) dan s l CO hpc Binh Dypng tang g i n 230.000 ngudi. Nguyen nhan la dp chinh sach thu hut d l u t u , phat trien kinh t l va xay dyng cac khu cdng nghiep cua tinh "da thu hut hang tram ngdn lao ddng tir cac tinh khdc d i n Binh Dyong Idm an sinh song" (Nguyin Hoang, 2017). Luc lypng lao ddng d l i dao, dan sd d dp tuoi lao dpng ehllm da sd trong CP cau tong dan s l cua tinh, trong b l i canh qua trinh "thj dan hda dan so" d i l n ra manh me, da tao ddng luc thiic day nhanh qua trinh phat triln kinh te xa hpi cua tinh, dac biet dap irng tdt nhu c l u nguon nhan lye cho cae khu cdng nghiep eua dia phyong. Cd the ndi dan sd co hoc tang nhanh la tao nhan quan trpng nhat, quylt djnh d i n s y tang trudng dd thj. Theo Q u y l t djnh so 893/QO- TTg cua Thu Tudng Chinh phu, ngdy 11/6/2014 v l viec Phe duyet Dieu chinh quy hoach tong the phat then kinh te - xa hpi tinh Binh Dwang den nam 2020, bo sung quy hoach den
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI so 9 (241) 2018 nam 2025, d y bao tdc dd tang dan sd dd thj cue Binh Dupng giai dpan 2016-2020 binh quan 6,9%/nam va giai dpan 2011-2025 binh quan 4,5%/
nam. D i n nam 2020 dan s l dd thj Binh Duong cd the dat khoang 2 trieu ngydi, ty IS dan sd dd thj chilm khoang 80%. Va d i n nam 2025 dan s l dd thi la 2,5 trieu ngudi, chilm 83,3% tong dan sd (Quylt djnh s l 893/QO-TTg 2014). Nhy vay, theo van kien nay trong khoang 10 nam nira ty le dan sd dd thj cCa Blnh Dyong se vupt ty le dan s l dd thj hien nay (2016) cua TPHCM (83,3% so vdi 81,24%).
Dieu quan tam hpn la dan sd cp hpc tang nhanh'"" se dat ra hang Ipat v l n d l xa hpi c l n dupe giai quylt, nhu cdng tac y t l va cham sde sire khde, gidp due dao tao, mdi trudng, giao thdng, nha d , vui ehpi giai tri, an ninh trat t y xa hdi... (Nguyin Hoang, 2017).
2.2. Nhu'ng thay ddi trong co' c l u kinh t l va mire sdng cCia tinh Binh Du'cng (1997-2015)
2.2.1. Thay doi co cau kinh te Tang trudng va
(1997-2015) cho t h I y kinh t l cua Binh Dypng tang trydng d mire cao va kha toan dien. Binh quan khoang 13,4%/nam, vupt rIt xa sp vdi mire binh quan cua ca nude va la mdt trong sd it dja phupng d i n dau ve phat trien kinh t l - xa hpi, duy tri mti'e tang trudng cao va on djnh'"'.
Nhin Chung, binh quan mu'c tang GDP gan 20 nam qua giii'a cae khu vyc kinh t l d l u cap (ngoai tir khu vyc kinh t l hdng, lam va thuy san), trong dd djch vu x I p vj tri thir nhat (16,9%);
cdng nghiep vd xay dyng d vj tri thir hai (13,4%) (xem Bang 3).
Chinh qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va dd thj hda la nhirng ddn bay, da tap ddng luc, thuc d l y nIn kinh t l ciia Binh Duong tang trudng, phat triln theo hudng kinh t l dd thj.
Ndi each khac, kinh t l da phat trien theo hudng (theo thir t y uu tien): dich vu, cong nghiep, xay dwng, vi n&ng nghiep. Xu hydng nay cua Binh Duong cung kha gilng vol qua trinh dd thj hda va chuyen biln eo c l u kinh
phat trien kinh te eua mdi qude gia thudng g i n lien vdi chuyen djch CO c l u kinh t l , dac biet la cp cau nganh kinh t l . So lieu (d Bang 3) v l mire tang trudng kinh t l Binh Dupng tir luc tai lap tinh den nay
Bang 3. TSng trudng GDP blnh quan ciia tinh Binh Duong 1997-2015 theo nganh kinh t l (don vi: %)
Giai aoan 1997-2000 2001 - 2005 2006-2010 2011 -2016 1997-2016
Tong 14,1 15,3 14,1 13,1 13,4
Khu vyc Cong
nghiep vS xay dung
20,4 179 11,4 8,5 13,4
N6ng, ISm va thuy san
3,7 2,8 2,1 1,9 2,5
Djch vu 9,5 15,5 24,2 20,9 16,9 Nguon: Cue Thong ke Binh Du-ang, 2016: 4.
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - DO THI H O A V A MO HlNH PHATTRIEN..
t l ciia phIn ldn cac qudc gia trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A (Nguyin Quang Giai, 2016:415-416)"^'.
2.2.2. Lao dong va thu nhap Ca cau lao dong theo khu vwc kinh te
Dan s l tang nhanh, dac biet tang cp hpc da lam thay doi va chuyen biln manh me cp c l u dan sd trong dp tuoi lao ddng ciia dja phypng. Ty le dan s l trpng dp tupj lao dpng tir 51,3% thdi d i l m nam 1997 tang len 75,5% nam 2015 (Cue Thing ke Binh Duong, 2016: 12).
Tinh binh quan. hang nam Blnh Duong giai quylt viec lam cho 40.000-45.000 cdng nhan lao dpng (Bd Lao dpng - Thupng binh va Xa hpi, 2017). Day la ngudn bo sung nhan lye dang ke d l phat triln kinh t l cua Binh Duong trong thdi gian qua.
