RP DUNG PHUONG PHRP TI^P CAN H^ T H 6 N G
TRONG G I A N G DRV VA XQ LV KV THUAT THU VI^N
ThS. Nguyen Thj Kim Loan Tn/dng Cao ding Ndi vy Hi Ndi
1. Khai nifm phu'dng phap tiep c$n hf thong
Phu'dng phip tiip dn he thong la mdt trong nhyng phypng phip nghien euXi dUdc diing phd bien trong nghien eifU khoa hpc ty niiei sau the ky XX. Ban dau phu'dng phip niy ehii yeu dype i p dyng trong eae nginh khoa hpc ky thuat, nhuhg dan dan, vdi hieu qui ding ghi nhgn, phypng phip niy d i tham nhip ngiy cang siu vio cic khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan vin. Khi vin hda hpc ra ddi nhu' mdt nginh khoa hpc ddc lip thi phypng phip tiep can hf thdng dUdc eoi l i mdt trong nhyng phu'dng phip die thii eiia nganh khoa hpc nay.
Tiep can hf thdng l i phu'dng phip coi ddi tu'dng nghien ciili la mdt hf thdng, nghia la mdt eau true gdm nhieu thinh phan v i bd phin khic nhau, giya chiing ludn ed mdi tu'dng tie qua Igi.
Mdt hf thdng bao gid cung nim trong mdt mdi tru'dng nhat djnh, gpi l i sieu he thdng v i cung ludn ludn tu'dng tie qua lgi vdi sieu hf thdng dd.
Khi nghien ciiTu ddi tu'dng theo phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng se cd mdt u'u diem Idn dd l i phat hifn du'dc tinh choi cua hf thdng dd. Tfnh dioi la die tfnh ma hf thdng chf ed the cd du'dc khi cd sy phdi hdp ciia it nhat hai thinh phan trong hf thdng do. Nghia la, bat cii mdt thinh phan, mdt bd phan nao eiia hf thdng neu duhg rieng re se khdng ed d3e ti'nh dd. Vfdu, trong hf thdng ban tay, moi mdt ngdn tay neu de rieng re khdng cd kha n3ng cam nim bat cy mdt thy gi dil la nhe nhat, nhu'ng neu phdi hdp hai ngdn tay vdi nhau l i ngdn cii v i bat cy ngdn nio thi ed du'dc khi ning cam nim mdt sd vat nhe va neu phdi hdp cic ngdn trong ca bin tay se cd khi ning cam du'dc nhyhg vat khi nSng. Khi ning
cam nim do chfnh la tfnh choi eiia he thdng ban tay.
Khi nghien cyu cic van de eiia khoa hpc xa hdi v i nhan vin, neu tiep can theo phypng phip he thdng, nghia l i ket ndi cic cii lifu vdi nhau thanh mdt hf thdng se giup ngu'di nghien cyu phit Id nhuhg die truhg, nhyng thude tfnh eiia ddi tu'dng mi neu de rieng re tyng cy lifu ta khdng the nio phit hien dype. Ching hgn, khi nghien culi ve quan nifm eiia din gian ve mdt ngydi phy ny ly tydng qua tyc ngy din gian. Neu ta ehi tim hieu tyng ciu tyc ngy rieng re thi viec tim ra quan niem niy l i bat khi. Nhuhg neu ta phdi hdp cic eau tyc ngy cd lien quan den ngu'di phy ny lai thi ta cd the phie hpa khi de dang hinh ding eiia ngu'di phy ny ly tu'dng dd. Vf du:
1. Nhyng ngUdi eon mit l i rim, Idng miy l i lieu ding trim quan tien (nhan sie - mit);
2. Nhyng ngUdi thit diy luhg ong
vya kheo chieu ehdng, viiei kheo nudi eon (vdc ding-tii kheo);
3. Lay vd hien hda, lim nhi hu'dng nam (tfnh net hien dju);
4. Din dng nhu" gid, din ba nhu' hom (gidi quin ly kinh te gia dinh);
5. Chdng gian thi vd lim lanh, cdm sdi bdt lii'a cd ddi nio khe (nhydng nhjn);
6. Ving din dng qugnh nhi, ving dan ba qugnh bep (gidi ndi trd);
V.v...
Nhu' vay, neu phdi hdp cic eau tyc ngy tren ta thay ngu'di phy ny ly tu'dng trong quan nifm dan gian l i mdt ngUdi phy ny cd cip mat sac, vdc
Tap Chl THU" VIEN VIEIiif m
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ding thon tha, kh^o chieu ehdng, nudi con, tfnh net hien dju, biet nhydng nhjn v i gidi nfi trp, gidi quin ly kinh te gia dinh.
