DOI NET vt VIEC SU DUNG DIEN CO TRONG cAc VAN BAN N6IVI
LA MINH HANG '
Mo- ddu
Diing diln la mgt ihii phap nghe thuat dugc su dyng kha pho bten trong van hgc, ddc biet Id trong vdn hgc co. () Trung Quoc. truygn thong dung dicn xuat hien tu khd sdm; dd hinh thanh mgt dpi ngu dong dao cdc nhd khoa hgc chuyen nghien cuu vg dign co; cac bg lu dien dien co cung ldn lugt dugc xual ban.
Theo thfing ke so bg cua Nguyen Tuan Cudng: "Tu nam 1949 din ndm 2009.
ngudi Trung Quoc dd bien sogn dugc gan 90 bg tu dien dien cd cdc logi.
khong it trong so nay da dugc tai ban nhieu lan, tir do dii thay nhu cau tra ciru.
dgc. va thudng thuc dign cfi cua ngudi Trung Quoc (va nhftng ngudi nudc ngodi muon tim hieu ve dien co vdn hoa Trung Quoc) cao den mftc nao"'". Ho Thich tftng noi rdng; vdn hgc Trung Quoc la dat irdi cua dien co. Dien co chinh la mgt trong nhftng chudng ngai chil yeu khi giai dgc co tjch Trung Quoc'^'. Nhan djnh ciia Ho Thich cung co phan chinh xdc khi xem xet trudng hgp vdn hgc trung dai Viel Nam. Khao
ciru cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc trung dgi Vipt Nam, thay cac nhd Nho nudc ta. xua rat
"stnh" dimg dicn Dien co da dugc xem Id lieu chudn danh gia sd hgc uyen thdm ciia hg.
CJ Viet Nam. qud trinh tiep xuc vdi vdn hfia Trung Quoc da dem lai 02 ket qud chil yeu sau: H kel qua ve vdn lu, ngdn ngu the hipn d viec sft dung chft Hdn. sau do la vipc sdng tgo chft Ndm va
@ kel qua ve van hgc, thg hien d sy xuat hien 3 nhdm (xet ve ngudn gfic): nhdm cdc vdn bdn vdn hgc chft Han (gom cdc vdn bdn chO Hdn cua ngudi Han va cdc vdn ban chO Han cua ngudi Viet); nhfim cdc vdn bdn djch cac tdc pham vdn hpc Ilan vd cuoi cung la nhdm cdc vdn ban vdn hgc ghi bdng chft Nfim. Khi tiep thu vdn hgc Hdn. cac nhd Nho Viet Nam, tidng thdi cung da tiep thu mgt thu phdp nghp thuat dien hinh cua van hgc Han.
do la phep dung dien. Vay. viec dung dien d Vipt Nam cd khac gi so vdi d Trung Quoc hay khdng? Bai viet muon tap trung tim hieu viec tigp thu va ddc
'*' TS. Vien Nghien ciru Han Nom.
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D 6 | NET VE VIEC SU DUNG OIEN C 6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN NOM biet Id viee cdi bien dign cfi Han trong
cac vdn ban Nfim.
1. Tiep thu dien co Han 6 Viet Nam Qud trinh sft dyng dign cfi trong vdn hgc Vipt Nam cfi the nfii diln ra song song vdi qud trinh ngudi Viet Nam sft dyng chu Han: ngu nhu trong vdn hgc Trung Qufic. diln cfi xudt hien trong nhftng tdc pham vl sau. thi d Viet Nam.
dign cfi xuit hipn ngav, tft trong nhOng van ban chO Hdn ddu tien. Digu nay co nguyen do: khi cac nha van Viet Nam sang tdc ra cac tdc pham chu Hdn va chft Ndm thi vdn hgc Trung Qufic da cd hang ngdn ndm lich sft vdi kho tdng dign cfi rat phong phu. va ngudi Viet chi can mugn nguyen mau cdc dien ed Han trong cdc sang tac ciia minh. Khi chft Ndm xudt hien vd dugc sft dung rfing rai (tft thl ki XIV- din the ki XIX). cfi sy song hdnh cua 2 loai vdn ty'"*' dan dfin tdn tgi 2 ddng vdn hgc (van hgc chu Han vd vdn hpc chft Nom). Dua din kit qud:
CO sy tfin tai song hdnh cfta hai logi dign cfi (diln Han Viet vd dien thuan Viet).
Diln Han Viet cd the xuat hien trong van ban vdn hgc chO Han. ciing cfi thl xuit hien trong cdc vdn ban van hgc chft Ndm, thl nhung dign thuan Viet Igi chi xuit hien trong vdn bdn ghi bdng chft Nom. Qua trinh tilp thu vd su dyng dien cfi d Viet Nam dugc bdt diu bdng viec mugn nguyen xi dien cfi Han, sau dfi la qud trinh sang tgo diln mdi''".
Khao cihl viec tiep nhan dien cfi Hdn tai Viet Nam, chung tdi se can cu vao kit qua cua qud trinh tilp thu dign cfi Han dl lin lugt khao cuu cde dgng diln efi dugc dung d Vipt Nam. Dilu dd CO nghTa Id ehung tdi dd di tft dge dilm
cau tgo va lai nguyen ciia cdc dien co de khdo cftu. Cac loai dign co dugc dung d Vipt Nam gfim: dign Hdn Vipt, dien thudn Vipt vd dien Vipt.
/./. Diin Hdn Viet: Diln Han Viet gfim dign goe Han vd dien do ngudi Vipt sdng lao (dya trgn dien nguyen Hdn), ca hai deu dugc dgc bang am dgc Han Vipt.
Diln cfi g6c Hdn xuit hipn ngay tu nhftng vdn bdn chO Han diu tign. Thdi ki diu (khi chua co sy xuat hipn ciia chft Nom). cac nha nho Viel Nam. khi sang tdc tho vdn chft Hdn. chi mdi biet mugn dimg dign Han vd budc ddu bigt dp dung phep khai thdc nhdn to cfta dign (dien gfic Han) dg tao thdnh dign ngft mdi.
Tuy nhign, so lugng cac dien cfi tgo mdi nay khfing nhieu. Dien cd Hdn Viet dugc dung trong cac vdn bdn chft^ Han vd cd cac vdn bdn chft Nfim; dugc dimg trong cdc the logi tho, vdn chft Han cua Viet Nam, nhu: trong vdn bia, trong cdc vdn bdn thin tich, trong cae tac phdm tho, vdn. phll... vfid cdc ten tuoi quen thudc nhu Phgm Dinh Hd, Ninh Tfin'"''.
Phan Huy Ich, Nguyen Du....
Nhu da bilt. chl dfi khoa cft cua ta xua dfii hfii cdc sT tu phai am hieu lugt tha, thfing thugc Tie Ihu, Ngii kinh. thong thugc tho van cua tifin nhan cung nhu cdc diln cfi dugc ghi chep trong dfi. Dfi la Ii do giai thich diln cd dugc dftng khd nhilu trong cdc bdi van sach. Tuy nhign cung cd thdi ki. chat lugng thi cft ddn di xufing. quy dinh cua trudng thi eung cfi phin Ifing leo. Chinh vi vay. chuan myc bdi thi. dfii khi, cung cfi phan hg thap.
chi cin thugc long vai ba dien co roi chip nh§t lgi cung cfi the dugc ghi tgn bdng vdng. Phgm Dinh Ho trong VQ
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T^^P C H I H A N N 6 M SO 6 (115) - 2012 LA MINH HANG
trung lity bui cfi nh§n djnh vl the vdn sdch, ring: "Ngirdi ndo xem r^ng nhd nhilu. thi moi de trd ldi dugc din 16,17 hay 18 dogn, mSi dogn chi nh§t vai ba muoi chft diln c6 d trong sdch thi cfi ihc dogt gidp tranh khfii dugc. Ldm van nhu the sao co ihc xdc thye dugc vi^c c6 kim.
bit lugn dugc sy hay dd. dl cho tfi cdi sd hgc ciia minh"'^'.