Co c l u lao ddng Idm viec trong eac nganh kinh t l giai doan 1997-2015 da cd s y djch chuyin khd manh. Lao ddng tham gia khu vyc 1 (ndng, lam, ngu nghiep) chilm tir 57,9% nam 1997 giam xulng cdn
8,7% trong tong sd lao ddng trpng cae ngdnh kinh t l nam 2015; lap ddng khu vyc 2 (edng nghiep va xay dyng) tir 26% nam 1997 tang len 63,1% nam 2015;
va dli vdi khu vue 3 (djch vu) tir 16,1% nam 1997 tang len 28,2%
Bang 4. Lao dpng dang lam viec phan theo nganh kinh t l (don vi: ngan ngudi)
Khu vu'c Khu v y c 1 Khu VU'C 2 Khu VU'C 3 TSng
Giai doan 1997
57,9 26,0 16,1 315
2000 44,7 35,8 19,5 375
2005 19,2 57,9 22,9 723
2010 11,8 65,0 23,2 1.030
2015 8,7 63,1 28,2 1.273 NguIn: Cue Thing ke Blnh Duong, 2016.
tren tong lao ddng lam viec trong cac nganh kinh t l nam 2015 (xem Bang 4).
Lao dong da qua dao tao va that nghiep
Lao ddng da qua dao tao la chi tieu quan trpng de danh gia c h i t lupng ngudn nhan lyc'^^'. Blnh quan lao ddng da qua dap tap cOa Blnh Duong giai doan 2013-2016 la 17,15%, thIp hpn rIt nhilu so vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam Bd (24,77%), vdi ca nude (19,15%); va khu vyc Nam Bp (17,87%). Lao ddng da qua dap tao d Binh Dupng giai dpan nay chi cap hpn SP vdi ngudn lap ddng d Ddng bang sdng Cii'u Long (11,02%) (Bang 5).
Bang 6. Lao dpng da qua dao tao d Blnh Duong giai doan 2013-2016 (don vj: %)
Ca nu'ac Nam Bo D6ng Nam Bp Dong b j n g song Cii'u Long Binh Dirffng
2013 1 7 9 16,9 23,5 10,4 17,0
2014 18.2 17,2 24,1 10,3 18,1
2016 19,9 18,3 25,3 11,4 17,4
2016 20,6 19,1 26,2 12,0 16,1
Nguon'Ting hpp tir Men g/am (ftdng/<e Viet Nam. 2016.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 9 (241) 2018 19
Bang 6. T h u nhgp blnh quan/thang cua n g u d i dan Binh D u o n g 2010-2016 (don vi:
ngan dong)
Tong Da thi Nong thon Phan theo thu nhSp"^' Nhom 1 {ngh6o n h l t ) Nhom 2 N h 6 m 3 Nhom 4 NhPm 5 (giSu nhSt) Chenh nhdm 5 v&[ nhom 1 (lln)
2010 2.698 2.896 2.773
981 1.295 1.755 2.441 7 0 1 4 7 1 5
2012 3.568 3.601 3.582
1.138 2.095 2.852 3.808 7.906 6,95
2014 3.768 5.173 3.268
1.282 2.102 2.774 3,671 8.945 6,98
2016 5.306 5.306 4.789
1.887 2.933 3.737 4.857 13.171 5,98 NguIn: Tong hpp tu Nien giam thong ke Binh Dwang, 2016.
Ly giai ve tinh trang nay, mdt s l nghien ciru cho ring, vl dja phuong ed lupng ngydi nhap ey tang nhanh dp dd da day ty le lap ddng tren dja ban tinh ehua qua dap tao tay n g h i len cao (Ngd Van MIt, 2011).
T h i t nghidp'"' la mdt trong nhiVng chi bao quan trpng phan anh thyc trang ngudn lye lap ddng; that nghiep cung la chi bac cho bilt s y khdng an khdp giu'a eung - c l u lac ddng eua mpt n I n kinh te. Binh quan t h l t nghilp eua Binh Dyong giai dean nay la 2,35%;
ty le nay triing khdp vdi binh quan t h l t nghiep ca nydc (eung b l n g 2,35%). Nhyng sc vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam Bp va Ddng b l n g sdng Ciru Long thi ty le that nghiep ciia Blnh Duong giai doan ndy cd phIn thIp hpn ( l l n lupt la 2,86% va 2,75%) (Cue Thdng ke Blnh Duong va Tong cue Thdng ke Viet Nam, 2016:148).
Thu nhap
Theo so lieu cua Nien giam thong ke Blnh Dwang 2016, blnh quan thu nhap ngudi dan Binh Dyong/thang lien tuc tang theo thdi gian. Dae biet thu nhap cua ngudi dan d de thj cap va tang nhanh hpn so vdi ngudi dan sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn; blnh quan chenh lech thu nhap cua ngudi giau so vdi ngudi nghee giai dpan 2013-2016 khoang 7 l l n (xem Bang 6).
So sanh thu nhap ngudi dan Binh Duong vdi ca nude giai doan 2010, 2012, 2014 cho thIy blnh quan thu nhap ngudi dan Binh Duong giai doan nay cao g l p 1,67 l l n so vdi mire thu nhap binh quan ca nude (3.344,6 ngdn ddng sp vdi 2.008 ngan ddng/thang). Thu nhap binh quan eua ngudi dan dd thj Binh Duong cap g l p 1,28 l l n SP vdi thu nhap blnh quan ciia ngydi dan dd thj ca nude (3.890 nghin d i n g so vdi 3.027,7 nghin ddng/thang). Tupng t y nhy vay, thu
20 NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - B(i TH| HOA VA M O HiNH PHAT TRIEN...
Bang 7. Thu nhap blnh quan/thang ciia ngudi dan Vipt Nam 2010; 2012; 2014 don vj: ngan ding Ca nu^c
Dethi N6ng th6n Nhom 1( ngh^o nhat) Nhom 5 (giau nhlt) Chenh nhOm 5 vb'i nhom 1 (lan)
2010 1.3871 2.129,5 1 070,4 369,4 3.410,2 9,23
2012 1.999,8 2,989,1 1.579,4 511,6 4,784,5 9,35
2014 2.637,3 3.964,5 2.038,4 669,8 6.412,8 9,72 Nguon: Nguyen Quang Giai, 2017
nhap ngydi dan ndng thdn Blnh Duong so vdi ngudi dan ndng thdn ca nude g l p 2,05 l l n (3.207,7 ngan dong so vdi 1.562,7 ngan ddng/thang);
giira nhom gidu nhlt ciia Binh Dupng so vdi nhdm giau nhlt ca nude g l p 1,63 l l n (7.954,7 ngan ddng so vol 4.869,2 ngan dong/thang); va giira nhdm ngheo nhlt ciia Blnh Duong so vdi nhdm ngheo nhat ca nude la 2,21 lan (1.133,7 ngdn d i n g sp vdi 513,6 ngan ddng/thang) (xem Bang 6 va7).
