K H O A HOC C b N G N G H |
PHAIM TICH CHUOI GIA TRf L U A GAO VUIMG DOMG
B A I M GSdlMG CUU LOIMG IMAIVI B 0 0 9
Vd Thi Thanh LpeS Nguydn Phii Son*
T6MTAT
De tai 'Than tich chudi giA tri lua gao viing ddng bing song Ciiu Long nam 2009" da dupc thuc hien theo each tiep can tdng hop cua Kaplinsky va Morris (2000), Recklies (2001), GTZ ValueDnks (2007) va M4P (2007) Cling vdi phong van true tiep 549 dai dipn cac tac nhan tham gia chudi va 10 nhom thupc bdn tinh co dien tich va san lupng lua cao nhat. Nghidn ciiu da di sau phan tich: (1) chudi gia tri hidn tai liia gao, bao gom: chudi gia tri liia gao npi dia va chuoi gia tri liia gao xu^t khau; (2) phan tich kinh tl chudi nhan manh phan phdi lgi ich, chi phi, gia tri gia tang cung nhu tong loi nhuin, tdng thu nhip cua mdi tac nhan va toan chudi. Nghien ciru c6n de cap den cac giai phap nSng cap chudi nhAm de tang gia tri gia tang, thu nhSp va loi nhuan, lpi thi canh tranh cung nhu phat trien ben vung nganh hang lua gao d DBSCL noi rieng va Viet Nam noi ehung.
Tii khoa: Chudi gia tri, gia tri gia tang, tac nhan va Ida gao.
LDATVANDE
Gao IA thue pham chu ylu cua Viet Nam, ehilm trung binh khoAng 78% ngudn nang lupng diu vio.
Bdn eanh hai mat hing thuy san ehinh IA cA vA tdm thi gao eiing IA mAt hAng xult khau ehii lire eua Vidt Nam. Trong 10 nAm qua, hAng nAm lupng xuat khau tir 4-6 tri|u tan vdi kim ngach xuat khau tir 2-2,7 ty USD. Tuy nhidn, ed su suy giam vl didn tieh trdng Ilia (tdc dd tAng trung binh ehi dat 0,45%, ridng DBSCL IA 0,9%) nhtmg nAng suit thi khdng ngimg tang ldn (tde dd tang trung binh 11 2,6%). Ridng nam 2009, didn tieh trdng liia cua cua el nudc IA 7,43 tridu bee ta vA sAn lupng lua khoang 39,08 tridu tan, trong dd DBSCL ehilm 52,1% vl didn tich vA 52,5% vl san lupng. Cung nAm 2009, DBSCL sin xult ra 20,52 tridu tin lua (tuong duong 13,54 tridu tin gao), sau khi trir di tidu dimg, lAm gidng, chAn nudi vA tidu diing edng nghidp eua viing thi sin lupng gao hing hda eua DBSCL 11 7,74 tridu tan, trong dd tham gia xuat khau gin 5,5 tri|u tan (ehilm 90,9% tdng sin lupng gao xult khau eua qude gia), sd lupng gao hAng hda edn lai tidu thu ndi dia vA du tru.
MAc du DBSCL 11 noi cd san lupng liia gao ldn nhit nudc nhung Inh hudng ldn cua ban bin vl lu lut lidn tiip xay ra, nhiing thay ddi vl thdi tilt, khi hau, lupng nudc vA chit lupng nude, hd thdng tiip thi gao tiii manh miin, ylu trong Udn kit dpe, lidn kit ngang thi thilu ngudn luc tii ehinh vl ylu nAng luc quin ly.
' Vi?n Nghien ciiu Phat trien DBSCL, Trudng D^i hpc Can Tha
that thoAt sau thu hoaeh ldn vA quAn ly chit lupng kim. Nhiiu vin d l d n dupc nghidn ciiu vl quan tam Udn quan din sAn xult vA tidu thu chudi ngAnh hAng lua gao nhim quan ly chudi cung iing hidu qua tir diu vio din diu ra, quin ly chit lupng tir diu ra trd vl dau vio, quin ly riii ro, nang eao hi|u qui vl phit triin d c chinh sich hd trp ed Udn quan d l tAng giA tri gia tAng, nAng eao thu nhap vA sinh kl ngirdi trdng Ilia eung nhu phAt triin bin vimg chudi nganh hAng Ilia gao ciia DBSCL ndi ridng vA ea nudc ndi ehung.
LMUCTEUNGHIBVCUU 1. Mue tidu ehung
PhAn tieh ehudi giA tri lua gao vA cAc vin d l cd Udn quan nhim giup cAc nha quan ly, nhi tao lap chinh sich ed thdm co sd d l hoaeh dinh vl thilt k l nhung ehinh sieh phii hpp hon dl tAng hidu qui sin xult vl tidu thu Ilia gao cung nhu nang cao vide lidn kit giua ndng dAn vl ele tie nhAn Udn quan gdp phin phat triin bin vung ehudi nginh hang.
