NUOI NHAN VA st DUNG KEEN VANG
(OECOPRYLLA SMARAGDINA - HYMENOPTERA:
FORMICIDAE) TREN CAY CO MUI (CITRUS)
\nDNG DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG
Nguyin Thi Thu Cue - Dang Tien Diing TrUdng Dai hoc Can Thcf
I. M d D A U
Bd m d n BVTV, Trirdng Dai hgc Can Tho da k h a n g dinh vai trd eua kien vang Oecophylla smaragdina trong viec khd'ng che sU gay h a i cua nhieu dich hai quan t r g n g t r e n cam quit, va dd la yeu to quan trgng, trong qui t r i n h IPM de quan ly cdn t r u n g va n h e n h a i t r e n cam quit t a i DBSCL. Viec sd dung k i e n v a n g tren cac vxTdn cam quit la r a t can t h i e t n h a m h a n che va khae phgc viee l a m dgng hda chat bao ve thgc vat. DBSCL la vdng r a t thich hgp cho sg p h a t t r i e n eua kien vang, va nhieu ba eon ndng d a n da cd k i n h nghiem sd dung k i e n vang. Mgt trong nhdng khd k h a n eua nhieu hd t r d n g cam quit chuyen canh h i e n nay la b i e n p h a p dinh ciT kien vang va sd dgng kien vang mgt each cd hieu qua t r o n g qui t r i n h IPM. Nhdng ke't qua nghien cdu trong nhieu n a m qua, da giup chung tdi xay dgng dugc mot qui t r i n h ky t h u a t sd dgng va gay dgng kien vang t r e n cay cd mui, qui trinh nay dang dugc phd bie'n rgng rai d vdng DBSCL (Nguyin Thi Thu Cue va ctv, 2001).
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Hinh 1: Hinh vl ti'n cdng cic loai mdl khic nhau cua kien ving 0.smaragdina
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Hinh 2: Kha ning khdng che con trung vi nhen gay hai tren ciy co mui (Citrus) (A) vi qui trinh quan ly dich hai tdng hdp tren ciy cd mui (B)
II. KY THUAT sCr DyNG KIEN VANG TREN CAY CO MUI
Ngirdi suf dung can hieu biet ve cae dac diem sinh hge va sinh t h a i eua kie'n vang dac biet la n h a n dien va p h a n biet duge cac ea the trong quan the kien vang.
1. N h a n d i $ n cac ca the t r o n g q u a n t h e k i e n v a n g
Kien la loai edn trdng sd'ng t h a n h quan t h e . Mgt quan the kien cd the cd h a n g chuc n g a n eon kien. Trong quan t h e cd 4 n h d m ca t h e cd h i n h d a n g k h a c nhau:
Kien t h g ldn, kien thg nhd, kien due va kien chda (thg t i n h hoac chu'a thg tinh).
Mdi n h d m ca the cd n h d n g n h i e m vg r a t chuyen biet. Viee n h a n dien cung nhir hieu biet ve vai trd cua cac n h d m ea t h e kien trong quan t h e r a t can t h i e t cho viee nudi n h a n va sd dgng t h a n h cdng kien v a n g t r e n cac virdn cay a n t r a i .
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A B C Hinh 3: Kien thd (Idn va nho) (A ) ; kien chuc va kien thd (B); cic dang ci the trong quan the kien (C)
2. Ky t h u a t n u o i n h a n k i e n v a n g
Sg t h a n h cdng cua viec nudi va phat trien kien vang tren viTdn cam quit tuy thugc rat nhieu vao giai doan dau, giai doan dUa kien ve \ardn, thudng thi khi kien da dinh cir duge va dieu kien noi d mdi (vudn mdi) thich hgp, kien se sinh sdi va phat trien rat nhanh.
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- Bii&c 1: Chudn bi viicfn triidc khi diia kii'n vdo viidtn
De tao dieu kien cho kien ton tai va phat trien lien tge quanh nam, nen trong xen trong virdn mgt vai cay cd than cao ma kien rat thich lam td nhir cdc, xoai hoac trdng quanh virdn cac loai cay nhir binh bat, mang cau, man, xoai, cdc..Tnrdc khi dira kien vang mdi vao vUdn, can loai bd nhdng ngudn kien vang cu khac va dac biet la phai loai bd kien hdi Dolichodorus thoraeicus de tranh hien tugng danli nhau giu'a cae nhdm kien nay. Hai tuan l i trirdc khi dUa kien vao vUdn , can ngiftig phun eac loai thud'c trd sau, trd ed va ea eac loai thud'c trd benh.