3. P H A T T R I ^ N BfiN V O N G DO THj BINH DLTONG
Nhu vay, sy phat trien dp thj nhay vpt d Binh Dyong nhung nam vira qua tuy cd nhu'ng han e h l ( v l chit lupng dan eu, chit lupng mdi trudng sdng...), nhung da mang lai nhilu gia trj tich eye trpng viec phat trien kinh t l va nang cap ddi s i n g ngydi dan. Vi vay, viec phat triln dd thj d Binh Dypng la mpt xu hudng c l n thilt trong tuong lai. Tuy nhien qua trinh ndy c l n phai dupe quy hoach va dupe kiem seat chat che.
3.1. Dd thj ben v i r n g : ndi ham va tieu chi
Dd thj b i n virng la khai niem dya tren npi ham, nguyen ly ciia "Phat trien bin vung" vdi dac thii cua mdt dd thj.
Thep Wprld Bank, dd thj phat triln b i n virng phai hpi tu d l y dii 4 tieu chi: 2 tieu chi d l u vap va 2 tieu chi dau ra.
Tieu chi dau vao: 1/ dupe quan ly tdt (Good governance), cd nIn hanh chinh edng tot, dac biet quy hoach dd thj va thyc hien quy hoach dd thi hieu qua; 2/ tai chinh lanh manh, cd thj trudng v l n vd thu hiit dupe v l n trpng va ngpai nude lanh manh. Tieu chi dau ra. 1/ canh tranh tdt v l kinh t l , thieh nghi vdi cp e h l thj trudng hudng d i n mue tieu tang trydng; 2/
cd the s i n g t i t (Livability) trcng mdi trydng t y nhien, xa hdi vd nhan van.
3.2. Md hinh d l phat triln dd thj d Binh Dycng
Theo Quylt djnh sd 1701/QD-UBND cua Oy ban Nhan dan tinh Binh Dypng, ngdy 26/6/2012, v l viec Phe duyet Bo an quy hoach chung xay dwng do thi Binh Dwang den nam
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9 (241) 2018
2020, tam nhin den nam 2030 vi tir thyc tien phat trien dd thj tren dja ban tinh, Binh Duong phan d l u den nam 2020 se trd thanh dd thj Ipai I. Day Id CP sd phap ly quan trpng d l chinh quyIn dja phuong va ngudi dan phan d l u xay dung cac dd thi d Binh Duong trd thanh mpt trong nhirng dd thj phat trien manh v l kinh t l - xa hpi ciia Viing kinh te trpng diem phia Nam.
Mdt CO sd phap ly quan trpng khac v l phat trien dd thj la Quyet djnh s l 893/QO-TTg ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu, ngdy 11/6/2014, v l viec Phe duyet Bleu chinh quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh te - xa hoi tinh Blnh Dwang den nam 2020, bo sung quy hoach den nam 2025. Theo quylt djnh nay, phat triln dd thj phai phii hpp vdi mire tang ddn sd dd thj.
Liie ndy cau hdi dat ra d ddy la dja phuong c l n lya chon md hinh nao d l phat triln dd thi b i n vung? Tren eo sd phan tich t i l n trinh dd thj hda Binh Duong, phdn tich ndi lye va ngcai lye phat triln kinh t l - xa hpi Blnh Dypng trong g i n 20 nam vira qua, phan tich eac md hinh phat triln dd thj d mpt s l qudc gia phat trien, dac biet xet d i n vj t h i ciia Binh Dypng trpng Vijng kjnh t l trpng diem phia Nam, thi de dd thj Blnh Dypng phat triln b i n virng cd the xem xet cac md hinh sau.
v l hinh thai dd thi (Urban form), Binh Dyong cd the chpn md hinh phat triln dd thj k i t hpp hai hda, hpp ly giira
"Dd thj nen - Cpmpact eity''°'°; "Chiim de thj - Urban agglpmeratJens'"'" va
"Dd thi ve tinh - Satellite urban'"'". Oe
trdnh lap lai nhu'ng han che eua viec phat triln dd thj theo md hinh sieu do thi (Megaeity). Mdt sd quoc gia phat trien, ddc biet la Phap'"', tir m i y chuc nam nay da tap trung phat trien dd thj ve tinh quanh cao dd thj lei trung tSm, nham giam bdt dp lye va ganh nSng v l dan cy, nha d va giac thdng che ede dd thj Idu ddi, ddng thdi tao dilu kien giam d i n su chenh lech trong phat trien giu'a cae khu vue lanh tho (Nguyin Quan, 2008). Tuy nhien dilu nay cung gap khdng it thach thirc.
Trudc hit, chinh su phdn tan eua cac dd thj cung gdy nhu'ng khd khan v l cdng tac quy hoach va quan ly dd thj.
Do vay, v l tong the va ddng bp c l n tap ra mdt khudn kho phap ly phii hpp de lien k i t cac dd thj ndy vdi nhau dya tren nIn tang, xu t h i phat trien dd thj b i n vdng hien nay, ddng thdi dua tren d i l u kien Ijch su, kinh t l - xa hdi va ipi t h i ciia mci dpn vj lanh tho.
Quan trpng hpn, giu'a cae me hinh phat triln dd thj ndy, c l n cd s y k i t n i l chat che vdi nhau bang he thing giap thdng dd thj hien dai, ddng bp; dac biet cd mdt he thing giap thdng cdng cpng hpdn thien, cd sire chuyen ehd ldn (dudng s i t dd thj; dudng vdnh daj;
dudng tren cao; dydng dudi Idng dat;
va dudng sdng). He thing giao thdng nay se cho phep ngudi dan s i n g tai cae dd thj kilu ndy cd t h i di chuyen qua lai d l dang, tranh tinh trang "thlt nut CO chai" tai cac cira ngc d nhirng dd thi ldn nhu TPHCM, Hd Ndi hien nay. Xen cai, k i t ndi giira dd thj trung tam - ehiim dd thj - dd thj ve tinh la
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - DO THI HOA VA M O HiNH PHAT TRIEN...
cac vanh dai xanh tren nguyen tao
"mdt dp thj ba chiln lupe phat triln k i t ndi vdi hanh lang xanh" (QD 1701/QD-UBND eua Oy ban Nhan ddn tinh Blnh Duong nam 2012).