2. Myc tidu cy t h i
(1) Md t l chudi gia tri liia gao vimg DBSCL (chuc nAng chudi, tic nhan, kdnh thi trudng tidu thu ndi dia vA xult khau, hd trp, hau d n chudi).
(2) PhAn tieh kinh t l ehudi gii tri lua gao (giA tri gia tAng, tdng lpi nhuan, tdng thu nhap ehudi).
(3) Dl nghi cac giii phAp vA ehinh sAch nang d p chudi gii tri vl phit triin bin virng chudi.
1 . PHUONG PHAP NGHBICUU 1. Phuong phip tiip cAn
Ly thuyit chudi gii tri ciia KapUnsky vl Morris (2000), chudi gii tri cua Recklies (2001) vl phuong phip tiip can chudi gii tri cua Eschbom GTZ (2007) vl M4P (tiep can tiii trudng tdt hon cho ngudi ngheo) dupe ting dung dl nghidn ciiu vl phin tich ciing vdi sd Udu thu thap dai didn trdn tat ca d c tic nhan tiiam gia chudi nginh hang liia gao.
2. Dia bin nghidn ciiu
Bdn tinh dupc chpn lam viing dai dien nghidn eiru, do 11: Kidn Giang, An Giang, Long An vl Sdc TrAng; 4 tinh niy chiem 51% didn tich trdng liia (1.974.810 ha) vl 52% san lupng liia cua vimg DBSCL (10.716.723 tan) nAm 2009. Ngoii ra, nhung tinh niy edn dai di|n eho d c viing khlc nhau thudc phia Bic,
Tiy vl Ddng eiia DBSCL noi cd diiu kidn vl tap quin sin xuat tuong ddi khlc nhau. Mdi tinh chpn hai huydn, mdi huydn chpn hai xa theo tidu chi trdn de tiin hinh nghidn cuu. Dtr Udu tiiu thap dupc phdng vin true tiip qua bd cau hdi Udn quan din timg tic nhan tham gia chudi nginh hang liia gao, d n bd quan ly dia phuang vl ehuydn gia vl lua gao.
3. Co d u mlu vl c& mlu
Tdng sd quan sit mlu la 549 vl 10 nhdm theo phuong phip dinh gii ndng thdn cd su tham gia (PRA- participatory rural appraisal). Quan sit mau chpn bang phuong phap thuan tidn. Bang 1 dudi day sd md tl chi tilt co d u quan sit mau.
Bing 1. Ca d u quan sit mlu theo tic nhin chudi nginh 1. Nhi eung d p diu vio
2. Ndng dan 3. PRA 4. Thuang 111 5. Nhi miy xay xit 6. Nhi miy lau bdng
7. BAn si/le 8. Congty
9. Phdng van ngudi am hiiu (KIP) 10. Ngudi tidu diing
Tdngsd
Chi tilt la. Vat tu ndng nghidp lb. Sin xuat gidng (Mdi tinh khoang 40) 8 huyen 2 xA
4a. Thuong 111 liia/ Cd liia 4b. Thuang lai gao Iiic (Mdi tinh 4 n h i miy)
Khu lau bdng tap tnmg ldn nhit d DBSCL thudc huy|n Cai Be, Tien Giang
7a. Trong vimg DBSCL 7b. Ngoai viing DBSCL Tham gia xuat khau gao 8a. KIP thudc dia phuong 8b. Chuydn gia liia gao 10a. Ngoii viing DBSCL 10b. Trong viing DBSCL
549-1-10 r
ling Ilia gao
Sd quan sit mlu 16 8 161 10 nhdm
14/2 7 16 18
57 33 47 45 17 82 26 ihdm
IV. K ! T QUA VA THAO LUAN
1. PhAn tich chudi gii trj liia g^o vimg DBSCL nam 2009
a) Chuc ning, tic nhan, kdnh thj trudng vi ho tia chudi
NAm 2009, DBSCL san xuat dupc 20,52 tii|u tan Ilia, sau khi trir di thit thoit trong thu hoaeh trdn ddng tixmg bmh 11 9,8% (DARDs, 2009) tiii cdn lai 18,51 tridu tan. Lupng liia niy dl lai lim gidng 4,2%
Oua gidng nAm 2009 trung bmh su dung khoang 150 kg/ha cdng thim 10% du phdng, tdng cdng khoang 165 kg/ha gieo ti-dng) va chAn nudi 3,13% (bang 2).
