Xu hu'dng chuyen doi
doi Wofng nuoi torn nu'dc \a d Dong bing song Cu^u Long
TRAN HOANG HIEU*
NGavfiM PHU SON*' LE VAN D E - LE VAN GIA NHO""
NGGYIN THUY TRANG LE BClfG MENH QUAN Tom tat
Thong qua phong vdn trUc tii'p 366 ho nudi thiiy sdn vd idm ihe chdn trdng tai 4 tinh. gom:
Cd Mau. Bac Liiu, Sdc Trdng va Kiin Giang, nhdm tdc gid nghiin cdu xu hudng chuyen ddi ddi tugng nudi torn nudc la d Dong bang sdng Cdu Long (DBSCL), tit viec nuoi tdm su sang nudi tdm the chdn trdng. Kit qud nghiin cdu cho thdy, nguyin nhdn chlnh ddn di'n hdnh vi chuyen ddi ndy cua cdc ho nuoi Id de trdnh rdi ro trong qud trinh sdn xud't do nudi tdm ihe chdn irang cd chu ky kinh doanh ngan han nudi thuy sdn. Ke de'n do nhu cdu tiiu thu tdm the chdn Irdng trin thi irUdng ihe gidi gia tdng vd do tom the chdn trdng dS thich nghi vdi dieu kien Hi nhien d DBSCL, cdng nhu ndng sudt nudi cao.
Ttf khoa: chuyen ddi. tom su. tdm the chdn trdng Summary
Based on a survey of 366 aquaculture households and households raising white leg shrimps in 4 provinces of Ca Mau. Bac Lieu. Soc Trang and Kien Giang. the authors study the trend of transformation of brackish shrimps farming in the Mekong Delta, specifically raising white leg shrimps instead of black tiger shrimps. The output figures out the main reason for this transformation is that farmers want lo avoid production risks, because raising while leg shrimps has a short business cycle. In addition, there is an increasing demand for white leg shrimps in the world market. Finally, white leg shrimps are easily adapted to the natural conditions in the Mekong Delta and gain a high productivity.
Keywords: transformation, black tiger shrimps, white leg shrimps
GICll THIEU tom hi6n nay ci cac tinh vung Tay Nam Bo dang doi mat vdi nhieu kho khan va thdch thu'c, nhu": chat iufcfng DBSCL hay con ggi la vung TSy nguon con giong chifa dam bao, dich benh tren t6m Nam Bp, nam d ha \\Ju chau thd song thu'dng xuyen xay ra, moi tru'dng nudi ngay cang bi Me Kong la viing trpng diem ve san 6 nhilm Du'ng trifdc boi canh nay, ben canh viec ap xua't thuy san cua Vigt Nam. Dac biet, dung ky thuat nuoi tien tien, md rdng lien ket , cac hp v&ng CO ldi the ve dieu kien ttf nhien nuoi da co sif chuyen hiTdng thay ddi doi tu'dng nuoi de de phit tnen hoat ddng nudi tdm, hien duy tri va phat trid'n nghe nudi tdm nu'dc ip theo hu'dng viing Tay Nam Bp \k dia ban nudi torn chuyen ddi mot phan dien tich nudi thuy san sang nudi trpng diem cua ca nu'dc,' hoat dong nudi torn the chan trSng. Chinh vi viy, nhdm tac gia thu'c t6in da mang lai ngudn thu nhap dang hien nghien cifu nay nhSm thay du'dc xu hu'dng ya kl va cai thien cupc sd'ng cho ngu'di dan nguyen nhan, cung nhif de cd^nhu^ng diinh giii ban dau trong Viing. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh nudi ve tinh hieu qua cua sif chuyen ddi nay.
