y KjgN - TRAO e O l
/v^
DOI ]\ET VE KHAI ]\IEM T R I THlfC B A \ DIA
BUI HOAI SON
T
fUdc day, vi nhieu ly do, con ngudi ludn cho rdng nhiem vu cao ca ciia minh la cai tao va chinh phuc tu nhien. Khoa hgc phuang Tay, dugc coi la chudn muc va khudn mdu cho ca the gidi noi theo trong sudt mdt thdi gian dai, ludn cd gdng tim each cai bie'n tu nhien, tim hieu quy luat khach quan, cd the do dem va dir bao dugc, de phue vu Igi fch con ngudi. Tren thircte. loai ngudi da lam dugc rat nhieu dieu de thuc hien nhiem vu nay. Ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi trd nen thuan tien hon tir nhtrng phat minh, sang che khoa hgc; cac quy luat dan Id dien, khien con ngudi khdng gap qua nhieu bai ngd trudc nhung thay ddi trong tu nhien cung nhu xa hdi.
Nhung cac gidi han bdt ddu xuat hien khi nhieu chuang trinh phat trien, dp dung md hinh khoa hgc phuang Tay, da bdt ddu gap khd khan trong khi trien khai d cac xa hdi ngoai phuang Tay. Tir day, ngudi ta xuat phat nhu cdu tim kiem giai phap khac. Khai thac tri thuc ban dia trd thanh mdt trao luu dugc ua thi'ch tren toan cdu, dac biet cho cac du an tai cac nudc dang phat trien.
I. Sir phat trien khai niem tri thirc ban dja
Ndi de'n tri thirc ban dia, dau tien. can thiei phai xac dinh khai niem ve dan tdc ban dia.
Tren thuc te. day la khai niem dugc hieu theo
Khdi niem tri thiic bin dja dUbc sii dung rbng rai vio dau nhirng nam 90 cua TK XX. Sau nhieu the' ky hb hbi chinh phuc thien nhien vi coi nhe nhirng kinh nghibm sbng hdng ngdy cua nguoi dan b nhieu noi tren the gibi, cdc nhd khoa hpc ehpt nhan ra tdm quan trpng cira tri thiic bdn dja trong mpi linh vuc cua dbi sbng...
nhieu nghia va mang tfnh tuong ddi. Cdng udc 169 cua Td chiic Lao ddng The gidi (ILO) dinh nghia vd ngudi dan va bd tdc ban dia la "nhu'ng ngudi cd cac dieu kien xa hdi, van hda va kinh tephan biet hg vdi cac bd phAn khac cua mdt cdng ddng qudc gia, va dia vi cua hg dugc quy dinh toan bd hoac mdt phdn bdi phong tue hay truyen thd'ng, hoac bdi nhirng luat le dac biet hay quy dinh cua rieng hg". Tuy nhien cung cd nhCrng each hieu khac, vf du, trong mdt qudc gia, nhieu khi nhung tdc ngudi thieu sd dugc ggi la ban dia. Tren pham vi toan cau, ddi khi ngudi ta ggi nhCrng dan tdc cd lich sir sinh sdng lau ddi tren mdt vung ddt la dan tdc ban dia. Nhu vay, ngudi Viet cd the dugc coi la dan ban dia d phuang dien the gidi, nhung khdng dugc coi la dan tdc ban dia trong pham vi qudc gia...
De dang ddng y vdi nhau rdng, khi ndi den ngudi ban dia hay tri thirc ban dia, chung ta ngu y den qua trinh lich sir cdng eu, chia se van hda va nhung kinh nghiem di kem vdi nd, mang tfnh dac thti dia phuang. Tuy nhien, van de d day la, ban than van hda la mdt tien trinh tiep nhan, ti'ch hgp va bien ddi, ca van hda truyen thd'ng va van hda hien dai. Ngudi ban dia ngay nay cung vay, hg khdng cdn la ngudi ban dia cua 50 nam ve trudc. Van hda ciia hg cung khdng cdn la van hda thudn chat truyen thdng. Va tai nhien, khdng phai bdt ky tri thiic
S6' 308 Thang 2-2010
D I J M D A M VAN HOA NGHE THUAT
nao cua hg ngay hdm nay ciing dugc xem nhu tri thirc ban dia. Theo chUng tdi, tri thirc ban dia la mdt dang tri thirc truyen thdng, gdn lien vdi kinh nghiem trong sinh hoat va irng xir vdi mdi trudng cua ngudi dan dia phuang. Trong qua khir, cac cdng ddng dan tdc ban dia sdng phu thuoc rat nhieu vao mdi trudng true tiep de dap irng nhCrng nhu cau ca ban cua hg. Chinh vi le dd, hg cd md'i quan he chat che vdi mdi trudng d dia phuang va thu nhan dugc nhieu kien thirc va hieu biet hap ly ve mdi trudng ay.