Djnh hudng vd quy hcach phat triln he thong dd thj Binh Duong k i t hpp giii'a "dd thj nen"; "chiim dd thj" va "dd thj ve tinh" cd the la hudng gpi m d phii hpp ddi vdi Binh Dupng ndi rieng va Viing dd thj TPHCM ndi chung, vi nd vira tan dung mire dd dd thj hda dang dien ra tren todn tinh, vira nang cap vj t h i ciia Binh Dupng dpi vdi Viing kinh t l trpng diem phia Nam vd ca nude. C( nhilu nydc tren t h i gidi, cae dd thj phat triln d i n d i n trd thanh eac trung tdm phat trien, cd tdc ddng lan tda Idi keo cae vung phu cdn phat triln, tao nen cac viing dd thj vd dai dd thj (Extended Metropolitan Regions - EMRs) (Terry Me Gee, 2012).
Ddi vol quan trj dp thj, viec quy hcach, phat trien dd thj thee nhirng md hinh ndy se giup cdng tac quan ly dd thj d Binh Duong dupe khoa hoc va tdt hpn, tranh vd han c h i dupe nhu'ng
"can benh dd thj" nhu t i e nghen giao thdng, d nhilm mdi trudng, khu 6 chupt, benh "tp d l u " . . . ma nhilu dd thj ldn ciia Viet Nam (TPHCM, Ha Npi,...) va mdt s l dd thj ciia the gidi (NevK Delhi (An Od)"°', Bac Kinh (Trung Qulc); Jakarta, Surabaya (Indpnesia), Bangkpk (Thdi Lan)'^"...) gap phai.
NhOng dp thi nay, dii dupe xem la nhu'ng cue tang trudng ed sire lan tda khdng chi p pham vi quoc gia ma cdn doi vdi khu vyc vd t h i gidi, tuy nhien
ehiing dang phai ddi mat vol nhirng thach thire phat triln dd thj b i n vCrng.
Ben canh dd, viec phat trien dd thj thep md hinh lien k i t chiim dd thj va dd thj ve tinh se tap d i l u kien thiic dly, tang cudng mei lien k i t , hpp tac ciing phat trien giira cdc dd thi trong khu vue. 6" t i m viing va lien viing, vdi su ddng thuan eua cae don vj hanh chinh, se tao ra mdt chiln lupe chung cho phep giai quylt nhu'ng thach thirc mang tinh todn cue trong qua trinh dd thj hda cung nhu v l n d l chinh trang va phat trien dd thj.
Cu the, khdng gian do thj Binh Duong cd t h i dupe quy hoach, phat trien d i n g d l u va k i t n l i thanh cdng chlen Iwac 3 khu vwc'^^'' phia nam, phia bac, va trung tam (nhu QO 1701/QO- UBND cua Oy ban Nhan dan tinh Binh Duong nam 2012).
Viec phat triln dd thj theo 3 khu vue nay dya tren eo s d ly thuylt v l hinh thai phat trien do thi va dac biet cd nghien cu'u ve nhu'ng d i l u kien, sy phii hpp, kha nang dap irng eua thyc t i l n dja phupng.
Khu vwc 1: Khu vyc phia nam, phat trien do thi nen, mat dp cac. Thep do, dd thi Thuan An va dd thj DT An Id cae dd thj djch vu - cdng nghiep. Trong tupng lai tai khu vyc nay c l n han e h l phat trien edng nghiep theo chilu rpng (gia cdng), ngupe lai tang cudng phdt trien edng nghiep theo ehllu sau (cdng nghiep sach, gia trj kinh t l cap).
La dd thj nen, cd vj tri dau moi giao thdng quan trpng n l i k i t vdi giao
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl s6 9 (241) 2018 thdng viing do vay can d l u t u va nang cap he thing giap thdng dp thj hien dai hpn nira nham gia tang m i l lien he va khai thdc quy luat phat triln dd thj theo " v l t dau leang" tir TPHCM den Blnh Dupng vd d i n mdt iiie nac dd "vet d l u loang" nay cd the se leang d i n mpt sd dja phupng lan can.
Khu vi/c 2: Khu vyc trung tam, phat triln theo chum do thi, mat dd trung binh. Cac chiim dd thj ndy !a dd thj da ehire nang (cu trii, lam viec, hpc hdnh, mua sam va giai tri); va dd thj da trung tam, trpng dd Thii D l u Mdt ddng vai trd dd thj trung tam, dd thi Idi.
Dd thj mdi Hda Phil - Phu Tan (thanh pho mdi Binh Duong), chirc nang dich vu - cdng nghiep; la trung tam chinh trj, hanh chinh; dd thj Phu Cudng Phii Lpi: dich vu - thupng mai; dp thi Nam B i n Cat: djch vu - edng nghiep; dp thj Nam Tan Uyen' dd thj edng nghiep - djch vu; khu vyc Tan Ba. Thai Hda vd Tan Binh la dd thj cang, dich vu, cdng nghiep.
Khu vwc 3' Khu vue dd thi phia b l c . Phat trien theo md hinh do thj ve tinh, mat dp t h I p . Dd thj Tan Thanh: chire nang djch vu - du Ijch, Id trung tam chinh trj, hanh chinh huyen; dd thj Cong Xanh: cdng nghiep - djch vu; dd thj Thudng Tan: edng nghiep - djch vu;
dd thj Phudc VInh: dich vu - cdng nghiep, la trung tam chinh trj, hdnh chinh huyen; do thi Bau Bang: edng nghiep - djch vu, la trung tam chinh tri, hanh chinh huyen; dd thj D l u T i l n g : djch vu - du Ijch - ndng nghiep c h i t lupng cao (ndng nghiep dd thj), la
trung tam hanh chinh huyen; Dd thj Long Hda - An Lap: edng nghiep - djch vu; Dd thj Thanh T u y i n : dich vu - du Ijch - ndng nghiep dd thj; dd thj Minh Hda - Minh Thanh: djch vu - du Ijch.
D l i vdi nhirng dd thj ed chirc nang cdng nghiep thi c l n uu tien phat triln cdng nghiep phti hpp vdi the manh ciia dja phupng, dac biet edng nghiep CO khi; edng nghiep hda chat; e h l biln ndng, Idm san, thyc pham; san x u l t vat lieu; khai thac khoang san.