Vi vay, lupng liia cdn lai qua xay xit 1117,29 tiilu tin (hrong duong 11,41 tri|u tan gao). Sau khi tixr di lupng gao that thoit sau xay xit vl luu thdng khoing 9,83% (MDI, 2010) tiii lupng gao cdn lai tiardc khi phan phdi la 10,29 triiu tan. Trong dd:
• Tidu diing gao khoang 135 kg/ngudi/nam bao gdm ca tieu dimg tai gia dinh vl bdn ngoai gia dinh nhu tai d c quan An, nhi hing. Vay lupng gao tidu diing ciia viing DBSCL nAm 2009 IA 2,32 tridu tan (ehilm 22,5%).
• Tilu diing cdng nghilp 2% lupng gao (0,24
tiilu tan) bao gdm lam hii tiiu, binh phd, mi tiroi,
binh tring vl bdt gao (dc san pham niy tilu thu cl
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE trong nudc va xuAt khau tuy chua dupc thdng kd
chinh thire) kl ea nau ruou. Tuy nhien, cAc sAn pham tren chu ylu san xuat tir tam ehu khdng phai tir gao thAnh pham (xay xAt 1 tan liia thu dupe 0,15 tan tam vA 0.20 tan cAm, lupng tam nam 2009 len din 2,6 tridu tan, dAy IA mpt san pham phu quan trpng tu ngAnh hAng liia gao).
• Do vay, sd lupng gao hAng hda edn lai eua vung la 7,74 trieu tan. Tuy nhien, nhu da trmh bAy d trdn niu gao dAnh eho tieu dung edng nghidp lAm tir tam thi lupng gao hAng hda nay len din gan 8 trieu tan (7,74-I-0,24 trieu tan).
BAng 2. San xuat, tidu dimg vA tidu thu liia gao eua DBSCL nAm 2009 (tridu tin) Chi heu
1. Tdng san lupng (Q)
2. Trir that thoat lua khi thu hoaeh 3. Tdng san lupng phAn phdi (Ql) 4. Nhu eau trong DBSCL
- Tidu diing: 135 kg gao/ngudi* 17,213 trieu
- Liia gidng: 165 kg*3,870 trieu ha -Channuoi: 3,13%*Q1 lua
- Tieu diing edng nghiep 2%*Q1 gao 5. 'ITiat thoat gao sau xay xat:
- Khau xay xAt: 2,47%
- Khau lau bdng: 4%
- Ban si le: 1%
- Khau luu thong : 2,36%
6. Liia gao hang hda eua DBSCL
Liia 20,52
2,01 18,51
5,09 3,51 0,64 0,58 0,36
13,42
% 9,8
9,83
Gao 13,54
1,32 12,22
3,36 2,32 0,42 0,38 0,24
1,12
7,74 Ngudn: Sdlieu dieu tia (MDI, 2010)
(*) 1 kg Ida = 0,66 kg gao
So dd dudi day trinh bAy ehudi giA tri liia gao viing DBSCL theo lupng gao hang hda eua viing nAy (7,74 trieu tan) bao gdm chudi giA tri liia gao npi dia va xuat khau cd ehire nftng vA kenh thi trudng ehudi tmmg ddi gidng nhau. Nhung chirc nang cu thi bao gdm khau dau vao (gidng, phan bdn, thude trir sau, bdnh...), khau san xuat (nong dan, cAu lac bp ndng dan,...), khau thu gom (thuang lai/hang xao), khAu cbl hiln (nha mAy xay xat, lau bdng va edng ty), khAu thuang mai (edng ty, bAn si/le) va tidu dimg
(npi dia vA xuat khau).
Liia ndng dAn san xuat ra bAn eho thuong lAi 93,1%, tuy nhidn, giira ndng dan va thuong lai cdn cd lire lupng "Cd" mdi gidi mua ban liia vdi ehi phi 20 d/kg do tiiuong lAi tra nhung nhiiu trudng hpp ndng dan mudn ban liia nhanh van phai chi them eho "Cd"
tir 20-50 ddng/kg. Thuong lAi dem liia bAn eho nhA may xay xAt (30,3%) hoac xay xAt ra gao lire rdi ban
eho edng ty (47,8%) vA ban eho nhA mAy lau bdng (10,7%), bAn gao tring cho ngudi bAn si/le (15%).
Ndng dan ban liia mpt lupng rat it true tiip eho cdng ty (4,2%) vA nhA mAy xay xAt (2,7%).
Chudi giA tri gao xuat khau chu ylu do edng ty dam trAch. Kenh thi trudng bao gdm: (1) kenh true tiep: ed mpt xu hudng lien kit dpe giua edng ty vA nhA san xuat mSc dii ty Id nay cdn thap (4,2%), day IA hinh thire phAn phdi lua gao ed kenh thj trudng ngAn nhat va hieu qua eao ddi vdi ngudi san xuat; (2) kdnh 3 d p : liia gao dupe bAn 3 tAc nhAn trung gian IA nhA mAy xay xAt, nhA mAy lau bdng vA edng ty; vA (3) Kdnh 4 d p : lua gao dupc ban qua 4 tac nhan trung gian, dd la: thuong lAi, nhA may xay xAt, nhA mAy lau bdng vA cdng ty. Lupng gao xuat khau ehilm 70,3%
tdng lupng gao hAng hda eua vimg DBSCL qua cAc thi trudng ehinh nhu chau Phi, chau A, ehau Au vA Trung Dong.
