TAP CHi KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE GIAO THONG VAN TAI, S 6 15-5/2015 63
L I T A C H O N D A C T R I T N G T O I UtJ TAU HANG KHO HOAT
DONG THUY NOI DIA TUYEN CAN THO - CA MAU DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO SHIPS
TRAVELLING ON THE INLAND WATERWAY CAN THO - CA MAU
KS Nghiem Thanh Liem', PGS. TS VS Ngoc Bich^
'NhdmdyX55, email: [email protected]
^Trudng Bai hpc Giao thdng van tdi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, email: [email protected]
Tom tdt: Bdi bdo trinh bdy tdng quan vi thuc trgng vd nhu cdu van tdi hdng hda tuyin dudng thuy ndi dia Cdn Tha — Cd Mau hiin nay. Tren ca sd nhu edu van tdi vd tuyin ludng, phdn tich lua chgn cde dae trung chii yeu tdi icu cua tdu hdng khd hoat ddng phii hpp tren tuyen. Bdi bdo ciing de xudt mdt so gidiphdp nhdm ndng cao ndng luc van chuyin hdng hda tren tuyen.
Tie khda: Kich thudc chu yiu, tdu hdng khd, vgn tdi thuy ngi dia.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the status and the demand of freight in the inland waterway Can Tho - CaMau now. Based on the needs of transport and the route, this paper analyzees and determines the optimal mainly characteristics of cargo ships travelling on the route. The paper also proposes some solutions to improve freight capacity on the route.
Keywords: Main dimensions, dry vessel, inland waterway.
1. Mdd^u
Thanh phd Cdn T h a vd tinh Cd Mau Id hai dia phuong nam trong vimg kinh tg trpng diem (KTTD) vimg Ddng bang sdng Cim Long (DBSCL) bao gdm 4 tinh, thanh phd la Cdn Tho, An Giang, Kien Giang vd Ca Mau.
theo sd lieu thdng ke, vimg Viing KTTD viing DBSCL cd tdi 10.000 km sdng kgnh cd khd ndng vdn tdi, trong do cd gan 2.500 km sdng kgnh phu hgp cho phuang tien trpng tai 50-100 tdn. He thdng kenh rach tao dieu kien het siic thudn Igi cho viec phat trign van tai thuy trong khu vyc. Ty le dam nhdn ciia van tdi thuy ndi dia la 33,4% vg hang hod vd 51,1% ve hanh khach so vdi toan vung (1).
Viing KTTD vimg DBSCL cd vi tri dia kinh tg quan trgng, thuan Igi cho phdt trien kmh t i va giao thuong khu vyc. Nganh vdn tdi thuy trong khu vyc nhiing nam gan day phat trien rat manh me, cac cang ldn dugc xdy dyng, ddi tdu sdng phat trign nhanh chdng ca v i sd lugng vd chdt lugng, viec thdng thuong hang hod ngdy cang dugc cdi thien dang ke. Tuy nhign do ludng lach trong khu vyc ndy day dac, nhung lai khdng ddng cdp, nhat Id dp sdu; nhieu cay cau da cu, cd chigu cao tinh khdng va chigu rpng thdng thuyin h?m chg. Nhigu doan, tiiyin sdng cd m^t do giao thdng cao nhung vdn tan dyng ty
nhign la chinh. Cac cua sdng bi bdi lang khd Idn, nhieu chudng ngai vat. Sd ben thuy ngi dia nhiiu nhung trang hi bde xep hang hda chua hien dai, dudng bd kgt ndi vdi ben cdn nhiiu ban c h i (2). Diiu ndy cdn trd nhigu tdi ndng cao kha nang van tai DTND trong khu vyc ciing nhu d timg dia phuong ndi rieng.
