TRIET HOC, SO 6 (217), THANG 6 - 2009
NHUNG SUY TU TRIET HOC CUA DANG TIEU BINH TRONG VIEC XAC LAP LAI DUfiTNG LOI TUTUJTNG CHU NGHlA MAC^*'
TIT SUNG 6 N ( * * )
Trong bdi viet ndy, tdc gid dd tap trung phdn tich nhdm lam sdng to nhdng suy tU triet hoc cua Ddng Tieu Binh trong viec xdc lap lai diidng ldi tii tiidng chu nghia Mde a Trung Qudc. Theo tdc gid, nhdng cong hien ly ludn quan trong cua Dang Tieu Binh the hien chu yeu d: II Phdn tich tii tiidng Mao Trqch Dong tren ca sd moi quan he gida todn the vd bo phdn, gida ly ludn vd thUc tien;
21 Xuat phdt td moi quan he gida cdi chung vd cdi rieng, gida cdi pho bien vd cdi ddc thii de gidi quyet vdn de ket hqp ly ludn cua chu nghia Mac vdi thUc tien cu the ciia Trung Qudc; 31 DUo. vdo mdi quan he gida tinh gian doan vd tinh lien tue de gidi quyet vdn de ke thda vd phdt trien ly ludn ciia chii nghia Mac.
d Hpi nghi B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g Udng 3 khoa XI eua Ddng Cong san T r u n g Qudc, D a n g Tieu Binh da lanh dao n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c xay dung t h a n h cdng chu nghia xa hpi m a n g dae sac T r u n g Qud'c, lam cho chu nghia xa hpi tren the gidi d a n g d vao thdi khac gay go va thoai t r a o trd nen day sdc sdng d Trung Qud'c. Sd dl D a n g Tieu Binh ed cdng lao to Idn dd la do ong viia xac lap lai dudng ldi t u tUdng chu nghia Mac cho Dang, vUa k h d n g n g d n g giai quyet eae van de ndy sinh lien tue trong qua t r i n h van dung dudng ldi tU tUdng dd vao thUe tien Trung Qudc.
Trong lich t r i n h p h a t trien edng cupe cai each md ciia, xay diing hien dai hoa xa hpi chu nghia. D a n g Tieu Binh luon dUa ra vii'n de ma mpi ngUdi c h u a thiic sii hieu rd:
the nao la chu nghia Mac, the nao la chu nghia xa hpi. O n g viet: " C h u n g ta da tong ket may ehuc n a m k m h nghiem xay diing ehu nghia xa hpi, vay chu nghia xa hpi la gi? Chu nghia Mac la gi? T d trUdc den gid chung ta vdn chUa thiic sU hieu rd"(l);
"Nhieu n a m qua, vdn ton tai van de cdn phai ly giai ve ehii nghia Mde, ve chu nghia
xa hpi", "Hdn 100 n a m sau khi Mae qua ddi, cudi cdng da xay ra n h d n g thay ddi gi, trong dieu kien thay ddi dd, n h a n thdc va p h a t trien chd nghia Mae nhU the nao, dieu nay vdn chua dUdc lam r5"(2); "Trong 10 n a m "Dai each m a n g van boa", the nao la ehu nghia xa hpi, the nao la ehu nghia Mae, cung ehUa dUdc lam sang td", "Nay, c h u n g ta kien tri chd nghia Mae, chu nghia Lenin va tU tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng, trong bai hpc kinh nghiem, c h u n g ta da hieu dupe the nao la ehu nghia Mac. Mpt ten gpi khac cua chu nghia Mae la chu nghia edng san, day van la niem tin ma c h u n g ta ludn phai kien tri"(3).
Van de "the nao la chu nghia Mac" ma Dang Tieu Binh nhieu Idn nhae den b day (*) Bai viei dupe diing tren Tap ehi ''Nghien cicu chit nglna Mac" ky 4, nam 2004.
(**) Giiio su, Vien Khoa hpc xa hdi Trung Qud'c.
(1) Dang Tiiu Binh. VV;/i luyen. quy^n 3. Nxb Nhan dan, 1993, tr.l37.
(2) Dang Tiiu Bmh. Van tuyen. Sdd., quyen 3, tr.291.
(3) Trong bai phat bie'u ngay 22/6/1988 khi Dang Tieu Binh hpi kien vdi Tdng thdng Estonia Mengsitu, Haile Mariam, dupc dang trong Ky su 14 ndm cdi cdch md ciia (tu Hdi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uong 3 khoa XI den kiioa XIV). Nxb Trudng Dang Trung uong Trung Qudc, 1994, tr.784-785.