Ngydi yng dyng phydng phip tiep cfn hf thdng cin phii biet each ket ndi cic thdng tin minh ed thanh mpt td hpp v i tim ra quy luft k§t ndi cac thinh phan dd de tim th^m cic thdng tin mdi ed lien quan.
Nhin chung diy l i mpt phydng phip nghien eiru khoa hpc mang Igi nhieu hifu qui khi nghien ciru cic ddi tu'dng phye tgp v i da dgng.
2. Ap dvpng phu'dng phip ti£p c$n hf thong trong giang d^y v i xu' ly t i i lifu thu' vifn
Khi i p dyng phUdng phip tiep ef n hf thdng trong giing dgy, vife diu tien ta phii ludn ludn y thye nhyng kien thye ta can truyen dgt eho ngu'di hpc l i mdt hf thdng, bao gdm nhieu thinh phan v i bp phan khie nhau. Ta phii sip xep cic kien thye do sao cho that logic bing cich phit hifn cic mdi lien he mang tinh tat yeu, khich quan giya cic kien thye thinh phan trong hf thdng dd.
Thdng thu'dng mdt hf thdng se bao gdm eac tieu hf thdng, moi mdt tieu hf thdng Igi bao gdm cic vi hf thdng, moi vi hf thdng Igi bao gdm cic yeu td khic nhau. Oe xic djnh dype cac tieu hay vi he thdng ta can phii xic djnh du'dc tieu chf phan logi cic kien thye dd. 6 moi cap phan ehia ehi dype i p dyng mdt tieu ehi phin logi nhat djnh. Cd the hinh dung mdt hf thdng theo sd do sau diy:
Sd do hf thong
1. Hf thdng 2. Tieu hf thdng
3. Vi hf thdng 4. Yeu td
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3 3
2
i i
3 3
4 ) ( 4 )( 4 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4
Khi giing dgy, ta coi mdn hoc la mdt he thdng;
MSI chypng (hay moi bii) la mpt tieu hf thong;
moi myc trong ehu'dng l i mpt vi hf thdng; nhyng kien thye cy the l i nhyng yeu td nSm trong vi hf thdng v i giing vign phii tgo cho ngu'di hpc hieu rd eie mdi liSn hf ddng ding (ngang bing) va ding eSp (phy thupc) ciia cic thanh phan, bp ph^n nim trong hf thdng kien thyc ciia mdn hpc.
Hifn nay, vifc xic djnh eie tieu hf thdng va vi hf thdng trong moi mdn hpc da du'dc sy ho b-p ciia de eu'dng chi tiet, do dd moi giing vien chi edn nhifm vy l i phii xic djnh:
- Cic nguyen td trong vi hf thdng;
- Mdi quan hf ciia hf thdng kien thyc mdn hpc vdi sieu hf thdng, tyc eie mdn hpc khie.
Nhifm vy thy nhat hiu het eae giing vien deu lim tdt, nhu'ng nhifm vy thy hai thi nhieu giing vien edn ehu'a thyt sy quan tam. Vi viy, trong bii viet niy ehung tdi mudn nhan mgnh den nhifm vy thy hai. Chiing tdi se trinh bay van de niy eu the trong phan 3. Ap dyng phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng trong vifc giang dgy mpt sd mdn hpc eiia nginh thdng tin thu" vifn.
Phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng khdng ehi ip eho vife dgy hpc eae mdn ehuyen nganh thu' vien mi edn cd the i p dyng rat hyu hifu cho vife ning eao trinh dp eua eac can bp thu* vifn, giup hp kha ning hpc hdi eac kien thye va ky ning chuyen mdn mpt each nhanh ehdng va de dang, ddng thdi cung giiip cin bf xii ly tai lifu mdt cich thdng nhat v i khoa hpc. Khi x&ly til lieu, ta coi nhyng edng dogn xii ly ky thugt l i mdt hf thdng, eac sin pham cua cae edng dogn nay cung tao ra mpt hf thdng, vi mdt tai lifu khi md ta ndi dung bing ehii de, ty khda, ky hifu phan logi v i tdm tit, ehii giai deu phai logic, thdng nhat vdi nhau, khdng the djnh ti/ khda la kinh te, Igi phan loai vio xa hpi hpc hay Ijch sy... Khi vu trang cho minh cich tiep can hf thdng ngu'di can bd thy vifn se khdng gip phai nhyng khd kh3n khi xii ly eac edng doan sau, neu da hoan thanh ehfnh xae edng dogn tru'dc.
Cich tiep can hf thdng eung giup cho eac cin bd quan ly kiem tra, hifu dfnh cic san pham xii ly ky thugt, de dang phit hifn ra mau thuan, sy
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thieu logic, khoa hpc trong eae sin pham eiia ngu'di xii ly ky thuat.