Bai viet tap chung nghign ciiu ddc digm tuygn van tai thuy ndi dia ndi kgt hai dia phuang trong viing KTTD vimg DBSCL Id thanh phd Can Tho va tinh Ca Mau, ddng thdi nghign ciiu mdt sd dac trung co ban va kich thudc chu ygu cua cdc tdu hang khd da ddng va dang khai thac trong nhimg nam gan day, tign co sd do dg xudt cac dac trung chu yeu cua tau hang khd cho tuygn hoat ddng nay cung nhu mdt so giai phap tang cudng nang lyc van tai thuy ngi dia tren tuyen dac tnmg tign.
2. Hien trang cff sd ha tang giao thdng DTND tuyin Cdn Thff- Ca Mau
2.1. Cdc tuyin ©TND
Dia hinh cua viing KTTD viing DBSLC ndi chung cd cac tuygn sdng, kenh rach day dac, tao thanh mpt mang ludi lien kgt lien hoan, n i i tir cac hd gia dinh tdi true van tai thiiy chinh. Tir Can Tho dgn Ca Mau hien cd 3 tuyin DTND chinh, bao gdm:
64 i
Journal of transportation science and technology. Vol 15, May 2015
2.1.1. Tuyin Cdn Tha di Cd Mau qua kenh xdng Xd No
Tit Cang Can Tha, dgc theo sdng Hau khodng 7 km dgn nga 3 Rach Can Tho, re vao rach Can Tha (17,2 km), tir day den bgn xgp dd Cd Mau dai khoang 162 km. Toan tuyen di qua 12 sdng, kenh va dia ban 5 tinh thdnh: Cdn Tha, Hdu Giang, Kien Giang, Bac Lieu, Cd Mau.
Ddy la tuyen van tdi qudc gia huyet mach ciia DTND tir Thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh qua Can Tho ve Ca Mau, hay cdn dupc xem nhu "con dudng lua gao" ciia cd viing KTTD vimg DBSCL.
2.1.2 Tuyin Cdn Tho di Cd Mau qua Rpch Cdi Cdn (tuyen Qudn Ld - Phung Hiep) Tii Cdng Cdn Tho, chay dpe theo bd phai sdng Hdu 26 km (theo hudng ciia Tran De) den Nga ba sdng Hau, qua Kenh Tdt - Cil Lao Mdy (2,8 km) vao Rach Cai Cdn (18,5 km), vdo kenh (^uan Lg - Phung Hiep (105 km), dgn bgn xgp dd Ca Mau. T6ng chieu dai tuyen khodng 156 km.
Day la tuygn trung tam cua ban dao Ca Mau, CO vai trd quan tipng phat trien kinh te - xa hdi vimg sau, viing xa. Hien chiic nang chinh ciia tuygn la kenh thuy Igi va giao thdng ngi vimg, tuygn dang dugc cai tao nang cdp dat tieu chudn cdp III-DTND.
2.1.3. Tuyin Cdn Tha di Cd Mau qua rach Dai Ngdi
Tir Cang Can Tho, chay dgc theo bd phai sdng Hdu 63 km (theo hudng ciia Trdn De) den Nga ba sdng Hau, re Rach Dai Ngai (5,3 km) den b i n x i p dd Cd Mau dai ca 213 km. Toan tuygn di qua 9 sdng, kgnh va dia bdn 5 tinh thdnh Cdn Tho, Hdu Giang, Sdc Trang, Bac Ligu, Cd Mau.
Day la doan thii hai ciia tuygn duyen hai Sdi Gdn - Ca Mau (doan Sai Gdn - Dai Ngai vd Dai Ngdi - Ca Mau), cd vai trd tuyin hanh lang thii 3 ndi kgt cac viing kinh tg phia Nam.
Hien chitc nang chinh cua tuyin la kenh thuy Igi vd giao thdng ndi vimg. Nhugc diim Idn nhdt ciia tuyen Id bj phii sa bdi Idng ldn. Hien tuyen dang dugc cai tao ndng cdp dat tieu chudn cdp III-DTND.