Chftng toi khdng dong y vdi nhgn djnh ring trong cdc sang tdc tho vdn xua cfta Vipt Nam cd sy chip nh§t diln c6.
Co thl ndi mgt cdeh cong bdng rdng:
Quan nipm vc dien co vd vipc sft dyng diln cfi d Viel Nam cfi nhigu dilm giong voi d Trung Quoc. Tuy nhien, dign co Han da dugc cac nhd nho Vipt Nam tiep thu mgt edch cd chgn lgc va sdng tgo:
ngudi Viet khong chi be nguygn xi cdc diln gfic Han vac trong cdc sang tdc cua minh, tiln thgm mgt budc, hg da biet sang tao cac dien ngu mdi tft cdc nhan tfi cua dign cfi goe Hdn (dugc ghi chep trong dien nguyen).
Vi du I: Liel lu - Thang vdn co chep:
a^" : ^^:%^l>Ji^K ' ^^i>L " ^ ^ - ^ ^
^^xis[ (Ba Nha gifii danh ddn, con Chung Tft Ky gifii nghe dan. Tieng dan cua Bd Nha CO y mieu ta nggn nui cao, Chung Tft Ky lien noi: "Hay qua! Nui cao nhu Thai San". Tieng dan co y mifiu td dong nudc chay, Chung Tu Ky ndi: "Hay qud! Cuon cuon nhu song ldn"). Suy nghT cua Ba Nha, Chung Tu Ky deu biet dugc. Tu Ky chet, Ba Nha dirt day dap vd ddn. suot ddi khong chai dan nfta. Ddi sau dung "tri am" lam dign co, chi ngudi bgn tlidn, ngudi cfi the hieu dugc minh (bgn tri ki).
Trong hoat dgng sdng tdc tho ca, ngodi vipc su dyng diln goe "tri am"
hay *'Lri ki", ngudi Vipt cfin bilt liy ra cdc diln ngft mdi cdn cu vdo ngi dung dugc ghi trong Li^l lu - Thang vdn (nhu:
tgn nhan v^l. cac vgt dyng, khung cdnh trong cau cluiypn). Trudng hgp Phan Huy Ich vd Nguyen Du diing "Cao son luu Ihuy" trong tho Id mgt vi du;
Cao son lu-u thdy vo nhdn ihiec, Hdi gidc ihiSn nhai hd xu ldm
(Nguyin Du: Luu bi^i Nguyen dgi langf'^ vd
Cao son lu-u thuy hieu iri dm.
Ludng dja ihdn giao kiy Ihdm (Phan Huy Ich: Tgng Hoach Trgch Nha Tdn Trai)^""^
Vi du 2: Tay nhi Id mgt dien Han.
dign xuat phat lu cdu chuyen ghi trong Cao sT truyen - Hiea Do cfta Hodng Phu Mat ddi Tin: ^ •iL:^T5^ i^^... A
•fe • djT-^l^i:- • ^9L^i^m^^% (Vua Nghieu nghe danh tigng. mudn nhuong ngoi cho Hfta Do. Hua Do tu choi. ldnh vg d an' dudi mii Co Son. phia bd nam song DTnh Thuy, suot ddi khdng biet chuygn ddi. Ve sau. vua Nghieu Iai sai ngudi den vdi, cho dimg dau chin chau.
Hua Do khong muon nghe. vi cho rang ldi thuyet danh lgi dy ldm bdn lai minh, ben xuong ben sdng DTnh Thuy rfta tai).
Luc dfi, Sdo Phu dang cho trau uong nudc d dong song, hfii tai sao rfta tai.
Hua Do kl Igi duygn cd, Sao Phu vpi cho trau len- ddng tren udng nudc. vi sg- cho trau ufing d chd Hua Do rfta tai.' thi nufifc se lam bin mieng trau".
22
fi6l NET VE VIEC SU DUNG DIEN C 6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN N 6 M Cau chuyen neu tren cung cip cdc
ygu to tgo thdnh cac dien ngft mdi: "Hua Do", "Sao Phu", "nui Ca Son", "song DTnh Thuy", "trau rua tai", "trau ufing nudc d dong song", "cho trau Ign dong trgn ufing nudc"... Do Id cac ggi y cho Phgm Dinh Ho viet Ign cau tha:
Cdu kiem chu trung nguyen lhi ngd Khien nguu giang thuv'ng cdnh hd
nhdn (Phgm Dinh Hd thi, Hiiu ti Nhi hdf^^
Nhu vdy, thufic nhfim cdc diln cfi Hdn Viet gom cfi 2 dgng:
- Dgng I: mugn dung nguyen xi cdc dign ngft goe Han;
Tang t& vgng liing ihien mgi quynh Thu van linh doi phdi lien Iri
(Phan Huy Ich: Kinh Quynh Lieu Long .san lieu thi ki lgng Trung Cdn Nguyen Hdu)^ '
- Dgng 2: ciu true lai cdc chi tiet, cdc tu ngft ghi trong dign nguyen de tgo thdnh diln cfi Han Viet mdi (xem vi du 1 vd 2 muc 1.1). Mgt vi dy khac: cau chuygn vl Djch Nhdn Kiet, sach Cuu Duong Ihi - Dich Nhdn Kiel Iruyen chep:
^^^i>=rrg?>iJk ' -f-,^^#j'i-l - ^ J ^
^to^' iij^i^&:c-mis' i.%^^^ •
^ ' :5r#75^t (Cha me ldm nghl rigng d Hd Duong, Nhan Kiet lam quan d Tinh Chau, len nui Thai Hdnh, ngfing vl phia Nam thiy mfit dam may trdng co don dang bay, bdo vdi mgi ngudi xung quanh ring 'Noi cha me ta song, d dudi dam may nay' Dimg ngfing trong hoi ldu, din khi may bay mit mdi di). Van hoc CO thudng dung Bach van "May trang"
dg nfii ve noi nhd cha me. Trong diln nguyen tren cfi cac nhan tfi tgo thanh dien nhu: "Chfin Ha Duong", "Nhan Kiet", "Tinh Chdu". "Thdi Hanh",
"ngfing ve Nam", vd "May trdng". Trong dien nguyen khong cfi tu "Thien li" cung khong cfi tu "Chigm vdn" md chi cfi ngft
"Nam vgng kien bach van", NgO "Thien li chigm vdn" dudi day Id ket qua cua qud trinh tigp nhdn vd sdng tao trong viec sft dyng dien co, do Phan Huy Ich luge djch npi dung cdu chuyen ve Djch Nhdn Kiet (Cuu Dudng lhi - Dich Nhdn Kiel Iruy^nX ngO ndy dugc dimg vdi tu each la diln co:
Ban dudng cdp lhi hoan du hoi Thien li chiem vdn dgng hieu ihdnh
(Phan Huy Ich: Al Ti khai xudn thi but,)
1.2. Dien thuan Viet: Chung toi dimg khai niem dien thuan Viet nham y phan bipt vdi dign Han Viet vg cau tgo tft ngft va van ty dftng dg ghi chep dign. Tft the ki XIV din thl ki XIX Id thoi ki chu Nom, van hgc Nom hinh thdnh vd tien tdi phdt trign rye rd. Do Id moi trudng thuan lgi cho dien co thuan Viet sinh trudng vd nd rg. Diln Han Viet va dign thuan Viet dugc phan biet qua cac tigu chi:
a. Ngon ngft, vdn ty dung de ghi diln: Diln thuin Viet dugc ghi bang chft Nom, dgc theo trgt ty tft phap va cu phap tigng Viet, chi dung trong van ban Ndm.
Trong khi dfi, diln Han Viet lgi dugc ghi bdng chft Han, dgc theo trat ty tft phap va cu phdp cfta Han ngft, dugc dung trong cd vdn ban Hdn vd van ban Nom.
Vi du 1: cau chuyen vg ca chep nhdy cua rong (Ly ngu khieu Long mon),.
