D O I C H I E U SU" n / O f N G D O N G \ ' A K H A C BIET CUA B I | : N P H A P TU TU^ AN DU T R O N G T H A N H NGU" T I E N G HAN XA T I E N G V I E T
NGUYEN THI KHANH V.4N_
Trudng Dgi hpc Ngogi ngir - Dgi hgc Hui NGUYEN TH! BACH NHAN Trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm - Dgi hgc Hue
Tom tat: Thanh ngu la san phim tu duy ciia con ngudi, nd gop phin tao m nhiing npi dung, khai niem mdi trong tu duy ngon ngii. Cac dan vj thanh ngu da ddng gdp vao sy phong phii, da dang ve ngdn tu va gia tri bieu Men thdng qua nhirng bien phap tu tir dac sac. Bai bao dua ra mot so nhin xet ve sy tuang dong va khac biet cua bien phap tu tu in du trong thanh ngu tieng Han va lieng Viet tren cac binh dien ket cau, dac diem ngii nghia nham giiip cho viec van dung trong nghien cihi, giang day \'a hpc tap tieng Trung dugc tot hon.
I.DATVANDE
Thanh ngft tiing Han va tieng Viet cd nMgu digm tuong ddng va khac biet ve ngudn gdc, kit ciu, ngft nghTa. Cac bien phap tu tu dugc su dung nMlu tiong thanh ngft tigng Hin v i tiianh ngft tiing Viet la: Bien phip m tft ti dy (so sinh); Bi|n phap tii tft ti nghT (in dy); Bien phap lu tu khoa tiucmg (ngoa du); Bien phap lu tir ddi chieu (ddi xiing). Tuy nMen, trong phgm vi nghign ciiu, bai bao cM lip trung "Ddi chiiu su tuang ddng vd khdc biit dia bien phdp tu tir dn dy trong thdnh ngir tiing Hdn vd tiing Viel" trgn binh dien ciu true va dac diem ngft nghTa.
2. BIEN P H A P T U Tir A N DU TRONG T I £ N G H A N V A TIENG V I £ T 2.1. Bien phap tu tir i n du (ti nghi) tieng Hin
Bien phip tu tu liy \ i i la thanh ngudi, liy ngudi la thanh \ i t hoic lay sy vit A ta thinh sy vat B ggi la bien phip m tu i n dy, bao gdm hai loai: bien phap m tft nghT nhan v i bien phap tu tii ngM vit. [5]
2.1.1. Biin phdp tu tdrnghi nhan
Xem vat nhu ngudi, liy ngdn ngft, suy nghT, tinh cim cua ngudi de ta vit [5].
V i d u :
Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tmdng Dai hoc Sir pham Hui ISSN l859-1612.S6 04(20V2011:tr. 108-116
)I CHIEU SU TUONG DONG VA KHAC BIET CUA BIEN PHAP TU TlS AN DU ,
Ciy thuy duang thip be mi nhieu tudi, dimg nhftng tan li xanh xanh xoa xoa vao nhimg hoa mau sip chin; hang lau say chi chit, bao hd cin thin nhiing bdng hoa dai len nd dudi chin (Qudch Tiiu Xuyin - Miia thu bin hd).
2.1.2. Biin phdp tu tir nghi vdi
Xem ngudi nhu vat, cung tuc la kMgn cho ngudi cd dgng tic, linh thii nhu vat, hogc bien vit A ttd thanh vat B [5]. Vi du :
(^m m^m )
Dudi chile li sen to kia, cd khudn mil ciia mpt ngudi, dogn nua dudi thin thi dugc Idn len trong nude kia ching phai la thiiy sinh sao? (Tdn Le - Hd sen).
2.2. Bien phap tu tu an du tieng Viet
Bign phap tu tft in dy ttong tiing Viet cdn dugc gpi la so sanh ngim, vi ngim. Tuc la kM sy so sanh nghe thugt chi cdn vl B, ma la van nhan ra ve bj so sanh (ngim) Ihi hinh thuc nay gpi la in dy (cdn ggi la .JO sdnh ngdm). Hay ndi each khic, i n dy la sy ggi tgn mgt sy vat, mpt hien lugng nay bang mpt ten ciia mgt sy vat hay hien lugng khic, dua trgn sy lign tudng tuang ddng. [I ]
Vi du: "Ai lim cho bu&m lia hoa
Cho chim xanh nd bay qua vudn hdng" (Ca dao)
Ciu ca dao ttgn cd 4 i n dy : bu&m, hoa, chim xanh, vudn hong. CM ttong vin cinh cua ciu ca dao niy, chiing ta mdi hilu dugc cic in dy do ndi ve mdt ching trai va mpt cd gai dang a ttong mdt ndi chia h...