T t r S U N G O N
cd 2 h a m nghia: mdt Id, vdi tU cdch "ehu n g h i a cong s a n la mot ten gpi k h a c cua ehu n g h i a Mae", q u a t r i n h hieu rd van de "the nao la chu n g h i a Mae" cung chinh la phdi n g h i e n edu va h i e u rd q u a t r i n h t h e nao la chii n g h i a xa hpi, l a m t h e nao de xay diing chu n g h i a xa hpi; hai Id, vdi tU each con dudng t u tUdng c h u n g h i a Mac, q u a t r i n h hieu ro v a n de "the nao la ehu n g h i a xa hpi" c u n g c h i n h la n g h i e n cdu v a n de p h a i n h i n n h a n , cd t h a i dp t h e nao ve chu nghia Mac - L e n i n va tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Ddng, l a m t h e nao de van d u n g chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Ddng. Hai h a m n g h i a dd cua v a n de "the nao la chu nghia Mac" viia ed sd k h a c biet, v d a cd lien q u a n den n h a u : h i e u ro van de the nao la chu n g h i a xa hpi, 1dm t h e nao de xay diing chu n g h i a xa hpi c u n g cd n g h i a la p h a i hieu rd mue dich cua van de "the nao la chu nghia Mae", lam rd viec phdi xem xet va n h i n n h a n n h u t h e nao ve chu n g h i a Mae, lam t h e ndo de van d u n g nguyen tae: giai p h o n g t u tUdng, thiic sU cau thi vad viec n g h i e n cdu chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Ddng; dong thdi, p h a i d a m bao dUdng 161 tU tUdng: giai quyet van de chu n g h i a xa hpi la gi, lam the nao de xay diing chu n g h i a xa hpi. Van de nay n h i e u n a m qua da t h u h u t sii chu y rong rai cua eae hpc gia. Bai viet n a y chi n h i n t d gdc dp D a n g Tieu Binh xac lap lai dUdng 16i t u tUdng chu nghia Mac de ly giai viec 6ng luon giai quyet cae v a n de nay sinh trong q u a t r i n h van d u n g dUdng ldi tU tUdng nay n h u t h e nao; dong thdi, xet ve m a t triet hpc, 6ng da n h a n t h d c va ly gidi tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Dong n h d t h e nao, lam the nao ket hdp gida ly l u a n eua ehu nghia Mae vdi t i n h h i n h thUc te cua T r u n g Qud'c, ke ca viec ke t h d a va p h d t trien chu nghia Mac d T r u n g Qud'c n h u the nao.
I. X u a t p h a t tii m o i q u a n h e giiJa t o a n t h e v a b o p h a n , gidfa ly l u a n va t h i i c t i e n n h a m g i a i q u y e t v a n d e l a m t h e n a o d e h i e u v a p h a n t i c h tuf txidng M a o T r a e h D o n g
S a u k h i "Dai each m a n g v a n hoa" ket t h d c , t a p doan p h d n each m a n g Giang T h a n h bi p h a vd, cd mpt v a n de noi com ehUa dupe h i e u rd, dd la c h u n g h i a Mac la gi, c a n p h a i n h a n t h d c va ly giai tU tUdng Mad T r a e h D6ng n h u t h e nao. L a n h dao T r u n g Udng D a n g luc dd de r a phUdng c h a m p h a i sU d u n g "hai dieu p h a m la" de n h i n n h a n tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Ddng:
" P h a m la quyet sach cua Chii tich Mao dUa ra, thi c h u n g ta deu kien q u y e t u n g hp;
p h a m la chi thi cua C h u tich Mao, thi c h u n g ta p h a i ludn t u a n theo". Thiic chat t u tUdng ciia phUdng c h a m "hai dieu pham la" la chu trUdng k h d n g cdn x u a t p h a t td thiic te, m a p h a i x u a t p h a t tii n h d n g ehi thi, n h a n d i n h r i e n g cua Mao T r a e h D6ng, lay dd de cat got h i e n thiic.
T d hai gdc dp k h a c n h a u dd, D a n g Tieu Binh da h a i Ian ndi rd v a n de edn phai n h a n t h d c va ly gidi tU tUdng Mad Traeh Ddng n h u t h e n a e .
Thd nhdt, n h i n td: gdc dp mdi q u a n he gida toan t h e va bp p h a n , D a n g Tieu Binh da p h a n biet rd n g u y e n ly cd b a n , he thong khoa hpc cua chu n g h i a Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Mao T r a e h Dong vdi cac n h a n dinh rieng t r o n g cae he thd'ng dd. O n g n h a n m a n h phdi n a m viing c h u nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng M a o T r a e h Ddng trong he t h o n g khoa hoc dUde cau t h a n h bdi cdc n g u y e n ly cd b a n , c h d k h o n g n e n co lap, taeh rdi c h u n g , h a y t u y e t d6i hoa, thdn t h a n h hoa n h d n g n h a n d i n h r i e n g le trong dd. D a n g Tieu B i n h chi rd: "Phai cd dddc n h a n t h d c c h u d n xac, h o a n chinh ve td tUdng Mao T r a e h Ddng, phdi hpc t a p td't,
NIlfJN'G SUY TUTRIET HOC CUA D A N G TIEU BINH . hieu rd va van d u n g he t h d n g tU tUdng Mao
Traeh Ddng de ehi dao cae m a t e6ng tae cda c h u n g ta", "Cdn ve n h a n dinh ea biet, thi bat l u a n Mae, Lenin va Mao Traeh Dong, deu k h o n g t r a n h khdi ed n h d n g sai 1dm thieu sdt the nay the khiic, nhUng n h d n g cai dd deu khdng ndm trong he thdng khoa hpc eua n g u y e n ly ed b a n eda chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Mao Traeh D6ng"(4); Cho dd n h i i n g n h a n dinh ca biet nay cd t h e d u n g d tiing dia phUdng vao thdi diem nao dd, "nhUng edng mpt van de trong thdi gian, dieu kien khac n h a u , thi cd luc mde dp cung khac n h a u , diem quan trpng cung k h a c n h a u , t h a m ehi mpt s6 giai p h a p c u n g k h a c n h a u . Do vay, chung ta k h d n g the chi ly gidi tU tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng t r e n n h d n g cau t d ea biet, ma n h a t dinh phai dupe ly giai chinh xac tren toan bp he thong t u tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng"(5).