2.1.4. Tong hpp ddc tncng cdc tuyin DTND Can Tho - Cd Mau
So dd 03 tiiyin DTND chinh tit Cdn Tha di Cd Mau dugc gidi thieu tren Hinh 1, cdn cac dac trung chii ygu cua tuygn ludng dugc trinh bay trgn Bang 1.
Hinh 1. Sa dd cdc tuyin BTNB chinh Cdn Tha- Cd Mau
Bang 1. Cac thong so ky thuat ca ban tuyen DTND Cdn T h o - C a M a u C^c thdng so luong
Chieu dai tuyen (km) Dp sau idn nhat (m) Do sau nho nhat theo mice nudc rong sat (m) Chieu rong nho nhat (m)
Chieu rong Ion nhit (m)
Ban kinh cong nho nhat (m)
Chi6u cao thap nhat cua cau (m) Chieu rpng nho nhit khoang thong thuyen cau/au (m)
Gin Thff- Klnh xaNo 162 3,2 2,8 38 60 85 5,6 14
Cin T h o - R^ch C4i C6n
156 10,5 3,5 60 950 400 5,0 18
C?in Thor' -D?i Ngii 213 10,5 2,8 50 950 140 5,0 14 Qua cac thdng sd tirgn bdng, nhdn thdy, ca ba tuygn hien nay dgu dugc ndng cdp, tuy nhign van chua hoan toan phii hgp theo cdp m - Quy dinh cdp ky thudt DTND (3).
Cac tuyen DTND dgu khai thdc trgn nin tuyen ty nhien, nen han chg vg trgng tai phuong tien vd tdc do.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE GIAO THONG VAN TAI. SO 15-5/2015 65
2.2. H^ thing cang, bin thiiy noi dia Viing KTTD viing DBSCL hien cd hon 1500 ben, cang thiiy npi dia, bao gdm 40 cang thuy ndi dia, 80 bgn ndi, cdn lai la ben thiiy ngi dia; 65 ben chu ygu lam nhiem vu dua ddn khdch dgc tuygn, cdn lai la bd xip hang hda (4).
v i hg thing cang biin, vung KTTD viing DBSCL cd 5 cang biin, ti-ong dd 01 cang loai 1 la cdng Can Tho vd 04 cdng loai n la cdng My Thdi (An Giang), cdng Nam Can (Ca Mau), cang Hdn Chdng va cang Binh Tri (Kign Giang) (5).
2.3. S6 lieu thdng k@ tau hang khd hoat dong khu vuc Can Tho* - Ca Mau
Trong nhiing nam qua, phuang tien van tai thiiy ndi dia phat trign nhanh, tdc dp tang trudng binh qudn tit nam 2005-2009 Id 23,8% vi sd lugng va 17,0% vi tdn trgng tdi.
Sd lieu thdng ke tdu hang khd thudng xuyen hoat ddng trgn tuyin Can Tho - Ca Mau dugc trinh bay tren Bang 2.
Bdng 2. Sd lieu thdng ki tdu hdng khd
(Nguon: Chi cue ddng kiim 8 -Cue ddng kiim Viit Nam - Sd li^u din ngdy 06/4/2015)
Theo thing kg nam 2009, sd phuang tien thuy ndi dia vimg KTTD vimg DBSCL cd tdi tren 72 nghin chigc, tdng cdng suat mdy len den 2,3 trieu CV, tdng trgng tai tau hang khoang 1,45 trieu tdn, siic chd hanh khach dat 161 trieu lugt hanh khach. Sd lieu so sdnh cy the tai cac dia phuang trgn Hinh 2.
