Quygn tir do lien ket
va thiet che dai dien 6* doanh nghiep Viet Nam
Vu Quang Tho' ' Vipn Cong nhan va Cong doan.
Email: trangle.vcn@gmaiLcom
Nh^ ngiy 4 thdng 9 nam 2018, Ch^p nhan dang ngay 30 thdng 10 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Vipt Nam dang tham gia mpt loat nhimg hipp dinh thuong mai i^ do the hp mdi, trong do c6 Hipp dinh Doi tac Toan dipn va Tien bp xuyen Thai Binh Duong (CPTPP) vdi nhung cam kpt sdu rpng, toan dien h'on so vdi cdc hiep dinh thucmg mai tvr do truyen thong. CPTPP se tdc dpng dang ke den nen kinh te Viet Nam, trong do co van de Iao dpng vd cong doan, ma trpng tam la viec th\rc thi quyen tu do lien ket vd thiet che dai dipn trong quan he lao dpng. Dieu ndy dang d?t ra nhung thach thuc ldn cho cdc doanh nghipp Viet Nam. De cd the hpi nhap sau rpng CPTPP, Vipt Nam can co cac giai phap thich hpp thuc hien quyen tir do lien ket va thiet che dai dien d cac doanh nghiep.
Tu khda: Hipp dinh Doi tdc Toan dien va Tien bp xuyen Thdi Binh Duong, quan hp lao dpng, quyen tu do lien ket, thiet che dai dien, Viet Nam.
Phan loaii nganh: Xa hpi hpc
Abstract: Viemam is engaged in a range of new-generation free trade agreements, including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Parmership (CPTPP) with the broader and more comprehensive commitments than those in the traditional agreements. The CPTPP will exert significant impact on the country's economy, which includes that of the issue on labour and trade unions. The focus of the issue is the execution of the freedom of association and the institudon of representation in the industrial relations. This will pose major challenges to Vietnam's enterprises. For the profound integration with the CPTPP, the country should have appropriate solutions to execute the freedom of association and the instimtion of representation in the enterprises.
Keywords: The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, industrial relation, Ireedom of association, institution of representation, Vietnam.
Subject classiHcation: Sociology
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1. Gidi thieu
Ngay 4/2/2016, Hipp dinh Ddi tac Kinh te xuyen Thai Binh Duong (TPP) dupe ky kSt vdi 12 nudc tham gia gdm: Uc, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Nhat Ban, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, My va. Viet Nam. Day la mpt td hpp cac qudc gia, trai dai trSn phkn ldn liic dia ChSu A, Chau My, Chau IJc va Chau Au, cd quy mo kinh ti chidm 40% tdng san phdm npi dia (GDP) vk 30% tdng kim ngach thuang mai toan cau. Tuy nhien, dau nam 2017, sau cupc bau cii Tdng thdng. My tuyen bd rut khdi TPP. Sau dd, 11 qudc gia cdn lai da thong nh4t thdng qua va ddi tdn TPP thanh CPTPP. CPTPP la mdt hiep dinh vdi cac tieu chuan cao, toan dien tren tat ca cac ITnh vuc, khdng chi la thi trudng hang hda, dich vy v^ cac hoat ddng thuong mai. Trong linh vuc lao ddng, CPTPP yeu cau cae qudc gia phai tuan thu nghiem ngat cac Cdng udc qudc te cua Td chiic Lao ddng Qudc te (ILO). Tren thuc te, CPTPP khdng dua ra nhiing tieu chuan lao dpng rieng ma k% thua toan bp nhiing quy dinh ciia ILO vd tieu chuan lao ddng, dac bipt la cdng udc sd 87 va 98 va cac quy dinh v8 mdi lien hp giua viec thuc hipn cac tuyen bd tren vdi cac dieu kien thucmg mai, bao gom ca cac bien phap triing phat khi mpt qudc gia nao dd vi pham. Theo quy dinh cua CPTPP, Viet Nam se cd 3 nam de the chi hda cac luat phdp lien quan den lao dpng tre em, lao ddng cuong hue va phan bipt ddi xii, va 5 nam dh cai each va hoan thien cac thik chd ve thuong lupng tap thd va lu do lien ket.
Trong bdi canh hipn tai, thuc thi quyen tu do lien kk a Vipt Nam con nhi6u bit c^p va thach thuc ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep va ca he thdng chinh tri d Viet Nam. Bai viit nay^
phan tich nhiing bat cap ve ca sd phap 1^;
nhan thiic va thuc tien ap dung quyen tu do lien ket vk thiet che dai dipn tai cdc doanh nghiep Vipt Nam.