Xet ve m a t triet hpc, D a n g Tieu Binh, khi phe p h a n phUdng cham "hai dieu p h a m la", dUa r a can cd lap l u a n phai p h a n biet rd he tbdng khoa hpc chu nghia Miie va ket luan ca biet eua nd, dd chinh la nguyen ly cua phep bien e h d n g duy vat ve mdi q u a n he gida toan t h e va bp p h a n . Cdc tae p h a m kinh dien eua chii n g h i a Mac - Lenin da tdng van d u n g n g u y e n ly nay de lam sang td phUdng cham eua D a n g trong phong trao xa hdi ehu nghia. Vi du, V.I.Lenin chi rd:
"Nhdng ngUdi xa hpi chu nghia cdn phdi phan biet rd bp p h a n va toan the, nen dUa vao toan the ma dUa ra k h a u hieu, chd khdng nen diia vao bp p h a n de dUa r a k h a u hieu; nen dUa ra dieu kien can b a n cho sii thay doi thUc sU, ma p h a n ddi sU chdp va, bd phiin, vi n h u vay ludn lam cho ciic ehien SI se rdi bd con dUdng each m a n g chan chinh"(6); "Trdng mpt sd trUdng hpp cu the niio dd, bd p h a n va toan the cd the cd m a u
t h u a n , lUc dd thi n h a t dinh phai vUt bd bp phan"(7). D a n g Tieu Binh lay nguyen ly toan the va bp p h a n nay de van dung vao viec ly giai ve ehu nghia Mae - Lenin va tu tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng, p h a n biet nguyen ly cd b a n cua nd vdi n h d n g ket luan rieng.
Theo dng, khdng the ly gidi tU tUdng Mad Traeh Ddng dUa t r e n n h d n g eau tU ea biet, ma ehi cd the ly gidi d u n g ddn ve chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tUdng Mad Traeh Ddng diia t r e n eae nguyen ly cd ban va trong toan bp he thd'ng khoa hpc dUde eau t h a n h td dd, dd la sii van d u n g m a n g tinh sang tao eua nguyen ly phep bien e h d n g duy vat ve mdi q u a n he gida toan the va bp phan.
Thd hai, t\i gde dp eda mdi q u a n he gida ly luan va thiic tien, t r e n tinh thdn thiic sU cdu thi. D a n g Tieu Binh ehi rd "hai dieu du doan" ma Mao Traeh Dong da phae boa khdng phu hdp vdi thiic te khach quan.
Nam 1971, "Ky yeu hpi nghi cdng tae giao due toiin qud'c" do Mao Traeh Ddng phae thao, dupc Nghieu Van Nguyen va TrUdng Xuan Kieu viet, da t d n g cho rdng m a t t r a n giao due 17 n a m trUdc "Dai each m a n g van boa" la giai cap tU san thi h a n h "chuyen ehinh m a t t r a n den" ddi vdi giai cap vd san, the gidi q u a n cua dai da sd p h a n tU tri thdc ed ban la "hai dieu dU doan" eua p h a n td tri thdc eua giai cap tU san. Sau khi "Dai each m a n g van boa" ket thuc, vi chiu anh hudng cua phUdng cham "hai dieu pham la", trong cupe dep loan, ngUdi phu traeh chinh cua Bp Giao due van khdng dam m a n h dan ndi len sU thiic. Dang Tieu Binh n h a n m a n h , tuy "Ky yeu" la cai do Mao
(4) Diing Tieu Binh. Vdn luyen. Sdd., quyen 2, tr.42, 171.
(5) Diing Tieu Binh. Vdn tuyen. Sdd.. quyen 2.. tr.43.
(6) V.I.Lenin. Todn tap. quyen 11. Nxb Nhan dan, tr.371.
(7) V.I.Lenin. Todn tap. Sdd., quyen 28. tr.38.
TirsUNG ON
Traeh Ddng da khuyen trdn, nhUng cai ma
"Mao Traeh Ddng da khuyen trdn khdng phdi la se khong cd van de thi phi ben trong dd"; vi vay, '"hai dieu dii doan" khong phu hdp vdi thiic te khach quan"; "Neu nhu phan doi thiic sii cdu thi, phdn ddi xuat phat tii thiic te, phan dd'i ket hdp ly luan va thiic tien, vay thi cdn ndi gi den chu nghia Mac la gi, tU tUdng Mad Traeh Ddng la gi nda?"(8). Td gdc dp nay. Dang Tieu Binh da phe phan "hai dieu dii doan" va triic tiep md ra mpt cupe thao luan ve thiie tien la tieu chuan duy nhat de kiem nghiem chan ly.
Mpi ngUdi can phai ehdng minh tinh chan ly eua chinh tU duy minh trong thiie tien, day vd'n la mpt nguyen ly can ban cua triet hpc Mde. NhUng, trong "Dai each mang van hoa" va thdi ky sau dd, khi dang phdi ddi mat vdi mot so ehi thi va quyet sdch cua Mao Traeh Ddng, tham chi ca nhiing cdi ma dng da khoanh trdn, tU tUdng sang chdi eua thiie sU edu thi ma Mao Traeh Ddng dUa ra lai bi bd lai. Nhu vay, giai phong tU tUdng, tU tUdng cua con ngUdi dupe gidi phong khdi sii trdi buoe bdi me tin, pha vd sii rang budc ve thdi quen va cai nhin sai lech chu quan, da trd thanh tien de can ban phdi nghien cdu va phan tich mpt each thiic sii eau thi. Ve chinh tri va ly luan, dUdi sU chi dan trong dUdng ldi tu tUdng ve giai phong tU tUdng va thiic sU cdu thi ma Dang Tieu Binh da dung cdm xdc lap lai, td Hpi nghi Ban Chap hdnh Trung Udng 3 khoa XI, Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c mdi bat dau chinh sda sai 1dm cudi ddi cua Mao Traeh Ddng, dat nen mong vUng chac md ra thdi ky mdi phdt trien ehu nghia xa hpi. NhUng, day mdi ehi la mpt mat eua van de.