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Hinh 4: Kien hdi (A), siI ddi khing gida Kien ving va Kien hoi (B va C)
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Hinh 5. Ciy khd d vi tri 2 quan the kien vang dinh nhau
- Bii&e 2: Diia kii'n vdo viicfn
Thdi gian dira kien vao virdn: Cd the dira kien vao vUdn quanh nam, tuy nhien td't nha't la vao luc kien phan dan, td thang 5 de'n thang 11, thdi diem nay co siT hinh thanh kien chua va kien due nhieu nha't trong nam, day la nhdng ca the can thiet cho viec thiet lap lau ben mgt quan the mdi. Neu quan sat trong to se thay ed rat nhieu nhdng hoac a'u trung eua kien ehua. Day eung la thdi diem cay ra 1^
non, hoa nhieu nha't trong nam, dieu kien td't cho kien xay td nhanh va cung la thdi diem eay ha'p dan nhieu loai cdn trdng la thdc an eho kien.
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A B Hinh 7. Nhdng cua kien chua va kien thd (A), i'u trung cua kien chua va kien thd
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Hinh 8. Nhdng cua a'u trung kie'n chua vi nhdng ciJa a'u trung kien thd (A) Au trung va nhdng cua kien chua (Bj
* Phiiotng phdp diia kiin vdo viictn
- Truang hgp nguon kien dd co sdn d nhdng vUdn ldn can
Neu vUdn l a n can ed nhieu kie'n (nudi kie'n) thi sg p h a t t r i e n eua kie'n sang cac virdn mdi d chung quanh thudng vao giai doan p h a n d a n t a p t r u n g , kie'n chua sau khi thg tinh, cd t h e bay sang cae vUdn lan can de t h i e t lap quan t h e , vao eac thang nay neu virdn l a n can cd n h d n g yeu to' t h u a n lgi cho sg dinh eir va t h i e t lap quan the t h i quan t h e n a y se t h i e t lap r a t n h a n h trong cac virdn mdi n a y . De cd the sii dgng kie'n n h a n h , cdng ed the n h d kie'n td noi gan ke vao virdn m a chung ta muon gay dgng va p h a t t r i e n kie'n (khi dirge sg ddng y eua chu virdn l a n can). De nhil kie'n can tao dieu kien td't ve chd dinh eir (budc 1), thufc a n va dieu kien de di chuyen qua virdn mdi. Sd dgng sgi day ni ldng hay n h d n g c a n h t r e nhd nd'i lien to kie'n va noi ma chung t a mudn dUa kie'n vao, vi tri dUa vao cang g a n to kie'n cang td't vi Ide'n cdng k h d n g di qua xa, t r o n g vdng 100 m trd lai la td't nha't. Ben vUcfn, noi chung t a dua kie'n sang, n e n chgn eay ed la to, tuoi td't, dang ed nhieu la non, d mep vUdn, de t h e m thdc a n d vi tri nay (rugt ga, vit...) de n h d kie'n sang.
- TrUdng hgp nguon kien vdng khong co sdn d nhUng vUdn ldn can
Vao giai doan kie'n cd sU p h a n d a n t a p trung, thu t h a p cae td kie'n d nhdng ncfi k h a e de dUa vao vUdn. Khi thu t h a p td kie'n cd kie'n ehua t h u a n t h g c t h i td't nhat, tuy n h i e n viec xac dinh dugc td cd kie'n chda t h u a n t h g c la khd dd'i vdi ba con, vi vay bien p h a p don gian hOn la chgn cac td kie'n ed la bao edn x a n h , cd do to t r u n g b i n h tijf 20em trd len, eau tao bdi 2 ldp la t r d l e n vi cae to n a y thudng co nhieu kie'n ehua (mdi t h a n h lap, chua t h g t i n h ) va m a t sd' kie'n eung cao. De tranh kien diet l i n n h a u khi thu t h a p td kie'n, n e n thu t h a p cac td t r e n eung mgt cay (vi cae td kie'n n a y thudc eung mgt nhdm-eolony).va de vao cdng m g t tdi. Sd to t h a tdy thudc d i e n tich vUdn, tuy n h i e n sg t h a n h cdng b a n dau t u y thugc rat ldn va so' lugng td dugc t h a ban dau. T h a td t r e n cae c h a n g ba, c h a n g tU cua cay, chgn n h d n g cay ed la to, tuoi td't, d a n g cd nhieu la non hoac r a hoa. Ngay sau khi t h a treo thdc a n (rugt ga, vit, dau ea,... ) len cay cho kie'n a n ngay, de kie'n phuc hdi n h a n h hon.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE TOAN QUOC \t BVTV LAN T H C 3 368
N e u q u a n t h e kie'n dUa vao vUdn k h d n g co kie'n c h u a (da t h u a n thuc) h o a c cac k i e n c h d a va kie'n dgc (chUa t h u a n t h u c - v d a vu h d a ) t h i k h a n a n g t d n t a i cua q u a n t h e se k h d n g b e n lau, t d i da la chi keo dai t r o n g k h o a n g 1 n a m . Thdi g i a n n a y t d y thugc vao so' l u g n g td va so' l u g n g kie'n t h g dugc dua vao t r o n g vUdn.