Ben canh djnh hydng, quy hoach khdng gian dd thj vira dype neu d tren, Binh Dupng can khai thdc va phat huy hpn nua Ipi t h i vj t h i d l u m l i giao thdng k i t n i l Viing dd thj TPHCM; Viing kinh t l trpng diem phia Nam; bao ve mdi trudng; phat triln ha t i n g xa hdi va nang cao mire sing cu dan.
3.3. Nang cao vj the dau mdi giao thdng vung
Viing dd thj TPHCM la viing kinh t l phat trien rIt nang ddng; viing cd y nghTa quan trpng ciia qude gia trcng qua trinh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va dd thj hda. Trpng mdi lien ket quy hoach phat triln Viing dd thj TPHCM theo md hinh tdp trung da eye l l y TPHCM lam dd thj hat nhdn, hudng tdi mot dd thj phat trien ngang tam khu vyc va q u l c t l . Binh Dupng'^^' dype xem Id dja phupng ed vai trd quan trpng trpng viec k i t noi, la eira ngd giao thupng giup g i n k i t giti'a Idi trung tam la TPHCM va eac tinh, thanh xung quanh. Trong chiln lupe phat trien tir nay d i n nam 2025,
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - DO TH| H 6 A VA M O HlNH PHAT TRIEN..
Binh Duong c l n uu tien phat triln h$
thong giao thdng hien d?i, ddng bp ket ndi dupe vdi h$ thing dd thj trong Viing kinh te trpng d i l m phia N a m ' " ' nham khai thac dype t h i manh ve giap thdng van tai, Sdn bay quoc t l Tan Son Nhlt, Long Thanh, cum cang nude sau Thi Vai - Vung Tau, djch vu tai chinh, ngan hang, dao tao; va d#e biet tan dyng quy luat phat triln dd thj theo "vet d l u loang" cua TPHCM de phuc vu muc tieu phdt triln kinh t l - xa hdi Binh Dupng. N l u khai thdc tot nhdng Ipi t h i nay, se tao da cho qua trinh dd thj hda Blnh Duong phdt triln theo chilu sau'^*'.
3.4. Bao ve mdi t r i r d n g h i f d n g d i n n I n cdng nghiep sach
Dd thj hda vd cdng nghiep hda la hai qua trinh cting song song ddng hanh;
phat triln cua cdng nghiep keo theo sy ra dpi cdc khu dd thi vd thuc tiln phat triln dd thj Binh Duong cting khdng n l m ngoai quy luat nay. Trong
nhirng nam qua, Binh Duong la mpt trong nhO'ng tinh di d l u ca nude v l phat trien khu edng nghiep'"'.
Theo quy hosich phdt trien tinh Binh Duong d i n nam 2020 vd djnh hydng a i n nam 2025, tec dp tang trudng cdng nghidp giai do?n 2016-2020 la 16,1%/nam va djnh hudng edng nghiep se tap trung phat triln len eac huyen phia b l c eua tinh. D i n nam 2020, Binh Dyong cd 37 khu cdng nghiep (trong dd ed 29 khu cdng nghiep da dupe quy hoach, 3 khu cdng nghiep m d rpng vd 5 khu cdng nghiep d y kiln) vdi tong dien tich 17.231,53ha (Nguyin H l n g , 2016).
Tuy cd sy hien dien cua hang ngan doanh nghiep tai eac khu, cum cdng nghiep tren dja bdn, nhung Binh Dupng da kiem spat va bap ve mdi trudng tuong ddi tdt. Tuy nhien, vol sy gia tang s l lupng ciia cao khu edng nghiep trong thdi gian tdi, ciing vdi toe dp dp thj hda ngay cdng tang Bang 8. Dy bao thai luong 6 nhiem moi trudng tai cac KCN phia nam d i n nam 2020
Tlnh/thanh Tay Ninh Tien Giang Blnh P h u * Ding Nai TPHCM 11 tinh BBSCL"'^' B4 Ria - VOng TSu Long An Blnh Duong Tong
Tong lu'ong nui^c thai (dcyn vr m^/ngSy)
7.238 8.380 87.720 136.937 138.192 152.760 154 958 178 606 258.730 1.123.421
Bui 1.552 1.796 18.801 29.350 29.619 32.741 33.212 38.259 55.453 240 783
Tong lirpng chat thai rSn nguy hai (don vi: tan/ng^y)
23 20 208 326 328 367 368 424 328 2.391 Nguon: Nguyin Quang Giai, 2015.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so 9 (241) 2018 nhanh se dat ra s u bao dpng ve thai lypng d n h i l m mdi trydng. S l lieu d u bao ve tong lypng chat thai tir cdc khu cdng nghiep d mdt sd dja phyong phia nam d i n nam 2020 (xem Bang 8) cho thay Binh Dyong se la dja phyong x I p vj tri cao nhlt v l thai lypng d nhiem mdi trudng tai khu cdng nghiep. Do vay, v l n d l dat ra ddi vdi Binh Duong la c l n ed nhu'ng giai phap ddng bd, k i l m scat va bao ve mdi trudng hieu qua hpn nu'a, n h l m t i l n d i n n I n cdng nghiep sach, hien dai, cd hdm lupng khpa hpc cap, tap gia trj gia tang ldn, khdng gdy d nhilm mdi trudng - dam bap s y hdi hda giira tang trydng kinh t l va bao ve mdi trudng hien tai vd tupng lai.
3.5. Phat trien ha t i n g xa hdi, nang cao mCrc song dan cir
Nhu nhirng phan tich d tren, dan s l CO hpc tang nhanh la mpt trong nhirng thach thire ldn v l ha t i n g , an sinh, va phuc Ipi xa hdi, dac biet ddi vdi dja phupng cd ty s u i t nhap ey ddng.
Trong khi dd, nhilu chu trupng, chinh sdeh phat triln kinh t l xa hdi tir Trung uong d i n dja phupng ehua quan tam day du den nguIn nhan luc ndy'^"'. Vdi dja phuong ed lupng ngudi nhap c u ddng nhy Binh Dyong, c h i c Chan r i n g van gido due, y t l , van hda - xa hdi,... thyc s y Id bai loan khd, can trd cho s y phat trien b i n vu'ng dd thj Binh Dyong. Do vay, de tap d i l u kien cho ngudi nhap eu sinh sing, Nha nude, chinh quyen dja phuong c l n cd nhu'ng co che, chinh sdeh thilt thyc, hieu qua hpn nua nham hudng
den miic tieu: trudc tien giiip ngudi dan cd the t i l p can, sir dung dupe nhirng nhu c l u xa hdi cp ban; on djnh cupc sdng: an c u Igc nghiep, vd sau ciing t90 dieu kidn de ngudi dan thyc hien "trach nhiem xa hdi" vi sy phat trien b i n vu'ng eua dja phupng tai noi d i n .