Cac thong si d^c . trung So lugng (chiec) Chieu dai L (m) Chieu r6ng B (m) Chieu cao man
D(m) Chieu chimd (m) Cong
suat may (HP)
Cdc nh6m trong tSi tdu hdng khd DTND (Tan) 50
200 88 20 35,5
4,5 7,2 1,25 3,25 1,14 2,95 48 340
>200 500 445 27,9 45
6 9,75
1,9 3,6 1,73 3,27 145 400
>500 700
89 29 46,7
7,2 9,6 2,7 4,27 2,45 3,88 250 500
>700 1000 151 41,1 54 8,3 10,3
3 3,9 J 2,73 3,55 250 700
>
100 0 65 47 68,2
9 13,5 3,6 4,8 3,27 4,36 350 120 0
Hinh 2 Biiu do ty li phuong lien thiiy tgi cdc tinh thuoc vimg KTTD viing DBSCL (1)
3. Dac diim tau hang khd boat ddng vung DTND
Dac diim ldn nhdt cua phuang thiic van tai hang hda nay la tau thudng cd ham hang du ldn tai khu vyc trung tam, budng may nam vg phia sau. De thda man yeu cau vg tdm nhin tau phdi cd cabin lai cd chieu cao can thiet. Tuy nhien, do chigu cao tmh khdng cac cau khu vyc DBSCL kha thdp, chigu cao ndy cdn luu y trong qua ttinh thiet kg.
3.L Tlim nhin cua tau (6)
Theo qui dinh chung, tam nhin cua tau dugc tinh theo cdng thiic:
Lj]^ =kj.fj ^Ljfr (1)
Vdi ktn la he sd tieu chuan, dugc qui dinh khde nhau vdi timg loai va cap tau;
LTN la chieu ddi tdm nhin (phan khuat phia miii tau); va LTK la chigu ddi thiet kg ciia tau.
3.2. Anh hudng cua ludng lach (6) 3.2.1. Chieu rong cua long song (kenh)
Chigu rgng ciia long sdng anh hudng den viec lya chgn chigu rdng ciia tau. Trgn tuygn phuang tien thiiy luu thdng hai chigu, khodng cdch giiia hai phuang tien (xudi, ngupc) va bd sdng thg hien d Hinh 3.
i . b l
™
\—-^-^^^^—
h ?
»„
-"'"-^="-^-
" p
-=1; =1
Hinh 3. Tuyen luu thong hai chieu
Trong do a la khodng each giiia hai phuang tien va giiia phuong tien vdi bd
66 Journal of transportation science and technology, Vol 15, May 2015
sdng; b la chiiu rdng phuong tien bi la ciia phuang tien chay xuoi va ^2 la ciia phuang tien chay ngugc chiiu). Khoang each nay phai thda man:
fl>0,3(6j+&,) (2) Tren tuygn phuong tien luu thdng mpt
chiiu, khoang cdch ndy phai thda man:
a>0,5ij .3j 3.2.2. Do sau luong lach
Dp sau luong la co sd de chpn dieu kien rang budc ve chigu chim tdu thao man yeu cdu nhu md ta tren Hinh 4.
Hinh 4. Do sdu luong lach
Vdi d la mdn nudc cua phuong tien; hsmir la chieu sau ludng lach thdp nhat (chigu cao chan hoa tigu); Ahsmm la khe hd gifta day phuang tien vd day sdng theo qui dinh phai dam bdo Ahsmin^ (10-20) cm.
3.2.3. Chieu cao tfnh khdng c^u Chigu cao tinh khdng cau la can cii dg tinh toan bd tti vi tti, chieu cao ca bin nhdm thda man dieu kien tam nhin ciia ngudi lai tau, ddng thdi ddm bao khodng khdng thong thuyen theo quy dinh ttgn Hinh 5.
Hinh 5. Chieu cao tinh khong cdu
Vdi he la chigu cao can tinh tir day sdng;
h„ la chieu sdu nudc; d la mdn nudc cua phuong tign; Aft la dy trii chiiu sau nudc d day phuang tien; h,i la chiiu cao tir mat nudc den digm cao nhdt ciia phuang tien; h^ la chieu cao tir day tau den digm cao nhat cua phuang tien; A la khoang khdng du trii cho phep liic phuang tien qua cdu.