23
T^P CHi HAN N6M SO 6 (I IS) - 2012 LA IVIINH HANG vd ve cua vu (vu mon tam cap) dugc ghi
ehgp trong truyin thuyii Trung Quoc.
trong Bl nhd - Thich ngu vd trong Thdn ddng Ihi ddi Bdc Tong. Chuypn rdng: Cd chgp...nhftng con ndo cfi mau vdng moi ndm vao cudi mua xuan boi ngugc dfing din nui Long mfin,... cfi the hfia thdnh rong. Vdn hgc Trung Quoc Ihudng dimg dien ndy de noi vg vice thi do.
Trong \an hgc Ndm. ben canh vipc dung dien "Vfl mon tam cap", ihay dimg dien "Ba tang cua vu". "Ba tang cfta vu"
Id dien djch nghTa cua dien Hdn Viijt
"Vij mon tam cap". Hai diln ndy co sy phan bipt nhu sau:
Vfi mon tam e a p - ^ f ^ ^ i % , luge ggi cfta dign gfic Han " \ u mon tam cdp lang". Id dien Hdn Vipt. dugc ghi bdng cho Hdn, dugc dung theo trat ty tft phdp vd cu phap Han ngft. co thg dung trong vdn bdn Hdn cung cfi the dftng trong vdn ban Nfim.
Ba tang cira vu ^ ;f Ptj ^ : Id dien thuin Viet, dich nghTa cua dien Han Vict
"vu mfin tam cap", dugc ghi bing chft Nom. dimg trong vdn ban Ndm. khfing dung trong vdn bdn Han.
Vi du 2: dien Han Hai th$ son minh: "Ldi thg va dieu udc vTnh vien khong thay ddi nhu nui \'a bien". Tan Khi Tat ddi Tfing trang Nam huang lie - Tgng kl vilt «'] ;ll ;3: ^ *t . ;§: ^ 04 ^ ,^, ^ B^
Bi('l l^ mgi ta la. Hdi ih^ .son minh ldng Ihj xa (Gigt le bipt li roi 19 chd, chi nui thl song chdn xa xfii). Cdnh lhi Ihdng ngdn- D6 Ihgp nmmg no Irdm bdch hao .suang chep: iK'l-ftoait ' r*^T'^^-if , t ^ ' ^^t di^ ' -S-.^fe.t- Tuy ldc nhu ihie. lugng hg linh hdo dU mat, chiSu hoan mg lgc.
chung nhgl luang fhii. nhu phu phu nhdi ban. Dgn be ihe song, Hdi Ih^ .san minh. cdc vd iha chi." (Tuy nhu vgy. hai ben tinh cdm sdu ndng. sfim toi vui ve, sufit ngay cung nhau. gidng nhu vg chdng. chi niii the sfing.
khong cfi chi khac). Vdn hgc co thuong dimg dc bieu ihj sy sau ndng ciia tinh ygu nam nO. kien dinh khdng thay doi. Khi sft dyng dien co nay irong vdn hgc Nfim. cdc nhd nho cua ta dd cd sy chinh sua cho phu h(,rp V('ri lhi \an va ngft phap tieng Vipt. Ba dicn ngO sau deu xuat phat tir dien gfic Hdi thp son minh. nhung cd sy sai khde ve tft ngft vd ciu tnic ngO phap:
- Trufing hgp I: T h e hai minh son Id dien Hdn Vipt. do cd sy ddo trgt tft ciia dien gdc "Hdi thp son minh" col de dam bdo lugt tho. dugc ghi bdng chu Hdn. Dien ndy cfi the dimg trong vdn bdn Hdn va cd trong vdn ban Nfim.
Trong tac pham Nfim Dogn irudng Idn Ihanh, difin nay dugc ghi nhu sau:
De ldi the hdi minh sam Tf-i$S«At.
Ldm con Irudc phai den <m sinh ihdnh {DTTT, 24a3).
- Trudng hgp 2; T h e song chi nui Id dien thuan Vipt. ghi bdng chft Nom.
Dign ndy dugc dung trong vdn bdn Ndm Ldm luyen ki ngt) nhu sau:
Gieo mgn Ird ddo sao chdng dodi.
Thi song chi mii ^i^^'^^ ntJ ndo quen iLTKN,nh9).
- Truong hgp 3: T h e t r o n u d c non la dien thuin Vipt. ghi bdng chu Nom.
chi dung trong vdn ban Ndm.
Ddm xin the tro nu&c non ^ j^i^^$t.
Kiio cdn ngdn nggi keo con ngdn ngang (DNQA.93Q.9).
Nhu vgy. tu diln ngft gfic "Hai the son minh". dd cfi sy chgn Igc tft ngft d l 24
B 6 I NtT \ t VI$C SU DUNG D I £ N C 6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN N 6 M dimg trong tha vdn Nfim: ddi trat ty tft
cua tft Hdn Vifit trong diln gfic d l tgo thanh dien Hdn Vigt mdi "thp hdi minh scm" (do muon hiep van vdi "on" d cau tam); Tien tdi, chuyen diing dign thudn Viet "the sfing chi nui". ldi tho gdn gyi mgm mgi hon so vdi dien Hdn Vipt; tien thgm mgt budc. lgi thdy chuyen diing dien thuan Vipt "the trfi nufifc non" (do muon hiep van vdi "con" d cau tdm).
b. So lugng bien thg dign: Nlu nhu d nhftng the ki trufifc. moi dien goe Hdn chi cfi thg tao ra 1 hodc 2 dien Hdn Vipt mdi (ngu cfi the), thi d giai dogn sau khi cfi sy xuat hien cua chft Nfim vd vdn hgc Nfim, sfi lugng dien ngO mdi dugc tgo thdnh tft mgt diln gfic Hdn lgi khd da dang"'^'.
Chung toi dung khai niem "bign the dien"
(phan biet vdi "dien gfic") dg chi cac dign ngO mdi tgo thanh ndy. Bien thg dign gfim: (D diln Hdn Viet do nguoi Viet sang tgo, cai bign tu dien goe Han va (2) diln thuin Viet. Thye tg khao sat cdc vdn bdn Nom, thay sd Iugng bign thg dien co khd phong phu, vi du:
- Mugn dimg dign gfic Hdn "Cft an tg mi", tilp theo. tft cde nhan tfi dugc ghi chep trong dign nguygn cua dien "Cu an tg mi" ^ thiy tgo ra cdc diln thuin Vigt mdi (cac biln thl dien), nhu: "An hg Mgnh",
"Bimg mam tdy mdy", "ChO mi tl", "Mi tl", ' T I mi" vd "Thoi hg Manh ngang may".
- Tuong ty, tu cdc nhan tfi dugc ghi chep trong dign nguygn ciia dien "dau ddo bdo ly" da cung cap cac nhan to tao thanh cac diln ngO mdi, nhu "An man gid ddo", "Dao kia trd mdn ndy", "Gieo dao", "Gieo dao tra Ii", "Gieo man",
"Gieo man tra ddo", "Gieo mgn trd nggc",
"Tra ly" va "Vay man trd ddo".
Dign gfic Han ndo cdng dugc tigp nhgn. sft dyng nhieu trong vdn ban Nfim thi cdng tgo ra nhifiu cac bign thg dign co.
Khao cim thye trang sft dung dign co trong vdn ban Nfim, thay: sd dign khong cfi bign thg chigm phan thigu so; cdc bign thg dign co cd sy bign dfii rdt da dgng. cho thdy sy linh hogt trong sft dyng tft ngft. oc sdng tao cua ngudi Vipt trong vipc tiep thu difin cfi Trung Hoa.
