Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi Tpp chf C^ng s d n
iZ^n
PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHE XANH 6 CAC DOANH NGHIEP VIET NAM
TRONG QUA TRINH HOI NHAP
BE TRUNG ANH*
Bdo vi moi tru&ng tiong nu&c, bdo Mm Sff phdt tiiin bin vihig cua doanh nghiip, ndng eao uy tin, khd ndng cgnh tianh di hpi nhgp kinh ti quic ti,... Id nhimg yiu edu cdp bdch dgt ra Si v&i mdi quic gia, trong M cd Vipt Nam, dgc bipt sau khi chung ta gia nhgp Td ch^c Thuffng mgi thi gi&i vd thifc thi cdc hipp ^nh thuang mgi tff do thi hi m&i
Nhirng v | n de dat ra doi vdi phat trien kinh td xanh d^ nird-e ta
Khuydn khich tu do thuong mgi ttong khi van duy tri va tang eudng bao vd mdi trudng vd cac ngudn Igi ty nhidn Id mdt vdn dd thach tiiftc ldn hien nay. Thg gidi da cd mdt tmh toan ve hdu qud cfta su pha huy mdi trudng:
gia phdi tia cho vide tan pha thign nhidn dgn nam 2050 cd thg lgn dgn 2 nghin ty o-rd. Theo tinh todn cfta cac chuyen gia, ndu GDP tang gdp ddi thi chdt thdi cd nguy co tang gdp 3 ddn 5 Idn. Ndu trinh dp cdng nghe, co cau sdn xudt va trinh do qudn ly san xudt, qudn ly mdi trudng khdng dupc cai tidn tin sy tdng trudng se keo theo tang hoat ddng khai thac, tieu thy tdi nguyen nang lupng, ddn den cgn kiet tdi nguydn thien nhidn, tgo ra sy gia tang cdc logi chat thai gdy sue dp len mdi trudng.
Tign tiinh hdi nhdp kinh td qudc tg cua Viet Nam dang dgt ra nhiing yen cau cdp bdch vd ndng cao khd nang canh ttanh, nhdm thyc tiii cac quy dinh vd cam kdt cua Vidt Nam, ddc bidt la viec thyc thi cac hidp dinh thuang mai ty'do (FTA) thg he mdi.
Nhm chung, chftng ta hOi nhgp vdi tu cdch la mdt nudc nhd ttdn mgi gdc dp vd giai dogn
phdt trign. Hien, nang luc cgnh ttanh cfta doanh nghiep Vidt Nam da tut 16 - 17 ehi sd so vdi nam 2003, chu ygu la do ygu td ddi mdi cdng nghe, ftng dung khoa hpc chua dupc chu ttpng dung muc. Ndi mdt each hinh anh: khi doanh nghidp Viet Nam di dupc I Om, thi cdng nghe thg gidi dd vugt chdng dudng 20m. Digu dd gidi thich tai sao mac du tang trudng cua Yiet Nam cd budc vugt bdc manh me, nhung so sanh vdi cdc nudc khac lgi tigp tyc tyt hdu tien bdng tdng sdp thd gidi.
Ba muoi nam qua mgc du Vidt Nam da dgt dugc nhiing thdnh tyu quan ttpng ttong phdt tridn kinh td - xd hpi, tuy nhien, chdt lupng tdng trudng, sftc canh ttanh cua ndn kinh te cdn thap, tang trudng kinh td vdn cdn dya nhieu vdo su dyng nhigu vdn, nhieu nang lugng va khai thac nhieu tai nguydn. Cdng nghe Igc hau, chdm ddi mdi, ty tipng tigu dftng nang lupng tu than van ehidm vj tii uu thg vd lam tang cudng dp phdt thai khi gdy "hipu ftng nha kinh" (HUNK) lam d nhiem mdi tiudng.
Hien nay, ttong djnh hudng phdt tridn chung, chign luge tdng tmdng xanh (TTX) cd
* TS, Hpc vien Hiinh chinh qu6c gia
S6 878 (thing 12 nam 2015) 75
N g h i e n ciiu - Trao dd'i T«ip chf C a n g sdn
Cwjmg df carbon thip:
Giam Ml khi gfiy " h i ^ iing nhi kfnh"/
Sij d(ing nfing lircmg tih ki(m vi hi^u qiui
Cbona chin vo4 bien dot kbi hf n:
Chuong tiinh hanh d ^ g ling phd v6i bien d ^ Idii h ^
Tiog d l dfng sinh h^c v i djcbvfhf sinh thf i:
C h i ^ lupc qu6c gia vi DDSH d^n nim 2020
TSng tririhig Idnh t^:
Co cau Ifi / chuy£n d6i
\ md hinh tSng tnioi^ / C6ng nghigp hoa, h i ^ d9ih6a
Phft Iri^n coo ng«iyi vk x6a d6i, giim nghte:
Chinh sach an sinh xi hpi 2001-2020/Chuong tiinh x6a ddi, giim nghto Nguon: Ap dyng tii khung phuoTig phdp cua The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), nam 2011
thg coi la mpt nd lire mgnh me nham thuc day djnh hudng phat trign bgn vung d Vidt Nam.