2. B^t cap ve ca sd phap Iy thuc thi quyen tu do lien kit tai cac doanh nghiep Quyen ty do liSn ket da dupc thiia nhan d Vipt Nam, nhung vin chua dupe the hipn rd rang phap 1^. Dieu do the hien d 4 diem sau.
Thu nhdt, he thdng the che phap ly d^
cap den van de bao ve, thyc thi quyin tir do lien ket hien dupc hieu vk giai thich chua ro rang; ndi dung ciia quyen dd cdn cdng kinh vk thieu co sd phap I^ dl thuc thi. Vl nguyen tac, Dieu 25 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh rang Qudc hpi va cac ca quan nha nudc c6 tham quyen phai cd trdch nhipm ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat phu hpp de cu the hda quyin tu do lien kit.
Nhung din nay, quyin nay vSn dupc thi hien d nhieu van ban dudi luat khac nhau nhu: Nghi dinh sd 45/20I0/ND-CP ngay 21 thang 4 nam 2010 ciia Chinh phii quy dinh ve td chiic, hoat ddng va quan ly hpi; Nghi dinh sd 33/2012/ND-CP ngay 13 thang 4 nam 2012 cua Chfnh phu ve viec sira doi, bd sung mpt sd dieu ciia Nghi dinh s6 45/2010/ND-CP. Luat vl Hdi van cdn nhieu van de ban cai va dang trong giai doan dy thao de trinh Quoc hdi khda XIV. Ca hai Nghi dinh (so 45/2010 vk sd 33/2012) deu khong ap dyng ddi vdi Tdng Li6n doan Lao dpng Vipt Nam, nghia la td chiic hpi ciia ngudi lao ddng (NLD) dupc dilu chinh bdi luat khdc so vdi Luat Cdng doan va Dieu le Cdng dokn Vipt Nam.
Thif hai, hpi cua NLD d Vipt Nam con '*dan tinh" ve td chiie, "don tuyen" ve lien
Vu Quang Thp ket, nen quyen tu do lien ket khd thyc thi
t^i cdc doanh nghiep. Theo cac quy djnh cita luat hipn hanh, NLD Viet Nam mudn thanh lap td chiic dai dipn cua minh, bdt bupc phai tuan thii eac quy dinh ciia Luat Cdng doan, Dieu le Cdng doan Vipt Nam, va ve td chiic, phai nam trong hp thdng Tdng Lien doan Lao dpng Viet Nam. Dilu nay ed nghia la, Cdng doan la td chiic duy nhat ciia NLD, cung cd nghTa NLD khdng dupc tu do lua chpn td chiic dai dien cua minh so vdi hp thdng ciia Tdng Lien doan Lao dpng Vipt Nam. Cdng doan Vipt Nam Id ngudi dai dipn duang nhien cua NLD, bat ke ngudi do la doan vien cdng 6okn hay khdng. Quy dinh va cdch lam nay cua Viet Nam hien nay chua thue sy phu hpp vdi tinh than chung ve quyen tu do lap hpi ciia NLD dupc quy dinh tai Cdng udc sd 87 (Cdng udc ve quyen ty do lap hpi va bao vp quy§n lap hdi) nam 1948 cua ILO.
Thie ba, cdn cd su chdng cheo ve quyen lyc, thieu hoac khdng ro che tai de giai quyet cdc tranh chap ve quan hp lao dpng ciing nhu thuc thi quyen tu do lien ket. He thdng van ban hudng dan thi hanh Bp luat Lao ddng con kha cdng kenh, do nhieu ca quan, td chiic khdc nhau ban hanh, nen khdng trdnh khdi mau thuan, chdng cheo, gay hieu ling suy giam tinh hieu luc cua cac van ban luat, dan den he thdng phdp luat nay kho tra ciiu vk trien khai thuc hien mpt cdch ddng bd" [2]. Hon niia, hoat dpng cua cdc CO quan quan ly nha nudc ve lao dpng cdn nhieu van de, trong do ndi bat la ba van de Idn. (1) Hien vin chua cd van bdn chinh thiic quy dinh bd, nganh nao dam nhiem chiic nang quan ly nha nudc ve quan he lao dpng. (2) Tuy da cd qui dinh vl cdc thilt chi va ca ehl cho he thdng quan hp Iao ddng, nhung nhiing thiet che va co chi
nay van chua dupc thuc hipn, va th^m ehi, khdng bao dam ti'nh hieu qua trong thuc tl. (3) Mac du Bp Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi hien dang chju trdch nhiem chinh vl quan ly nha nudc trong ITnh vyc lao dpng, va la mpt trong ba ben cua quan he lao dpng ckp qudc gia, nhung tr6n thuc tl, mdi quan he nay lai dupe dieu chinh bdi nhilu nganh luat, nhu: Luat Dkti sy, Luat Doanh nghipp, Luat Ddu tu, Luat Hanh chinh... thudc chtic nang quan ly d nhieu bp, nganh, ca quan khac.
