T A P C H i K H O A H O C P H A P l.^ S O 0 5 ( n 7 ) / 2 0 1 8
KHAI NIEM CONG BANG TRONG NGUYEN TAC CONG BANG, HOP LY KHI Stf DUNG TAI NGUYEN XUYEN QUOC GIA
LE MINH NHyt
Khoa Luat Qu6c tS, Dai hgc Luat TP. H6 Chi Minh Inteniational Law Department, Hochiminh city University ofLaw Email, [email protected] Tdm tdt
Hien nay. Vi^t Nam dang phdi ddi mat v&i mgt so vdn de lien quan den mdi trudng xuyen bien gidi, dien hinh Id viec sic dung chung nguon nuac song Mekong, d nhiim khdng khi xuyen bien giai tii phia Bdc do Trung Qudc xd thdi, d nhiem khdi mil xuyen biin gidi tie phia Nam do chdy rimg tir Indonesia. Tuy nhien, nhiing ca sd de bdo vi lai ich chinh ddng cua Viet Nam vdn con han chi. Vi vay, bdi viit sephdn tich khdi niem cdng bdng trong nguyen tdc cdng bdng, hap ly khi sir dung nguon tdi nguyen xuyen qudc gia, chung minh nguyen tdc trin nhu mgt ngudn tap qudn khi cdc qudc gia lien quan chua ky kit cdc diiu udc quoc te, di tit dd dua ra cdc kiin nghi tuang img.
Tir khda: nguyen tdc cdng bdng hgp ly, ngudn nuac qudc te. d nhiem khdng khi xuyin biengi&i Abstract
Nowadays, there are certain transboundary environmental issues that Vietnam has to encounter, such as the common use ofthe Mekong River's water resources, transboundary air pollution from China and the haze pollution from the wildfire in Indonesia Nevertheless, the legal framework for the protection of Vietnam's legitimate interests remains limited. This article analyzes the concept of equity in the principle of equitable and reasonable in the use of trans-boundary resources. Based on that, the author would prove that the mentioned rules are a custom - a source of international law in case the states are not parties to international treaties.
Therefore, some recommendations are proposed.
Keywords: equity, principle of equitable and reasonable, international watercourses, transboundary air pollution
T
heo luat quoc te hien dai, quoc gia sa khi la nhirng loai tai nguyen co the ma rgng tai CO chii quyen doi voi moi nguon pham vi su dung qua nhieu quoc gia, dieu tai nguyen nam trong lanh tho ciia minh, nay cung dan den kha nang viec khai thac do la quyen khai thac, quan ly, bao ton... tai nguyen a quoc gia nay se gay thiet hai nguon nuac, khong khi ciang nhu mpi tai cho qu6c gia khac. Vi du, Viet Nam gap nguyen trong lanh tho quoc gia va nhirng phai cac vdn dS nhu viec Trung Quoc va quoc gia khac c6 nghia vu ton trpng chu cacquocgiakhu vuc song Mekong xay dap quyen do'. Tuy nhien, khi xet den viec su lam giam luu lupng nuoc;^ khoi bui cong dung chung nguon tai nguyen xuyen quoc nghiep tir Trung Quoc tran sang phia Bac^gia, nguai ta dat ra cau hoi: chu quyen quoc
• . s ' ^ - ' - L - i - ^ i ' - " ' ' ^ Duong Kim, "Tac done cua dSp thuy dien Trung
gia doi VOI nhung nguon tai nguyen nay co ^ . ,. ^, .' ^,. „ ^„, •" ^ , .
' ^ "^ j ~ - •- L " ^ . - . ' . . Quoc ten song Me Kong", S a o Af;« (w TTi/en nAien,
con tayet doi, neng biet - nghia la hoan h^3v/wwwAiem±ie„.„et/2017/03/n/tac-dong-cua-
t o a n d u a v a o s i t d i n h d o s t c u a ^ q u o c p a s o dap-thuy-dien-trung-quoc-toi-soig-kong/, truy cap
cho du CO anh huong den quoc gia ngay 01/8/2018
k h a c h a y k h o n g ? i minh H i k , "Khong khi 6 n h i f a tir Trung Qu6c C u t h e , n g u o n n u a c q u o c t e ( s o n g , h o , tran sang ViSt Nam vao miia d6ng", Bdo di^n tit n u 6 c n g a m q u o c t e ) h a y t a i n g u y e n k h o n g Vnexpress, https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/
•TniongBaihQC Luat TR H6 Chi Minh, Gido trinh trong-nuoc/khong-khi-o-nhiem-tu-trung-quoc-tran- Cong phap qudc li (quyin 1), Nxb. H6ng Diic ~ Hoi sang-viet-nam-vao-mua-dong-3294904.html, truy cap Luat gia Viet Nam, 2015, tr. 230. ngay 01/8/2018.
LUAT 0U6C TR
va khoi mu do dot rung tir Indonesia gay 6 nhiem cho miSn Nam.'*
Van dS dat ra la khi khai thac tai nguyen nuoc, khong khi xuyen quoc gia, cac qu6c gia lang gi^ng chiu su rang buoc nao d^
khong gay thiet hai cho qu6c gia khac?