Xdc dinh vi tri c u a chien lirgrc t a n g t r i r d n g x a n h
So do tten cho thdy tnrdc khi ban hanh chidn luge TTX, \^gt Nam da ban hanh rdt nhigu chinh sach/chidn luge lien quan ddn tung logi mue tidu khde nhau. Chinh vi vdy, khi ban hdnh chien luge TTX, rdt nhidu chi tidu cua ehien luge nay dugc tdng hpp/trich dan tft cdc chidn luge khac lien quan. Thdng diep cdt ldi ttong so dd ttgn cho thdy, chign luge TTX khdng chi la tdng hgp cac chidn lugc/chinh sdch lidn quan ddn cdc muc tidu khde nhau, ddt ra nhung muc tigu bd sung ma rdt cd thg phai dftng d vj tri va gift vai tid digu hda dupc cac xung dot muc tieu cua cac logi chinh sdch/chien luge khac nhau hogc khuygn khich dugc su cdng hudng cua cac chinh sdch da muc tieu. Cac muc tigu d ddy cd tiig cd ca
muc tigu ngan hgn va muc tidu dai han. Sa do nay tuy khdng thg hien su chinh xac tuyet ddi vd mdi tuong quan gifta cac logi chtoh sach cung nhu pham vi cua chinh sach TTX, nhung giftp xdc djnh ro rang hon vi tri cfta chien lupc/
chinh sdch TTX ttong rat nhigu chign lupc va djnh hudng phat ttign khac nhau Men nay d Viet Nam.
Lign quan dgn vdn dg cdng nghg, mpt loat ludt, nghi djnh, quygt dinh, chi thi, thdng tu da duoc ban hdnh, nhu Ludt Cdng nghd cao (Ludt sd 21/2008/QH12), ngdyl3-II-2008, quy djnh vg hogt ddng cdng nghe cao, chinh sdch, bien phap khuygn khich, thftc ddy boat ddng cdng nghd cao; Quydt djnh sd 49/2010/
QD-TTg, ngay 15-7-2010, cua Thu tiiong Chinh phu, phd duyet danh muc 46 cdng ngh?
cao dupc uu tien dau tu phdt ttidn vd danh m^c 76 sdn phdm cdng nghd cao dugc uu tidn dau tir; Thdng tir sd 18/2012/TT-BKH&CN, ngdy 2-10-2012, cfta BO Khoa hpc va Cdng ngh$,
76 Sd 878 (thang 12 nam 2015)
Nghien o i u - Trao doi T a p <hi C^ng sim
Singtfo Trinh d9 doanh nghidp
Quy md thj tfifdmg
Sin sing vd>l cdngngh^
Trinh d$ cua thj trv&ng tii chinh
Hi«u qua
Cac djnh eh4
6 "~~"
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^ 4
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K^ ciu ha ting 6n djnh kinh t i vl m6 k \ Y t i v i giio
^2> dvpc ph6 thdng
dvcdfi hpc Hi^u qua cua thj tnfcxng hing h6a cua thj tnrong lao dgng
Ba "virng lom" ciia Viet Nam la kSt cSu ha t§ng, d^o tao va gido due dai hgc v^ miic dg sin sang v6i cong ngh§
vd hudng ddn tidu chi vd quy trinh xac dinh cdng nghd thudc danh muc cdng nghe hgn che chuydn giao, danh muc cdng nghd cdm chuygn giao; Chi thj sd I7/CT-TT§, ngdy 9-8-2013, cua Thu tudng Chinh phft, yg tang cudng qudn ly kidm soat vide nhgp khdu cdng nghe, may mdc, thidt bi cua doMih nghiep; Nghj djnh sd 120/20I4/ND-CP, cd hidu l\re tiii hdnh kd tijc ngay 1-2-2015, sfta ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu cua Nghi djnh sd 133/2008/ND-CP, ngay 31-12-2008, cua Chinh phft quy dinh chi tidt vd hudng ddn thi hdnh mdt sd digu cua Luat Chuygn giao cdng nghe,... Cac quy dinh cua ludt va cdc van bdn dudi ludt Id rat chat che, song khi trign khai ttgn tiiuc tiln cung phat sinh kha nhigu bdt cap.