4. KfeT LUAN
Binh Duong dang trong qua trinh phat triln vdi mire dp dd thj hda nhanh, ttr mdt xa hdi ndng thdn, ndng nghiep, ndng dan, Binh Duong dang chuyen doi sang xa hdi dd thj, cdng nghiep vd thj dan. Ben canh nhirng thanh tyu dat dype. dja phupng nay dang phai d l i mgt vdi nhti'ng thach thirc c l n dupe giai quylt. Vi vay, trpng djnh hudng xdy dyng. phat triln dd thj b i n vu'ng. Binh Duong c l n quy hoach, phat trien md hinh dd thj da trung tam, da eye vdi nhilu hinh thai hpp ly - k i t hpp gida do thi nen, do thi chu&i va do thi ve tinh thee ba khu vyc, thee dd dd thi nen n l m d phia nam; chum dd thj d khu vyc trung tam vd dd thi ve tinh nam a phia b l c . Mat khac, Binh Dupng can khai thac va phat huy hon nij'a vj t h i d l u mdi giao thdng k i t n i l Viing, xdy dyng he thing giao thdng b i n virng; bao ve mdi trydng; va phat trien ha t i n g xa hdi, ndng cao mti'e sdng ey dan. Viec lya chpn, phii hpp vd phat trien hai hda, hpp ly cae hinh thai dd thj vd ha t i n g ky thuat; xa hdi dd thj nhu dupe phdn tieh d tren se giiip dd thi Binh Duong phdt trien b i n virng; han che va tranh dupe nhti'ng
"can benh dd thj" da tirng xay ra d
26 NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - PQ TH| H 6 A VA M 6 HJNH PHATTRIEN...
Viet Nam va t h i gi6i. Oe thay lo-i ket that bai trong 66 thj hoa, chiing ta Chung toi muon trich lo-i phat bieu cua cung se th^t bai trong cong nghiep nguyen Pho Thu tu-dng Nguyen Sinh hoa va hien dai hoa" (Nguyin Sinh Hung "Viet Nam se chi co mot co hpi Hung, 2009: 3). •
duy nh§t de do thi hoa dung d^n. Neu
CHU THICH
'^*KhSi ni^m "D6 thi hoa" rat da dang, bo-i vi do thi h6a chira du'ng nhi§u hien tu-p-ng vS bieu hien khac nhau trong tien trinh phat tnen, Theo V6 Kim Cu'O'ng, do th| h6a i^ q u ^ trinh phat tnen do thi a mot qu6c gia. Do thi hoa bao gom viec m a rgng cac 66 thi hien hiju va viec hinh thanh cSc do thi mo'i. De danh gi^ q u ^ trinh do thj hoa, ngu'O'i ta chi du'a v^o 2/5 ti§u chi lien quan d^n dan so do thi la miic do do thi hoa vS tdc do do thi hda {V6 Kim Cu-ang, 2013: 15). MLfc d$ d6 thj h6a du'p'c tinh bang ty IS phan tram so dan d6 thi so v i ' i tong dSn s6 to^n quoc hay vung. Ty le dan s6 dfl thi du'p'c coi nhu- thu-dc do ve do thj h6a de so s^nti mifc do do thj h6a giCra cac mtOc vO'i nhau hocic Ccic vCing khSc nhau trong mOt nu-ffc.
'^* VCing d6 thj TPHCM gom 8 tinh, thSnh cua VCing kinh te trpng di4m phia Nam: Blnh Dicang, Binh Phu-b'c, TSy Ninh, Long An. Dong Nai, Ba Ria-VQng Tau, Tien Giang va TPHCM.
'^'Thanh ph6 Thu Dau Mdt, thi xa DT An, thi xa Thuan An. thj xa Ben Cat, thi xa Tan UySn va cac huyen BSu BSng, B§c Tan Uyen, Dau Ti4ng, Phu Giao va 91 den vj hanh chinh cap xa (48 xa, 41 phu'o'ng, 2 thi tran).
'^' Tong ho'p cua tac gia tO "D6 thi hoa va moi t r y i n g tar cac do thi ldn o- Nam Bo (tru'6'ng hCTp TPHCM, Binh Du'ffng va Can Tha) [Nguyin Quang Giai. 2015], Nien giam thdng ke Viet Nam 2015, 2016; va Nien giam thdng ke Binti Dwang 2016
'^' Nghi quyet so 11/NQ-CP cua Thu tu-ang Chinh phu ngay 02/5/2012. ve viec Th^nh l§p thanh phd Thu Ditu MQI thuoc tinh Binh Dwang, Dac biet, Nghj quy^t s6 136/NQ-CP cua Thu tu'dng Chinh phu ngay 29/12/2013 v6 viec £)/du cWn/j dia gi6i hiinh ctiinh huyen B§n CatdS thanh lap thi xa Bin Cat diSu chinh die gi&i hanh chinh huyen Tan Uyen d§ thanh l$p thj xS Tin Uydn v^ thanh lap 16 phw&ng thuoc thi xa Bdn Cdf, thi xa Tin Uy6n. thi xa Thuan An va thinh ph6 Thu Diu Mot, tinh Binh Dwang.
'^'Trong khi do theo ket qua Tong dieu tra dan so va nha 6 Viet Nam nSm 2009 lu-ang ngudi nhap cu- dgn cac dia phu'O'ng Da N i n g , Dong Nai va TP HCM chi chiem tren 10% dan s6 cua cac tinh, thanh nay.
'^' Ty suat nhap cu- la s6 ngu'di tu' dffn v\ lanh tho khac (nci xuat cu'} nhap cu' den mot den vj lanh tho trang ky nghiSn cdu (thu'dng la mot nam lich) tinh binh quan trSn 1 000 dan cua don vi lanh tho do (nai nhap cu').
'^^NSm 2011 mu'c tang 10,03%o, nam2013 = 9,00%o; nSm 2014 = 8,82%o, 2015 = 8,56%o; va 2 0 1 6 ( s a b o ) = 8,50%o.
'^' MCfc tang cua Vung Dong Nam Bo giai doan nay la 3,2%/nam.