Mat khdc cua van de la, xet den cung, Mao Traeh Ddng da cd'ng hien cho sii nghiep xay diing va phat trien Dang Cong
sdn va quan dpi Trung Qud'c, vi thang ldi cua sii nghiep giai phong nhan dan cac dan toe Trung Qud'c, vi sU ra ddi nUdc Cdng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa va sU phat trien eua chu nghia xa hpi d Trung Qudc. Nhdng cd'ng hien cua Mao Traeh Ddng se luon dupc ghi nhd. Nhin chung, trong sudt eupc ddi cdch mang eua Mao Traeh Ddng, edng lao va thanh tich cua dng xep hang ddu, sai lam ddng d vi tri thd hai. Nhdng danh gia ve Mao Traeh Dong, nhdng ldi ke ve tU tUdng Mad Traeh Ddng khong chi lien quan din ea nhan dng, ma cdn gan lien vdi ca mpt qud trinh lich sU eiia Dang va Nha nUde Trung Qud'c. Do vay, sau khi sai 1dm cudi ddi cua Mao Traeh Dong dUde chinh sua, trong luc mpt so' ngUdi khong the dung nguyen tae thiic sU cdu thi de danh gid va bdo ve vi tri lich sii cua tU tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng mot each khoa hpc, Dang Tieu Binh da nhan manh: "Khong the phe binh qua dang, phe binh pha rao ve nhdng sai lam cudi ddi eua Mao Traeh Dong; bdi, phu dinh mpt nhan vat lich sii vl dai nhu vay c6 nghia la phu dinh mpt giai doan lich sii quan trpng cua Trung Qud'c va do dd, se tao nen sii hdn loan ve tU tUdng, dan tdi bat dn chinh tri"(9). O day, xet ve mat triet hpc, ttf mpt binh dien khdc cua moi quan he gida bp phan va toan the. Dang Tieu Binh cho rang, khdng the phu dinh mpt cdch mu quang tinh chinh xac eua toan the diia tren nhdng sai sdt bp phan. R5 rang, do la mpt sd van dung sang tao phep bien ehdng duy vat ve ly luan quan he gida toan the va bo phan. Su van dung dd giup Dang Cong san Trung Quo'c danh gia mpt each khoa hpc ve Mao Traeh Dong, bao ve dupe dia vi lich sd cua tu tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng, tranh dUdc
(8) Dang Tieu Binh. Vdn tuyen. Sdd., quyen 2, tr.66- 67, 118.
(9) Diing Ti^u Binh. Vdn luyen. Sdd., quyen 3. tr.284.
NHIING SUY TUTRIET HOC CUA D A N G TIEU BINH tinh triing n h u N . S . K h r u s h o v p h d dinh toan bp Stalin, dieu da tao nen vet xe do nghiem t r p n g ve sii hdn loan tU tUdng va bat on ehinh tri ddi vdi Lien Xd va phong trao chu nghia cdng s a n qud'c te.
n . X u a t p h a t tii m o i q u a n he g i i i a cai c h u n g v a c a i r i e n g , giufa p h o b i e n va d a e t h u d e g i a i q u y e t v a n d e k e t hdp giufa ly l u a n c i i a c h i i n g h i a M a c vdi t h i i c t e c u t h e c i i a T r u n g Q u o c
Trong qua t r i n h xay diing hien dai hoa xa hpi chu nghia, van de ehu nghia Mae la gi van chUa dUde lam s a n g td, hdn n d a lam the nad de ket hdp ly l u a n eua ehu nghia Mae vdi thiic te xay diing chu nghia xa hpi d T r u n g Qud'c cung e h u a dupe hieu rd.
Mdt dae trUng q u a n trong eda ehu nghia xa hpi the gidi t r o n g the' ky XX la chd nghia xa hpi k h d n g phai t h a n g ldi trUde hot d cac nude tU b a n chu n g h i a phdt trien, ma la t h a n g ldi cd dUde d mpt so' nUde tU ban chu nghia kem p h a t trien. Vay, lam the nao de xay diing ehu nghia xa hpi P eac qudc gia nay s a u khi each m a n g gianh dUpe t h a n g ldi? Thiie te lii, ngoai trUdng hdp nam 1921 V.I.Lenin thiic hien ehinh sach kinh te mdi d nUdc Nga Xd viet, t r e n cac mde dp khac n h a u , h d u h e t cac nUde di len chu nghia xa hpi dii khdng chd y den tinh hinh kinh te, van hoa trong ndde khdng phiit trien, m a lai sao ehep rap k h u d n n h d n g ket l u a n eua C.Mac, P h . A n g h e n ve xay d u n g chu nghia xa hpi sau khi each mang d ciie nUde tU ban chd nghia phiit trien gianh dUdc t h d n g ldi, van d u n g mdt ciieh may mde vao thiie te cua dat ndde, khdng can ed vao t r i n h dp p h a t trien hien Ihiic cua lue lUdng san x u a t trong nUdc, theo dudi k h u y n h hUdng n a n g cao t r i n h dp cdng h d u hoii mpt each md q u a n g . Dieu dd khien tinh Uu viet cua che dp xa hpi chu iighiii khong the dupe p h a t huy ddy du.
lam cho viec xay diing chd nghia xa hdi d eae quo'c gia nay gap phai trde trd, gay ra sU hoai nghi va dao dpng d mpt so ngUdi ve kha n a n g di len chu nghia xa hpi cua cac qud'c gia ed nen k i n h te, van hoa kem p h a t trien. Viec cae nUde kem p h a t trien cd the vUdt qua chu nghia tU b a n trong dieu kien n h a t dinh hay khdng trd t h a n h mpt van de khd m a n g tinh the ky cua the ky XX.