Kien thirc ban dia dugc hinh thanh qua hoat ddng, sinh hoat hang ngay va each sinh sdng ciia hg...
Tuy cd tam quan trong \'e mat thuc te' nhu vay, nhung trudc day, tri thirc ban dia chi dugc coi la nhCrng tri thiic ndng can, hdi hgt, khdng khach quan, khdng mang tinh khoa hgc. khdng the kiem nghiem dugc tfnh dting ddn tren thuc te, VI vay, kha nang ap dung cua nd trong cac linh vuc khoa hgc han che. Khdng nhtrng the, ke' ttr khi chu nghia thuc chirng ciia A. Comte ra ddi, khi chi nhtmg gi cd the kiem nghiem dugc mdi trd thanh khoa hgc, tri thirc ban dia trd thanh nhtmg kien thire "phi khoa hgc", va ft dugc cac nha khoa hgc de y de'n. Han the, su phat trien ap dao ciia nen kinh te, chfnh tri phuang Tay da khien md hinh phuong Tay trd thanh chuan muc cho toan the' gidi; mgi linh vuc cua ddi sdng con ngudi bi quy chieu theo nhCrng tieu chudn phuong Tay.
Dii vay, tri thtrc ban dia ngay cang dugc nhin nhan dung vai trd quan trgng ciia nd. Tuy nhien, khdng phai vi nhCing han che ma khoa hgc phuang Tay dang gap phai va vj the dang len ciia tri thirc ban dia ma chiing ta phii nhan hoan toan nhCrng nd luc va thanh tuu cua khoa hgc phuang Tay ttr trudc tdi nay. Hai dang tri thirc nay cd the bd sung cho nhau, vi Igi fch con ngudi.
Theo chung tdi, su ndi len ciia tri thirc ban dia tren ban dd khoa hgc the gidi bdi 4 ly do chi'nh:
Sifnoi len ci'ia the gidi 11 n't ha: Rd rang, vdi qua trinh gianh ddc lap cho cac qud'c gia ttr
sau the chien lan 2, cac nudc ngoai phuong Tay da ngay cang cd vai trd Idn hon tren ban dd kinh te, chfnh tri va ca khoa hgc qudc te. Tir vai trd bi le thuoc vao the gidi phuang Tay tren mgi linh vuc, gid day, tieng ndi ciia cac nudc nhd ngay cang cd trgng lugng han va dugc the gidi phuang Tay Idng nghe nhieu hon. Nhat Ban. Trung Qudc. An Do va rat nhieu cac nudc khac da trd thanh nhCtng can can quyen luc mdi budc cac nudc phuang Tay phai thay ddi quan niem ve each tu duy ngoai phuang Tay.
Ben canh dd. su ldn manh ciia ddi ngu cac nha khoa hgc ngodi phuang Tay vdi sir ddc lap tuong ddi cua nd da khien cho nhCrng tri thirc khac phuang Tay gid khdng bi coi la phi khoa hgc nira.
Stf be tdc ciia khoa hoc phifOiig Tdy: Ngoai ly do ciia su ndi len ciia cac nudc, su be tac thuc su ciia khoa hgc phuang Tay trong nhieu trudng hgp da khien nen khoa hgc nay di tim nhtrng each ly giai khac vdi nd. Chii nghia duy vat. chu nghia duy tam tdi cac chii nghia thirc chirng, phan thuc chirng da be tdc trong nhieu cau hdi lien quan den ly thuyet va thuc te, dac biet la nhCrng thuc te ngoai Au chau. Vf du. sir tranh cai ve vat chai va y thirc trd nen khdng cd Idi giai va vd bd gid'ng nhu cau chuyen ve con ga va qua triing hay y hgc phuang Tay.
chu yeu nhan manh de'n phuang phap dau dau chtra day, ban ddu da khdng the hieu dugc each chira benh cua Ddng y. Ke't qua la, ngudi ta bdt dau dat cau hdi ve nhimg md hinh khoa hgc phuang Tay dp dung cho phuang Ddng lieu cd cdn thi'ch hgp nCra hay khdng. Di kem vdi nd, viec dp dung nhCrng kinh nghiem thuc t e d cac dia phuang khac nhau da tim ra nhiifng cau tra ldi thuc techo nhCrng be tdc nay. Tat ca nhCing dieu nay ddn de'n viec khoa hgc phuang Tay tu nhin lai minh va tim den cac tri thiic ban dia nhu mdt dang tri thtrc so sanh va kiem nghiem tinh dung ddn trong cac xac nhan khoa hgc ciia minh.