• Hoc vien Hanh chinh khu vi/c IV 1 , , '"", """^ Tru'dng Dai hoc Can Thd
!^Sdy nhqn bdi: 21/10/2019: Ngdy phdn bien: 12/11/2019. Ngdv duyet dang: 22/11/2019
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HiNH 1: Cd CAU Di|N TJCH NUOI TOM VCIMG DBSCL MAM 2016 Thdng qua 4 cudc thao luSn nhdm cung cho thay, co 5 nguyen^^t
BANG 1: DIEN BIEN SAN LUONG NUOI TOM VUNG DBSCL GIAI DOAN 2005-2016
Lone An Tien Giane Ben Tre Tra Vinh Kign Giane Soc Trane Bac Lieu Ca Mau Tong cong
2005 8 P 8 7 949 -•o-gs^
13 738 23 794 42.837 61 983 8L100 260.48 \
2010 6,487 is-'ftg
^7 751 21.254 35 737 6L128 64.627 107.964 340.737
7.564 18.716 45.173 37.525 51.482 110.954 101 61]
131 000 504.025 N g u o n . Sso cao quy hoach nuoi t o m nilOc la DBSCL 2015
va bao cao xaat khau thuy san 2016
PHaONC PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Nghien cu'u difcJc thifc hien chu yeu dira vao so' heu thtr ca'p ttr cac scl nong nghiep va phat trig'n nong thon d cac tinh DBSCL, Hiep hgi Che bie'n Xua't Idiau Thliy san (VASE?) va Nien giam Tho'ng ke ciia cac dia phuong vung DBSCL. Them vao do, nghien ciJu ciing da thuc hi$n phong van tru'c tie'p 366 h6 nuoi thiiy san va torn the chan trSng tai 4 tinh; Ca Mau (91 h6); Bac Lieu (59 hO), Soc Trang (207); va H e n Giang (9) theo phudng phap chon mau phi xac sua't, kieu thuSn tien de thu thap nhu'ng thong tin lien quan de'n hieu qua tai chinh. Thdi gian thUc hien khao sat la nam 2017.
KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
Hien trang nuoi torn ntit'fc l(f d BBSCL Dien tich nuoi torn nudc Id viing DBSCL tap trung chii y6'u tai 8 tinh ven bien goin; Long An, Tien Giang, B6'n Tre, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang, Bac Lieu, Kien Giang va Ca Mau vdi 2 doi ttrdng chinh la thiiy san va torn the chan trang. Nhin chung, dien tich nuoi torn ciia Vilng Ichong ngtfng tang len trong sud't giai doan 2005-2016, tff 551.470ha vao nam 2005, chu ye'u doi tifdng nuoi la thliy san. De'n nam 2010, tang 16n 589.172ha vdi doi tifdng nuoi thiiy san va torn the chan trang. Tinh de'n nam 2016, tie'p tuc tang len den 633.940ha (dien tich nuoi cua vdng chiem 94% dien tich nuoi torn ca nudc). Trong do, di6n tich nuoi thiiy san la 569.500ha chiem gan 90% va dien tich nuoi nuoi torn the chan trang la 64.440ha, chie'm gan 10% dien tich nuoi torn loan Viing (VASEP, 2016). Dac biet, trong giai doan 2010-2016, dien tich nuoi tom the chan trang dUdc phattrien manh.
nhan chinh dan de'n xu hudng chuyen doi doi tiidilg nudi nay. Cu the la; ThSi gian nuoi ngan (3 thiing so vdi 6 thang nuoi thuy san);
Niing suat cao; Thich nghi nhanh vdi thay ddi raoi tnfdng, khi hau va do man; Nhu cSu tom the chan trang tren thi trtfdng co;
va cud'i ciing la do tac dong cua chinh sach tai cd ca'u nganh nong nghiep chung cua ca nudc. Chinh vi vdy, dien tich nuoi tom the chan trang tang rat nhanh, tinh da'n nam 2016 dien tich nuoi torn the chan trang da tang gin 9 lan so vdi nam 2010 (tif 6.988ha tang len 64 440ha).