Thic tu, mpt sd cam ket qudc te ve quyen ty do lien kit chua dupc thyc hipn d Vipt Nam. Viet Nam la thanh vien ciia ILO tCr nam 1998, sau khi dat dupe thda thuan ve Id tnnh thyc hipn. Ve cac dilu khoan ma ILO quy dinh, vdi 13 cong udc thi Viet Nam da vd dang cam ket thuc hien 8, cdn 5 chua thye hien. Trong dd co 2 cdng udc quan trpng. Theo Cong udc 87, (hay la quyen lap cdng doan co sd), NLD d mdt doanh nghipp cd the cd nhieu cdng doan ciing tham van, hd trp nhu: cdng doan cdng chiic, cdng do&n cdng nghipp, cong doan hoa chat, hay nhung hpi nghe nghiep... NU) dupc ty do gia nhap cac td chiic ay, hoac hp ty lap ra mpt td chiic dai dien ciia minh va chinh quyen phai cdng nhan. Hp cd quy che, ed dang ky, va cdc td chiic ay dupc ddi xu binh dang. Theo Cong udc 107, khi cong doan tap hpp dupc tren 50% NLD, tlu hp CO quyen lien ket lai dit dieu kipn ky vdi chu su dung lao ddng thda udc lao dpng; va neu can, hp cd thS dinh cdng, hay keu gpi dinh cdng hop phdp.
3. B^t cap ve nhan thiic quyen tur do lien ket tai doanh nghif p
Thuat ngii "quyen tu do lien ket, thiet che dai dien" la kha mdi me vdi thuc te phdp
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luat d Vipt Nam. Trong cdc van ban phap luat hien hanh chua thay cdc eym tir do, mac du thyc tl da cd nhiing tinh hudng phdp ly tuang tu. Trudc nhiing ySu cau mdi va kha cy thi cua CPTPP, nhan thiic ve quyin ty do lien ket d Vipt Nam hipn nay cdn 4 diem bat cap nhu sau.
Thic nhdt, hiiu bilt ciia NLD ve quyin ty do lien kit chua d4y du va khdng ddng diu.
Theo khao sat eiia Vien Cdng nhan va Cong doan [1], 70,4% NLD dupc hdi hieu quyen tu do lien kit Id quyin td chiic va gia nhap td chuc cd muc dich xiic tien va bao vp loi ich cua NLD theo sy lya chpn ciia minh;
22,1% NLD dupc hdi hiiu la quyen ty do tu tudng vd ngdn luan; 17,5% NLD hieu la quyin tu do hdi hpp, 16,3% NLD dupc hdi hieu la quyen dupe td chiic va gia nhap cac td chiic cua NLD theo sir lua chpn ciia minh ma khdng phai xin phep trudc; 42,5%
NLD dupc hdi hieu la quyen dupc td chiic va gia nhap cac td chuc ciia NLD theo su lua chpn ciia minh vdi mdt dilu kipn duy nhat la phai tuan theo dieu le ciia chfnh td chiie dd. 48,4% NLD dupc hdi trong doanh nghiep chua thanh lap cong doan co sd (CDCS) cho rang, NLD cd quyin lien kit vdi nhau de thanh lap cong doan, 35,1%
dupc hdi khdng cho la nhu vay va 16,5%
khong bilt. Ngay ca NLD da tham gia CDCS ciing san sang tham gia td chiic dai dipn khac khi thdy ed Ipi, 55,2% NLD dupe hdi da tham gia CDCS tra ldi rdng hp cd lien ket vdi nhau dl thanh lap Cong doan;
24,6% dupc hdi tra ldi "khong" va 20,2%
NLB dupc hdi tra ldi "khdng bilt". Tuy nhan thiic chua ddy du, nhung NLD kha cdi md vdi viec thuc thi quyin tu do hen kit tai doanh nghipp. IVhieu ngudi vdn da la doan vien ciia td chiic Cdng doan Viet Nam, nhung lai san sang tan thanh va hy vpng vao mdt
cdng doan khac c6 the se tdt ban trong vipc bao ve quyen va Ipi fch cho hp. Dieu nay cho thay, vdn cdn khoang cdch va khoang trong trong hoat dpng cita cdng doan hien tai so vdi ky vpng ciia NLD.