Hdng nam, Diln dan Kinh tg thg gidi (WEF) ddu cdng bd bdo edo danh gid buc ttanh vua tdng thg, vfta chi tigt ve mdi trudng kinh tg cfta cdc qudc gia, cung nhu kha nang cua mdi qudc gia dat dugc su bdn vung ttong
tdng trudng va phdt ttign. WEF phan cdc ngn kinh td theo 3 nhdm: nhdm 1 cd nang l^rc canh ttanh dya vao cdc ygu td tu nhidn (tdi nguyen, vj tti, sftc lao ddng,...); itiidm 2 cgnh ttanh dua ttgn hieu qua cfta ngn kinh tg; nhdm 3 dua ttgn nang luc sang tgo. Theo bao edo danh gid cua WEF, Viet Nam da vupt ra khdi vdng mau den cua nhdm 1 va dang d giai dogn chuyen tigp sang nhdm 2. Ba digm mgnh cfta Vipt Nam la dn dinh vT md, y td - giao d\ic phd thdng, va quy md cfta thi trudng. Cdn ba
"viing lom" cfta Viet Nam vdn Id kgt cdu hg tdng, dao tao vd gido due dgi hgc, mftc do sdn sang vdi cdng nghe.
Tdc dp nhdp khdu cdng nghe hidn dgi va ddi mdi cdng righe cua Vigt Nam mdi dgt khodng 10% (ngu tinh rieng 3 vftng kinh td ttgng digm la noi tap trung cdng nghg cao nhdt ca nudc cung chi dgt khoang 12%), so vdi tdc dd ddi mdi cdng nghe cua cac nudc tidn tign ttgn thg gidi thi do la mftc cdn rdt thdp. Sd
So 878 (thang 12 nam 2015) 77
Nghien cuu - Trao ddi Tpp chf C^ng sAn
ngdnh, Imh vuc cd cdng nghe hien dai cdn it, cdc nganh sft dung cdng nghd cao mdi ehidm ty 1? khoang 20%, tiong khi do d Xin-ga-po Id 73%, Ma-lai-xi-a la 5 1 % vd Thai Lan la 3 1 % (so vdi tigu chi dg dgt trinh dp cdng nghidp hda, hipn dai hda phai Id ttgn 60%).
Mgt sd kk qud tij cudc didu tra cua Vidn Ddnh gid khoa hpc vd Djnh gia cong nghp (BO Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe) cho thdy, chi cd 23% cdc doanh nghiep dugc dieu tra co hogt dgng ddi mdi, cai tign cdng ngh$. Digu dgc bidt, cd 77% sd doanh nghidp khdng tiieo dudi hogt dgng nghidn cftu vd phdt trien (R&D) hay ddi mdi ldm chu cdng nghp. Cdc doanh nghidp nhd vd vua ( D N N W ) it cd khd ndng dugc tham gia nghien cftu vd phdt trien hon Id nhung tap doan ldn. Trong khi do, nhigu doanh nghipp rdt khd khan tim cdng nghe mdi.
Tgi Viet Nam, cd ddn 98% sd doanh nghiep la D N N W , phdn ldn sft dung cdng nghd tut hdu so vdi mftc tiimg binh cua the gidi tft 2 ddn 3 the he.
Cdng nghe san xudt, cdng nghe qudn tri phdi dugc ddi mdi, tiong khi do, mftc kmh phi danh cho hogt dpng nghign cftu vd phdt trign khdng qud 0,7% GDP (tuang duong khoang 700 trieu USD/ndm). Theo Cue Phdt tiiln doanh nghiep (Bp Kd hogch va Dau tu), chi khodng 30% sd D N N W cd khd nang tiep cgn vdn vay ngan hang, khign cdc doanh n ^ e p ndy khdng ed dft ndng luc tdi chinh de ddu tu cho mdy mdc, cdng nghe. Hy vgng vd ddu tu nudc ngodi se chuydn giao cdng nghd, cd tdc dgng lan tda da khdng ttd thanh hidn thuc. Chi cd 5% sd doanh nghidp cd vdn dau tu true tidp nudc ngodi (FDI) cd cdng ngh§ cao, cdn lgi cd cdng nghe trung bmh thdp, va sd hpp ddng chuyen giao cdng nghp, bi quydt rdt han chd.