Tinh de'n 2016, ttong cac tinh nudi tom cua viing cd 3 dia phu'dng dSn dau la; Ca Mau co dien tich nuoi ldn nha't vdi 275.858ha, chie'm 43% dien tich nuoi torn Clia vilng, ke de'n la Bac Lieu vdi 131.46Iha chie'm 21% va Kien Giang vdi 106.610ha chie'm 17%, vdi da dang cac hinh thu'c nuoi; quang canh, quang canh cai hen, tom liia, torn rtfng. Do cac tinh nay cd dudng bd bien dai, cac kenh rach din ra bien nhieu, ntfdc man cung cap sSu vao trong da't hen. Trong khi dd, cac tinh nhu Long An va Tien Giang cd didn tich nudi torn tha'p nhat, do khong cd ldi the bd bien dai va he tho'ng kenh rach (Hinh 1).
Cling vdi dd, san lifdng tdm nuoi gia tang kha nhanh qua cac nam tijf mdc san lu'dng dat dtfdc trong nam 2005 lit 260.481 tan de'n nam 2010 san lifdng tang gap 1,3 lan so vdi nam 2005 dat 340.737 ta'n. Dac biet, cilng vdi phat trien dien tich nuoi thdy san, ttf nam 2008 torn the chan ttang dudc dda vao san xua't vii phat trien theo hinh thifc nuoi cdng nghiep, nen nang sua't kha cao, gdp phan gia tang nhanh san ludng tdm nuoi cua toan Vilng. San ludng tdm nudi toin Viing nam 2016 dat 504.025 tan, chie'm 82,7% san san iudng tom nudi ca nttdc (san Ittdng nuoi ca nttdc nam 2016 la 609.300 tan). Trong dd, san Ittdng thily san lii 250.926 tan chiera 49,8% va san Ittdng torn the chan trSng dat 253.099 tan chie'm 50,2% (Bang 1)
Mac dil Kien Giang lit mot ttong 3 tinh (Ca Mau, Kien Giang va Bac Lieu) cd dien tich nudi tdm Idn nha't ciia DBSCL nhttng vS raat sin Ittdng th) Kien Giang khdng thuoc 3 tinh dSn dau, thay vao dd la tinh Sdc Triing. Nguyen nhan lit do Cii Man, Bjc Lieu va Sdc Trang la 3 tinh cd dien tich nuoi cong nghiep phat trie'n vdi quy ldn nen nang suat dat kha cao Trong
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D i / b ^khi Kien Giang, mac du cd dien tich nudi ldn, nhifng phan ldn nudi theo hinh thu'c quang canh cai tien va ban cdng nghiep nen nang suat nudi dat tha'p (Hinh 2).
Tom lai, thdi gian tif nam 2005 de'n 2016, tinh hinh nudi torn niTdc Id d vung DBSCL cd xu hiTdng gia tang ca ve mat dien tich va san lifdng nudi, dac biet la torn the chan trang da cd td'c do tang tnfdng rat nhanh tii nam 2010. Trong khau nuoi, SLf dich chuyen tif dien tich nudi thuy san sang nudi tdm the chan trSng da trd thanh xu hifdng rat rd ret. Nguyen nhan chu quan va khach quan xua't phat ttf cac ho nudi va do nhu cau thi trifdng. Dien tich va san lifdng nudi thuy san va tdm the chSn trang tSp trung chu yfe'u d cac tinh ven bien, noi bat nha't d cac tinh Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Kidn Giang va Sdc Trang.
Hi^u qud tdi chinh cua mo hinh nuoi thuy sdn vd tdm the chdn trdng theo hinh thiic thdm canh
Nhif da difdc de cSp d tren, cd 5 ly do chinh dan de'n hanh vi chuyen doi dd'i tifcfng nuoi tdm nu'dc Id, tif thiiy san sang torn the chdn trang, trong dd khdng cd ly do ve hieu qua tai chinh. De kiem chd'ng lai k6't qua danh gia nay, nghien cii'u da tien hanh khao sat 366 hd nudi thuy san va nuoi tdm the chan trdng theo hinh thitc tham canh. Ket qua so sanh ve hieu qua tai chinh giffa 2 md hinh nudi nay difdc trinh bay trong Bang 2.