Bii&c 3: Chdm soc vd tao dieu kien cho kien phdn bo deu trong viidn De kie'n ed dieu kien p h a t t r i e n va p h a n bd' deu trong vUdn, can :
- H a n che td'i da viec sd dgng thud'c bao ve thuc vat, n h a t la thud'c t r d sau, trong t h a n g dau t i e n , khi kie'n mdi dinh cU, ke ea tudi nUde len cay cd kie'n dinh cU.
Trong qua t r i n h nudi kie'n, khi b a t huge p h a i sd dgng thud'c de dd'i phd vdi mgt loai dich h a i nao dd, can sd dgng ede loai thud'c chgn lgc, h a n che td'i da so' lan phun xit, n e n phun vao buoi chieu k h i kie'n it h o a t ddng va da t a p t r u n g ve td hoac Ide s a n g sdm, t r a n h phun len cay cd td kie'n va dac biet la k h d n g dugc phun trgc tie'p l e n td.
- Tao dieu kien cho kie'n di chuyen td cay n a y sang eay k h a e de s a n mdi va lam td (giang day, gae eay...) trong trUdng h g p cae t a n eay k h d n g giao nhau.
- Khdng eho an thudng xuyen, chi cho a n vai ba t h a n g mgt lan vi cho a n nhieu, kie'n se t a p t r u n g noi cd thdc an, k h d n g di chuyen va san mdi. Thdc a n gdm nhdng chat du t h d a , re tien nhU rugt ga, vit, dau ca, com ngudi.
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A B Hinh 9. Cung cap thdc in cho kien ving (A), tao dieu kien cho kien dl chuyen tU ciy nay sang ciy khic
III. KY THUAT NUOI NHAN KIEN VANG
* N u o i n h S n txi cac to dvCdc d u n h a p v a o vu!cfn
Vdi phuong phap dUa cae to kie'n (cung mgt quan the) vao vUdn vao giai doan p h a n dan trong n a m thi sau khi dinh eU, kie'n vang ed the n h a n m a t sd r a t n h a n h trong
\'Udn, va cho ra nhieu quan the mdi trong mgt vUdn (gida quan the n a y va quan the Ichac deu cd r a n h gidi, d vdng r a n h gidi n a y thudng khdng cd sU hien dien cua Iden vang). Cho den gid, hau het viee nudi n h a n kien vang cua cae n h a vUdn deu duge thgc hien bkng phuong phap nay. De cd the nudi n h a n vdi mgt sd lugng ldn, cd the cd mgt sd lugng quan the ldn tren mgt dien tich hep. Chung tdi cdng da tie'n h a n h nudi n h a n
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CO.NG NGHE TO.VN QUQC VE BVTV L.\N T H O 3 • 369
kie'n vang td mgt kie'n chua ban dau trong dieu kien phdng thi nghiem va nha luai Ke't qua dat dugc r a t cd y nghia. Cdng ed the nudi n h a n kie'n vang tiJ' mgt kie'n chiia da thg tinh. Tuy n h i e n khi nudi n h a n tu' mgt kie'n ehua, t h i thdi gian de kie'n phat trien t h a n h mgt quan the cd sd lugng ldn, tuong dd'i ddi hdi mgt thdi gian kha dai
* N u o i n h a n tu: mpt k i e n chiia da t h u tinh
Vao giai doan p h a n dan, thu t h a p kie'n chda da thg t i n h t r o n g tU n h i e n (chung quanh vung cd eac quan the kie'n da t h u a n thgc), dem ve nudi t r o n g phdng thi nghiem, sau khi kie'n de va xua't h i e n a'u t r u n g tudi 2 (khoang 7 - 8 ngay sau khi t r d n g duge de) thi dUa kie'n ra to n h a n tao t r e n cay budi hoac cay cam (de trong n h a ludi). Cung cap thdc an la nUde dudng va cae loai ea nhd. Sau 3 - 4 thang khi quan the da p h a t t r i e n td't thi ed the dem ra vUdn de kie'n lam td t r e n vUdn.