Viec phd bien ciia tri thdc nhdn hoc: Nhan hgc la mdt nganh khoa hgc cdn tuang ddi mdi me so vdi cac nganh khoa hgc khac. Mdt trong
il
Sd 308 Thang 2-2010y K I E N - T R A O O O I
nhtrng hat nhan tu duy cua nganh hgc nay la xem xet sir vat nhu nd vd'n cd, ttr con mdt eiia chii the, ngudi trong cudc, chu khdng tim each ap dat nhtrng danh gia "khach quan" ciia cac nha khoa hoc. Nhan hgc thuc sir phat trien vao nira sau ciia TK XX va ddng gdp mdt phan quan trgng, khdng chi trong khoa hgc, ma trong each quan niem ciia xa hdi ve mgi su vat, hien tugng.
Mgi ngudi, hien tugng hay su kien xa hgi dugc trao quyen va tieng ndi de ndi len tam tu, nguyen vgng cua minh. Dd chfnh la mdt trong nhu'ng ly do can ban de ngudi dan tgc thie'u sd.
cac nhdm nhd trong xa hgi dugc len tie'ng va xa hdi toan the Idng nghe hg. Tri thtrc ban dia eung la mdt trong nhirng linh vuc dugc Igi ttr nhu'ng quan diem nhan hgc nay.
Ly thuyet hdn liien dcii: cung gid'ng nhu nhan hgc. mot trong nhCrng trgng tam ly thuyet ciia ly thuye't hau hien dai khdng dinh cai tdi, ban sdc eiia cac chii the sang tao. Thay vi dp dung nhtrng md hinh cd sdn cho toan bg. ly thuyet hau hien dai de cao sang tao ca nhan va nhtrng giai thich don le. Chinh ttr quan diem rdng md nay. gidi khoa hgc va ca xa hoi da ddn nhan nhung tri thirc "la" mdt each de dang han. Tri thiic ban dia gid day dugc ly giai mot each khach quan hon. va khdng cdn bi coi la nhCrng tri thiic khdng khoa hgc. than bi, phi Idgfc...
Bdn tien de tren la nhtrng co sd ca ban cho sir ndi len ciia tri thtrc ban dia trong giai doan vira qua. Tuy vay. day cung chi la mdt tien de de tri thirc ban dia dugc biei den rdng rrd hon.
Ben eanh dd. nhCrng ap dung trong thuc iiin cung da giup cho tri thirc ban dia ngay cang eiing cd vj tri khoa hgc cua minh trong thdi dai hien nay.
Ve mat lich sir. phai nhan manh rdng. khai niem tri thirc ban dia dugc nhdc tdi nhieu do su anh hudng ciia khoa hgc tu nhien va cac chuang trinh phat trieii kinh te xa hgi. Xuat phat tCr kinh nghiem trong viec trdng trgt va chan nudi d nhCrng vting cd dieu kien thd nhudng khac nhau. va khac xuat xii ciia cac cay trdng vat nudi nav. cac nha khoa hgc da de y den kinh
nghiem ciia ngudi dan ban dia trong viec xu ly nhtrng van de khd khan trong qua trinh thich nghi. Vdn trai qua mot qua trinh thich nghi tCr rai lau ddi. ngudi dan d tCrng dia phuang da tich luy duoc nhCrng kinh nghiem nhai dinh ddi \di cugc sdng dien ra xung quanh ho. Ngudi dan hieu rat rd md'i quan he giCra \'at nudi. cay trdng ciia hg vdi cac dieu kien tu nhien cd anh huang tdi qua trinh sinh trudng ciia ddng. thuc \'at.
Khi cac nha khoa hgc biei each phdi hgp nhCrng tri thire ban dia nay \'di nhirng tri thire va phuang phap khoa hgc hien dai. hg cd the giup cay trdng va vat nudi thi'ch nghi tdt han vdi dieu kien dia phuang.