Ngudn cung cdp ddu vdo:
- Giing -Ph^n -Thu6c
• Ndng
dan T 6 hg-p
tac Cdu l^c
4.2%
2.7%
ss.r^o
Thu gom
30.3
«7.8 15%
Z 3- ty
B ty
•<
X
•< fi) X fih
/o
21%
10.7%
1.3%
Z 3-
B ty
»<
ST c o-
Id 3 - 3.5%
1.3%
7.2%
5 "
•c o*
Q 3 la
5.2%
1.3%
7.2»/„
• Sieu
thj
Bdn si/Id
70.3% /
*( \
29.T^l Xuit khiu
100.0% 100.0%
Vi$n T r u d n g Khuy§n nong
Cong ty
-Hifp hpi LT -Tdng Cty LT miSn Nam -BO NN & PTNT -BpTM -Hdi quan
Chinh quyen dja phircng cac cap, ngan hdng
So dd 1. Chudi giA trj liia gao Chudi giA tri gao dap ting nhu eau npi dia ehilm 29,7% qua eae tAe nhAn nhu: chudi gia tri gao xuat khau nhtmg them nhA ban si/le gao npi dia dupc cung cap bdi thuong lai (15%), nhA may lau bdng (7,2%), cong ty (6,2%) va nhA may xay xAt (1,3%).
Chudi gao npi dia eung IA thi trudng thir hai trong trudng hpp san pham gao xuat khau khdng dAp ting nhu cau thi trudng vl chat lupng, khau vj va an toAn thue pham nhu gao lAn lpn nhieu loai, suy thoAi gidng, sau mpt gao, gao lan tap ehat nhu tde, san, gao nhilm ehat hda hpe do xit thudc ehdng sAu mpt.
Cd nhiiu td chuc hd trp ehudi giA trj lua gao vl ky thuat, tAi ehinh vA thi trudng nhu vidn/trudng vA trung tAm gidng hd trp vl ehat lupng lai tao gidng lua; hd trp tAi ehinh tir ngAn hang nha nudc vA tu nhan; hd trp ky thuat tir trung tam khuyin ndng, eong ty eung cap dau vAo; eung cap thdng tin thi trudng, thuong mai qude tl, tidu ehuan chat lupng va nhimg thu tue xuat khau eung nhu chinh sAch dupc hd trp tir Chinh phu, chinh quydn dja phuong cAc cap, Hiep hdi Luong thuc Viet Nam (VFT^, Tdng cdng ty Luong thuc mien Nam, Bd Ndng nghidp vA Phat trien ndng thdn, Bd Cdng thuong va Hai quan (Saddl).
b) Phan tich kinh te chudi gia tri gao
PhAn tieh kinh te ehudi giA tri liia gao can thdng nhat mpt sd cAch tinh to An, dd IA: (1) giA bAn va giA
hAng hda viing DBSCL nAm 2009
mua liia gao eua tat ea cAc tac nhan tham gia ehudi diu dupc qui ra gia gao (ty Id qui ddi la gia gao bAng 1,28 lan giA lua); (2) chi phi dau vAo ciia ndng dan gdm ehi phi gidng, phAn bdn vA thudc bao vd thuc vat, cAc chi phi cdn lai eua ndng dAn la chi phi tAng them (Bang 3); va (3) ehi phi dau vao eua eae tAc nhan di sau IA giA ban hoAe giA bAn trung binh eiia cAc tAc nhan di trudc tiiy thupc vAo kenh thi trudng.
Vdi CO eau ehi phi san xuat liia nhu trong bang 3, nAm 2009 gia thanh san xuat 1 kg lua ciia ndng dAn DBSCL IA 3.650 ddng, trong dd chi phi dau vao chiim ty trpng eao nhat (42,4%), k l din IA ehi phi thud lao ddng (20,6%) vA ehi phi lAi vay (14,4%), niu tinh ea ehi phi lai tra vAo eudi vu de mua dau vAo san xuat tiii ehi phi lAi vay nAy len den 17,2%. Cung luu y rAng, CO cau chi phi trdn chua ke ehi phi thud dat trdng lua vi hien nay cd hidn tupng ndng dan tiiud dat trdng liia (ehilm 10% ngudi san xuat lua theo diiu tra du lieu so cap nAm 2009) vdi chi phi trung binh tir 7-10 tridu ddng/ha/vu. Hay ndi cAch khac, chi phi nay khoang 1000 d/kg/vu. DAc bi|t, nAm 2010 ti-ong hai vu ddng xuan va he thu chi phi san xuat liia da tAng khoang 74,6% ti-ong khi gia ban lua tiling binh chi tAng 14,2% (sd lieu diiu ti-a bd sung 80 hp trdng lua d 4 tinh nghien ciru trong 2 vu liia ehinh nAm 2010).