Thu hai, nhan thiic ciia cdn bp cdng dokn (CBCD) vl quyin ty do lien ket tuy cd tdt hpn, nhung nhieu CBCD chua san sang cho vipc thyc thi che dp "da nguyen cdng doan". Thai dp cua nhiing ngudi "trong cudc" cho thay, hp cung chua hdi Idng vdi kit qua va hipu qua hoEit ddng cua td chiic cdng dodn ma minh hipn dang tham gia. Da sd hp nhin nhan va danh gid khd cdi md ve trien vpng thuc hipn quyen tu do U6n ket trong cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Vi dy, 67,5% CBCD dupc hdi cho rang can mpt tl chiic khdc dai dien cho hp do chfnh NLD bau ra (chung toi tam gpi Id cdng doan dpc lap); 43,5% CBCD dupc hdi tan thdnh vipc thuc hipn quyen ty do lien kit. Vl khd ndng mang lai nhieu quyen Ipi han ciia td chiic cdng doan dpc lap, nhieu CBCD cho rang, to chiic cdng doan nay se ludn xdc dinh dupc phuc vu NLD, va td chiic cdng doan dpc lap se lam tot han vipc bao vp quyen va Ipi fch hpp phap cho NLD so vdi td chiic cdng dodn Viet Nam hipn nay. Cdc CBCD tan thanh viec thuc hien quyin tu do lien ket cd the xuat phat tu nhilu ly do (hp chap nhan tuan thu luat phdp ma Vipt Nam da cam ket, coi van de tu do lien ket la quyen duang nhien va khong can ban cai; hp cho rang Cong doan Vipt Nam cin phai ddi mdi de khac phuc nhiing han ehe, yeu kem, ddp ling dupc yeu clu cua NLD, tiln kip didi dai). Tuy nhidn, hp ciing rat ban khoan ve trien vpng bao vp quyen Ipi ciia NID va phuang thiic hoat dpng, quan ly cong doan trong ca che "da nguyen cdng doan". Hp ciing hieu ro rang, khi cd nhieu td ehiic
Vu Quang Thp cdng doan, thi cdc td chiic cdng doan se
phai canh tranh nhau de ciing tdn tai. Su canh tranh cd the se mang lgi phdt trien va budc td chiic cdng doan lam tdt hem cho doan vien, nhung ciing tao ra nhiing bat dong ve quan diem, each thiic tap hpp doan viSn; NLD se khdng yen tam ve tu tudng, dan den ddi dau giua cdc td chiic, mat on dinh xa hpi, hoac doanh nghiep vd ngudi sii dung lao dpng ban khodn trong viec lua chpn td chiic dai dipn cho minh trong qua trinh thuong lupng, bao vp quyen, Ipi fch cho minh.
Thic ba, nhan thiic cua cdn bp quan ly (CBQL) doanh nghiep ve vai trd va vi the cua thilt chi dai dipn chua dly du. Ket qua khao sdt cho thay 25,1% CBQL dupc cho rdng CDCS khdng dai dien cho ngudi lao dpng khi xay dung Thda udc lao dpng tap thi; 39,3% cho rdng CDCS khdng dai dien dupc cho ngudi lao dpng khi tham gia xay dung thang, bdng luong; 31,2% cho rdng CDCS hien nay khdng tham gia dupc vao viec xay dung dinh miic lao dpng va dan gia tra luong, npi quy lao dpng; 17,8% cho rdng CDCS khdng tham gia dupc vao vipc giai quyet tranh chap lao ddng; 22,8% cho rang, gidi chu khong tao dieu kien cdng dodn thanh lap va hoat dpng; 21,1% cho rdng, cdn bp cdng doan khong the ddi thoai vdi chii doanh nghiep; 11,2% thiia nhan sy thao tdng cua gidi chii vao hoat ddng cua CDCS; 19,3% cho rang CBCD co sd bi gidi chii trii dap nlu hp diing ve phfa NLD, benh vuc Ipi quyin cho NLD. Ket qua nay cho thay, trong nhdm CBQL doanh nghiep, da CO mpt bp phan Idn danh gia thap ve vi tri, vai trd ciia CDCS hipn nay. (Tiing luu y ring, nhung ngudi ddnh gid ciing ddng thdi la doan vien cdng dodn. Ddnh gid ciia hp Id danh gia ciia ngudi trong cudc, vi nhung
thanh cdng cua cong doan mang lai Ipi i'ch tryc tilp va quyin Ipi thiet than cho nhdm doan vien nay. Danh gid cua hp cd the mang ky vpng ldn vao su ddi mdi vai tro, vi thi cua td chiic cdng doan d ca sd, mong mudn CDCS "lot xdc".