Ve van de nay. D a n g Tieu Binh n h a n m a n h : "Chung ta n h i e u Idn nhae lai, phai kien tri ehu nghia Mae, kien tri eon dUdng chu nghia xa hpi. NhUng, chu nghia Mae n h a t dinh phdi la chd nghia Mae ket hdp vdi thiic te eua T r u n g Qudc, ehu nghia xa hpi n h a t dinh phai la chu nghia xa hpi m a n g dae sac T r u n g Qud'c phd hdp vdi thUc te^', "Xa rdi thUe te eua nude nha ma ndi den ehu nghia Mae thi khdng cd y nghia gi"(10). Ddi vdi eac qudc gia kem p h a t trien ve kinh te va van hoii, van de la d chd phdi n a m bat e h u a n xac tinh binh cd ban eua dii't nUde trong giai doiin xiiy diing ehu nghia xa hpi ma nUde minh dang gap jihai.
Diing Tieu Binh n h a n m a n h : "... Dang Cong sail T r u n g Qudc phai ndi rd chd nghia xa hpi cdii T r u n g Qudc d trong giai doiin nao, dd hi dang d giai doan ddu cda chu nghia xa hdi. Chu nghia xa hpi chinh la giai doan dau eua chu nghia cdng san, ma dat nUde T r u n g Qud'c lai d trong giai doan ddu cua chd nghia xii hpi, dd la giai doiin chUa p h a t trien. T a t ca deu phai xuat p h a t td thiie te, can cU vao thiic te de lam quy h o a e h " ( l l ) . Dai hpi XIII eda Dang Cdng san T r u n g Qudc da lay dd lam cd sd ly luan, md ra mpt cupe thao luan cd he thdng ve giai doan ddu cua chu nghia xa bdi. Dieu dd ed nghia la. doi vdi cac qud'c
(10) Diing Tieu Binh. \'dii luyen. Sdd.. quyen 3. Ir 63.
191.
(11) Dang Tieu Binh. \'dii luyen Sdd.. quyeii 3, ir 252.
TUSUNG ON
gia cd n e n k i n h te, van hoa k e m p h a t trien n h u T r u n g Qud'c, do xay diing chu n g h i a xa hpi t r o n g dieu kien lUc lUdng s a n x u a t lac h a u , k i n h te h a n g hdd k h d n g p h d t trien, n e n s a u khi each m a n g xa hpi ehu n g h i a gianh dupe t h a n g Ipi, cdc nUde n a y phdi t r a i q u a giai doan lich sU dae biet - "giai doan d a u cua ehu n g h i a xa hpi"; t r o n g dd, lay viec p h a t t r i e n liic lUdng san x u a t la can b a n de thiie h i e n n h i e m vu lich sd:
edng n g h i e p hoa, xa hpi hoa, h i e n dai boa va thi trUdng hoa n e n k i n h te t r o n g dieu kien chu n g h i a xa hpi. T h a n h tUu noi b a t m a T r u n g Quo'c ed dddc t r o n g cai each md eda va xay d d n g h i e n dai hea xa hpi ehu n g h i a da e h d n g m i n h r a n g , n a m chac yeu edu nay vUa cd t h e k h a c p h u c q u a n diem va chinh sach sai 1dm m u d n dot chay giai doan, ndng vpi, v d a ed t h e loai bd dupe t u tUdng va ehinh sach sai lam trdng qua trinh xay diing chu nghia xa hpi do gap phai khd k h a n ma dao dpng long tin, ed y do vdt bd che dp xa hpi ehu nghia; td dd, md ra each nhin mdi ve chu nghia Mae, gidi dap dUde van de khd k h a n m a n g tinh the ky trong qua trinh xay diing chu nghia xa hpi d cac nUde Vd'n Cd nen kinh te, van hea kem phat trien.
Ly l u a n eua chu n g h i a Mae n h a t d i n h p h a i ket hdp vdi thiic te cu t h e eua mdi nUdc. Dd'i vdi t a t ca n h d n g ngUdi lam edng tae each mang, xay diing va cdi each dudi ngpn ed cua chu nghia Mae ehinh la nguyen ly cd bdn quen thupe. NhUng, tai sao ehi den D a n g Tieu Binh mdi dUa ra dddc d a n h gia giai doan ddu cua chu nghia xa hdi diia t r e n ed sd tdng ket bai hpc kinh nghiem eda ngddi di trUde, giai dap diidc van de phdc t a p m a n g tinh the ky trong qua trinh xay diing ehu nghia xa hpi d eac nUde vd'n cd nen kinh te, van hod kem p h a t trien?