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Bang 3. Co d u ehi phi san xuat liia
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Khoan chi
Gidng, phAn bdn, thudc bao vd thue vAt
Lao ddng thud Lao ddng nha
Khau hao (52) + dung eu sx (50)
Chi phi luu thdng (mua vAo...) Chi phi "Cd" (20) + an udng xudng gidng vA thu hoaeh
Chi phi thuy lpi TrA lai vay dau vAo 9 1 TrA lai vay ngan hang
Tdng giA thAnh lua GiA Ilia qui ra giA gao (*1,28)
cua ndng dAn d A g 1.548 752 350 102 60 120
90 102 526 3.650 4.672
% 42,4 20,6 9,6 2,8 1.6 3,3 2,5 2,8 14,4 100,0 Ngudn: Ket qua khio sit (MDI 2010)
Bang 4. GiA trj gia tAng ehudi
Theo tinh toAn d bAng 4 thi tdng lpi nhuan/kg gao eho toAn chudi IA 1.478 ddng (ddi vdi gao xuat khau) vA 1.940 d/kg (ddi vdi gao tieu thu ndi dia, eao ban gao xuat khau vi ed thdm tAc nhan nhA ban si/le). Thuong lAi/hAng xAo cd giA tri gia tAng thuan thap nhat d kdnh npi dia (2,0%) trong trudng hpp mua liia bAn lua eho nhA mAy xay xAt nhtmg ehi tidu nAy tAng ldn 18,9% trong trudng hop mua lua bAn gao lire cho nhA mAy xay xAt ho Ac edng ty dl xuat khau.
Ngudi bAn si/le ed lpi nhuan eao nhat trong ehudi IA 632 d/kg (32,6%), k l din la cdng ty (28,7%) vA ndng dAn (27,8%).
giA trj gao theo kdnh thj trudng
DVT:ddng-/kg
Kdnh 1: Chudi giA trj g 1. GiA bAn
2. Chi phi dau vAo 3. Chi phi tAng thdm 4. Tdng ehi phi 5. GiA tri gia tAng thuan
6.% GTGT thuan Kdnh 2: Chudi giA tri g 1. Gia bAn
2. Chi phi dau vAo 3. Chi phi tAng tiidm 4. Tdng ehi phi 5. GiA trj gia tAng thuan
6.% GTGT tiiuan
Ndng dAn
00
ao ndi dia 5.212 1.982 2.690 4.672 540 27,8 ao xuat kh
5.212 1.982 2.690 4.672 540 36,5
Thuang lAi (C) (F-C-PM-R
5.530 5.212 279 5.491 39 2,0*
in (F-C-PIV 6.700 5.212 1.208 6.420 280 18,9**
NhA mAy xayxAt
(PM) M-Co-W/R-l
6.100 5.530 447 5.977 123 6,3
NhA mAy lau bdng
(RM) Jser)
6.943 6.100 793 6.893 50 2,6 I-RM-Co-Export)
6.163 5.530 447 5.977 186 12,3
6.943 6.100 793 6.893 50 3,4
Congty (Co)
7.771 6.100 1.115 7.215 556 28,7
8.142 6.581 1.139 7.720 422 28,6
BAn si/le (W/R)
9.454 6.943 1.879 8.822 632 32,6
Tdng cdng
1.940 100,0
1.478 100,0 Gii gao bing =1,28 gii Ida (gii lua/0,66 - gii tam cim (4000) *0,35kg)
(*) Mua Ida bin Ida; (* *) Mua Ida bin gao luc Trudng hop ndng dan ban liia true tiip cho cdng ty thi cd lpi nhuan cao hon, vi giA liia ban dupc la 4.300 d/kg, qui ra giA gao la 5.504 d/kg, sau khi trir di tdng ehi tiii ndng dAn edn lai 832 d/kg (tAng 54%
so vdi trudng hpp bAn qua thuong lAi va d c tac nhan khac). Vi vay, vi|c tAng cudng phat triin Udn kit dpe la hit sure quan trpng de tAng lpi nhuan, tAng chat lupng vA giam chi phi trung gian.