Thu tu, nhan thurc cua mpt bp ph|n ve mpt thilt ehl dai dipn khdc dl giai quyet tranh chip trong quan hp lao ddng chua day du. 41% CBQL doanh nghiep dupc hdi bilt va thiia nhan quyen lien ket de thanh lap td chiic dai dipn cua NLD, nhung vin cd tdi 14,2% CBQL doanh nghipp dupc hdi khdng biet quyen nay. 44% CBQL doanh nghiep dupc hdi cho rang, hp se ling hp va san sang tham gia td chiic cong doan ddc lap vi td chiie do cd muc dich xdc tien va bao ve loi ieh cua NLD theo su lya chpn cua minh.
Nhiing hieu biet cua da sd CBQL doanh nghiep ve cdc npi dung ep ban ciia quySn tu do lien kit va thiet che dai dien khd tuang ddng vdi nhung quy dinh ciia ILO. It nhat nhung ket qua khao sat nay cho thay, hp da dupc thdng tin va cd nghien ciiu ve cac dieu khoan cu the cua quyen nay.
4. Bat cap trong thuc hanh quyen tu do lien ket va thiet che dai dien trong cac doanh nghiep
Do CDCS thupc he thdng Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam hipn la to chiic duy nhat cua NLD tai doanh nghiep, nen quyen ty do lien ket va thiet che dgi dien ciia NLD dupc thuc hipn trong khudn khd cdc quy dinh ciia Luat Cdng doan va Dieu Ip Cdng doan. Quyen ty do lien ket trong cac doanh nghiep chua dupc thyc hipn d ca ba nhdm quyen; (1) quyen tu chii, ty qudn ciia td chiic cong doan; (2) quyen ty ehu trong
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vipc tiep nhan dai dipn cua cong doan trong cdc don vi khdng cd cdng doan; va (3) quyen dai dipn ti-ong vipc lya chpn cdn bp cdng dodn. NLD van chua nhan ro va nhan thay cin thiet phai thyc hipn mpt trong nhung ndi dung quan trpng eua quyen tu do hen ket vd thiet ehe dai dien, bao gdm cd vipc tu xdy dyng nhiing nguyen tac, quy chi rieng cho mdt td chiic ddc th^ Id cong doan ddc lap; quyen tu chu trong vipc bau ngudi lanh dao, ngudi dai dipn eiia minh trong thiet che dai dien; quyen ty chii, ty quan ve tai chfnh cdng doan; hay quyin tu do, ty chii trong vipc xdy dung vd tiln hdnh cdc hoat dpng cdng dodn.
Tai cdc doanh nghiep chua ed CDCS, vipc dai dipn cho NLD thudng la do cong doan cap tren ca sd (khi doanh nghiep mudn dang ky npi quy lao ddng hoac ky ludt NLD vi pham npi quy, quy chi doanh nghipp). Quan diem tu do cdng doan khong chi la thiia nhan NLD dupe tu chii trong vipc tiep nhan dai dien cho minh, ma cdn bao gdm thiia nhan ea quyin dupc tham gia hay khdng tham gia cdng doan cua NLD.
v l van dl nay, nhdn thiic ciia NLD con kha ma ho, tdn tai nhilu bit cap. 6 mpt sd noi, cdng doan bi biln dang thanh nhung td chiic benh vuc quyin Ipi cho gidi chii, chii khdng phdi cho NLD. NLD tai mdt so doanh nghiep cho rang, edng doan cip tren la cdng dodn ciia Nha nudc, cong dodn cap dudi la cdng doan ciia dng chii. d nhilu doanh nghipp, gidi chu chi chii trpng lam hai Idng cdc vien chiic cdng doan, thay vi cai thien ddi sdng, tang them quyen Ipi cho cdng nhan. Phdp luat hipn hanh cung khdng CO che tai du manh dl xii ly cdc trudng hop cdng doan "di ngupc lai" Ipi fch ciia NLD, ma le ra cdng doan phai cham lo bdo ve. Dd chfnh la mat trai ciia dai dien bdt bupc.