Kgt qud thong kg tft Dien co irong vdn hgc Mim""" dudi day se phin ndo giup ta higu ro hon vg thuc trgng sft dyng dien CO trong cac vdn ban Nom:
Bdng I Bang tong hgp tinh hinh khong sft dyng bien the dien co trong vfin ban Nom
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Van A B C D E 0 H I K L M N 0 P
0
R S T U V X Y
Tong di^n 56 269 415 302 7 133 193 1 184 182 132 328 26 87 55 52 120 496 8 89 53 10
DiSn khon^ co bien the S6 lir^ns
24 100 145 103 1 48 73 1 78 74 52 126 6 37 24 25 30 202 6 30 24 5
Ti le % 42,8 37.1 34,9 34,1 14,28 36,09 37,8 100 42.39 40,6 39,3 38,4 23,07
42,5 43,6 48,07
25 40,7 75 33,7 45,28 50
TAP CHi H A N N 6 | V 1 S ^ 6 (1 IS) - 2012 LA MINH HANG
D6i l§p vdi diln khflng cfi biln thl Id cdc diln goe cd khd ndng tgo biln thl.
Tuy nhign. chung tdi lgi chua ihc thong ke so lugng cy thl cdc dJen goe Hdn cd khd ndng tgo biln the, bdi le cdc diln goe logi ndy khfing phdi Id phgp trft ciia tong diln vd diln khdng cd bicn thl (xem bdng 1). Kit qud ciia phgp trft dd chinh Id tong so cua cdc dien goe vd cdc biln thl cfta chung.
t. Phgm vi sft dyng: vi dugc ciu tgo theo trgt ly lu phdp vd cu phdp tieng Vipt ngn dign thuan Vipt chi dugc dftng trong cdc vdn bdn Nom, khong dung trong vdn bdn Hdn.
L3. Dien Vi^t: Tiep thu ngh? thugt dyng dien eua Trung Hoa, ngudi Vipt khong chi dan thuan mugn dung dien goe Hdn, ma cfin biet sdng tgo dien mdi tft cac dien ngft gfic Hdn. Tien them mgt budc, nguoi Viet dd biet dp dyng phgp dyng dign (nhung khdng mugn dien nguyen) cfta Trung Hoa de tgo dign mdi - cdc dign Vi^t. Nguon dien loai nay dugc ldy tft thu tjch Vipt Nam: tft cde cdu chuyen ljch su, cdc thdnh ngft, tyc ngft. Cdc dien ngft logi ndy dugc ghi bdng chft Ndm ho$c bdng chft Qufic ngft.
dugc dung trong vdn bdn Nom vd vdn bdn Quoc ngu hipn dgi. Theo sy khao ciru cua chung toi, viec dung dien trong tha ca hipn dai moi chi cfi Ke chuydn thdnh ngi/ tuc ngit ghi chep Iai. Cdn cii vdo vdn ty ghi diln Vipt, cfi thl phdn tdch thdnh 2 nhfim:
(D Nhdm dien co lay ngufln diln tu thu tich Hdn Nflm, loai ndy dugc ghi bdng chft Nfim, dugc diing trong cac thu tjch Nfim. Vi dy: ngO "ndt cam chdng ngd" von xuit phdt tft edu ehuypn vl Hodi Vdn Hau Trin Quflc Todn. Dgi Vi?t sie ky todn Ihu
ghi: "Lgi klii iy, vua thiy Hodi Vdn Hiu Quoc Todn, Hodi Nhdn Vuong Kien diu cfin trg tuoi, khflng cho dy bdn. Quflc Toan trong lfing h6 thpn, phan kich, tay cam qua cam, bfip ndt Iuc ndo khflng bilt. Sau dfi [Qu6c Todn] lui ve. huy dgng han nghin gia no vd than thugc. sdm vu khi. dfing chiln thuyin, vilt Ien cd 6 chQ-: Phd cudng djch. bdo hodng dn (phd gi$c mgnh, bdo an vua). Sau ndy. khi d6i trgn vdi gi$c. ty minh ISn trudc qudn sT, gi$e trfing thay phdi lui trdnh, khdng ddm doi djch. Den khi mit, vua rat thuang tile, than Idm vdn te. lai gia phong tudc vucmg." Ve sau, ngO "ndt cam chdng ngd" dugc dung lam dien cd, dugc dftng trong Thien Nam minh gidm nhu sau:
Mdy binh hdn chira die dem. Trong lay ldi ndi ndt cam chdng ng& i% i^ ^% (6b3).
Chi tiet "thien thu" "tha than" trong bai tho Nam quoc .son hd dd trd thanh nhdn td tgo thanh difin moi trong vdn hge Nfim: Nam giao Id cdi li minh.
Thien thtr dinh ph^n rdnh rdnh tit xua (Dgi Nam quoc su dien ca. Ia4). NgO
"bdc cau" von xuat phdt tu trong ca dao Vipt Nam "Muon sang thi bic cau kieu, muon con hay chft thi yeu lay thay"
cung dd dugc dyng lam dien cd trong vdn hgc Nfim: Gia cdng den sdch diii mdi, M? cha ciing rdp tim noi b&c chu ih^^ (Quan Am Thf KinhAbS).
© Nhom dign co dugc ghi bdng chO Quoc ngft dugc hinh thdnh vdo giai dogn sau, khi chft Han chO Nfim dd dan dan nhudng cho cho chO' Qude ngO, khi dien co Han Vipt va dign cd thuin Vi§t dang di vdo giai doan cao chung. Ra ddi trong giai dogn suy tan cua diln co, khi chft Hdn va chO Nom khflng con dugc sft dyng nOa. nen, sfl phgn cua dien cd logi ndy, ndi chung cung khofig 26
D 6 | N E T VE VI$C SO" DVNG DIEN C 6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN NOM thodt khdi cdi the chung nhu chO Han,
chu Nflm. Cdc dign co loai nay eg ddi song cyc kl ngan ngui. Qua khao sat cdc bg tft dien dien cfl dugc bien soan d Viet Nam, Ke chuyen thdnh ngie lyc ngie Id cuon duy nhat cfi cdc myc tft ghi lai hipn tugng dung dign bdng chft
Qufic ngft' . Co thg thay, vdi so lugng khong nhieu, Ke chuydn ihdnh ngU luc ngU cho chung ta mgt hinh dung budc dau ve phuang thftc dyng dign trong tho ca hipn dgi. Kgt qud khao ciai thye trgng sft dung dign co trong vdn bdn Nfim cho kgt qud sau:
Bdng 2: Bang khai quat tinh trgng dyng dien - xel tft nguon diln va van ban dyng dien
Logi d i l n Dien Han Viet
Dien thuan Viet D i l n Viet
Van t y ghi dien Chft Hdn
Chft Hdn
Chft N f i m
Chft N o m Chft Quoc ngft
Vfin bdn sft dyng Van ban Hdn ciia Vipt Nam Vfin ban Nfim
Van ban Nfim
Vfin ban Nfim Van ban tieng Viet
Nguon dien Mugn d i l n ngft Hdn
M u g n dien nguyen Hdn
M u p n d i l n nguyen Han
Thu" tjch Han Nfim Viet Nam Truypn tha mdi Viet Nam
Hinh thirc Mirgn'dan thuan Mirgn va cai b i l n Mu-gn va cai b i l n Sang tgo Sang tao
Bdng 3: Bang khai quat tinh trang dung dien d Viet Nam qua thdi gian"^' Tliai gian
Tir dau din trirdc T K X I V " "
T K X I V T K X V T K X V l T K X V l l TK XVIII T K X I X Dk TK XX Nua sau TK XX den nay * •
Dien Han Viet +
+ +
+
+ + + 0 0
Dien tiiuan Viet 0
+ + ++
4-+
0 Oien-
Viet
0
0 0 0
+
2. Cai bien cdc dien co Hdn trong van hoc Nom
Trgn day chung toi da trinh bdy khdi qudt qud trinh tiep nhgn vd sft dyng dien cfi d Viet Nam. Ve nguon goe, dien cfi dugc dung d Viet Nam dugc tdch bach 2 phan ro ret: dien co ngufin gfic tft thu tich Trung Hoa va dien cfi nguon gfic tu thu tich Vipt Nam. V l van t u ghi chep
;diln, cfi thl phdn tdch thdnh 3 loai: dien ghi bdng chft Han, difin ghi bdng chO Nfim vd diln ghi bdng chft Quoc ngO. O phin ndy, chung tdi gidnh rieng cho vigc khdo cim cac difin cfi nguon gdc tft trong thu tich Trung Hoa. Dien co logi nay dugc ghi bdng chO Han hogc bdng chft Nflm, dugc dung trong cdc vdn ban Han Nom. Phdn tich 'cac khd' ridng, c a chl
27
T^P CHi H A N N6|VI so 6 (115) - 2012 LA MINH HANG
cua vipc cdi biln cdc diln goe Hdn trong vdn ban Nom Id nhipm vy chinh d$t ra d phan myc ndy.