O mpt tradng hgp khic, ngudi con gai khdng dugc so sanh vdi hoa, ma lai so sanh vdi bin de ndi lgn Idng chung thuy dgi chd ciia ngudi eon g i i :
"Thuyin vg cd nhd bin ching Bin till mpt dg khing khang dgi thuyin" (Ca dao)
Bien phap tii tft in du ttong tiing Vipt gdm cd 2 logi tuong duong tiing Hin dd la: Bien phap tu tft vat hda, bien phip tu tft nhan hda.
2.2.1. Biin phdp tu tknhdn hda
Bien phap tii tu nhan hda (hay cdn gpi li nhin hda each). 6 day, ngudi ta chuyin nhftng tinh chit, nhung hogl dpng ciia sinh vit, nhit l i cua ngudi sang cho sy vgt hay hign tugng khic [1].
Khan thuong nhd ai, Khin rai xudng dat?
Khan thuang nhd ai, Khin vit trgn vai?... (Ca dao)
NGUYTN THI iCHANTt V.AN - NGUYEN THI B.^CH N R \ N
Nha tha Trin Dang Khoa trong bii tha Budi sdng nhd em cd cdu:
Ong Tidi ndi lua ding ddng Ba San van cMec khan hdng dep thay!...
2.2.2. Biin phdp tu tit vgt hda
Vat hda (cdn gpi vdt cdch hda) la mdt bign the ciia an dy, ttong do ngudi ta dung mdt hinh thuc di chuygn thudc tinh, dau Meu ngugc Igi vdi nhan hda, tiic Ii liy nhiing tu ngft bieu iM thudc linh, diu Meu cua loai \at, dd vat dl bilu thj tiiugc tinh, diu hieu cua con ngudi, nham muc dich cham bigm, dua vui, \a nMeu kM qua do dg thi hien tinh cam, thai do siu kin eua minh. [1]
Vi du: "Gdi chinh chuyen lay dugc chin chdng Vo viin bo lg ganh gdng di chai Chdng may quang dut lg rai
Bd ra Idm ngdm chin nai chin chdng. " (Ca dao)
3. SU" TLTONG DONG VA K H A C BIET CUA BIEN P H A P TU TLT .AN DU TRONG T H A N H NGU" TIENG H A N V A T I £ N G VIET
3.1. Sy tiitrag doDg 3.1.1. Tuffng dong ve cdu trdc
Bi^n phap tu tu in du ttong thinh ngft tieng Hin vi tieng Viet cd sy tuang ddng kha ldn vl mat ciu true. Digu nay ciing phan inh sy giao thoa van hda giua hai din ldc. Cd hai dgng chinh la thinh ngft an dy nhan hda va thanh ngft an du vgt hda.
Ddi vdi an du nhan hda, thanh ngft i n du tieng Han cung nhu tigng Viet deu ciing cd dgng can tnic ddi xftng giua cac vg. Vi du: thinh ngft tigng Han cd ciu; "^if'M^"
[Yen do oanh tam] (y ndi den ve dep ciia ngudi con gii kMen cMm ygn phai dd kj, chim oanh cung thiy xiu hd \ i thua kem). (5 diy gdm cym chu - \ i ddi nhau: yin do ddi vdi oanh idm. Thanh ngu tieng Viet cung cd ciu tuong ty: Chim sa cd ldn (ca nggi ve dep long liy cua ngudi phu nft). CJ cau nay ciing gdm hai \ e chu - xi ddi nhau: chim sa ddi vdi cd ldn. Ngoii ra, thanh ngft an du tieng Han vi tieng \'iet cdn gidng nhau d kigu cau tao gom chi mot ciu tnic chu - vi. Vi du: " ? t f e S S " [Hoa cM cMgu triln] (Hoa la dung dua) hay " i ^ ^ J h # " [Nga hd phdc thyc] (Hd ddi vd mdi). Ci diy ta cd hoa chi Ii chu ngft, chieu triin Ii cum ddng tu, ngd hd ia chu ngft, phdc thi/c la cym ddng tii.