Ve quyen d^i dipn trong vipc lua chpn can bp cdng doan: nguyen tac nay quy dinh rdng, vipc lya chpn cdn bp cdng doan phai dya tren mdt cudc bau cii bdi cac cdng dodn vien, vd quan trpng han la phai dua tren f chi, nguyen vpng ciia hp. TrSn thyc tl, tai mdt sd td chiic cdng doan, vipc biu cii CBCD CO sd va vipc thuc thi quyen d^ dien cho NLD ciia cdn bp cdng dodn vdn con nhieu biiu hipn hinh thiic va khdng dupc dodn vien ddnh gia cao. 6 mpt sd nai, viec biu chpn cdn bd CDCS cdn mang nang tfnh ca cau, hoac eo su sap xep san cho phti hpp vdi e kfp ciia lanh dao doanh nghipp. Cdch lam nhu vay da h ^ chi viec phat huy tfnh ddn chii trong lua chpn CBCD. Nhin chung, viee thyc hipn quyin dgi dien cua cdng dodn, CBCD ddi vdi vipc bao vp quyin Ipi, vi the, nhdn pham ciia NLD cdn khd nhilu bat cdp.
Do nhiing bat cap trong thyc hien quyin ty do lien ket d Viet Nam, nen vipc thanh lap va gia nhap thilt chi dai dien cua NLD cung chua dupc ty do. Cdng doan Viet Nam van la thilt chi dai dien duy nhdt ciia NLD trong bdi canh hien tai. Tuy nhien, ca NLD, CBCD va CBQL doanh nghipp diu biet din kha nang cd nhirng td chiic cdng dodn dpc lap khac, khdng ndm trong he thdng Tdng Lien doan Lao dpng Viet Nam.
Thai dp cua hp ddi vdi vipc ton tai nhilu td chiic cdng doan trong mdt doanh nghipp trong tuong lai la khd cdi md. Hp ky vpng vao khd ndng dupc bdo vp tdt han quyin vd Ipi fch hpp phap, chinh ddng cua NLD. Vi the ciia ho trong doanh nghipp cd thi khdc nhau, nhimg vl ban chat hp van la NLD, ngudi 1dm cdng hudng luang. Vi vay, hp tin rang, nlu co mpt thiet ehl khdc, trung thanh vdi nguyen tac bao vp Ipi fch cho hp, thi thdi dp ciia hp Id cdi md, chip nhan.
Vu Quang Thp Ben canh dd, nhiing ban khoan ve khd nang
chia re, c^nh tranh vd tdn hai den dn dinh xa hpi trong doanh nghipp vdi che dp da nguyen cdng doan cung dupc de cap. Do la van de ma thyc tien hoat dpng edng dodn d nhieu nudc trgn the gidi da trdi qua va Viet Nam can phai ludng trudc khi thyc hien quyen ty do lien ket va thiet che dai dien.
5. Ket lu^n
CPTPP dang CO xu hudng Ian tda khi mpt so quoc gia mudn trd thdnh thdnh vien cua khoi nhu Indonesia, Anh. Thdm chf My tuy Id quoc gia da ky TPP nhung lai rdt khdi khoi ndy, nay cd the cGng c6 f dinh quay trd lai. Dieu ndy lam cho vi the ve kinh te vd chfnh trj cua cac nudc thdnh vien se ndng ISn rat nhieu. Tuy nhiSn, khi tham gia CPTPP, eac nudc thanh vien se phai chiu dp lyc rat ldn. Cac nudc dang chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te thi trudng, cd the che chfnh tri - xa hpi kha khdc vdi cdc thdnh vien cdn lai, nhu Viet Nam, cang chiu nhieu dp lyc hon.