Nhu dd biet. tft m^t dien nguygn Hdn"" cfi thl cung cap cdc nhdn t6 de tgo thdnh nhilu dien ngft mdi. Theo sy khdo sdt sa bg cua chung tfii. nhieu dien goe Han dugc ngudi Vi§t Nam su dyng vdi tin suit cao. co s6 Iugng bien ihl""' khd lfin. nhu cdc diln; Nguypt hg ldo nhan (69 biln the). Thp hdi minh son (27 biln thl). Dan thu thilt khodn (23 biln the). Nguu Nft (24 biln thl). Ddo ygu.
(22 biln thl). Thuong tang (20 biln thl).
Thung huyen (16 biln thl). Djnh tinh than hfin. (15 bien thl), Bgeh thfi (14 bien the). Cd vugt vu mdn (14 bifin thg), Tri nhan (14 bien thg), Diu dao bao li (12 biln thl). NO Oa (10 bien thl). Ndng khan sua tiii (9 bign thg)"'"...
Trgn eo sd cdc nhan to tgo dien. kgt hgp vdi viec dp dyng thi luat cung nhu xem xet thye trgng su dyng trong dfing ngft luu (dfli vdi cac the loai vdn ban Nflm nhu: tho. phu, vdn te, vdn xuoi...), cdc nhd nho Vipt Nam dd tgo ra rat nhieu cac dien ngO mdi. Hdy bit diu cfing vipc khdo cuu tft vipc xem xgt cdc khd ndng tgo dign ngO mdi tu 1 dien nguygn Hdn:
Vi d^ I: Khdo sdt tit tru&ng hpp diin goe Hdn "Nguu Nit**
Sao Khien Nguu (tyc ggi la sao Nguu Lang) vd sao Chuc NO. Id hai ngfli sao ndm dfii dipn qua sfing Ngdn, Cau ehuypn Nguu Lang Chuc Nu trong thin thogi Trung Qufic kl ring: Chftc NO la chau gdi cua Thien dl, nhilu ndm dpt vdi Idm gam, sau khi ga cho Nguu Lang d phia tay Thien Ha, thi khdng chiu dpt vai
nOa. Thien flh trdeh tgi. Ipnh cho hai ngudi phdi xa cdeh. moi ndm chi cho g9p nhau mOt lan d tren sfing Thien Hd vdo ngdy m6ng 7 thdng 7. Tyc ggi Id
"Thit tjch". Khi g$p nhau. con chim B6 Cdc (cfin ggi Id Hi Thudc) bdc ciu (ciu Thudc) cho hg qua sdng. Theo tyc cfi.
vdo bu6i l6i ngdy hflm do. nhftng ngudi vg sS luon kim dl xin cho minh dugc khfio tay thgu thua. Xem Nguyel IC'nh qudng nghTa • Thdt nguyit l^nh din Tieu thuySt ciia Luong An Nghp ddi Nam trilu.
Cdu ehuypn ngu trgn dd cung cap cdc nhdn to tao diln nhu sau: sdng Ngdn.
sflng Thign Hd. ciu Thudc, Khign Nguu.
Nguu Lang, Chuc Nft, chim Hi Thuoc.
Thign dg, Mong 7 thang 7. That tjch.
Dpt vdi, Bdc cau. Qua sdng. Tft cac nhdn tfl tao dien neu tren, soi ehieu vao truang hgp vdn ban Ndm, cfi the thiy dien nguyen ndy dd dugc sft dung kha nhieu, voi cac bien trang kha Iinh hogt.
a. Tit vi^c khai thdc ngi dung nguon diin: Ngi dung ghi trong nguon dicn cho phep cd the tu cac khia cgnh dja digm. nhan vgt (/vai), thdi gian xdy ra ehuypn tiln tdi khai thac cac dien ngft mdi eho vdn hgc Ndm. Chi tiet nhu sau:
al. Nhdm dien ngO chi dja digm xay ra ehuypn: dien nguyen neu tren cho bilt cau chuydn xay ra d sflng Ngan, noi dfi cfi cdu 6. Chi tilt nay la ggi y dl tgo ra cac dign ngft mdi trong vdn hgc Ndm, nhu: "Bin Ngdn", "Cdu Ngan", "Ciu 6",
"Ciu 6 Thudc", "Hdn giang 6 kigu".
Ngdn Ha", "Ngdn Hdn", " 6 kilu",
"Sfing Ngan" va "Sdng Ngdn ciu 6".
28
OOI N^TVE VIEC su DUNG 0 | £ N C 6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN NOM a2. Nhfim difin ngft chi nhan vat
(/vai) chinh trong chuyen: hai vai ehinh dugc de cgp den la Nguu Lang va Chuc NO. Trong cac van bdn Nfim, dd thiy cac dign ngO dugc xay dyng trfin ca sd hai nhdn to dfi: "A Chftc chdng Ngau". "A Chftc chi Hdng", "Chang Khign Nguu",
"Chang Ngiai", "Chang Ngim A Chftc".
"Nguu Lang". "Ngiru Nft" va "Chirc NO".
a3. Nhfim dign ngft chi cdc nhan vdt (/vai) phy trong ehuypn: vai phy dugc nhic den trong ehuypn do Id chim Hi Thudc. Chim Hi Thudc dfing vai tro quan trgng. bdc cdu cho Nguu Lang vd Chftc Nft gap nhau trong dfim that tich.
Vdn bdn Nfim da xay dung dugc cdc dien ngu mdi chi vai ndy, do Id; "Chim 6 Thudc". "Chim Thufirc" vd "6 Thudc".
a4. Nhfim difin ngft chi thdi gian xdy ra chuyen: dien nguygn tren cho bigt cau chuyen xd)- ra vao dem mdng Bay thdng Bdy dm lich. Day chinh Id nhdn tfi de tgo thdnh dign ngft moi trong van hgc Nfim:
"Mong bay dfim thu" va "That tich".
a5. Nhom cac chi tilt lign quan: trong vdn hgc Nom thiy co 2 diln ngO mdi dugc tao thdnh tft sy viec chim 6 Tiiudc bic ciu cho Nguu Lang vd Chftc Nft:
"Bdc ciu qua song" vd "Bay qua dfii cau".
b. Tit viec xem xet cdu tgo ndi tgi cda tit ngii-ghi dien ngit
Trgn day, chung toi dd tim hilu khd ndng tao diln ngu mdi tu vi^c khai thdc nfii dung ghi trong ngudn diln. Sau day, tft gfic do ciu tao tft, ngO ghi diln, chung tdi se khdo sat ca chl cua viec tao diln ngft mdi trong vdn ban Nfim
bl. Nhan xet tu cac nhdn to tgo dien chi dja digm xdy ra chuyen:
- Dimg kit hgp ten chinh vd tin tuc:
cdu 6 tyc ggi cau 6 Thudc — dien ngft mdi: Ciu 6 Thudc.
- Dung kit hgp hai nhdn tS tgo dien (trudng hgp dudi ddy Id hai danh tft chi dja diem) de tao thdnh dign ngft mdi, vi dy tgn sfing vd tgn con cdu bdc qua sfing dgu Id cac nhdn tfi tgo dign dfic lap.