Trong phan tich tdng hpp kinh te chudi lua gao nam 2009 (bang 5), ndng dAn nhan 25,6% lpi nhuan/kg gao, 39,2% tdng lpi nhuan va 22,3% tdng thu nhap trong toan chudi. Tuy nhidn, vdi thu nhap nay niu trung binh mdi ndng hd trdng liia ed 5 nhAn khau thi thu nhap trung binh/nhan khau se IA 727.062 ddng/thang vA khoang 908.828 ddng/thAng
Bang 5. Phan tich tdng hpp
niu hd cd 4 nhAn khau. Didu nay cho thay rAng mAc dii ndng dAn cd lpi nhuan tuong ddi eao trdn 1 kg gao sAn xuat ra so vdi vAi tae nhan khae trong chudi nhtmg thu nhap vl liia gao tinh tren dau ngudi van rat thap. Hon nua, theo k i t qua diiu tra nAm 2009 mdi nam thu nhap trir ehi tieu cua ndng hd trdng lua cdn du khoang 1 tri|u ddng/nAm.
kinh t l chudi glA tri gao nAm 2009 TAc nhAn
1. San lupng sAn xuat (1000 tan)
Sin lupng (1000 Lin)*
2. GiA bAn (d/kg) 3. Lpi nhuan (d/kg) 4. Tdng lpi nhuan - GP
(tyd)
5. Tdng thu nhap - GI (ty d)
6. % Lpi nhuan/kg 7. % tdng lpi nhuan 8. % tdng thu nhap 9. GP/ndnghp (d) 10. Gl/ndnghd (d) 11. GP/ ngudi/thAng (d) 12. GI/ngudi/tiiAng (d)
Ndng dAn 12.220
5.212 540 6.599 63.691
25,6 39,2 22,3 3.421.233 33.021.233
94.161 908.828*
(4 khau/hp) 727.062 (5 khau/hp)
Thuon glAi 11.377
6.700 280 3.186 76.226
13,3 18,9 26,7
NM xay xAt
4.033
6.163 186 750 24.855
8,8 4,5 8,7
NM lau bdng
1.466
6.943 50 73 10.178
2.4 0,4 3,6
Cdng ty 9.348
8.142 422 3.995 76.111
20,0 23,7 26,7
BAn si/le 3.629
9.454 632 2.293 34.308
30,0 13,6 12,0
Tdng cdng
2.110 16.846 285.370
100,0 100,0 100,0
(*) 1kg Ida = 0,66 kg gao
VN: 1,46 tiieu hd tidng Ida vi 216 cdng ty xua't khau gao nim 2009 Ngoai ra, trong co eau kmh t l ehudi giA tri, ndng
dAn ed lpi ieh eao vl tdng thu nhap vA tdng lpi nhuan nhung do cd hon 1,46 tridu hd trdng lua sAn xuat manh mun vA ehu ky sAn xuat keo dAi (34 thang/vu) so vdi eae tAe nhAn kinh doanh khAe trong ehudi (hAng ngay ed thi bAn ra hAng ehue tan lua gao), diiu nAy dan din thu nhap va lpi nhuan trdn mdt don vj hd san xuat lua trong 1 nAm thap hon rat nhiiu so vdi tat cA cAc tAe nhAn khAe trong ehudi.
2. Chiin lupc nAng d p ehudi vA d c giai phAp Chiin lupc nAng cap ehudi va cAc giai phAp vl ehinh sAeh ed lien quan dupc d l xuat dua trdn cAc co sd: (1) phAn tich ehudi giA tri hidn tai vl lua gao nAm 2009; (2) phAn tieh kinh t l ehudi; (3) phan tich hau can ehudi; (4) phan tieh nil ro vA quan ly nii ro ehudi eung img lua gao; (5) phAn tieh SWOT to An ngAnh
hAng vA (6) phan tich cac ehinh saeh ed lidn quan din sAn xuat vA tidu tiiu lua gao. Tir dd, d l nAng cap tdt ehudi giA tri lua gao can k i t hpp xem xit cac ehiln lupc nhir ehiln lupc cAt giam ehi phi toAn chudi; nAng cao chat luong; dau tu edng nghd cimg vdi cai tiin vA phat triin chinh saeh vl md ed lidn quan.
i) Chien lupc eit giam chi phi KhAu sAn xuAt:
Trudc hit chi phi san xuat lua cd till cAt giam thdng qua vide ndng dan can hpp tac va hpp ddng vdi eae nhA eung img dau vao d l mua vdi san lupng ldn vA chat lupng eao cd chiet khau ti-en doanh sd mua (it nhat IA 5%) cung nhu giam dupc chi phi luu tiidng, ngoai ra cdn hudng dupc cac chinh sach uu dai cua nhA cung cap dau vao vl vide ti-a dan va gdi dau sau
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE mdt vu sAn xuat. Thir hai, tAng eudng vA quan ly tdt
cAc chuong trinh vl ky thuat sAn xuat: Ung dung rdng rai chuong trinh "3 giAm, 3 tAng" va chuong trinh "1 phai 5 giAm". CAc ehuang trinh nAy giAm dAng kl lupng dau vAo eho san xuat trdn 1 ha gieo trdng ea vl gidng eung nhu vat tu. Cudi eiing IA hpp ddng bAn san pham dau ra nhAm giam ehi phi ltm thdng vA ehi phi giao dieh, tAng giA ban.