3. Kinh nghifm i p dgng phu'dng phap tiep c$n hf thong trong vifc giing d^y mft so mon hpc cua nganh thong tin thu' vifn
Khi giing dgy mdt sd mdn hpc eiia ehuyen nganh Thdng tin - thu' vien, ehiing tdi da ip dung trift de phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng de truyen dgt kien thye v i khuyen khfch ngu'di hpc ehii ddng ti'ch aic tham gia vio qua trinh dgy hpc.
Phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng niy dype sy dyng trong giing dgy trong nhyng trydng hdp sau day:
Khuyin khfdi sinh vien nhd lai dc kiin thii'c da hoc dellen kit kiin tiiifc dd vio he tiling kiin tiiu'cmdi: Moi khi truyen dgt mdt van de eiia mdt mdn hoc nhat dinh, deu phii xic djnh mdi quan hf vdi eae mdn hpc khie mi sinh vien da hpc de gdi md, khuyen khfch sinh vien ket ndi cae kien thye da hpc vao he thdng mdi.
Vf du, khi giing dgy hpc phan Tdm tit, did giii tai lieu, giing vien (3n yeu cau sinh vien thyc hifn cae bai tap khdng ehi vdi phan ehii giii hay tdm t i t mi cdn yeu cau sinh vien thyc hifn hoan ehinh mdt bin md t i tai lifu trong dd ed ci bai tdm t i t v i ehu giii, nhu' the se ddi hdi sinh vien phii nhd Igi nhuhg kien thye ciia eac hpc phan tru'dc do nhu' md ta, phan logi, djnh ty khda... de tgo ra mdt sin pham tong the.
Die bift khi giing dgy phan ly thuyet ciia eie mdn hpc nginh thu' vifn, ludn ludn gip nhyng khii nifm hay kien thye da hpc d nhieu hpc phan kien thyc cd sd nhu" triet hpc, vin hda hpc dgi
cypng, nhip mdn thdng tin - thy vien... Nhiem vy ciia giing vien l i hay yeu cau sinh vien nhie Igi cic khii nifm do de lam edng eu eho viee tiep tue nghien culi cic kien thye mdi thude hpc phan dang giang dgy.
Vife khuyen khfch eie em ty ket ndi cic kien thye da hpc vio hf thdng mdi se giup cic em nhd bii nhanh hdn, hieu bai siu hdn vi die biet la phit trien kha ning tu' duy tdng hdp eiia sinh vien.
Gdi md, khuyen khfch sinh vien ty duy, suy nghi de ty suy lugn ra nhyng kien thyc mdi eiia bai hpc ty nhyng kien thye eu v i mdt phan kien thyc mdi vya dype eung cap. Day l i mdt bien phip mang Igi nhyng hieu qui rat eao, ren luyen eho sinh vien khi ning tu" duy ddc lap va sing tgo. Yeu cau niy cao hdn so vdi vifc ehi ket ndi nhyng kien thye da biet vao he thdng mdi. Day ehfnh l i vifc phit huy du'dc "tfnh chdi" eua hf thdng kien thyc da hpc, tyc kha ning suy luan logic.
Vf du, khi dgy hpc phan Djnh ehii de, dinh ty khda, de hydng dan sinh vien phan tfch cic ngudn tin cd tren tii lieu v i t r i Idi bd eau hdi nhim tim ra cic ty khda, ho3e ehu de eiia tai lieu, giing vien khdng can phin tfeh giang giai quy trinh do mi phii khuyen khfch sinh vien nhd Igi quy trinh tu'dng ty da hpc tgi mdn: Phan logi tai lifu da hpc tryde do. Sau khi nhie Igi quy trinh phin tfeh ngudn tin da hpc d phan Phin logi tii lifu, giing vien mdi hu'dng dan sinh vien ty thye hifn mdt quy trinh typng ty vdi die thii l i tim ra eie ehii de hay ty khda thay eho cic ky hifu phan loai.
Tap Chl T H I / V I E N i fi-r /J;\/^J 1(33) 25
Caeh hpc nay tgo himg thii cho sinh vien va hifu qui hdn neu ta de sinh vien thio lugn nhdm, moi nhdm dim nhifm vifc suy lufn mpt vin de cy the. Bdi vi phin ddng sinh vien, nhit l i sinh vien nim thy nhit ehu'a quen vdl khi ning suy lugn, nhuhg moi nhdm deu ed mpt, hai em ed khi ning tdt, ehfnh hp se la nhyng ngydi hu'dng d§n eie bgn eiia minh.