Tuy nhign trong vdn bdn Nfim Iai thay kit hgp hai nhan to nay dg cho ra mgt dign ngft mdi;
Song Ngdn (nhdn tfi tgo dign) + cay 0 (nhdn td tgo dign) — dign ngft mdi:
Song Ngan cdu 6;
Han Giang (nhan tfi tgo dien) -i- 6 Kigu (nhdn td tgo dien) — dign ngft mdi:
Hdn Giang O Kigu.
- Lay todn t/iS cht bg phdn: trong chuygn khong co chi tigt ghi ben Ngdn vd cdu Ngdn, chi cd dja danh sdng Ngdn.
Dftng "ben Ngan" vd "cau Ngdn" vdi nghTa "bgn ndm trgn sdng Ngdn" vd
"con ciu bdc qua sfing Ngan". Day Id hai diln ngft mdi dugc sft dung trong van bdn Nom.
- Viet hda diin ngit Hdn Viet de tgo diin thudn Viet: trong chuyen co nhde din dia danh "Ngan Hd" (Id tft Hdn Vipt), cac nhd Nho Viet Nam thiy diing nhdn to nay dl tao diln ngft mdi (Ngdn Ha: diln Han Viet); lai thdy digu chinh vl ciu tao tft, chuyen dung tu thuan Vipt dl tao diln mdi "song Ngdn". Thye tg trong vdn hgc Nflm Viet Nam co dimg song song 2 dign Han Viet (Ngdn Ha) va diln thuin Viet (sdrig Ngan). Tuong tu.
29
TAP CHi HAN N 6 M S^ 6 (1 IS) - 2012 LA MINH HANG
tft nhan tfl tgo diln 6 kilu, cfi diln ngO thuin Vipt: ciu 6
b2. Nh$n xgt tft cdc nhdn t6 tgo diln chi vai trong diln nguygn:
Vg CO bdn. cdc eg chl Igo diln mdi dd thl hipn khd diy du khi xem xgt nhdm cdc nhan td tgo dign chi dja diem neu trgn. d day, chi xin bo sung ihgm 2 eo chl (chua thiy cd trong nhom nhan to chi dja dilm):
- DSi tr^t tu- tit ngd- Hdn Vift (ghi lfii dign) do nhu cdu hipp v^n tho nen trong vdn hgc Nom. cfi vdn bdn diing dign ngft "Chdng Nguu A Chftc", cfi vdn ban lai dimg dien ngft "A Chuc chdng Ngau"
- Gpp + licgc 2 nhdn tS diin dh tao thdnh diln ngO mdi, vi dy diln Nguu nO.
do ggp 2 nhdn tfi tgo dien Nguu Lang vd Chftc NO. Sau, do nhu ciu thg hien ngdn ggn trong cau tha luc bdt, nen cfi sy rut ggn, tgo thdnh dien ngft mdi "Nguu nft".
Vi du 2: Khdo sdt tit trudng hprp dien goe Hdn "Tang dien thuffng hdi"
Dien cd Han Tang dien thirong hai
"rudng dau bdi biln" cd xudt xu tft Thdn lien truyen-Ma co cua Cdt Hflng ddi Tan:
"Ma cfl ty nfii rdng: *T0 khi ddc dgo den nay da nhin thiy biln Dong ba lan biln thanh rugng dau' (Ddng hdi tam vi tang diin ,4i^ S.^^^). Ddi sau nhan dfi dung 'Bdi bg nuong dau' dg vi vdi sy thay dfii Idn lao cua thg sy" Khdng Ihanh tudc ciia Tfln Chi Uy ddi Thanh chep: tl^k^^tit-^ ' ,*ii±^J^;g-io
$. Tu tdng lang diin hiin ihuang hdi.
Kinh qud khong Ihdnh 1^ nhu luyen".
(Tft khi rugng dau biln thdnh biln xanh, Di qua tod thanh trong khdng, nudc mdt tufln nhu sudi). Vdn hgc cd Trung Qu6c
dung "tang dien thuong hdi" ldm dign cfl chi sy thay d6i Idn ciia cugc ddi.
* Luu y: d vf dy neu tren. Tang dien ihuang hdi: diln ngO; Ddng hdi lam vi lang dien vd lang dien bien thmmg hdi:
nhan t6 tgo dien.
Cau ehuypn cua Cdt Hong neu trgn khd dgn gidn ve tinh tigl: khfing cd cdc tu ngft chi vai phy. thdi gian, dia diem xdy ra sy vi§c. Nhan td tgo dien duy nhit cd thl khai thdc d day Id cdu: "biln ddng {/xanh) bien thdnh nuong (/rufing) dau". Nghgo ndn ve tinh liel cag ehuypn.
nhung khdng vi dd lam giam khd ndng lag dicn ngft mdi. Khdo cuu thye trgng sft dyng diln cfi trong vdn hgc Nom thay dien ngO ndy dd cd 21 bign thg khdc nhau. Vdi dien goe ndy. tu khia cgnh ngi dung ldi dien. khfing cho thay khd ndng cfi the khai thdc de tgo dien mdi. Dufii ddy, xin tgp trung tim hieu co che tao dign mdi tft cdu tnic ngi tgi ciia tft ngft ghi dien.
Trong dien nguyen neu tren, cfi Dong hdi tam vi lang dien .^.Ht .H-J*? A 07 (bien Dflng ba Ian bien thanh rugng dau) hay Tang dien hien thirong hdi ^
^'^>k''^ (rugng dau bien thanh bien xanh) la hai cau chua cdc nhdn td tao dien mdi. Qud trinh cai bien cac dien co Hdn trong vdn hgc Ndm, d truong hgp dien ngft ndy, dd trdi qua 2 lan cai bign, d moi lan lgi tgo thdnh rat nhilu cdc biln the khac nhau:
* Cai bien lan 1
a. Lttgtc gon cdc tit ngit ghi dien ngit goe Hdn: Dign ngft gflc "Tang diln thuang hdi" cd 4 am tigt, chuyin sang vdn hgc dd thiy co sy luge rut cdc tft 30
D 6 I NtT VE VI$C SU DUNG DIEN C6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN NOM ngft ghi trong diln ngO gdc dl tgo thdnh
diln ngO mdi (diln Han Vipt): "Tang hai" (bfi am tilt sd 2 vd 3), "Tang thuang" (bo am tilt sfi 2 vd 4). "Thuang hdi" (bd am tilt sd 1 va 2).
b. Viet hda cdc nhdn to tgo diin:
day thye ehat la qud trinh dich nghTa cdc nhdn tfi tgo dien. Cac dien ngft mdi (diln thuan Viet): "Bg hda nuang ddu", "Bdi be bien nuang ddu". "Be biln ddu". "Bl bien nuong dau". "Be bign ngdn dau" va
"Bien rugng hfia sdng" dfiu dugc tao thdnh bdng cdeh djch nghTa hai nhdn tfi tgo dien Dong hdi lam vi lang diin hay Tang dien bien thieang hdi.
* Cai bien lan 2: Ian cdi bien thu nhdt cho ra 2 trudng hgp a vd b (neu tren). Den lugt. chinh 2 trudng hgp a va b ndy lai cfi sy chinh sua. them boi tft ngu de cho ra cac dign thuan Viet mdi
- Truong hgp cai bien dien ngii- Han Viet: tft dign ngu Hdn Viet mdi tgo thdnh (a) cho ra dign thuan Viet mdi (al') theo cong thuc nhu sau:
cugc/sif/vu/vi^c + diSn Hdn Viet (a) = dien thuan Viet mdi (al)': Dign ngft dugc tao thanh tu viec luge ggn tu dign ngft gfic Han (a). Iai tiep tyc chju sy cdi bien lan 2 de cho ra cdc dign ngft mdi (al'). Ddy thye chdt la qua trinh danh tft hfia cdc dien ngft (tu Hdn Viet) cfi dugc qua ldn cdi bign thft nhat, bdng mgt thao tdc dan gian, dfi Id chi cin cho thgm cugc/sy/vy/vipc (ygu tfl eau tgo danh tir) vao trudc. vi dy: cugc + tang ihucmg (diln Han Viet) cugc tang thuong (dien mdi).