Tuong ly, thanh ngu tiing Viet cung cd nhiing cau nhir cd ndm trin that, chd can do rdch...
3.1.2. Tuffng ddng vi dgc diem ngu nghia
Thaitii ngft in dy tiing Hin \ i tiing Viet cd nMlu dilm tirang ddng vg dac diem ngft nghTa. Ca hai dgu cd chung 8 phgm tni ngft nghTa nhu sau: thanh ngu an dy cM hinh vi, hogt dgng: ^UgJj-ife [Bat migu trg tiudng] (keo ma giiip ldn), bdt cd hai tay:
DOI CHIEU SU TUONG DONG VA KHAC BIET CUA BIEN PHAP TU TL' AN DU -
thanh ngft an du cM ttang thii: ^3S"\M^ [Siu trudng thdn doan] (Dau dut rupt), ngdm ddng nudt cay; thinh ngu i n dy chi ling xu ttong gia dinh v i xa hdi: S - E ^ " ? [Trang than Meu tii], dn chao ddi bdt; thinh ngft in du cd ylu td chi dpng vat: JTife^
JfS [Trim ngu lgc nhan] (Ca lan nhgn rai), an dc ndi md; thanh ngft in dy cd yen td ehi Ihuc vgt: ~^^^1& [Bich hoa l l phdng] (Tram hoa dua nd), ep Hiu ndi hoa; thinh ngu i n dy ed ylu Id chi bp phin ca thi: ^ i i ^ l i [Siu mi khd liem], mdi hd rdng lanh; thinh ngft i n du cd ylu td chi con sd: + ^ — i [Thip tu nhit sinh], chia nam se bdy; tiiinh ngu i n dy cd ylu td chi hign tugng thien nhign: ^ LJJ ^M [Bat son chigu hai], ddi ndng ddm mua.
3.2. Sy khac biet 3.2.1. Su khdc biit ve cdu trdc
Bgn cgnh sy tuong ddng vl mat ciu tgo, thanh ngft in dy tieng Han vi tiing Viet cdn cd nhiing net rieng khic biet. Trudc hit li sy khic biet vl sd lugng am lilt. Thanh ngft in dy tiing Han da phin cd loai tiianh ngft kit ciu 4 am till, mgt sd it cdn lgi la nam am lilt hoac siu am tilt. Ddi vdi tiianh ngu i n dy liing Viet, chu yen li logi thanh ngu bdn im liet, ngoii ra, eon cd kha nhieu logi sau am ligl (An cdy ndo rdo cdy dy) v i tam am till (Ban mat cho ddt. bdn lung cho trdi).
Dilm khac biet thu hai l i vl ciu tgo: thinh ngft i n dy liing Hin gdm 3 kieu eiu tao:
Danh + ddng + danh + ddng: ^MMM (thd chit cio budn), %'\^^{thn% bay phugng miia); Dong + danh + dpng + danh: ffi H M^^ (bl nguyel tu hoa: Hoa nhudng nguy?l then / Tring md hoa then), '\M^^ (phi nhgn tiu ciu: nhgn bay chd chgy);
Danh tft + cum dpng tir: ^^fe$#-|g (dio le tianh sic), ^ ^ J ^ i f (chd cung dut gigu) [6]; cdn thanh ngft in dy tiing Viet cd 6 kilu ciu tgo: ngu gpi A la ylu Id diing diu ciia vl thii nhit, B li ylu t l dung diu cua vl thu hai, X la yeu Id dung sau A, Y la ylu Id dung sau B ta cd hai kilu cau tao sau: AX+AY: vi du nhu: nua dai nua chupt, be hanh be tdi; AX+BY: vi dy nhu.- in gid nim suang, dao lo hiia Idn; thanh ngft in dy cd ket ciu Ii danh ngft: anh himg ram, bgn ndi khd; thanh ngft in du cd kit ciu l i ddng ngft: dn cam thiin ha. dn cudp cam chim, thanh ngft: i n dy cd kit ciu la tinh ngft:
ngang cdnh bua. tra mdt ich; thinh ngft an dy cd kgt ciu chu - vj: Anh hung mgt lg.
do gdm vi ldng. [2]
Nhu viy, cd thi thiy ciu tgo cua thanh ngft i n dy tigng Viet rit da dgng va phong phii.