KhAu luu thdng:
Can tAng eudng vA phat triin lidn kit dpe giua cdng ty vA ngudi sAn xuat nhAm nit ngAn kdnh thi trudng ehudi, giam tAc nhan trung gian va chi phi trung gian (kl ca giAm chi phi dau vAo vA ehi phi tAng thdm). NgoAi ra, giAm ehi phi luu thdng vA tiip thi bang each tAng eudng eAe lien kit ngang giiia nhung nhA sAn xuat qui md nhd vdi nhau, san xuat tap trung qui md ldn, giA thAnh eanh tranh. Rat can thiet dl xem xit dau tu nAng cap cang Can Tho, nao vet long sdng dl md rdng cAng dAp ung vide md rdng xuat khau true tidp eae mAt hang ehii lire cua DBSCL nhu tdm, cA, trai eay va liia gao true tiip tai cang Can Tho. Diiu nAy sd giam dupe ehi phi luu thdng rat ldn.
b) Chien lupc ning cao cha't lupng
Qua nghien eim ngudi tidu diing npi dia eho thay hau hit mdi tinh diu sir dung gidng dia phuong va cac gidng nay phue vu nhu eau tidu diing cua tinh.
Ddi vdi cae tinh thilu hut lua gao thi mua liia gao tir DBSCL tap trung vAo cAc loai gao nhu TAi Nguydn, Dai Loan, Mdng Chim vA ThAi Thom. Vi vay, ehat lupng lua gao can dupc tap trung nang cap d cAc khau chinh nhu sau:
• Qui hoaeh vA nAng cao cAe chuong trinh gidng qude gia dl phuc vu mue tidu xuat khau thdng qua nghidn euu nhu cau tidu diing cAc thi trudng xuat khau vA qua du bAo cau vl tidu dimg gao.
• PhAt triin chuong trinh gidng dia phuong phue vu nhu eau tieu dung npi dia qua nghien ciiu thi hiiu va CO eau tidu diing ndi dia d l san xuat cho phii hpp.
• Ung dung cac chuong trinh chat lupng qude gia vA qude tl trong toan chudi nhu VietGAP hoAc GlobalGAP.
Tdm lai, can nghidn cuu cho ra hai bd gidng liia:
Mpt bd gidng eho xuat khau dupc quan ly cap vl md va mdt bd gidng dAnh eho tidu thu ndi dia dupc quan ly bdi dia phuong. CAc van d l khAc lidn quan din
chat luong lua gao can kit hop vdi ehiln lupc dau tu edng nghd dxicyc trinh bAy dudi dAy.
c) Chie'n lube dau tu cdng nghe
Hidn tai trong san xuat lua d DBSCL ty Id ndng dAn su dung edng nghd sau thu hoaeh edn ehua eao (chtra din 20% didn tich gieo trdng dupc thu hoaeh bAng mAy mde) do bd viing, bd thua vA mAt bAng rudng ehua bao dam thu hoaeh bang mAy mdc.
NgoAi ra, vide mua mAy gAt dap lien hpp chat lupng eao edn rat tdn kim. Tuy nhidn, d l quan ly hidu qua ehudi cung irng, giam that thoAt sau thu hoaeh vA nAng eao chat lupng lua gao thi vide sir dung edng n g h | sau thu hoaeh IA rat can thilt vA quan trpng, bao gdm:
• TAng eudng edng nghd sau thu hoaeh: gdm may gat dap hdn hpp, mAy say (hidn tai ehi ed 22,5%
san lupng lua dupc say bang mAy say), cdng nghd trir Ilia gao dAm bao chat lupng theo xu hudng hpp tAc hdn kit dpe vA ngang, IA co sd dl cimg san xuat, ciing sir dung cdng nghd, giam chi phi, giam that thoAt vA giur chat lupng.
• Dau tu cdng n g h | xay xAt ehi biin d dia phuong: Can phAt triin cac md hinh lidn kit dpe bao tidu san pham bAng cAch dau tu cAc nha may Udn hpp d dia phuong d l thu mua lua, say lua, chi biin, dtr trur vA xuat khau, diiu nAy se gdp phan day manh lidn kit ngang va giam that tho At sau thu hoaeh, nAng eao chat lupng Ilia gao.
• XAy dung kho (silo) du tru liia gao qui md ldn cap qude gia, viing (cAc diiu kidn du trir phai bao dam tuyit ddi) nhAm giii gia trj liia gao (bAn khi ndn bAn), dao bam chat lupng, bao dam an ninh luong tiiue qude gia, binh dn giA, dAp iing nhu d u xuat khau vA tidu diing ndi dja.
V. KET LUAN
Hoat ddng ehudi giA tri lua gao d DBSCL cdn qua rat nhiiu khAu trung gian, eu thi bao gdm: khAu dau vAo (gidng, phan bdn, thude trir sAu, b|nh...), khAu san xuat (ndng dan, eau lae bd ndng dan,...), khAu thu gom (thuong lAi/hAng xAo), khAu chi biin (nha may xay xat, lau bdng vA cdng ty), khAu thuong mai (edng ty, ban si/le) va tidu diing (ndi dia vA xuat khau).