Ddi vdi tiing cap tau cd qui dinh cy thi gia tri cua A; Aft.
3.2.4. Dam bao thdng thuyen qua cdu
Chiiu rdng tdu dugc tmh toan ttgn co sd dam bao khoang thdng thuyen theo quy dinh tten Hinh 6. Trong do be la chiiu rgng thdng thiiy cua hai try cdu; B^ax la. chigu ngang Idn nhat cua phuong tien; a la khoang each cua phuong tien vdi try cdu.
Hinh 6. Ddm hdo khoang thong thuyin
Cdc yeu cdu nay dugc the hien qua bat dang thifc sau:
B^^<b^-2a (4) Theo qui dinh:
a > 0,2 m khi be < 10 m a>0,4mkhibc<18m a > 0,5 m khi be > 18 m
3.2.5. Ban Idnh cong cua cac doan sdng
Trgn Hinh 7 la mgt vi du doan sdng khue khuyu. Chang han tai vi tri A, cd ban kfnh cong la Ri, vi tri B co ban kinh cong la R2.
Hinh 7. Bdn kinh cong ciia dogn song
Khi doan tau di xudi chieu vdi luu tdc ddng nudc ldn thi chigu dai tau phai nhd hon hoac bang 3,5 lan so vdi ban kinh cong; khi chay ngugc ddng thi chieu dai tau phai nho hon hoac bang 2 ldn so vdi bdn kinh cong.
Cd the the hien ygu cdu ttgn qua bat dang thiic sau:
R>kxL (5) 4. Lya chon cac thdng s3 dac trimg va
bo tri tau hang phu hgp tuyen hoat ddng Qua phdn tich, ddi chigu sd lieu thdng ke vg dpi tau thudng xuyen hoat ddng tren tuyin (Bang 2) vdi dac diem tuyen ludng, nhdm nghien cim nit ra mgt sd nhan xet sau:
4.1. Vi tdm nhin cua tan va chiiu cao ca bin lai
Di dam bao tdm nhin, ddng thdi khde
TAP CHl KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE GIAO THONG VAN TAI, S 6 15-5/2015 67 phyc deic d i i m ciia tuyin cd rdt nhigu cau vdi
chiSu cao tinh khdng kha thdp. Lim y dgn dac diem nay, cac tau hang tir cd 400 tan trd len deu cd chiiu cao todn bd phdn khd kha thap, bd tri 02 ca bin, ttong dd ca bin lai d vg phia miii de dam bdo tdm nhin, vira gidm chigu cao ca bin phii hgp.
4.2. Ve chieu rong tau
Chigu rdng ciia tau, tai khu vuc hep nhdt ciia tuyen chi du chigu rdng cho 02 tau cd 700 tan ttd xudng di ngugc chigu nhau. Nhin chung, n i u chii y den chieu rdng ludng thi chieu rdng tau khdng ndn lay ldn qua 9m.
4.3. V€ chilu chim tau
Phdn tich theo sd lieu thdng kg tii Bang 1 vd Bang 2, nhan thay chieu chim tdu so vdi chigu sau ludng Id phii hgp vdi dp sau ldn nhdt cua ludng, tuy nhlen khi mire nudc rdng sat (img vdi dp sau nhd nhat), thi tdu phdi chd con nudc Ign tai vi tri dd mdi cd the luu thdng dugc. Vay nen chieu chim tdi uu nam ttong gidi han 3,2m Id phu hgp dg cd the luu thdng thuan Igi ma khdng chiu dnh hudng qud nhiiu cua thuy trieu.