' ^ ° ' T 9 le tang dan so t u nhien kha thap (nSm 2015 vao khoang 0,78%), tuy nhifin ty le tSng dan so c c hpc a mu'c cao. Trong v6ng 5 nam (2011-2015) dSn so co hpc cua Binh Duo'ng tang gan 230.000 ngu'di (Chi cue Dan so Kg hogch h6a gia dinh, 2017).
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOl so 9 {241) 2018
Blnh quan tang tru-dng GDP Vi^t Nam giai doan 2003-2016 dat khoang 6,22% (T6ng hp^p cua tac gia tCi- Tong eye Th6ng kg Vigt Nam 2018).
'^^' Tai khu VU'C Bong Nam A, so lipu nam 2014 cho thay, c c cau kinh te giO'a 3 khu vu-c (khu vi/c 1. nflng, lam nghiep va thuy san; khu vij-c 2 cdng nghi&p va xSy du-ng; khu v y c 3: djch vu) tai cac quoc gia nay cd s u phan bo kh6ng dong deu. Tuy nhien, xu hudng chung la quoc gia nao co muc 66 do thj h6a cang cao, cang ty le thuan vdi ty trpng c c c^u kinh te theo hu-dng dich vu-cdng nghiep, xay dwng-nong, tam nghiep, ngw nghiep; va ngu-pc lai, quoc gia nao cd mu-c 66 dd thj hda t h i p , thi ty trong co- cau kinh t§ se la nong, ISm nghi&p, ngw nghiep - cong nghiep. xiy dwng-dich vu ( N g u y i n Quang Giai, 2016: 415-416).
Lao ddng da qua dao tao la nhu-ng ngu'di da hpc va tdt nghiep d mpt tru-d-ng Idp dao tao chuyen mon ky thuat cua cSp hpc hoSc trlnh dd dao tao tu'ang du-o-ng thuoc he thdng giao due quoc dan tO 3 thang t r d len (cd van b l n g ho^c chu-ng chi cdng nhan ket qua dao tao) '^""^ Ngu'di that nghiep la nhu-ng ngudi tCr 15 tuoi trd- len hien khdng cd viec lam va da xCic tien hoat ddng tim k i l m viSc lam va sSn sang lam viec trong thdi gian tham c h i l u (Tong eye Thong k6, 2015).
'^^' Phan thu nhap eua ngudi dan theo ngO vj phan, vdi khoang each deu nhau la 20%.
Nhdm 1, nhdm cd thu nhap thap nhat; Nhdm 5, nhdm c6 thu nhap cao nhlt.
'^^' "Dd thi nen" thanh ph6 cOa khoang each ng^n (City of short distance) la ten goi do Dantzig va Saaty dua ra t u nam 1973 va dup'c thdng dung tai Chau Au, trong khi tai B l c My t§n gpi "Tang trudng thdng minh" (Smart grov^^th) du'p'c ua ehudng hen. Dd thj nen phat t r i l n theo hinh thai tang tru'dng g i n vdi tang mat dp dan cu- tr6n dien tich d I t hien cd. Dac diem chinh cua dd thi nen la cd mat dd dd thj tuang doi eao (mat dd xSy dung, mat dp dan, ty Ip cua cac hang muc giao thdng, cay xanh, dich vy tien ich... cua dd thj), s u dung hdn ho'p dat dai, k h u y i n khich di bd va xe dap, chu trong giao thdng cdng cdng, t i l t kiem nang lup-ng, dam bao nhu c l u nha d , viec lam va chat lu-p-ng eupe sdng cho mpi ngudi (Pham Sy Liem va Bill Manh T i l n , 2013; lEREK, 2016).
'^^* "Chum dd t h i " dup-e hinh thanh bdi mdt do thi trung tam (dd thi hat nhan) va vung anh hu-dng eua nd. Chum dd thi la mpt vung khdng gian lanh tho tren dd the hien cac hoat dpng tong hcfp do thi hda cao giu-a dd thi trung tam va mpt nhdm cac dd th|, diem dan eu khac trong vung anh hudng cd quan he mat thiet va hd trp- nhau trong hoat ddng kinh te - xa hpi (san xuat, lao ddng, dich vu, nghi ngoi, giai tri...), va dac biet chCing du-ac k i t ndi chat che vdi nhau bang mdt he thdng giao thdng hipn dai va phat trien ( N g u y i n Hong T i l n , 2018).
Vdi tiem nang kinh t l - xa hdi cua dd thj hat nhSn se nudi song nhung ngoi lang gan nhat (feeds the nearest villages) Doi lai, nhom do thi ve tinh cung e l p cho trung tam vdi eac nguon lye khac nhau tang cudng t i l m nang cua nd (Shmidt va cdng s u , 2016)
(18) ..£jQ jf^j yg ^^^^:' 1^ nhu-ng dd thi nam trong viing anh hudng cua dd thj eye ldn chiu anh h u d n g va tac ddng manh me cua dd thj nay mSc du v l mat dja ly t u nhien va quan ly ve hanh chinh nd tach rdi khoi do thi dd, Trong qua trinh k i l m soat han e h l s u phat then nhanh va qua tai cua cac dd thi cue ldn, mdt so chuc nang eua dd thj nay dup'c chuyen ve cac dd thj ve tinh phu thude vao dd rdng ldn cua dat dai, kha nang t i l p can d i n he thong giao thdng. De eac thanh phd vp tinh ph^t t r i l n thi mdi tru'dng canh quan phai d u o c cai thien tot ho'n so vdi cac khu v y c khac trong dd thi trung tam, day phai la nai cd du d i l u kien ve nha d , viSc lam va dac biet c6 hd thong giao thdng hien dai va phat trien nham lien he thuan tien vdi dd thi trung tam va cac vung phu can ( N g u y i n Hong Tien, 2018)
NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - D O T H ! H 6 A V A M O H I N H P H A T T R | £ N . .
'^^' Nu-dc Phap t u trudc tdi nay tap trung phat t r i l n do th| quanh khu v y c thu dd Pahs va vLing lie de France, khu vue nay cd dien tich 12,000km^ (1/40 di§n tich nude Phap) nhung c h i l m tdi 1/5 dan so ca nude. Trong vung lie de France thi chi rigng Paris va khu v y c phy can da c h i l m tdt 90% dan so cua ca vung trong khi chi chiem 20% didn tIeh. Viec t$p trung qua ddng dan eu trdn mpt khu v y c lanh tho nhd hep tao ra khdng it khd khan cho cSc nha quan ly dd thi, d§c bipt la aeh t i c giao thdng va d n h i l m khdng khi do mdt lupng ldn hang tripu xe hffi gay ra. De han che thuc trang nay, Phap phat then md hinh dd thj ve tinh quanh cac trung tam dd thi vdn ed (Nguyin Quan, 2008).