Gia trj gia tAng cua toan ngAnh hang thap vA phai phan phdi eho nhiiu tac nhAn tham gia ehudi (bao gdm ca ehudi gia trj liia gao tidu thu ndi dia vA chuoi giA tri Ilia gao xuat khau). Dac bidt ddi vdi ehudi giA
tri Ilia gao xuat khau, tinh toan kinh k l ehudi mdi ehi dimg lai d cdng ty xuat khau liia gao ciia Vidt Nam, edn it nhat 3 tae nhan nira chia se gia tri gia tAng cua chudi nAy mA chiing ta khdng till tinh toAn dupc dd IA edng ty nhap khau, bAn si va bAn 11 d nudc ngoAi.
KhAu thuang mai tiiudc 3 tAc nhan nAy ehilm ty trpng giA ti-j gia tAng tiiuan rat ldn trong chudi giA tri.
Theo cAch tinh kmh t l ehudi gia tii lua gao npi dia thi 3 tAc nhan nAy ehilm 61,3% tdng giA tri gia tAng thuan trdn 1 kg gao dupc bAn. Nhu vay, ddi vdi chudi giA tri lua gao xuat khau thi ty Id nAy edn eao hon nhiiu.
Dl nganh hang liia gao phat triin bin viing trong tuong lai can cd nhieu ehiln lupc kit hpp nhu (1) ehiln lupc cAt giam chi phi toAn ehudi d l tao ra giA tiiAnh canh ti-anh; (2) ehiln lupc nang eao chat lupng d l ed dupc san pham eanh tranh eao trdn thi trudng; (3) ehiln lupc dau tu edng n g h | nhAm giam that thoAt, phAt triin lidn kit dpe giiia ndng dan vA edng ty dl giAm chi phi luu tiidng, nAng cao chat lupng; (4) phAt triin vA eai tiin ehinh sAeh nhAm hd trp tdt ban vA hieu quA hon ehudi nganh hAng.
TAI UlU THAM KHAO
1. DARDs, 2009. Bao cao tdng kit cua 13 Sd Ndng nghilp vA PhAt tiiln ndng tiidn vimg ddng bang sdng Ciru Long nAm 2009.
2. Eschbom, 2007. GTZ-ValueLinks - Value chain promotion metiiods.
3. GSO, 2009. Nidn giam TTidng kd eua Tdng cue Thdng kd Vidt Nam nAm 2009.
4. Kaplinsky, R., and M. Morris, 2000. A Handbook for Value Chain Research. The Institute of
Development Studies.
Http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/globaI/pdfs/VchNov01.p df.
5. M4P, 2007. Making value chains work better for the poor - A toolbook for practitioners of Value chain analysis.
6. MDI, 2010. Sd lidu diiu ti-a toAn chudi ngAnh hang lua gao d DBSCL nAm 2010. Vien Nghien eim PhAt triin DBSCL, Trudng Dai hpc Can Tha.
7. Nguydn Cdng Thanh va ctv, 2010. Dinh gia va phit trien sin xuat, xuat khi'u Ida gao vi tap huan nang cao nhan thuc cho cac thinh vien tiong hoat dpng nay. Bao cAo nghidn eim khoa hpe d l tAi cap tinh Hau Giang. Vidn Lua ddng bAng sdng Cuu Long 2010.
8. Recklies, D., 2001. The value chain, available:
http://tiiemanager.org/models/ValueChain.htin.
9. VASEP, 2009. Sd Udu tiidng kd xuat khau gao qua nhiiu nAm (virww.vasep.com.vn).
RICE VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS IN THE MEKONG DELTA in 2009 Summary
Vo Thi Thanh Loc, Nguyen Phu Son
"Value chain analysis of rice product in tiie Mekong delta in 2009" based on an integrated approach of Kaplinsky and Morris (2000), Recklies (2001). GTZ ValueLinks (2007) and M4P (2007) along witii direct intemews of 549 individual chain actors and 10 groups in tiie four research provinces. Research results consist of (1) Analysis of present rice value chain including domestic rice value chain and export rice value chain; (2) Chain economic analysis includes production cost, cost-added, value added net value added (profit), chain income of each actor and tiie entire chain; (3) Analysis of risks, management and policy issues of the rice chain; (4) SWOT analysis focuses on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as weU as examines rice chain quality problems. Finally, chain upgrading strategies of rice product are developed to improve chain value added, profit, income, competitive advantage and rice chain sustainable development in the Mekong delta particularly and in Vietiiam generally.
Keyword: Actor, added value, rice and value chain.
Ngudi phan bi|n: GS.TS. TrAn Dinh D ^