Sd do hda nhung kiin thdc da hpc: Odi vdi mpt sd phan trong mdn hpc, giing vien cd the yeu cau sinh vien tgo sd do de hf thdng kien thye. Viec sd do hda cic kien thye se khien eho sinh vien phit trien tdt tu' duy he thdng, ed khi ning ghi nhd kien thye theo Idi bic eau hay diem tya. Day eung l i mdt phu'dng phip kiem tra sinh vien hyu hieu, phan biet rd trinh dp v i kha ning tu' duy dpc lap ciia sinh vien. Vdi cic mdn hpc eiia nginh thdng tin thu' vifn ta cd the yeu cau cic em sd do hda kien thye eiia nhieu mdn hpc, vf dy:
sd do hda ehu trinh du'dng di eiia tai lifu; sd do hda bd miy tra eiftj eiia thu' vifn; sd dd hda bin md ta tai lifu; edng thye hda cich tgo ky hieu phin loai theo bing phin logi nhat djnh...
Qua thye te i p dyng phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng nay, ehung tdi thay khi ning ty hpc va ehii ddng t\oc eiia sinh vien da tien bd rat nhieu.
Nhieu em da td ra rat xuat sie, nhin du'dc diem khuyen khfch va dieu dd khfch If sy ed ging eiia nhieu sinh vien khie. Ngoai ra mdt sd ky ning khac cung du'dc ning eao, dd l i ky ning the hifn cic suy nghi eiia minh bing Idi ndi mdt cich trdi chiyi Kha ning van dyng eie kien thye da hpc vio thye te; Khi ning sing tgo. Cd the nhin thay rat rd net nhyng tien bd niy khi sinh vien hpc qua mdt vii hpc phan ap dyng trift de phypng phip tiep can hf thdng.
T6m I f i , tu' duy hf thdng dam bio tfnh toan difn, logic va chit die. Phu'dng phip tiep can hf thdng neu du'dc van dyng mdt cich linh hogt se mang Igi hifu qua ding ghi nhin cho vifc giang dgy nhyng mdn hpc ciia mdt ehuyen nginh ey the va eiia cic mdn khoa hpc xa hdi v i nhan vin ndi diung. Vi nhin ehung cic mdn hpc nay deu ft nhieu ed mdi quan hf vdi nhau. Vife ket ndi cic kien thyc da hpc thanh mdt hf thdng chit che se giiip sinh vien nhd lau, hieu siu va van dyng tdt
nhyng kien thye da hpc. Tuy nhien de ed the ap dyng dyi^e phu'dng phap niy, giang vien phai trang bj cho minh mpt phdng kien thye rdng va cing sau cing tdt. Die bift eung phai tao cho minh mpt thdi quen tu' duy hf thdng va logic.
Ty duy hf thdng eung giiip eho eae cin bd xii ly nghifp vy thu' vien thyc hifn nhifm vy ciia minh mft cich de ding v i chi'nh xae, thdng nhat hdn, ddng thdi eung giiip hp md rdng hieu biet ciia minh sang eie Iinh vye lien quan de phye vy eho nhu cau edng viee.
TAI Lifu THAM KHAO
1. Phu'dng phip nghien culi khoa hpc / Phu'dng Ky Sdn. Tii bin ed sua chua bo sung. H. : Chfnh b-j Qudc gia, 2002. 204b-; 19em.
2. Vin hoi din gian nhutig phu'dng phip nghien ciitJ. H. : Khoa hpc xa hdi, 1990. - 315 ti".;
19 em.
Phudng phip tilp cin hf thdng, nghia l i kit ndi cic cy lifu vdl nhau thinh mdt hf thdng, giup ngutfi nghiin cyu phit Id nhuhg die truhg, nhuhg thude tfnh cua ddi tupng mi nlu dl rifng r l tuhg di lifu chung ta khd phat hlfn duipc Ty nhuhg uU dilm ciia phut>ng phip tilp cin hf ttidng, tic gii bai viet da gidi thifu mdt sd kinh nghifm ip dgng phutAig phip niy bx)ng giing dgy m$t sd mdn hpc nginh Ihdng tin - Thu vifn nhu': tdm tit, chu giii tii lifu, djnh chu dl, djnh ty khda, phin k)gl tii lifu vi trong qui binh xy ly tii lifu. Ddng thdi, bii vilt cung nhin mgnh vifc tU duy cd hf thdng sg giup cin bd xi/ ly nghifp vg thU vifn thgt hifn nhifm vg cua minh mdt cich dl ding vi md rdng hiiu bilt sang cic ftnh vut lifn quan d l phgc vg cho nhu ciu cdng vifc
The metiiod of systematic approach means that connecting various data together into a system that helps researchers explore characteristics and attrib- utes as a whole. Based on the advantages of this approach, the author introduced some experiences on appliration of the systematic approach in teach- ing some library and Information studies units such as: Indexing, subject headings, material dassifira- tion, and technical services. In addition, the author emphasized that systematic approach helps techni- ral librarians undertaking their tasks easily and expand their knowledge to the related fields.