Dilu nay eho phep tgo ra khdi lugng tiianh ngft in dy yd cimg dd sp. Vl mat ciu lao, thanh ngft i n dy tigng Han va tigng Viet deu cd kigu ciu tao ddi xitiig va ciu tgo Idlu chii - vj. Tuy nMgn, ttong thinh ngft an du tieng Viet cdn cd kilu ciu tgo la kit ciu danh ngft, kit ciu ddng ngft vi kit ciu tinh ngft. Digu nay chua thay xuit hien d thanh ngft in du tiing Han.
3.2.2. Su khdc biit vi dgc diim ngir nghia
NGUTfEN TH! KHANH \'AN - NGUYEN THI BACH NHAN
Qua khao sal, chiing tdi thu dugc rat nMgu ket qui thg Men sy khac nhau ve die diem ngft nghia ciia thanh ngft i n dy tiing Han va tieng Viet. Ket qui do dugc the Men qua bing dudi day:
DOI CHIEU s y Tl-'ONG DONG VA KHAC BET CUA BIEN PHAP TU i t AK DU.
Bang 3.2. Bdng so sdnh ve ngir nghTa ciia Ihdnh ngir dn dtf ti&ng Hdn vd tiing Viet
Dac diem ngir nghia 1 Hoat dong. hanh vi 2 Tinh ciiat. trang thai 3. Thai do, tinh each 4. OuanheGD.XH 5 Khac
Cac pham tru ngii nghia co cac yeu to andu:
- Ddm vat
• Thuc vat - Bo phan CO tile
• Con so
• Hien luang tu niiien
Tieng Han (350 cau) So lucmg
132 123 43 13 39
58 23 62 35 73
Ti le (%1 37.8 35.1 123 3.7 11.1
16.6 6.6 17.7
10 20.9
Tieng Viet (350 can) S6 luong
121 141 34 36 18
24 17 84 15 52
Ti le (54) 34.6 40.3 97 10.3 5.1
6.9 4.9 24 4.3 14.9
13
Qua bang phan tich tten, ta cd till thiy, ttong tiing Hin, ihanh ngft an du bieu thj hogt dpng hanh vi chiem sd lugng nMeu nhit (132 ciu, cMem 37,8%) rdi din thanh ngft i n du bilu thj trang tiiai, linh chit (vdi 123 ciu, cMlm 35,1%); sau do li thinh ngft bieu tin thai do, tinh cich; thinh ngft chi quan he gia dinh, xa hdi, cdn lai l i nhung thinh ngu khic. Cdn ttong tieng Viet, thanh ngft an dy bigu thj trgng thai, tinh chit cMem sd lugng nMlu nhit (141 ciu, chilm 40,3%); sau do l i thinh ngft bilu thi hogt ddng, hanh vi (121 ciu, cMlm 34,6%), rdi din thinh ngft cM quan h? gia dinh, xa hgi, sau cimg li thanh ngft ehi thai do, tinh each, cdn Igi la nhftng thanh ngft khac.
Nhu viy, cd the thay ro, thanh ngft bigu thi boat dpng hanh vi ttong tiing Hin nMeu ban ttong liing Viet II can, cMgm 3,2%; thanh ngu bieu thi thii dp linh each ttong tiing Hin cung nMeu han ttong tieng Viet 9 ciu, cMem 2,6%. Ngugc lai, ttong tiing Viet, thanh ngft bigu thj tinh chit, trgng thii nMeu ban ttong tieng Han 18 cau, cMlm 5,2%; thinh ngu bieu thj quan he gia dinh x i hgi nMgu han ttong liing Han 23 cau, chiem 6,6%. Trgn diy la nhftng pham tru ngft n^Ta chinh ttong tiing Han v i tieng Viel.
Ngoii ra, thinh ngu i n du ttong liing Hin va tiing Viet cdn cd cac pham tru ngft ngMa cua cic yen td in du.