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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Thdi gian phat trien (thang)
Hinh 10. Sl/ phit trien cusi sd lUdng td va sd ciy cd td tU mdt kien chua
IV. MOT SO KY THUAT DE HAN CHE KIEN CAN
Mae du vet cSn khdng gay ddc nhUng eung can h a n che td'i da kie'n can. De han che kien can t h i trong qua t r i n h nudi kie'n, khdng de kie'n p h a t t r i e n vdi m a t sd qua ldn trong vUdn. Cd the h a n che m a t so quan the bSng each loai bd mgt so td kie'n trong vUdn. Tdy theo ky t h u a t canh tac trong vUdn, m a so lugng td bie'n thay doi thudng t h i gid 1 quan the vdi khoang 5 td (ldn'nhd) eho mgt dien tich la 500m^ dieu quan trgng la eac td n a y cd sU p h a n bd' deu trong vUdn. Khi so to len qua nhieu, can loai bdt td r a khdi vUdn. Loai td khdng ed KC hoac c i t td, ddi to hoac ra phia ngoai vUdn sau khi cSt to (ddng keo eat trai), de chac chan trong td k h d n g cd kie'n chua, cd the md td de quan sat. Neu quan sat tha'y td ed kie'n, t h i n e n de to lai trong vUdn.
Khi vao vUdn cham sdc hoae thu hoach, can t r a n g bi mgt so bao hd lao ddng nhiT mac ao tay dai, quan dai (cai day thun), m a n g ung cd thoa bdt eu khoai mi, dau doi ndn, 1 - 2 gid trUde khi thu hoach, cd t h e phun nUde len eay, l a m mUa gia cho kien t a p trung bdt ve td. Vao giai doan trUdc khi thu hoach, can loai bd cae dUdng di chuyen eua kie'n, h a n che leo eay de h a i t r a i , sd dgng keo cat t r a i .
•:• HQI NGHI KHOA HQC CONG NGHE T0.\N QUOC VE BVTV LAN THLf 3 •:•
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. N g u y i n Thi Thu Cue, 1994. Mgt sd ke't qua nghien cdu ve sg lien he giQa kie'n v a n g Oecophylla smaragdina va b e n h greening t r e n cam quit (4/1994 - 10/1994). Tap chi Bao ve thgc vat, 6 (138), t r a n g 16-19.
2. B a r z m a m m n M.S., Nick J. Mills and Nguyen Thi Thu Cue, 1996. Traditional knowledge and Rationale for Weaver a n t Husbandry in t h e Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In: Journal of the Agriculture, Food, and H u m a n Values. Volume 13, N u m b e r 4, Fall 1996, p.2-9.
3. Van Mele P. and Nguyen Thi Thu Cue, 2000. Evolution and status of Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) as a pesdt control agent in t h e Mekong Delta, Vietnam. International Journal of Pest M a n a g e m e n t , 46(4), 295-301.
i. Van Mele P. and Nguyen Thi Thu Cue and A. Van Huis, 2002. Direct and indirect influences of the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina on citrus farmers pest perceptions and management practices in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. In:
I n t e r n a t i o n a l journal of pest m a n a g e m e n t , 48 (3), 225-232
). Nguyen Thi Thu Cue. 2005. Kie'n v a n g Oecophylla s m a r a g d i n a (Hymenoptera- Formicidae) va hieu qua sd dgng t r e n cay ed mui vdng DBSCL. Hdi Nghi Cdn T r u n g Hge Toan qud'e Lan Thd 5- H a Ngi 11-12/04/2005. Trang: 606-612 5. Van Mele P. and Nguyen Thi Thu Cue (2007). Ants as Friends. CAB mtemational
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