Hien nay tren the'gidi cd khoang 124 nudc hoat ddng trong linh vuc nghien ciiu tri thiic ban dia nhdm tang tinh hieu qua trong phat trien ndng thdn va quan ly ben vdng tai nguyen thien nhien. Ca biet. nhieu nudc chu trgng khai thac dang tai nguyen nay cho cac muc dich thuang mai cd gui tri cao. vf du trong linh vuc dugc hgc va my pham. Ngodi ra. d rat nhieu noi ke ca cac nudc phat trien va dang phat trien. tri thtrc ban dia dang dugc nghien ciru hd tro cho cae nghien ciru khoa hoc. lam tang ngudn tu lieu ca sd ve mdi trudng. dugc su dung de danh gia tac ddng ciia quy trinh phat tnen. dugc sir dung nhu mot cdng cu de lira chon, quyet dinh.
Vi \'ay, nen phat trien nghien ciru tri thuc ban dia nham thu thap. luu trCr. nang cao su hieu biei cac tien trinh phat trien, irng dung va dieu chinh ky thuat ciia cac cdng ddng cu dan dia phuang.
Cac td chirc qudc tecung ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viee khuyen khich cac chi'nh phii sir dung tri thiic ban dia trong cac ke hoach phat trien ciia minh. 0 Viet Nam. cac td chirc qudc te va phi chinh phii chfnh la nhiing co quan dau tien ap dung viee sir dung tri thirc ban dia trong viee cai thien kha nang canh tac trdng trgt.
nang cao chat lugng sdng... d cac dia phuang.
Khi mdi trudng ngay cang trd thanh mgt \'an de quan trgng ddi vdi nhan loai. tri thtrc ban dia cting trd thanh mdt giai phap de cac nha hoach dinh chi'nh sach. nha nghien ciru tim each cai
So 308 Thang 2-2010
D I J M D A M V A N H 6 A NGHg T H U A T
thien dieu kien mdi trudng td't han bdng nhtrng bien phap ft td'n kem va cd kha nang thi'ch nghi td't vdi dieu kien dia phuang.
Nhu vay. tri thiic ban dia mang tinh dac thii cho mdi khu vuc. mdi cdng ddng nhat dinh. Nd dua tren nhung kinh nghiem dugc tfch luy, thtra ke'lir ngudi nay qua ngudi khac, ddi nay qua ddi khac. Tri thu'c ban dia dugc phan anh trong nhiing bai dan ca, cau chuyen, truyen thuyet, va nhung thuc hanh van hda ciia ngudi ban dia.
Ddi khi nd dugc bao tdn dudi dang trf nhd, nghi thuc. le thue hay dieu mua. Ddi khi nd dugc luu giu dudi dang nhu'ng vat dung dugc luu truyen tir ddi cha sang ddi con. hay ttr me cho con gai.
Trong cac he thd'ng tri thuc ban dia. thudng khdng cd su each biet giira kien thu'c tdn giao.
thetiic va thuc hanh. chung chi la mot va gidng nhau.
Do tri thirc ban dia gdn bd vdi cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan va dugc trai nghiem trong lich sir nen da sd tri thiic ban dia la nhtrng tri thuc lien quan de'n mdi trudng. each thirc san xuat. chan nudi.
trdng trgt. Dd cd the la lam nha hudng nam.
diing la xoan khd dua vao trong chau vai cCing vdi dau xanh. dau den, ngd de bao quan, each lam rudng bae thang san dat hay xep da, dung
"cay Meo" rat phii hgp cho viec canh tac tren dai ddc...
Tri thuc ban dia la nhCrng kinh nghiem da dugc thit thaeh, ldi luyen qua nhidu nam sir dung. Nhung didm yeu dan dugc cai thien cung vdi thdi gian, nhung tinh tiiy dan dugc chdt Igc va cudi cung la hoan thien va phd cap. Tri thiic ban dia la nhung kinh nghiem, nhung nd lai phai phu hgp vdi mdi trudng, \'an hda timg vLing, tCrng cdng ddng va timg tdc ngudi. Va, tri thiic ban dia luy la nhtrng kinh nghiem sd'ng, nhung lai ddng va thay ddi phti hgp vdi nhung didu kien mdi, co cau xa hgi mdi...