Xet tiiinh ngu in dy ed chua ylu td cM ddng vit, thinh ngft in dy ttong tiing Hin nMlu ban ttong tiing Viet 34 cau. Diy la con sd ihl hipn sy cich biet khi Idn. Nhftng loai dpng vgt thudng duge nhic den ttong thinh ngft in dy lieng Han dd la: chim oanh, cd, chim nhgn. trdu. ngua. hd, cho, rdng. rdn, sdi. gd, voi, meo, chudt, khi, thd, bg ngua, gdu. Trong dd hd. ngua vd rdng la ba loii ddng vgt ed tan sd xuit Men nMlu nhit: hd xuit Men 18 lin, ng^a xuit Men 11 lin, rdng xuat Men 7 lin, cdn nhftng loai cdn lai xuit Men tir 6 lin trd xudng. Hd - ioai ddng vat dugc menh danh li chua tl son lim, la bigu tugng ciia su dung manh v i quyen uy, do viy, hinh tugng the M?n sue mgnh "chua son lim" da ttd thanh bigu tugng xuit Mgn nMeu ttong thanh ngft tiing Hin, vi dy nhu-
^-^i^^ [Sinh long hoat hd], ^ ^ f e ^ [Dam hd sic biln], U^Tt^ [Hd gii hd uy]^
i t ^ i t T [Ki hd nan ha], H A ^ ^ [Tam nhan tiianh hd], Ml^+@4 [Ludng ho ttrong
NGUYEN THI KHANH VAN - NGUYEN THI BACH NHAN
diu], iSiSfr-fr [Nggc hd phdc thuc], ^-i^Wt [Ngpa hd ting long], T^^;Silj[Dieu hdlison]... [4]
Trung Qudc cd di^n tich rdng Idn, do dd, tu xua phuang tien di lai ciia ngudi din chu yeu la bing ngya. Tft liu, ngya da ttd thinh phuang ti?n vd cimg quan ttpng vi tMit thuc ttong ddi sdng nhan dan. Thim chi cho din nay, mpt sd dan lpc vimg phia bic Trung Qudc vin cdn su dyng ngya nhu mpt phuang tien khdng thi thilu ttong cic hogt dpng eua cudc sdng. Chinh vi viy ma nhieu cau thinh ngft in du Hen quan din loii ddng vit nay da xuit Men, vi du nhu: ^ ^ J n H [Khoii ma gia bien], ^^iP.g& [Lio ma tiiuc Id], S , ^ ^ L i l [Ma phdng nam son], ^ ^ ^ ^ [Ma ngft hoa huong], ^ ^ ^ ^ [Kj ma tim mi]...
Ben canh sd ddng vit xuit hien ttong tiianh ngft in du tiing Han, ta cd thi tiiiy sy xuit hi?n ciia 10 eon giap ttong ldng sd 12 con giap (tiieo van hda Trung Hoa): chudt. trdu.
hd, thd, rdng, rdn, ngua, khi. gd, cho. Qua do ed thg nhan tiiiy sy anh hudng cua ylu Id van hda ttong tu duy va ngdn ngft cua ngudi din la rat dgm net.
Neu nhu ttong thanh ngft an dy tieng Hin cd chua 19 loai dpng vit thi ttong thanh ngft i n dy tiing Viet ed 27 loai dugc nhic din nhu: dc. budm, ong, cd, chim, gd, vit. meo.
cho, ve, hiim, rdn, tdm. voi, lang, sdi, mdi. sua, phugng, rdng. trdu. nghe, huau. vuan.
diic, rd. sdu.. Nhu viy, so vdi sd ddng vit ttong thinh ngu tiing Hin thi s6 dpng vat trong tigng Viet duge su dyng nhieu hon (8 loii). Trong dd, loai ddng vat dugc su dyng nMgu nhat dd la: trdu, gd, cd. Ngugc Igi, nhiing loii dgng vgt to ldn thudng duac dung ttong thinh ngu in du tiing Hin, tM thinh ngft in du tiing Vigt thudng xuat Men nhirng dgng vat nhd be, rit gin gui vdi cugc sdng nhan din. Cd thg li giii ring, Viet Nam li dit nude ndng ngMep, do dd nhiing loai vit nudi nhu trdu, gd hay cd den rat quan ttpng, cd the xem la "ngudi ban" eua ngudi ndng din. Vi thi, khdng cd gi lim Ig kM nhflrng loai ddng vit nay xuit hien ttong thinh ngu i n dy tiing Viet nMgu den viy. Vi dy nhu:
rudng sdu trdu ndi, ddgdddvit, cd chau chim ldng...