Xet tii gdc dp triet hpc. D a n g Tieu Binh ca trong ldi ndi Ian trong h a n h dpng ludn
n h a t q u a n , kien tri v a n d u n g n g u y e n ly eua p h e p bien e h d n g duy v a t ve cai c h u n g va cai rieng, phd bien va dae t h u de nghien cdu va gidi quyet cdc v a n de t r o n g giai doan p h d t t r i e n chu n g h i a xa hpi. V.I.Lenin da tUng ndi: "Mat ddi l a p (doi l a p giUa cai r i e n g va cai e h u n g ) la cdi dong n h a t : cai r i e n g n h a t d i n h p h a i gan vdi cdi c h u n g de ton tai. Cai c h u n g chi ed t h e tdn tai trong cai rieng, chi ed t h e t h d n g q u a cai rieng ma tdn tai"(12). T r o n g B d n ve mau thudn, Mao T r a e h Ddng c u n g ehi rd: "Tinh e h u n g nay v d a bao h a m edi c h u n g cua t a t ca tinh rieng, k h d n g cd t i n h r i e n g thi c u n g khdng ed t i n h chung". Cho du cdi e h u n g chi co the ton tai t h d n g q u a edi rieng, k b d p g ed tinh r i e n g t h i c u n g k h d n g cd t i n h c h u n g , song ro r a n g la n h a t t h i e t p h a i x u a t p h a t tU thiic te cua cai rieng, cai dae t h u de n a m chac n g u y e n tae ket hdp ly l u a n eua ehu nghia Mae vdi thiic te cu t h e t r e n g nUdc. Tuy nhien, n h d n g ngUdi thed c h u nghia nUdc Idn, d a n g Idn va n h d n g ngUdi thed chu nghia giao dieu t r o n g p h o n g t r a o xa hpi ehu nghia t h e gidi v a n a p d a t mot each sai lam ly l u a n cua chii n g h i a Mac vao thUe te cu t h e eua moi nUde, c h d k h d n g p h a i la x u a t p h a t tii t i n h h i n h thiic te cu t h e cua mdi nUdc. Hp cho rdng, p h a i x u a t phdt td n h d n g cai gpi la cd y n g h i a pho bien, td ra sai 1dm khi eoi quy l u a t pho bien t r o n g xay diing chu n g h i a xa hpi la cdng t h d c cd' dinh va van d u n g m a y mde vao thiic te cu the cua mdi nUde; khi k h d n g co h i e u qua, hp lai k h d n g nghi ngd each l a m cua m i n h cd phu hpp vdi n g u y e n tdc cua chii n g h i a Mae ve ket hdp gida ly l u a n va thiie te hay khdng, m a do loi nay, ldi np cho ngUdi khac. Dd'i vdi each l a m sai 1dm nay. D a n g Tieu Binh n h a n m a n h : "Tinh h i n h cua mdi nUde khdc
(12) V.I.Lenin. Todn tap. Sdd., quyen 55, tr.307.
NHUNG SUY TlfTRIET HOC CUA D A N G TIEU BINH ...
nhau, giac ngd eda n h a n d a n cung khac nhau, sdc m a n h giai cap, tinh t r a n g q u a n he giai cap t r o n g nUde cung vi t h e ma khdng gidng n h a u , n e n khdng the d u n g edng t h d c cd dinh va m a y mde de thiie hien dupe. Cho dU edng t h d c dddc sii d u n g la cua ehu nghia Mac ket hdp lai k h d n g gid'ng vdi thiie te cua mdi nUde, do vay cung khd tranh khdi p h a m phdi n h d n g sai lam"(13).
Tai sao edng t h d c sd d u n g la n h d n g cai eua chu nghia Mac lai khd t r a n h khdi p h a m phai n h d n g sai idm? N g u y e n n h a n chinh la d chd, each van d u n g edng t h d c dd khdng phu hpp vdi t i n h t h d n cd b a n cua chu nghia Mae la t a t ed p h a i x u a t p h a t td thiic te, chd khdng p h a i x u a t p h a t tU cdng thdc.
Thiic te cho t h a y . D a n g Tieu Binh da van d u n g s a n g tao n g u y e n ly phep bien ehdng duy vat t r o n g q u a n he gida edi chung va cdi rieng, gida phd bien va dae thu de gidi quyet van de ket hdp gida ly luan vdi thiic te. Cudi eUng, can phdi x u a t jihat tU cdi gi? Van de nay da ton tai sudt mpt thdi gian dai trdng phong trao xa hdi chu nghia qud'c te. Chi cd sU van d u n g s a n g tao mdi lam cho edng eupc xay d d n g ehu nghia xa hpi khdc p h u c dddc n h d n g khd khiin va can trd do sd ndng vpi, dd't chay giai doan gay ra; dong thdi, mdi tao ra sdc song mdi cho chu n g h i a xa hdi.
TIL X u a t p h a t tii t i n h g i a n d o a n v a tinh l i e n t u e d e g i a i q u y e t v a n d e k e thiia v a p h a t t r i e n c h i i n g h i a M a c
Trong xay d d n g hien dai hod xa hpi chu nghia, van de t h e nao la ehu nghia Mac vdn chua dUdc hieu rd, n e n viec ke thiia va phat trien chu nghia Mac n h d t h e nao cung ehUa dupe lam sdng td. Cd mot sd ngUdi ludn taeh rdi h a i k h a i niem ke t h d a va phdt trien ehu nghia Mde. Mot mat, hp xem ke thiia la r a p k h u d n mpt each gido dieu va miiy mde mot so' n h a n dinh dUde eac n h a
kinh dien eda ehu nghia Mae dUa ra d ndi nay ndi kia, lue nay luc khac trong eae tae p h d m k i n h dien; mat khdc, hp quen r a n g phai coi chu nghia Mae la kim chi n a m de p h a n tich van de va chi dao h a n h dpng, do dd, de m a t p h d d n g h u d n g trUde tinh hinh mdi va van de mdi. T h a m chi, sau khi su sao ehep rap k h u d n cua ehu nghia giao dieu khdng m a n g lai ket qua, hp lai di vao mpt cUe doan khac de tuyen truyen nao la
"nguy cd cua chu nghia Mae", "chu nghia Mac ldi thdi", quay lUng hdae vdt bd ehu nghia Mac.