Vi v^y, Vipt Nam can cd nhiing giai phdp thilt thyc, dilu chinh cac quan hp thuong mai, lao dpng theo dung tinh than chung ciia CPTPP va thdng le qudc te, trong do cd viec thuc thi quyen ty do lien ket vd thiet chi dai dien. Nhiing nhiem vu vua cd tfnh chien lupc, vua cap bach, nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, hoan thipn the che chfnh sach, phdp luat ve dam bdo quyen ty do lien ket va thiet che dai dien trong quan he Iao dpng. Muon thuc thi quyen ty do lien ket va thiet che dai dien, trudc het, Viet Nam can hoan thipn the che chfnh sdch, phdp luat ve quyin nay. Viet Nam can dieu chinh phap luat sao cho phii hpp vdi luat phap qudc tl, bao gdm ca vipc dieu chinh cac luat hien cd
va ban hdnh cac lu^t mdi. Viec ra soat, bd sung va hoan thien nay phai phii hpp vdi Hiln phdp, tuan thii dly dii, ddng dan cdc quy luat eua kinh te thi trudng va cdc cam kit hpi nhEip kinh tl qudc te; npi luat hda theo Ip trinh phu hpp nhiing dieu udc qudc tl md Viet Nam Id thanh vien, gdm phap ludt vl thuang mai, diu tu, sd huu tri tup va chuyen giao cdng nghp, Iao dpng, cdng doan... Vipc lam cho phap luat Viet Nam tuong thfch vdi 8 cdng udc ea bdn cua ILO theo dung tinh thin cua CPTPP Id rdt kho trong thdi gian trudc mat vl mpt so npi dung cd thi se xung dot vdi the che chinh tri xa hpi cua Vipt Nam, xung dot vdi Hien phdp 2013, vi vay ddi hdi su quyet tdm cua todn hp thdng chfnh tri.
Thu hai, dam bao duy tri vd thyc thi quyen ty do liSn ket phu hpp vdi cdc cam kit qudc tl mdt cdch cd Ipi nhat cho Viet Nam. D I thuc hien nhiem vu nay can phai thuc hipn 4 gidi phap sau. 1) Nang cao nhan thiic, trach nhiem ciia cdc ben cd lien quan vl quyin ty do lien ket vd thiet chi dai dipn (bao gdm: nang cao vai trd va trach nhiem ciia chii the Nha nudc trong viec tdn trpng quyen tu do lien ket va thiet che dai dipn ciia NLD; nang cao nh^n thiic vd trdch nhipm ciia NLD, td chiic dai dien cua NLD, ngudi sii dung lao dpng va td ehiic dai dien cua ngudi sii dung Iao dpng, cdc ca quan liip phap, hdnh phdp va tu phap cita Nha nudc; cdc to chiic chfnh tri - xa hpi, td chiic xa hpi nghi nghiep trong ca nudc). 2) Nha nudc vd cdc chit the cd lien quan can cd nhiing cam kit ddi vdi vipc thuc hipn quyen cua NLD. Nha nudc vua vdi tu each la mpt ben trong quan he lao dpng, vira vdi tu each Id ngudi quan ly xa hpi, phdi Id trpng tdi, cd sy tdn trpng thyc sy quyen cua NLD. Vipc ton trpng nay the hipn qua xdy dyng cdc the
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chi, chfnh sdch phii hpp, binh dang, co bien phap ddm bdo, khdng can tia, khong thien vi, khdng coi thiet c h i ndo Id "ngudi ciia minh"... Ddng thdi, vdi tu each la ngudi quan 1^ xa hdi, Nhd nudc cdn nang cao nang lyc thuc thi cita cdc ca quan quan ly cac cdp d l bdo ve quyen ty do lien ket va tham gia thilt c h i dai dipn, tren co sd tuan thu phap luat va cdc quy dinh cua Cong udc qudc t l ma Vipt Nam da cam kit. Nha nudc cin tdn ti-png td chiic cdng dodn hien tai va chap nhan su xudt hien ciia cdc td chiic dai dien cho NLD, vira the hipn sy tdn ypng, vira thi hipn ban ITnh chfnh tri cua td chiic Cdng dodn Viet Nam, ddm chap nh^n thdch thiic d l ddi mdi chfnh minh. Su tdn trpng nay con thi hien tfnh hop tdc cua td chiic Cdng doan Viet Nam vdi cac thiet che mdi trong vipc cung nhau ddu tranh bao ve quyin vd Ipi fch hop phdp chfnh dang ciia ngudi lao dpng; ciing cd tieng ndi chung trong cdc sy kipn qudc te ed lien quan (hpi nghi cua td chuc ILO, cita To chiie cdng doan the gidi...). 3) Tang cudng cac bien phap che tdi dam bdo thyc thi quyen ty do lien ket vd thiet che dai dien trong quan hp lao ddng, thdng qua viec ban hanh cac quy dinh ddi vdi cac co quan quan Iy ve trach nhiem cua cdc co quan nay trong viec thira nhan quyen ty do lien ket cua NLD; ddng thdi ban hanh cdc bien phdp che tai vdi- cdc hanh vi vi pham quyen thanh lap hoac gia nhap thiet che dai dipn cua NLD. 4) Ddi mdi npi dung, phuang thiic boat dpng va nang cao nang lyc ciia dpi ngii cdn bd eong doan hipn tai va xuc tien thdnh lap cdc td ch^c cua NLD; day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, van ddng de cac chu thi co lien quan nh^n thiic day dii v l quyin ty do lien kit va thilt chi dai dien; ding thdi, dinh hudng va tao dieu kipn cho NLD dupc
thanh lap, gia nhap td chiic cdng doan mdi.