Theo thdng ke neu tten, my thanh ngir cd chua yeu Id ehi thyc vat ttong tiing Hin nhilu han so vdi liing Viet 6 eiu (1,7%) nhung sd loai thyc vit xuit Men ttong thinh ngft Han it ban nMlu so vdi sd thyc vat thudng nhic din ttong tieng Viet. Trong khi thanh ngft tiing Han chi xuit hien 6 logi thyc vat: hoa, rg, ddo, le, cd. tdi, thi tigng Vi?t cd din 13 loai thyc vit dugc dung: beo, cd chua, cdy. hoa, chdi. ldc. qud. Hiu, trdi. Id, ma. rau md. rau mudng. Trong thinh ngft tieng Hin, hoa la yeu td xuit hien nhigu nhit (19 lin).
Y I U Id hoa dugc dung dg ca nggi nhan sac cua ngudi phu nu: ffl H M^ [Be nguyet m hoa], ? t ^ ^ l S [Hoa dung nguyet mao], i i i ^ B I ^ [Mi hoa nhan tilu],-^i§7E#lDilu ngft hoa huong]...; cd kM dimg de chi cupc sdng gia dinh diy dii, sung liic: ^ ^ ^ ^ [Hoa thien cim dja], ^^^M [Hoa hao nguyet vien]... Ylu Id hoa cung dugc nhic din kha nMlu trong thinh ngft in du tiing Viet nhung sd lin it hon (7 lin), vi du: ddm nguyit say hoa. ddm hoa kit qud, mdn nguyit khai hoa. hoa tdn nhi rira.
DO! CHIEU SU TUONG E)ONG VA KHAC BIET CL'A BIEN PHAP TU TU' AN DU...
Ddi vdi thanh ngft chiia ygu td con sd, thanh ngft tiing Han thudng dimg: nhdt, ngU, bdt, ngdn, vgn. trdm tuy nhien, thudng diing nhit la chft nhdt, vi du: —•C-'-'M (mgt long mgt da), —^^^ (nhit ty thien kim) , — T W T (diu xudi dudi lgi)... va nhirng con sd Idn nhu: ngdn. vgn, trdm, vi dy: H J ^ H ^ " [Bach phit bach tiling], H i S H S i [Bach cMin bich thing], ^^73% [Thien quin vgn mi], "^^Tl^ [TMen thu van till],
"f-^y^^ [TMen ngdn vgn ngft]. Cdn thinh ngu tiing Viet, ngoai nhimg con sd Idn nhu ngdn, vgn, trdm, nhiing con sd nhd v i le dugc diing nhieu hem ca, vi du nhu: sd 3. sd 5, sd 7. Vi dy: ba be bdy mdng, ba mat mgt l&i, chia ndm si bdy, ndm ldn bdy lugt, ndm be bdy mdi. ngdy ba thdng lam... Die biet, sd "ba" dugc dung nMeu nhit ttong thanh ngft liing Viet. S6 3 thudng cM nhftng ngay thing ddi kem, eye kho ciia ngudi din (Ngdy ba thdng tdm ) , hoac la sy bieu tnmg cho sd it (Ba coc ba ddn^, hay la sy bieu ttung cho sd nhieu (Ba chdn bdn ncri), hoac dl dien dat nhirng dieu bi in (Ba ddu sdu tay muai hai con mdt)...; nhftng sd Idn nhu trdm, ngdn. van cung cd nhung sd lugng it ban.
Qua 350 ciu thinh ngft i n du dugc khio sit, thanh ngft i n du cd yen td chi bg phgn ca thg ttong tiing Viet nhilu hem ttong tigng Han la 22 can, cMgm 6,3%, sd bp phin ca thi dugc dimg ttong tiing Viet nhilu ban ttong tigng Han la 9 bg phan. Cu the, thanh ngft in dy tieng Viet cd 27 bd phin co the dugc ndi din, nhu: mat, xucmg. cdt, lun^, gan, rugl. bung, dg, ddu, cd, chdn, tay. ldng. tdc. mdm, miing, dc, rdng, vai, idm. goi, mdi, mep, mdy, mdt, tai. trdn. Cdn ttong thinh ngft an dy tieng Han cd 18 bd phin ca thi dugc ndi den, nhu: vai, lung, mat, tay, chdn, ddu, tdc, mdt, tim, mdy, rdng, tai, mdi. lu&i.