Ddi vdi van de nay. D a n g Tieu Binh da k h d n g dinh phai thd'ng n h a t gida ke t h d a va phdt trien ehu nghia Mac, boa vao lam mpt, lam cho c h u n g trd t h a n h edng mpt qua trinh n h d n g khdng cung Idt eat. Trong Hpi nghi edng tae nghien cdu ly luan eua Dang Cong san T r u n g Qudc ddu n a m 1979, Dang Tieu Binh chi rd: "Dudng nhien c h u n g ta se khdng td ehu nghia xa hpi khoa hpc quay lai ehu nghia xa hpi khdng tudng, cung se khdng de chu nghia Mae chi dUng lai d trinh dp cua vai ehuc nam trUdc hoac mpt t r a m n a m trUdc. Do vay, c h u n g ta ndi giai phong tU tUdng ehinh la phai van d u n g nguyen ly cd bdn cua ehu nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Mao Traeh Ddng de nghien cdu tinh hinh mdi, gidi quyet van de mdi"(14).
H a t n h a n cda cau trd ldi ma D a n g Tieu Binh dUa ra la, b a m chac vae thiic te hien tai, d u n g lap trUdng, q u a n diem, phddng p h a p va nguyen ly cd ban eua chu nghia Mae de nghien cdu tinh h i n h mdi. giai quyet van de mdi ludn x u a t hien. Cai gpi la b a m chde vao thiie te hien tai, nhU ddng ehi Giang Traeh Dan p h a t bieu tai Dai hpi
(13) Diing Tieu Binh. \'dn luyen. Sdd.. quye'n 2, tr.3l8.
(14) Dang Tieu Binh. Vdn luyen. Sdd.. quyin 2, tr. 179.
TirSUNG ON
XV cua Dang, chinh la phdi "lay thiic te eua cai each md ciia va xay diing hien dai hoa Trung Qudc, lay cong viec ma ehung ta dang tien hanh lam trung tam, chu trpng dng dung ly luan eua ehu nghia Mae, chu trpng viec trau ddi ly luan doi vdi van de thiic te, chu trpng den thiic tien mdi va phdt trien mdi"(15).
NhUng qua trinh dung lap trUdng, quan diem, phUdng phap va nguyen ly cd ban cua chu nghia Mac de nghien cdu tinh hinh mdi, giai quyet van de mdi xuat hien cung dong thdi la qua trinh viia kien tri coi lap trUdng, quan diem, phUdng phap va nguyen ly ed ban cua ehu nghia Mac la kim chi nam cho hanh dpng, vda thuc day viec nghien edu ehu nghia Mde trong tinh hinh mdi, giai quyet van de mdi, thd'ng nhat giiia ke' thiia va phdt trien chu nghia Mac.
Dd la qua trinh lay ke thda lam chd diia, khdng ngiing phat trien tien len, dong thdi la mpt qua trinh bao ham cd ke thiia trong phat trien. Khi ngUdi ta xem xet van de chu yeu tren binh dien ke thda ehu nghia Mac, thi dd la qud trinh van dung cae nguyen tae va phddng phap ed ban eua chu nghia Mde, "yeu edu mpi ngUdi phdi can ed vao nd, ket hdp vdi thiie te khach quan ludn bien doi, tim tdi dap an de giai quyet van de mdi, td dd phat trien chinh ly luan ciia chu nghia Mae"(16); nhdng khi ngUdi ta xem xet van de ehu yeu tren binh dien phdt trim chu nghia Mac, thi qud trinh nay doi hoi "ngUdi macxit chan ehinh nhat thiet phai can cd vao tinh hinh hien tai de nhan thdc, k e t h d a va phdt trien ehu nghia Mac - Lenin", "khdng lay td tUdng, quan diem mdi de ke thiia va phat trien chu nghia Mde, dd khdng phai Id ngddi mdcxit chan chinh". Chung ta "quyet khdng the lay dap an ed sdn eua C.Mde de giai quyet van de phdt sinh hang ehuc nam, hang
tram nam sau khi dng qua ddi. TUdng til, V.I.Lenin cung khdng the gdnh vac nhiem vu cung cap dap an san cd de giai quyet van de phat sinh nam mUdi nam, mpt tram nam sau khi dng qua ddi"(17).
Sii thd'ng nhat gida ke thiia va phat trien trong chu nghia Mac chinh la giai quyet mpt each dn thoa, chi ra each giai quyet ddi vdi cae van de hi taeh rdi mpt each may mde, hoac la rap khudn sao ehep theo chu nghia giao dieu, hoac bi mat phddng hudng do nhay tu: ciic doan nay den eiic doan khdc trUdc van de mdi, tinh hinh mdi phdt sinh. Nguyen nhan khien phai thd'ng nhat gida kien tri va phat trien chu nghia Mac, nhd Giang Traeh Dan chi ro,
"Phai ludn ludn kien tri nguyen ly cd ban eua chii nghia Mae, neu khdng sii nghiep cua ehung ta se lac mat phUdng hUdng vi khdng cd ed sd ly luan va Iinh hon tU tddng dung ddn, nhU vay se that bai, do ehinh la ly do tai sao ehung ta nhat dinh phai kien tri nguyen ly cd ban cua chu nghia Mde.
Chu nghia Mde c6 pham chat ly luan tien cung thdi dai, neu khdng chu y den sd thay doi cua dieu kien lich sd va tinh hinh hien thiic, neu ehi cau ne vao mpt so' nhan dinh ea biet va cUdng llnh hanh dpng cu the dupe dUa ra d tinh hinh cu the trong dieu kien lich svi nhat dinh trong cac tdc pham kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac, thi chung ta se vi tu tUdng xa rdi thiic te ma khdng the tien len mpt each thuan ldi, tham chi se phat sinh sai lam. Dd chinh la ly do tai sao chung ta nhat dinh phai ludn phan dd'i viec lay thai dp cua chu nghia giao dieu de xem
(15) Tdng lap Vdn kien dai bieu loan qudc Idn thiiW ciia Ddng Cong sdn Trung Qudc. tr. 13 - 14.