Uy ban Lap phdp cua Qudc hpi. Ban Tuygn gido Trung u a n g va Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam c i n diing ra lam dau mdi de tap trung cdc td chiic chfnh tri - xa hpi va cac CO quan nghien ciiu nham npi lu^t hda cdc cam kit khi Viet Nam la thanh viSn CPTPP. Muc tieu la the che hda nhiing quy dinh v l quyin va nghia vy eua ba ben Id Nha nudc, td chiic dai dipn NLD va td chiic dai dien ngudi sit dung lao ddng khi thuc thi quyin ndy trong bdi canh mdi. Tdng Lien doan Lao dpng Viet Nam can tiep tuc hoan thipn td chiic, hoat dpng vd nhdn sy cho hp thdng cdng dodn hipn nay d l ddp ling ySu clu thyc thi nhung cam ket ve quyin ty do lien k i t vd thiet che dai dipn;
trudc mat, ve to chiic, co the day manh thdnh lap cdc nghiep doan gan vdi timg ITnh vyc kinh t l , dac thii cua lao dpng, vd day manh viee thanh lap cdc CDCS. Hoat dpng ciia CDCS trong cdc doanh nghiep tu nhan va doanh nghipp co vdn dau tu nudc ngoai nen cd quy che rieng theo hudng tang quyen nang, giam bdt mpt sd nhiem vy chfnh tri - xa hpi: CBCD ciia nhiing co so sdn xuat kinh doanh ldn, nen dupc chuyen nghiep hda; It nhat 3 thang 1 lan, Tdng Lien doan va Cdng doan cap tinh, thdnh phd can CO mdt cupc hiep thuang vdi Phong Thuang mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) d cap tuang duang, de thdng bdo tinh hinh, phdi hpp boat dpng vd cimg thao luan de gidi quyet nhiing vdn de mdi phat sinh trong quan he lao dpng. Tdng Li6n doan Lao dpng Vipt Nam va Ban Tuyen giao Trung uong can giai thfch cu the cdc van de ve da dang hda cdc td chiic cong doan trong doanh nghipp theo hudng phu hpp vdi cdc cam k i t CPTPP, ddi mdi hr duy v l td chiic bao vp quyen va Ipi fch cua
Vi! Quang Thp NLD, nhdn manh tac dung tfch cue, chi ra
nhung anh hudng tieu cyc va de xuat Id trinh, nguyen tac cu the khi trien khai va chii dpng de phdng nhimg tac dpng tieu cue eiia da nguyen cdng doan.
Chu thich
BM viet \k san p h i m cua de tai cdp Nha nuac
"Quyen tu do hgn ket va thilt chS dai dien trong quan he lao dpng a Viet Nam trong dieu kien thuc hipn Hipp dinh Doi tac xuy§n Thai Binh Duong (TPP)" (nay la CPTPP), ma s6: KX.Ol.08/16-20.
Tai lipu tham khao
[1] Bao cdo ket qua nghien cuu cua de tk\ "Quyen tif do liin kit vd thiit chi dgi dien trong quan hi lao dong d Viet Nam trong dieu kiin thtfc
[2]
[3]
[5]
[6]
hi$n Hiip dinh Doi tdc xuyin Thdi Binh Duang (TPP) (nay Id CPTPP)". Ha Npi, 2017.
Bp Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hpi (2015), Bdo cdo t i n g quan d l tai cSp Bp
"Thuc trgng qudn ly nhd nuac ve quan h^ lao dgng", Hh Npi.
ILO, Van phong Lao dpng Q u I c te (2006), Tuyin bo ba bin vi cdc nguyen tdc liin quan tai cdc doanh nghiip da quoc gia vd chinh sdch xd hgi, Viet Nam.
Tong Lien doan Lao dpng Vipt Nam (2011), Dgi diin quyin lai ngudi lao dgng tgi Cgng hoa Lien bang Due, Nxb Lao dpng. Ha Npi.
Dinh Minh TuSn (2016), Ty do kinh ti vd chinh the dgi diin, Nxb Tri thiic. Ha Npi.
Trung tam quoc te Thuong mai va Phdt trien ben vflng (2010), Cdc FTA vd moi quan he ciia chung vdi cdc tiiu chudn lao dgng, Viet Nam.
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