4.4. Ve chiiu ddi tdu
Tai nhiing doan cd ban kinh cong nhd tt6n cac tuyin, nhu Rach Nga Ba Dinh cua hiyin Cdn Tho - Kenh Xang Xd No (85m), Kenh Phii Hiiu - Bai Xau cua tuyen Cdn Tho - Dai Ngai (140m), vdi nhiing tau cd 500 tdn trd Ign, khi hdnh trinh xudi ddng vdi t i c dp ddng chay ldn thi cdn phai luu y, dac biet la miic dp lanh n g h i ciia thuyen trudng.
4.5. V i v | n toe tau va cfing suat may Van t i c tau thudng dao dgng trong khoang tu (11-^16) km/gid do dac digm ludng hep, mdt do tdu thuyin ldn. Gid tri van tdc nay tuong ddng vdi cdng suat may phd bign ttong dai tu (145-^500)HP cho cdc phuong tign cd ttgng tai tir (200-^700)tan theo cdc sd lieu thdng ke neu tai Bang 2 trgn.
4.6. K i t ludn
Vdi d^c digm ky thudt cua tuyin, cac sd lieu thing kg ddi tdu hang khd boat dgng thudng xuygn, nghign cuu da chi ra rdng, chi cd dpi tdu cd ttgng tdi tu 500 tdn ttd xudng Id boat dgng phu hgp tten cdc tuyin. Tuy nhign, diiu nay lai chua dap iing dugc nhu cdu van
tai hang hda bing DTND ciia dia phuang ciing nhu khu vyc ndi chung trong xu the nang cao ty ttgng van tdi bang DNTD, mat khac lam tang qua Ion chi phi ttgn mgt don vi tan van chuyen.
Viec nang cao kha nang van chuyen cua dpi tdu thuy ndi dia ttgn tuyen, dac biet Id nang trgng tdi tau lign quan rat nhieu den viec cai tao tuyen luong va m d rdng quy md bgn bai, dac biet la day nhanh tien dd cai tao cac tuygn van tdi chu yeu do tnmg uong qudn ly nhu da trinh bay d tign phu hpp vdi cap ni-DTND. Day ciing la mpt d i xuat cua nhdm nghign ciiu ddi vdi cac co quan qudn ly nha nudc v i Imh vyc DTND khu vyc DBSLC ndi chung vd vimg KTTB viing DBSCL ndi riengQ
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Vien chien luge va phat ttien giao thong van tai. Bao cao Quy hoach phat trien giao thong van tai vung kiah t i trgng diem viing dong bang song Cim Long den nam 2020 va dinh hudng den nam 2030. 2012.
[2] Chinh phu.vn. Phat trien giao thong thuy phia Nam chua ximg tdm. 2015; Available from: http ://baodientu. chinhphu. vn/Gop-v- Hien-ke/Phat-trien-giao-thong-thuv-phia- Nam-chua-xung-tam/222234.vgp.
[3] Bg Giao thdng van tai. Thong hi 36/2012/TT-BGTVT vi viec Quy dinh cdp ky thuat dudng thuy ngi dia. 2012.
[4] Bp Giao thong van tai. Quyet dinh sd 1108/QD-BGTVT ngay 26 thang 4 nam 2013 vi viec phe duyet Quy hoach chi tiet hg thing cang Dudng thiiy ngi dia khu vyc phia Nam din nam 2020 va dinh hudng din nam 2030. 2013.
[5] Thu tudng Chinh phii. Quyit djnh s i 1037/C^-TTg ngay 24 thang 6 nam 2014 vi viec Phe duyet dieu chinh Quy hoach phat triin he thing cang bien Viet Nam din nam 2020, dinh huong din nam 2030. 2014.
[6] TS Vii Ngoc Bich. Nghien ciru lya chgn chiing loai tau day - sa lan phan doan chd hang container khu vyc Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh va Dong Bang Nam Bp, mS s i DT063017 2011.
- Ngay nhan bai: 15/02/2015 Ngay chap nh$n dang: 20/3/2015
• Phan bien: PGS.TSKH. Dang H&u Phu