- Trudng hgp cai bien dien ngfi- thuan Viet: tft diln ngft thuin Viet moi tgo
d lin cai bien 1(b) efi sy dilu chinh tu ngft de tao thdnh cdc dien thuin Viet mdi.
Khdc vdi cdc diln ngft Hdn Vipt (chi CO 1 cdeh duy nhat Id danh tft hfia tu ngft Han Viet), cdc dien thuin Viet (cfi dugc trong Ian cdi bien thu nhat), sang lin cai bien thft hai. tiep tuc chju sy chinh sfta dg cho ra cdc dgng bign mdi. Thft xem viec cdi bien dign ngO cua diln thuin Viet (b) trong van bdn Nom:
bl'. Luge ggn dien ngd- cda dien thuSn Viet (b)
- dien ngft cua dign thuan Viet (b):
Bdi be (/hien) bien (/hoa) nuong (/ngdn/
rugng) dau co sy luge ggn de tao thdnh cdc dien thuan Viet mdi: Bai be (bo am tigt so 2 . 3 vd 4), Bai ddu (bo dm tilt sfi 1, 2 vd 3), Nuong dau, (bo am tiet sfi 1 vd 2), Be dau (bo dm tiet sfi 2 vd 3);
- Bai bg ngan dau (bo am tiet 2), Bai bg nuang dau (bo dm tiet 2).
b2'. Lupc + them phu tir vdo dien ngd- cua dien thudn Viet (b): dugc tgo thanh theo cfing thuc Dang + danh lir A + md + danh lie B, vi dy Dang be ma dau. Dien ndy do truong hgp Be dau (bl') cai bign thanh.
bS'. Ddo trgt tic tit trong dien ngit cua diin thudn Viet (b): thufic logi ndy cfi dign "dau be", thye ra day Id do "Be dau "(A/') dugc dao thdnh'-"'.
Nhgn xet: Qua khdo cftu 2 dign co
"Nguu NO" vd "Tang dign thuang hdi"
CO thg thay kha ro cac dang bien thg cua dien co Hdn trong van ban Nom. Qud trinh cdi bien cac dien cfl Han dugc thye hien tren ca sd khai thdc tu ngft ghi dign gflc, hogc tft cdc nhan to tgo dien dugc
31
Ti^tPCHiHAN N 6 M 8^6 (115)-2012 LA MINH HANG
ghi trong diln nguygn Hdn. vd dugc tbyc hipn theo cde co ehl:
- Dung ket hgp ten chinh vd tgn tyc trong mgt diln ngft mdi,
- Dung kit hgp hai nhan to tgo diln trong mgt diln ngft mdi.
- Liy todn the chi bg phan dg tgo thdnh mgt diln ngft mdi,
- Vipt hfia dien ngft Hdn Vi^t de lao dien thuan Vipt,
- Doi tr^t ty tft ngft Hdn Vi^t, tft ngft thudn Vipt dg tgo thdnh mgt diln ngft mdi,
- Ggp + luge 2 nhdn th diln dl tgo thdnh mgt diln ngft mdi,
- Thgm tu ngO edu tgo danh (/dgng) tft, hodc thgm phy tft dg tgo thdnh mgt dien ngft mdi.
NhQng khao cuu ngu tren da phan anh khd todn dipn dipn mao cua qud trinh tigp nhan vd su dyng dien cd d Vipt Nam. Bdi vigt dd cho chung ta mfit each nhin tong thg ve tinh hinh sft dyng cdc logi dign CO trong vdn hgc Ndm.
Tft viec khdo ciiu truong hgp diln cfi "Nguu NO" va "Tang diln thuang hai", bdi vigt cung cho thay mgt cdi nhin khdi quat vl cac dang thftc biln thl ciia dien cd. Do khuon khfi ban chl cua bdi viet, khdng cho phep chung toi md r^ng doi tugng khdo sdt. The nhung nhOng gi thay dugc tft vi^c khao cuu difin nguyen cua cac dien "Nguu NO" va diln "tang diln thuong hai", ed the cho ta mflt cdi nhin kha day du vg cdc ca chl tgo diln mdi trong vdn ban Nflm. Ddc bipt khi khao cftu dien "tang dien thuang hdi"
cho thiy, tuy tinh tilt cau ehuypn khd don gian, nhung vin cd thl tgo ra kha nhilu cac biln thl diln. d diln cd nay.
qud trinh cdi biln khdng chi xdy ra mgt lin, nd cfi sy ting bgc trong qua trinh cdi biln (tgo ra cdc bien the ciia bign the diln p6). Hy vgng sg dem Igi nhieu dieu thu vj hon khi md rgng phgm vi khdo sdt tdi nhftng dign c6 efi nhilu bien the ban.' '
Chu thfch:
(1) Nguyin Tuin Cirdng; Luge thugi vdn di dien CO Igi Tnmg Quoc (chuyen dl nghien cim khoa hgc) trong Dien cd trong van hgc Nam (de tai cap Vipn Khoa hgc xfi hgi Vipt Nam) do LdMinh Hfing chu nhjpmdetai.
(2) Ddn theo Nguyin Tuan Cirdng. sdd, (3) Bit dau tft the ki XVll. d Vipt Nam cfin cfi sy tam hdnh ciia 3 logi vdn ty: chft Han, chft Nfim vd chft Qufic ngft.
(4) Xet ve nguon gfic. vipc sang tgo dien CO trong vfin hgc Vipt Nam. Igi cfi thl tach bgeh 2 logi ® dien thuan Vipt: dugc tgo thdnh tft diln nguyen ghi trong thu tjch cfi Trung Hoa, logi nay co so lugng dp ddo trong vfin ban Nfim. vd dugc ^ i bdng chft Nfim (2) Diln Vipt: mugn phep dyng dien cua Trung Hoa, nhung nguon dien Igi tft cac cau ehuypn, tich ehuypn tjch sft. thanh ngft tyc ngft cua Vipt Nam. Logi nay chiem sfi liri;mg hgn chl. Dugc dung trong vdn hpc Nfim vd trong tac pham vfin hgc hipn dai (sft dyng chft Nfim ho$c chft Qufic ngft).
(5) Ninh Tfin {1743- ?) ty la Khiem Nhir sail dfii la Hi Chi, hipu la Man Hien va Chuyet San cu sT, Song An cu sT.
(6) Dan theo Doan Anh Loan,.D/en cd vd ngh(' thudt .««• dyng dien cd. Nxb. Dai hpc Quoc gia, Tp. Hfi Chi Minh, 2003, tr.9I.
32
OOI NET VE VIEC SO DUNG OIEN C6 TRONG CAC VAN BAN NOM (7) Dich nghTa:
Nudc chay non cao ai do biet Ben trdi gfic bl chfin nao hay
(Odo Duy Anh djch).
(8) Dich nghTa:
Khue cao son luu thiiy da cfi bgn tri am.
Ban than giao d hai nai tinh y sau sfic (Ban Han Nom djch).
(9) Dich tha:
Mo kiem trong thuyen, nguyen ay mo.
Dat trau Iren ben, hoi ha nhan?
(Tran Kim Anh dich).
(10) Djch nghTa:
Chfin tang tft tft cuoi chan trdi xa, Tinh van thuy cfi Phat trufic mat xet.
(11) Djch nghTa:
Nha ban dung vao Iiic dang hpp mat vui, Nghin ddm trong may ch^nh long hieu kfnh
(Do Nggc Togi djch) (12) Xin dugc khao kT dphdn 2: Cai bien cac dien co Han trong vfin hgc Nom.
(13) Dien cd trong vdn hgc Ndm {de tai cap Vien Khoa hpc xa hfii Vipt Nam), IA Minh Hdng chii nhiem detdi.