Trong thdi gian tdi, khi cang hdi nhap sdu rpng, chftng ta se ggp khd khan ldn la phdi eanh tranh vdi cdc nudc ttong khu vuc ttong vipc thu hftt ddu tu nudc ngodi. Hang Vidt Nam cung se vdp phdi sftc "cdng phd" mgnh me cua hdng ngogi "dd bO" vdo. Cac rdo can ky thugt dupc xem nhu "buih phap" ttong thuang mgi
se lai xudt hipn. Cac thj Oirdng tmyen thdng se tid ngn "vdi xa" do ygu cdu cao vd quy each, chdt lugng, mdu ma, tieu chudn mdi tindng.
Dd Id hdng logt nhung khd khdn khdng de khde phue ttong "mdt sdm mdt chieu".
Giai phdp cho thM gian tdi
Thir nhdt, tiiin khai mgnh me viec dp dung cong nghe xanh trong cdc doanh nghiip
Tgi nhidu nudc tten thd gidi, cdng nghe xanh dupc coi la mdt n^dnh kinh td cd tigm nang phdt trign do nhu cdu tin tindng ddi vdi cdc san pham cdng ngh^ xanh dang dugc hmh thdnh va ngdy cdng gia tang. O moi nuoc, cdng nghe xanh dugc djnh n^iia theo each ridng, nhung nhin chung bao gdm 2 ITnh virc chinh: Cdng nghe san xudt xanh va sdn pham cdng ngh$ xanh. La mpt qudc gia dang phat tridn, Viet Nam cd rat nhieu co hdi ddn nhan cdng nghe xanh tft nudc ngoai va can xay dung mdt k^ hogch phat trien vd dp dyng cdng nghe xanh ttong 5 nam tdi.
Quy dinh sdn xudt tigt kiem nang lugng va thdn thien vdi mdi tiirdng cho doanh nghiep cdn dugc thd chg hda. Cac nhiem vii nghien cftu cdng nghe cac-bon thdp cdn dugc hudi^
cdc chinh sdch uu ddi nhu ddi vdi nghign cuu, ung dung cdng nghe eao.
Trgn thyc td, tiu trudng chuyen giao cdng nghe tgi Viet Nam chua dupc hinh thanh.
Ndng lire, trinh do nghidn cftu, chuydn giao cdng ngh§ tigt kiem nang lupng, ndng lupng mdi, nang lugng tai tgo cdn hgn chg. Vi$c ho ttg giao djch, chuyen giao cdng ngh? giam thidu HUNK cdn thdng qua cac logi hinh cho/
san giao dich cdng ngh^ va thiet hi cdc-bon thap. Do dd, edn sdm td chuc mdt co quan quan ly nha nudc lam ddu mdi kdt ndi cung, cdu cdng nghe cdc-bon thdp, giup cac td chftc, doanh nghiep sdn xudt, kinh doanh rdt ngan dugc qud tiinh tun hidu thj trudng, ngudn cung, cdu, gid cd cdng nghp cung nhu cdc sdn phdm cdng nghd cao; td chftc jcay dung mpt he thdng CO sd dft lieu vg cung, cdu cdng nghe ca d thi trudng tiong va ngoai nudc.
Nghien cihi - Trao ddi Tup chf CAng s d n
Td chftc cdc khda ddo tgo ngan hgn nhdm ndng cao ndng lyc chuyen mdn cho cdc nhdn vidn quan ly nhd nudc cua tinh, khu kinh td, doanh nghigp vd cdc hiep hOi hogt dgng frong Itnh vyc cdng nghd ^iam thidu HUNK. Tang cudng hgp tdc, trao ddi vdi cdc trudng dgi hgc va cdc td chftc qudc td ttong cdng tac dao tgo cae chuydn gia cd trinh dd ehuydn mdn cao vd Knh vyc cdng nghd cdc-bon tiidp gidm tiiidu HUNK eho tuihya khu kinh td. Td chftc nghidn cftu dd tdi cai tidn cdng nghp giam HUNK,...