Ket qua phan tich d Bang 2 cho tha'y, mac dil so vdi md hinh nudi thuy san tham canh, cac hp nudi tdm the chan trang theo hinh thu'c tham canh ban tdm dffdc v6i gia tha'p hon, doanh thu, Idi nhuan, ty suat ldi nhuan deu tha'p hdn. Nhffng ngifdc iai, cac hp nay cd dffdc nang sua't cao hdn va ho nudi dffdc nhieu vu hdn trong nam so vdi nudi thuy san. Day la mot trong nhffng ly do ve mat tai chinh khien hp quye't dinh chuyen doi, do ho ky vpng CO du'dc ldi nhuan on dinh hdn do tranh difdc nhieu riii ro do dich benh va tac dong xS'u cua Einh trang bie'n doi khi hau dang diln ra ngay cang gay gat.
HIMH 2: CO CAG S A N HiOnc MOOI TOM VGNG TAY NAM B NAM 2016
•^quon Bdo r a o quy "ch nuoi torn nudc lO Ming DBSCL den nam 2020, tarn nhm 2030
BAMG 2: HtEa QUA TAI CHINH CUA 2 MO HINH MCOI THGY SAN VA TOM THE CHAN TRANG THAM CANH
Khoan muc Nang sual (kp/ha) Gia ban (1.000 d/kp) Doanh thu (1000 d/ha) Tf^ng chl {1.000 d/ha) Ldi nhuan (10 000 d/ha) T^ suat l<Ji nhuan (%) Gia thanh (I OOOd/kg)
Tflmsu 3 691
165 609 015 332 412 276 603 83,2 90
T8m the chan trang 4.654
115 535.210 350.677 184.533 52,6 75 Chu thich gid bdn trong bdng Id gid bdn trong trUdng hop bdn cho thuong ldi
Nguon Tdng hidp theo sd lieu khao 5aL 20 I /
KET LUAN
Ke't qua nghien cffu cho th^'y, nguyen nhan chinh din de'n hanh vi chuyen ddi nay cua cac hd nudi 1^ dd tranh rui ro trong qua trinh san xuS't do nudi tdm the chan trang cd chu ky kinh doanh ngan hdn nudi thiiy san. Kd' de'n do nhu cau tieu thu tdm the chan trang tren thi trffdng the gidi gia tang va do tdm the chan trang dd thich nghi vdi dieu kien tff nhien d DBSCL, cung nhff nang sua't nudi cao.
iVlac dll dang trong xu hffdng tang trurdng nhanh, nhffng viec nudi tdm the chan trang vSn gap phai nhffng khd khan nhat dinh, nhff: dich benh phat trien, ket ca'u ha tang cua cac viing nudi chu'a dffdc xay dffng hoan thien, ngu'di nudi phai tuan thu quy trinh ky thuat nudi mdt each nghieni ngat hdn so vdi nudi thuy san, nguon tdm gid'ng khdng sSn cd d vilng DBSCL. Them vao dd, mdt khd khan khac mang tinh chie'n Iffdc cho nganh thliy san la chffa cd quy hoach viing nudi tdm the chan trSng cho vung DBSCL dffa tren cd sd danh gia toan dien ve hieu qua kinh te', xa hdi va mdi tru'dng.Q
TAI L i l u THAM KHAO
1. VASEP (2014-2018). Bdo cdo xudl khdu thuy sdn cua Viet Nam cdc ndm, ti^ 2014 de'n 2018 2. Vien Kinh te va Quy hoach thuy san (2015) Bdo cdo quy hogch nuoi tom nuac lg vung
£>BSCLdi'n ndm 2020. tdm nhin 2030 . -,n7 ? ^-' -jni^
3. AgroMonitor (2013-2016). Bdo cdo thudng niin ngdnh thuy san cac «"'"•/"'fW^J^^f" ^l^^^l _,4. Tdng cue Thd'ng ke (2011-2019). Nien gidm Tho'ng ke cdc ndm. tit 2010 den 2018. Nxb Thdng ke