(16) Dang Tieu Binh. Vdn luyen. quye'n 3. Sdd., tr.l46.
(17) Dang Tie'u Binh. Vdn luyen, quye'n 2. Sdd., tr.29I -292.
NHIING SUY TUTRIET HOC CUA D A N G TIEU BINH ...
xet ly l u a n eua ehu nghia Mac"(18). Tong Bi t h u Ho C a m Dao c u n g tiing ndi rd r a n g , sd s a n g tao phdi lay kien tri lam tien de, kien tri lai p h a i lay s a n g tao lam dieu kien:
"Sang tao ly l u a n n h a t dinh phdi kien tri nguyen ly ed b a n cua chu nghia Mae lam tien de, neu k h d n g se lac m a t phUdng hudng, se di n h a m dudng, ma kien tri chu nghia Mae lai phdi lay can cd p h a t trien thiic tien t h u c ddy k h o n g ngiing s a n g tao ly luan lam dieu kien, n e u khong chu nghia Mae se m a t sdc sd'ng, se k h d n g t h e tiep tue duy tri dude"(19).
Xet t d gdc dp triet hpc, each lam cua Dang Tieu B i n h t h e h i e n sii thd'ng n h a t giua ke t h d a va p h a t t r i e n chu nghia Mac, cung gid'ng nhU dng kien tri phep bien ehdng duy vat coi van ddng la nguyen ly khdng the taeh khdi sU thd'ng n h a t gida tinh gian doan va t i n h lien tue. Su p h a t trien ciia van vat, van sU t r e n the gidi vdn la mpt qua t r i n h lien tue khdng gian doan, tai sao lai x u a t hien t i n h gian doan?
V.I.Lenin tUng chi rd: "Neu khdng eat bd n h d n g t h d khdng gian doan, khdng lam cho n h d n g do vat sd'ng dpng bi ddn gian hoa, khdng bi p h a n chia, c u n g khdng lam cho cdng nhdc, thi c h u n g ta se khdng the tudng tupng, di§n dat, trde lUpng, mieu ta van dpng. Mieu ta tU tUdng ludn ngheo nan, cdng nhdc hdn so vdi van dpng. Khdng chi tu tUdng, ma cam giac cung n h d vay;
khong ehi ddi vdi van dpng, ma ddi vdi b a t ky khai m e m nao c u n g deu n h d vay"(20).
Tuy nhien, viec edt bo n h d n g t h d khdng gian doan k h d n g p h a i la tuy tien, ma phdi can cd vao q u a t r i n h p h a t trien cua sii vat.
Khi ndi ve b a n c h a t eua van dpng, V.I.Lenin n h a n m a n h : "Ban c h a t eua van dpng la thdi gian va k h d n g gian. Dien dat khcii niem ed b a n cua b a n c h a t cd hai loai:
bdn chat m a n g t i n h phi gian doan (vd ban) va "tinh d d t doan" (phd dinh tinh phi gian doan, tdc la t i n h gian doan). Van dpng la sii thd'ng n h a t gida t i n h phi gian doan (eua thdi gian va khong gian) vdi tinh gian doan (eua thdi gian va k h d n g gian)"(21).
Gidng n h u qua t r i n h van d u n g sang tao nguyen ly cda phep bien e h d n g duy vat ve van dpng la sU thd'ng n h a t gida tinh phi gian doan va t i n h gian doan. D a n g Tieu Binh vda ke t h d a ngUdi di trUdc, pha vd nep cu, vda khdng d a n h m a t chu nghia Mac t r u y e n thdng, dong thdi ludn dUa ra n h d n g l u a n diem mdi chUa t d n g dUpe ndi den nhUng phu hdp vdi thdi dai va thiic te khach quan. Ong da thd'ng n h d t gida viec ke t h d a va p h a t trien chu nghia Mac, lam cho ly l u a n va thiie tien trd t h a n h hai m a t eua mpt qua trinh.
Tdm lai, cd the noi, tU gdc dp triet hpc.
Dang Tieu Binh da xac lap lai dudng ldi tU tUdng chu nghia Mae, giup ehung ta ly gidi sau hdn va n a n g cao tinh tu giac, tinh kien dinh q u a n triet thiic hien dUdng loi tU tUdng eua Dang td tam eao cua the gidi quan va phUdng p h a p luan eua chu nghia Mac, dong thdi giup ehung ta llnh hpi dUpe sdc m a n h eua the gidi quan va phUdng phap luan dd trong thiic tien xay dUng chu nghia xa hpi m a n g dae sac T r u n g Qud'c, td dd cang thay rd sU cdn thiet phai nghien cUu va p h a t trien ly luan cua ehu nghia Mac.D
Ngiidfi d i c h : ThS.TRAN THUY NGOC (Khoa Triet hoc, Triidng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd
hoi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Noi)
(18) Giang Traeh Dan. Bdi phdt bieu tai Dai hdi ky niem SO ndm thdnh Idp Ddng Cong sdn Trung Qudc.
(19) Ho Cam Dao. Bdi phut bdu Irong Hot ihdo ly ludn: luncdng quan trpng "Ba dai dien ".
(20) V.I.Lenin. Todn lap, Sdd., quye'n 55, tr.219.
(21) V.I.Lenin. Todn lap. Sdd., quye'n 55, tr.217.