2. Mdi quan he giiia tri thiic ban dja va khua hgc
Tri thiic ban dia chi dugc hieu mdt each rd rang nhai khi chiing ta dem nd so sanh \di kieii thuc khoa hgc ma chiing ta quen thude. Dan cir mdt so siinh tham khao nhu sau (1):
Cac ITnh vuc tri { thiic
1
Pham \'i
Muc df) chan ly
Muc dich
C;ich day \'a hoc
Tri thuc bdn dja
Linh ihioiig \a the luc ciing cl6ng hanh, bao g6m ca sieu nhlOn
Hoi nhap loan ihe. dua N'iio he ihcing
Duac luu giir ihOng qua iruyen mieng va trong cac ihuc hiuih van hoa
Duoc coi iii chan iy (chu quan)
Chan ly duoc ihaV irong lu nhicMi sii irong niem lin
Giai Ihi'ch dua vao vi du, icinh nghiem vii tue ngir
Tn' lue liiu diii
Thuc lO' cu6c s(5ng vii l6n lai
Co l<ha nang du bao lOi a dia phutmg (co gia iri vi5 sinh thai)
YO'u hon irong dieu ivien a cac viing ,xa, l<hac
LInli hoi mai nhiOu ihoi gian (kieii ihixc cham)
Hoc ihOng qua each srtng, irai nghiOm va iiim
Day ihOiig qua vf du, limi niiiu, lOn giao va kc chuyen
Duoc kiem nghiem ihOng qua cac linli huoiig lliuc te
Kien thiic Ithoa hoc
Chi ii'nh 101 the tut.
loai trir sieu nhien Phan tich hay quv gian. dua vao cac tip hap nho ciia cai toirn thC'
Dupc luu giu thdng qua sach va va mav tinh
Duoc coi la tiep can gin nhai den chan ly
Chan ly duac tim tliay tir su ly giai cu;i con nguoi
Gitii thich dua vao giaj ihuyei. ly ihuyei va quy luat
Suy doan ngan han Triru tugng. irai qua kiC'm tra
Co kha nang dtr baa toi trong dieu kien tu nhien (co gia iri vij duv ly)
Yeu trong vice sir dung kien thirc dia phuang
Linh hoi nhanh (kiJn thiic nhanh)
Hoc thOng qua giao due chinh thiic
Day thong qua sach giao khoa
Duac kiem nghiem gia lao trong cac!
kiC-m tra |
Nhu vay. chiing ta cd the cd mdt vai nhan xet vd mdi quan he giua tri thtrc ban dia va tn thiic khoa hgc nhu sau:
Kien thue khoa hgc dugc sinh ra bdi cac nha khoa hgc chuyen nghiep thdng qua nhCrng thi nghiem va nghien cuu khoa hgc mdt each he thd'ng trong khi tri thuc ban dia dugc sinh ra bdi kinh nghiem hang ngay ciia hg khi chung sd'ng vdi tu nhien va xa hdi. Ngudi dan dia phuang cung thuc hien nhtrng thi nghiem va nghien ciru nhung khac vdi cac nha khoa hoc chuyen nghiep. hg nghien ciru nhu mot phdn ciia nd luc de tdn tai trong khi lam viec de kiem sdng. Cac nha khoa hgc, mat khac, thuc hien nghien ciiu
| r | So 308 Th^ng 2-2010
y K I F N - T R A O P O I
trong phdng ihi nghiem hay nhung canh ddng thir nghiem trong nhtrng dieu kien gia dinh, nhan tao, trong khi ngudi dan dia phuang thuc hien nghien ciiu trong dieu kien tu nhien d cac canh ddng hay d nai nao dd ma hg thudng lam viec.
Kien thire khoa hgc dugc xuat phat ttr cac nha khoa hgc chuyen nghiep va thudng duoc ghi chep lai trong khi kien thiie ban dia thudng khdng dugc ghi chep. Ben canh dd, tri thirc ban dia sinh ra trong mdt van hda d nhCrng dang khac nhau nhu cac thue hanh van hda. phong tue, tap quan, tdn giao va tin ngudng, nghi Id, van hgc dan gian, dan ca, truydn thuyei va tue ngu'. Khdng gidng tri thuc khoa hgc, tri thirc ban dia ngam dn va khd de cho ngudi ngoai hieu dugc. Tri thire khoa hgc duge tieu chudn hda va dugc the hien bdng cac thuat ngu cd tinh toan cdu, tri thirc ban dia khdng mang tinh tieu chuan hda va dugc the hien bang ngdn ngir dia phuang. 0 phuang dien nay, tri thiic ban dia nhin chung khdng the di chuydn dugc ra khdi khu vuc ciia minh trong khi tri thirc khoa hgc cd kha nang ung dung toan cau. Do vay, khoa hgc dugc xem la mot he thdng tri thirc loan cau trong khi tri thiic ban dia mang tfnh dac thCi dia phuang va dugc xem la ft cd kha nang ling dung d ben ngoai bien gidi lanh thd ciui minh.