(14) Ki chuydn ihdnh ngit lyc ngie dua ra cac phin trich din van ban tft trong cac tac phim tha vfin hipn dgi cua Vipt Nam (nhu- Bao biin cua Chu Van, bai tha Anh chu nhiem, Bao Phy nu. Ho Chi Minh tuyin tap.
Qa.o Nhdn ddn...).
(15) Bang 3 neu tren chi mang tinh khai qudt chung, chua co so lipu cy the nen chua dira ra bang thfing ke chi tiet han. Trong bang 3, ki hipu (+) the hien mftc do nhilu, ki hipu (++) thl hien mftc dg nhieu hem, ki hipu (0) thl hipn khong cfi, ki hipu (-) the hien mftc dp it, ho^c cfi khd nfing rit it.
(16) Tft dau: nghTa "tft khi bfit diu ulp nhgn va sft dyng dien co Hdn 6 Vipt Nam"
(17) De hieu rfi cac van 6k neu ra trong bai viet. xin dugc thong nhat cfic'khai nipm Ihanh phfin cua diln; (T) Dien ngu; thuat ngft Trung Quoc gpi Id dien cd lic(^iti^)., dien cd fie ngir (^^is\i^), dien di('n ( ^ & ) : Id Idi dien dgt dien co. la cdi vo ngon ngft, cai hinh thftc ben ngoai ciia dien c6 © Dien nguyen (i^M-): nguon goe dien ci. la sgi day lien ket gifta dien ngir vfii dien nghTa (0) Dien nghTa. thugt ngft Trung Quoc gpi la dien co nghia (-ftilX.). dien nghTa (^
>C): la y nghta ciia dien co, la y nghta ben trong ciia dien co ® Nhdn id cua dien cd ( ^ 4 4 . 0 - ^ ) : tftc Id cac khia cgnh npi dung tgo thanh diln nguyen. Vf du Lugn ngir - Ung Dd chep Idi nfii ciia Khfing Tft rang:
"Hien thay, Nhan Hoi! mpt gifi cam, mfit bdu nudc, ngoi trong ngo hpp. Nhung ngudi khac thi khong chju nfii vi bufin ba, con Nhan Hfii thi chfing he thay dfii nilm vui.
Hien thay, Nhan Hfii!". Ldi nfii nay da cung cip nhftng nhan tfi tgo thanh dien nhu sau:
Nhan Hoi. Mgt gid cam. Mdt bdu nu&c.
Ngdi irong ngo h^p.
(18) Chimg toi gpi cac diln ngu mdi dugc tao thanh tren co sd cac dien gfic Han la cac bien the dien.
(19) Thfing ketft La Minh Hfing;,£>/c'naJ trong vdn hgc Nam, sdd.
(20) Nlu xem xet kt, cfi thl thiy trudng hgp b2' vd b3' do tft b l ' chuyin biln thanh.
Va nlu vay thi cac cip bac cua qua trinh cai biln lai dugc tfing them mpt bac nfta. Tuy nhien, do khuon khfi bai viet, ciing do eo hep vl thdi gian, khfing cho phep chung toi khao cftu them nhilu cac dien co khdc nfta. Vgy nen, trong gidi han lin khao cftu nay, chung tfii chi tam quy gpn vao 2 cip bgc cai bien.
T4P CHi HAN NdM s^ 6 (115) - 2012 LA MINH HANB
'*' Trfin tixjng cim on quf Ph4t Iriin l<lioa h(jc & c6ng ngli« quic gia (NAFOSTED) da giup t6i titvc )ii$n bii viit niy.
T A I L i t u T H A M K H A O a. T i i Ufu tiing V i ( t
1. Doin Anh Loan: Dim co m nghi Ihuql su dvng iiln CO. Nxb. D j i lipc Quic gia. Tp.
H i Clii Minh. 2003.
2. Tha vdn Phan Huy Ich: DD Am ngdm luc, Nxb. KHXH. H. 1978.
3. ThaiMHanNgi^nDu,U>ib.Wlnh>c.H. 1988.
4. T A I Thj Kim Anh - Hoing Hing Cim: Ciic Ihi vin chit Hdn Viel Nam. Vifn NghiSn cihl Hin N6m. Nxb. K H X H . H. 2010.
5. Phgm Dinh Ho. luyen lgp Iha vdn. Trin Kim Anh gicSri thifu v i djch. Nxb. K H X H . H.1998.
6. Tha van Ninh Ton. Hoing Lf chCl bifin. Nxb.
K H X H . H. 1984.
7. La Minh Hang: Khan cim di^ Inmg cua dien CO Irong vdn hiic Ndm, Tqp chi Hdn Ndm so 2 ( i n ) - 2 0 l 2 .
9. Ke chuyen Ihdnh ngu luc ngU, Nxb. K H X H . H.1988.
b. T i l Ufu H i n Nom
10. Dai Nam qufie dm ca khue (DNQA), ki hifu AB.146. V i f n Nghien ciru Hin N6m.
11. Dai Nam quoc w dien ca (DNQS), ki hifu A B . I . Vifn Nghifn cim H i n N5m.
12. Doan Iruimg Idn thanh (Dl 11), ki hifu AB. 12. Vifn Nghign cihi H i n Nom.
13. Ldm luyin ki ngd (LTKN), ki hifu Nc.23l, Vifn Nghifn cihi H i n N6m.
14. Quan Am Thi Kinh (QATK), ki hifu AB.639. Vifn Nghifn cihi H i n Nom.
15. Thien Nam minh gidm. Hoing Thj Ngp siru lim./.
H$P THU B i ^ D9C
Trong thcri gian gan day Tgp chi Hdn Nom d i nh^n dugc bai cua cac tac gia:
Thi Anh. Nguyin IH Vin Anh, Phpm Vin Anh, l^tiOng Blnh, Nguy^ Kh& Bio. Ptite Can.
Quic Chin, Biii Vin Chit, Nguyin Hu« Chi, Vuomg Tim Chiin, Nguyin Quyit Chiin, Nguyin van Chiin, Nguyin Tuin Cubing, Phpm Dire Du$t, Trdn Trgng Duong, Thk:h P h u ^ Opt, Lfi Doan d n g , Nguyin Tiin Doin, Phpm Mnh DOc, Nguyin Thanh Giang, Chu Xuin Giao, Dinh Hianh Hiiu, Nguyin Thi L6 Hoa, Trjnh Hoinh, Trin Hoing Hing, Nguyin Olnh l*ing. Ting Qutc Hung, Hoing Ttii Uai Huong, hi TIU Huong, Hoing Hvu, Nguyin Quang KhS, Duong van Khoa, Phpm van Khoii, D i Ptiuong Lim. Ng6 Tlii Lin, O i Quang U«n, NgA T)ii Long, oang van Lfc, NgS €>ang Lgi, Nguyin CSng Ly, Tijnh Khic Mpnh. L« Xuan MOu, H i Mnh, Nghifim Thu Nga, Nguyin TViiiy Nga, Tiin NghTa, Hoing Nhung, VQ Oanh4.e Dofin Phfi, Hing Phi-La DOc Mau. Nguyin van Phong. Ly Ttxr PhOc. Nguyin Hing PhOng, Nguyin canh Phirc Nguyin Olnh PhCrc, Kiin Quic, Nguyin Mpnh Son. Trin Son, Lfi Thiri Tan, Bii Chl Thinh, Phpm Thufin Thinh, Nguyin Vfin Thio, Phpm Th| Ngoc Thoan, Mai Thj Thom, Duong Xuin Thg, Doin Thj Thu Thuy, Nguyin Thi Anh Thu, Trin Mpnh Tiin. Nguyfei Vfin Topi, Lfi Vfin Toan Nguyin Dfing Triiu, Hoing B i Vi, Dinh van Vlin, Phpm Tuin VD, Hoii Yfin,...
Tgp chi Hdn Nom xin chan thinh cam on va mong tiep Hic nhan dugc s\r cpng tdc ciia Qu^ vj.
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