Thu hai, thuc thi chiin luac thu hiit FDI Chinh phu lua chpn du dn vd ddi tac ddu tu mdt each chu dpng, khdng cdp phep cho nhung du dn FDI khdng phu hgp vdi lgi ich cgng ddng, gay d nhidm mdi tindng... Xdy dyng va thyc hipn cac gdi gidi phdp uu dai va hd ttg cu thd, lmh hogt tren eo sd dam phdn, thda thugn vdi cac tap dodn da qudc gia de thu hut dau tu cua cdc tdp dodn nay vdo cac nganh cdng nghd cao, gia trj gia tdng cao, xdy dung mgng sdn xuat vd chudi cung ftng ngi dja lidn ket vdi hogt dgng sdn xudt cua cac tap dodn da qudc gia. Ddng thdi, Chinh phft cung cdn bd sung nhung ndi dung lidn quan dgn FDI vdi phdt trign bdn vftng ttong cac hi?p djnh song phuong vd d i u tu va quy tdc ddu tu ttong cac higp djnh tiiuang mgi, dg xde djnh rd quyen vd nghia vy cua nha ddu tu, cua nudc chft nhd vd cua nudc qug huong cfta nhd ddu tu. Nhieu dia phuong bat ddu thyc hipn "quygn lya chgn"
dy dn FDI, nhdm ndng cao chdt lugng vd hieu qud ciia ddng vdn nay.
Trong nhftng ndm tdi, cac chuang trinh xue tidn ddu tu cdn tdp tmng uu tign vao cdc ITnh vuc phdt trign cdng nghiep hd ttg, ndng nghidp, cdng nghp cao ddn ddu eac FTA song phuong vd da phuang va Hiep dinh Ddi tdc xuyen Thdi Binh Duong (TPP). Vd ddi tdc, tdp trung vao cdc thj ttudng ttgng didm, nhu cac nudc G7, Han Qudc, Xin-ga-po, Ddi Loan.
Bdn cgnh cdc tgp dodn ldn, vi?c xue tidn ddu tu vdi cdc D N N W cua cac nudc cd ndn cdng nghiep hd tig phdt tridn cung cdn ddc bidt coi ttpng. Cdc D N N W se gdp phdn phat trien
ndn cdng nghiep hd ttpr cua Viet Nam khdng chi d khia canh san xudt va cung cdp sdn phdm cho thj trudng ttong nudc va xuAt khau, md cdn giup tang cudng kha nang cua cdc doanh nghidp Yi&t Nam thdng qua quan he ddi tac, lidn kdt kmh doanh.
Thyc thi Ludt Ddu tu siia ddi, vide edng bd cdng khai cdc ITnh vyc "cdm" vd "han chd"
tiiu hftt FDI Id mdt viec lam cdn thigt dd giam thidu d nhidm vd phat thai cac logi gay HUNK.
Thu ba, tdng cuang qudn ly nhgp khdu Tu thuc td hogt ddng nhap khau d nudc ta thdi gian qua, dd bdo dam phat tridn bdn vung kmh td - xd hdi ddi hdi viec qudn ly nhdp khdu ttong tiidi gian tdi can:
- Kiem sodt chat vipc nhdp khau cdc mat hdng khdng khuydn khich, cd phdt thai gdy HUNK cao.
- Chuyen dich nhanh ca cdu mat hang nhgp khdu theo hudng tang ty ttgng eiia nhdm hang may mdc thigt bi cdng nghe cao, thdn thidn vdi mdi trudng, tigt kiem ndng lupng, vdt tu dg gidm hg sd ngudn lyc cho mdt don vj sdn phdm san xudt ttong nudc, nang cao nang sudt, chat lugng, hidu qud vd sftc canh tranh cfta sdn phdm, cua doanh nghiep.
- Thuc ddy chuydn djch co cdu thi trudng nh^p khdu tiieo hudng tang ty ttgng cfta thj trudng EU, Bdc My, Nhdt Bdn,... nham tang nhanh nhdp khdu cdng nghe cao vd bdo ddm cac nguygn lieu ca bdn cho phdt trign san xudt ttong nudc.
- Ddy nhanh tign dp xdy dyng vd dua vdo dp dung cdc bidn phdp quan ly nhdp khdu phu hgp vdi cam kdt qudc te... Cdi tiiien vd nang cao hidu qud, hieu lyc tiiyc thi cua chinh sach qudn ly nhdp khdu. Yiec nhdp khdu mdy mdc, thiet bj, day chuygn cdng n ^ e phdi bao dam nguydn tdc chi duge nhdp may mdc, thidt hi, ddy chuydn cdng nghd mdi, uu tidn mdy mdc, thidt bj cd trinh dp cdng nghp tidn tidn, cao;
ttong tiiJdng hop cdn thidt phai nhdp may mdc, thidt bi, ddy chuydn cdng nghd da qua su dung, phdi ddp ftng nghiem ngdt cdc yeu cdu, hudng ddn cua Bg Khoa hgc va Cdng nghd. Q
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