Tri thiic ban dia la kien thuc sinh ke trong khi khoa hgc la kieii thilc ciia kinh te thi trudng.
Kien thilc ban dia la cac ky thuat cho \'iec san xuai theo quy md nhd. dap iing nhu cdu cua gia dinh. trong khi khoa hgc dua tren san xuat quy md ldn de cung cap cho thi trudng qudc gia.
qudc te. Nhtmg ngudi sdng trong nen kinh te sinh ke. tu cung, tu cap thudng san xuat ra dit dcip iing cho nhu cau cua gia dinh minh ma khdng qua cd gang che ngu thien nhien hay khai thac nd mdt each qua dang. Hg phiit tridn nhCrng cdng nghe hai hda vdi lit nhien.
Cac nha khoa hgc phuang Tay kham phii tu nhien va xa hdi dd tim hieu quy luiit cho cac hien tugng khac nhau \'a tim kiem sir giai thich cho cac quan he dii duoc xac dinh. Kei qua la hg xay dung nen nhCing ly thuyet dd sir dung cho nhung du doiin va tao nen nhu'ng cdng nghe
ling dung thuc tidn eua kien thiic. Ngudi dan dia phuang cung gidng nhu nhtrng nha khoa hgc, kham pha tu nhien va xa hdi trong khung canh rieng ciia hg, nhung khdng gidng nhu ciic nha khoa hgc, hg khdng tim kiem nhtrng giai thich chi tiei, bdi vay. nhtrng md'i quan he da duoc xilc dinh tdn tai dudi dang cac nidm tin.
Nidm tin trd thanh mong dgi cua hg. khien ho khdng quan tam den viec di tim cau giai thich chi tiei. bdi vay. tri thiic ban dia day rdy nhCrng nidm tin ma khdng thd giai thich mdt each duy ly dugc. Tri thirc ban dia la khdng duy ly va mang tfnh md ta trong khi khoa hgc phuang Tay la duy ly vd mang tfnh phan tfch.
Ngay nay. tri thiic ban dia dang dugc dd cao vi nhidu ly do. Tuy vay. khdng phai vi the ma chung ta qua nghi ngd nhCrng tri thirc khoa hgc ma bao the he cac nha khoa hoc da sang tao ra cho the gidi. Hon the. khdng phai nhung kien thirc ban dia nao cung dugc su dung nhu nhau va phat huy duge hieu qua trong bdi canh mdi.
Mdt sd tri thiic ban dia rat cd thd khdng cd hieu qua hoiic tham chf lai cd hai va kim hiim sir phat tridn. Didu kien hinh thanh tri thQc ban dia trudc kia da it nhidu khac vdi bdi canh xa hgi hien nay. chinh vi vay. tri thirc ban dia dugc hinh thanh trong nhtmg dieu kien ay khd thi'ch hgp \'di didu kien xa hdi bay gid. Do vay. lip dung tn thiic ban dia khdng nen thuc hien mdt each may mdc.
Tri thire ban dia da dugc hinh thanh qua nhidu the ky. nhidu the he. Sir san sinh ay vdn cdn tiep dien trong cac xa hgi hien nay d trong cac cdng ddng nhai dinh va trong mdt bd'i canh mdi. Nhtrng tri thirc ay cung dang quy nhu nhCrng tri thuc trudc day dugc san sinh bdi cha dng ngudi dan tde ban dia. Thdng qua su ket
• hgp vdi khoa hgc hien dai. nhCrng tri thirc ban dia ay se ngay cang trd nen cd giii tri hon J
B.H.S
1. Alan, R. Emery and Associates, Guidelines for Environmental Assessments and Traditional Knowledge. A Report tioni the Cenlie lor Tradilional Knowledge ot ihe World Council ol Indigenous People (draft), Ottawa, 1997, ti.4, 5.
Thang 2-2010 Sd 308 rru