miing. cdt, bung, gan. Trong thanh ngft an dy tiing Hin, nhiing bd phan ben ngoai ca Ihl, nhu: mat. (ldng) mdy dugc ndi den khi nhigu dg migu ta ve dep cua ngudi con gai, vi dy: ^ j f t g ^ [Mi thanh myc tii] , i^/ifl&S [Nga mi hao xi]; hogc dung cic bd phan mat. ddu dg migu ti hogl dgng, linh each hay trang thai ciia con ngudi: ^ 5 ^ 1 1 ^ [Ting diu Ip vT], t i J ^ ^ f f i [Xuit diu Ip dien], S 5 t ^ M [Cii diu hoan dien], ^ ® # Jxl. [Min dien xuin phong]... [4]. Ngugc Igi, gan, rugt, lung, long, dg la nhung bd phan dugc nhic deii nhigu ttong thinh ngft an dy lieng Viet. Ngudn gdc su dung nhftng lu chi bg phgn ca till ttong liing Viet, cd phin bj chi phdi bdi dilu kign ttr nhien va hoin canh cugc sdng ngudi dan. Viet Nam li nude ndng nghiep, ngudi din sinh sdng ehii ylu nhd
"cay siu cudc bSm", ngiy ngiy phii "dai iiing dim mua", "bin mat cho dit, ban lung cho ttdi" de sinh sdng ngn cudc sdng rit vit vi. Ngudi dan phii tiiuc sy tilt kiem mdi du an dii mgc. Vi viy, hmh hrgng cii lung dugc ndi din nhu dl thi hien cudc s6ng lam ID va sy lilt kiem ttong chi tieu. Vi dy nhu: thdt lung bugc byng, chdy mgt chdy lung, bdn mat cho ddt. bdn lung cho tr&i... Ngoii ra, ngudi dan Viet Nam cdn thich dung nhftng bg phin nhu gan. rudt, ldng. dg de the Men nhitiig tam trang hay tmh cam xuit phat hi ben ttong. Vi dy: bdm gan tim rugl, chdy gan chdy rugl, dut rugt dirt gan, mdt long mdt dg. ndng ldng ndng rugt, thdm gem tim rudt. xi rugt xe gan...
Ddi vdi nhung thanh ngft cd ygu Id chi cic Men tugng tUen nMen, qua khio sat cho kit qua nhu sau: sd thanh ngft ed tft chi hien tugng ly nhien xuit Men ttong thanh ngft i n du tigng Han nMlu ban ttong tigng Viet 21 cau, cMem 6%, Tuy viy, sd hien tugng thien
NGUYEN THI KHANH VAN - NGUYEN THI BACH NHAN
nMgn xuat Men ttong tieng Hin lgi it han ttong tigng Viet 6 hien tugng. Qua dd ed Ihg ttiiy. Men lugng tMen nMgn dugc dimg ttong thanh ngft tigng Viet rit da dgng va phong phii.
Hien tugng tMen nMen thudng xuit Men ttong thinh ngft tiing Hin li: tuyit. suang. nui.
song, bien. gid, may. khdi. nude, ddt, trai, mua, sdm, hang. Trong sd do, ylu td nui, biin. trdi. ddt xuit M?n vdi tin sd nMlu nhit: mii (24 lin), ttdi, dit (20 lin), biln (15 lin). Qua dd cd thg thiy, ngudi Trung Qudc tiiudng cd thdi quen hudng din nhftng Men tugng bao la, rdng ldn. Thdng qua nhiing tiianh ngft dd, con nguoi nhu mudn cMlm ITnh tiuen nMen, cMin tiling tiuen nMen: A ^ f i ? ^ [Nhin djnh tiling tiiien], ^\hMM [Bgl son sieu hii], ^g?fejft [Ting kinh tiiuang hai], ^ i i ^ l i j [Cii dinh bgt son], M^W.
i i [Phan tiuen phiic dja], Jf ^ J ^ t i k [Khai tiiien lip dja]...