'^°' http://vnexpress.net/tin-tue/khoa-hoe/thanh-pho-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-3203323.html, truy cap ngay 20/4/2015.
'^''' http7/vovgiaothong.vn/giao-thong-quoc-te/jakarta-dung-dau-top-10-thanh-pho-eo-nan-tac- duong-tram-trong-nhat/35844, truy cap ngay 5/2/2015.
'^^' Phat trien dd thi n6n a phia nam (Khu v y c 1). NguySn ly cua phat trien dd th| nen la tSng cudng su' dyng khong gian do thj hien tai cang n h i l u cang tdt, tang trudng dd thj g i n vdi tang mat dd dan c u tren dien tich hien cd. Theo dd, dae diem chung nhat cua dd thj n6n la su tich tu dan cu- cao. Thyc t i l n khu vue phia nam la dia ban giap ranh dd thj TPHCM, nci cd mat dp dan so cao n h l t cua Binh Duang do vay nd lye xay dung va phat t r i l n dd thj nen tai day ed tinh kha thi (Theo Nien giam thdng ke Binh Dwang nam 2016. mat dd dan s6 cua thi xa DT An 6.509 ngudi/km^, thj xa Thuan An 5.617 ngudi/km^; thanh phd Thu D l u Mot 2.503 ngudi/km^, thj xa Tan Uyen 1.239 ngudi/km^; thi xa B i n Cat 987 ngudi/km^; huyen Bau Bang 262 ngudi/km^, huyen D l u T i l n g 168 ngudi/km^, huyen Phu Giao 175 ngudi/km^;
huygn B l e Tan Uyen 158 ngudi/km^). T u o n g t y nhu- vay, phat t n i n chum do thi a khu vyc trung tam (Khu v y c 2). Chum dd thi dup'c hinh thanh bdi mdt do thi trung tam va vCing anh hudng cua nd, Dac diem eua md hinh dd thj nay la chung the hien cac hoat ddng tong hg-p dd thi hda cao; chung dupe k i t noi ehSt che vdi nhau b l n g h^ thong giao thdng hien dai, thdng minh. Thuc t i l n hinh thanh va phat trien Binh Duo-ng da chu'ng minh khu vue trung tam, khu v y c loi dd thi eua tinh la thanh pho Thu D l u Mdt - dd thj da chdc nang. Dd thi Thu Dau Mdt la trung tam chinh tri, kinh te, khoa hoc edng nghe, van hda giao due va du lich cua tinh, va thdi gian g i n day (2014) thanh pho mdi Binh Duang du-ac xay dyng tai khu lien hp-p edng nghiep - dd thi - dich vu tinh Binh Duang. Nai day se t r d thanh khu dd thi van minh, hiSn dai cija Binh Duang thdi ky mdi (http7/v™w.beeamex-tokyu com/, 2018). Dac biet n d day da du'ac chinh quyIn dia phuang chpn lam trung tam hanh chinh tap trung cua tinh, hipn nay cac ca quan hanh chinh da ddi v l day lam viec.
Va cuoi eung la md hinh do thi v§ tinh a phia b l c (Khu v y c 3). Nguyen ly cCia phat tnen do thj k i l u nay d y a vao s u anh hudng cua dd thi cue ldn, giam ap lu'c va s y qua tai d l i vdi d6 thj "me" b l n g each c h u y i n mdt so chuc nang ra ( v l ) cac dd thi ve tinh. Hien tai quy d I t tai day cdn nhieu; mat dp dSn s6 thIp; hOi ty nhung yeu to thuan Ip'i de quy hoach, phat trien a6 thj da chuc n§ng' dd thi cdng nghiep; dich vu - du lieh; hanh chinh va ndng nghidp dd thj.
' " ' Phia tay tinh Blnh Du-cng ed chung sdng Sai Gdn, phia nam cd thi xa DT An, thi x i Thuan An va thanh pho Thu D l u Mdt la khu v y e phat tnen dd thi g i n k i t v d i vung loi dd thi TPHCM.
' ^ " ' T P H C M , Bien Hda, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, D i n g Xoai, Tay Ninh. Tan An, My Tho... vdi eac dd thj Binh Duang' Thu D l u Mdt, Nam Ben Cat, Nam Tan Uyen theo cae true hu'dng tam va xuyen tam
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9 t24l) 2018
D o thi hda d u a e xem xet d hai khia canh, dd thi hda theo e h i l u rdng va dd thj hda theo e h l l u sau. D d thi hda theo c h i l u rpng g i n vdi v l n d l m d rpng khdng gian dd thi va hinh thanh he thdng do thj theo vung cua quoc gia, Dd thi hda theo c h i l u sau g i n vdi quy hoach khdng gian dd thi n h l m nang cao c h i t lupng ca s d ha tang, trinh dd va hieu qua kinh t l , chat lu'p'ng va moi trudng sdng cua c u dan trong tOng do thj.
'^^* "khdng k l Long An va Tien Giang",
'^'' Nam 1997 Binh Duong mdi chi cd 6 khu cdng nghidp tap trung vdi dien tich 800ha, thi den nay toan tinh ed 29 khu cdng nghidp va 8 cym cdng nghiep tap trung vdi tong dipn tich han lO.OOOha dup'c phan bd d h l u k h l p cac vung trong linh, D l tao dpng lye lam ddn bay phat tnen kinh te, tinh Blnh D u o n g chu trpng phat t r i l n nganh edng nghiep, trong dd t^p trung phat trien cac khu edng nghiep la giai phap b i n vu-ng cho c h i l n lu-p-c nay (http://khueongnghiep.com vn/tabid/65/articletype/ArtieleVievi//artieleld/1632/defaultaspx).
'^°* Trong phan bo ngan sach cho dia phuang, thi ngan sach cua trung u-ang phan ve cho dja phu-ang khdng tinh d i n dan so nhap c u .
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NGUYEN QUANG GlAl - e 6 T H ! H 6 A VA MO HlNH PHATTRISN...
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