Trong tiiinh ngft tigng Viet, ygu Id ehi Men tugng tMen nhign ed phin phong phii han v i thudng la: gid, suang, sdm, tuyit, mua, bdo, ndng, lua, sdng, ddt, tr&i. mdy, non, biin. bi, biin, nu&c, thien, dia, thdc, ghinh, sdng, sudi, rimg. nui. Trong dd, yeu td xuat Men nMeu nhit la gid (20 lin), mua (12 lin) va sucmg (8 lin). Tu ba ylu Id niy cho thiy, ngudi dan Viet thudng xuyen ddi mat vdi nhftng hi$n tugng khic nghiet ciia tiiign nMen.
Nhin dan Viet Nam sdng chu ygu nhd vao nen ndng nghiep, ngudi din bao gid cdng ciu mong dugc "mua thuan gid hda" dl yen tim canh tac, vi hp rit sg nhiing hien tuang tMgn nhien cd thg gay hai den mua mang. Do vgy, nhihig ylu td nhu gid, mua hay suang ludn thudng tryc ttong tim tri, trd thinh yeu td dang chu y ttong cudc sdng.
Nhiing can thanh ngft nhu: dn gid ndm suang. bdo tdp mua sa. ddi gid ddm mua. dgn gid ddy suang, gid ddp mua ddn. gid thdm mua sdu, ggi gid tdm mua, mdt ndng hai suang, ndng tdp mua sa. sdng to gid l&n... [3], cd lg bat ngudn lu cupc sdng vit va phai ddi mat vdi tMen nhien m i ra ddi. Cflng vi the ma ngudi din cung ludn cd thii do ciu mong su binh an, thugn lgi ttong cudc sdng nen cd nhftng cau thanh ngft the M$n mong mudn: mua thudn gid hda, thudn budm xuoi gid...
4. KET LUAN
Qua qua trinh ngMgn cuu, ehiing tdi nhin thay, bien phip M lu in dy cd vj tri rit quan trpng ttong thinh ngft tiing Hin va tieng Viet. Tu viee khao sat 350 ciu thinh ngft in du tiing Han va 350 ciu thinh ngft i n du tieng Viet, bai bao di dua ra dugc nhftng kit qua ngMen cuu budc diu ve sy tuang ddng vi khic biet tten binh dien eiu tnic v i die dilm ngft nghia cua thinh ngu in dy hai nude. Tuy chua that toin dien nhung ed thg xem dd la ca sd dl chiing ldi tigp tyc ngMgn cuu nhiing ndi dung tten vdi cip dp sau hem. Tu dd cd till tim ra nhftng ndi dung mdi tilp tiieo ttong thanh ngft tigng Hin, tigng Vipl ndi chung cung nhu tiiinh ngft sir dyng bien phip tu tft in dy ttong tieng Han va tigng Viet ndi rieng.
DOI CHIEU SI/ TUONG DONG VA KHAC BIET CUA BI$N PHAP TU TU'AN DU..
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] V6 Binh, Le Anh Hiln (1983). Phong cdch hgc - Thuc hdnh liing Viet. NXB Giao due.
[2] Hoang Van Hanh (2004). Thdnh ngU hgc liing Viel. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hpi.
[3] Nguyen Lyc, Luang Van Dang (1978). Tir diin Thdnh ngO- Tiing Viil. NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi.
[4] m^ (2004), {j&'^i^mm . m^^^'cnm^'^^'j^n.
[5] ^®^(2oo7). i^^im^iii^M}, mnimmmm^ mjm^tam^i^
Title: COMPARING THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF METAPHOR BETWEEN CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS
Abstract: Idioms are the product of human thinking contributing to creating contents and new concepts of language thinking. The idioms contributed to the richness, diversity of language expressed tiuough the rhetoric figures. The article gives some comments on the similarities and differences of the metaphor from the idioms in Chinese and Vietnamese on the stmctural aspects, semantic features in order lo make the use of research, teaching and leaming Chinese better.
ThS. NGtJYEN THI KHANH VAN
Khoa Tieng Trung, Trudng Dai hpc Ngoai ogiJ - Dai hpc Hui DT: 0918.128.132. Email: [email protected] TS. NGUYEN THI BACH NHAN
Khoa Ngu vin, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham - Dgi hoc Hue