Nhin chung, ca so phap ly qu6c te di^u chinh van de khai thac, bao t6n hai loai tai nguyen nay con han ch8, dac biet trong b6i canh Viet Nam chi moi tham gia vao Cong uoc New York nam 1997 v6 Luat Su dung cac nguon nuac xuyen bien giai vi muc dich phi giao thong duong thuy, Hiep dinh v^ Hpfp tac phat triSn ben vimg luu vuc song Mekong nam 1995 va Hiep dinh ASEAN v8 Khoi mu xuyen bien gioi 2002 (ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, viit tat la AATHP). Do do, quy pham dieu uac de giai quyet nhijng van dk moi truang xuyen bien giai phat sinh trong qua trinh khai thac, bao ton nguon nuac quoc tS, 6 nhiem khong khi xuyen bien gioi giua Viet Nam va cac quoc gia trong khu vuc co lien quan con thieu vang.
Nguyen tac cong bang, hgp ly trong su dung tai nguyen xuyen quoc gia duac tac gia chung minh nhu mot nguon tap quan co the bo khuyet cho su thieu vang nay.
L Sir ra doi cua nguyen tac
Truac thap nien 50 ciia the ky 20, van de sir dung nguon nuac quoc te da tra thanh chu de franh luan keo d^i cua hai truang phai ve chu quyen qu6c gia: truang phai dua theo hpc thuyet chu quyin lanh tho tuyet doi va truang phai theo hgc thuySt chu quyen lanh tho toan ven. Truang phai dua tren hpc thuySt chu quyin lanh thd tuyet doi huong din viec bao ve quyin cho cac qudc gia a thugng ngu6n.
Theo do, cac qu6c gia a thugng ngudn cho ring hp co toan quyin dinh doat ngu6n nuofC trong lanh th6 ciia quoc gia muih, kl ca ngudn nuac qudc tl ma khong c4n suy xet din Igi ich 4 fjijii Cong - Cuu Long, "Chay rimg 6 Indonesia gay hien tuong mu kho tai Sai Gon", Bdo dien tu Vnexpress. https://vnexpress.neftin-tuc/thoi-su/chay- mng-o-indonesia-gay-hien-tuong-mu-kho-tai-sai- gon-3291930.html, truy cSp ngay 01/8/2018.
cua cac qudc gia khac.^ Trong khi do, truong phai dua tren hpc thuylt chii quyin lanh thd toan ven lai huang din bao v? qudc gia d ha ngudn, ngan edm tuyet ddi hit ky hanh vi sii dung ngudn nude nao a thugng ngudn lam anh hudng din dong chay tu nhien.^ Tuy nhien, tren thuc tl, trucmg phai theo thuylt chii quyin lanh thd tuyet ddi da bi phan ddi manh me va hau nhu khdng dugc cdng nhan.' Tuang tu, trucmg phai theo thuyet chu quyen lanh thd toan ven ciing gap han che khi bi cho rang can trd su phat trien cua qudc gia thugng ngudn, vi hg se hau nhu khdng dugc th\rc hi?n hoat dpng gi co the anh hudng den ddng chay.
Do do, cd the thay ca hai trucmg phai nay deu khdng nhan dugc su ling hd rdng rai.
Sau nhung nam 1950, cac nen tang cho s^
ra ddi ciia luat qudc te ve quan ly ngudn nude da hinh thanh^ tir hang loat cac tranh chap lien quan den viec sii dung ngudn nude'
* United Nations -Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, https://www.unescwa.org/absolute- territorial-sovereignty, truy cap ngay 12/8/2017.
^ McCaf&ey SC, The Law of International Watercourses. 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, 2007.
' Xem tranh chap giiia Hoa Ky va Mexico nam 1895 khi Hoa Ky sir dung nguon nuoc song lam anh huang dSn khu vye Rio Grande ciia Mexico. Trong do, Hoa Ky bao ve thuyet chu quyen lanh tho tuy?t doi va khong chiu trach nhiem tiuac Mexico ve bat ky hanh vi nao (dii gay ra thiet hai cho Mexico) dien ra trong lanh th6 Hoa Ky. Nhung lap luan nay cua Hoa Ky lai bi chmh lap luan ciia hg sau do chong lai trong tranh chap giua Hoa Ky va Cannada trong vu Trail Smelter (1939- 1941). Hoa Ky dat cau hoi heu khoi tiiai tir 16 luyen kim a Canada, nam cich bien gioi vai Hoa Ky bay dJim, co gay thiet hai cho tieu bang Washington hay khong, va nSu CO, 16 luyen kim phai boi thuang bang hinh thiic nao cung nhu phai co nhiing bien phap nao nhiim ngan ngira nhung tac hai trong tuong lai. Trpng tai vy Trail Smelter phan quyfit "khdng qudc gia ndo cd quyin su dung hoac cho phep su dung lanh tho cua minh diphdt tdn khdi gdy thiit hai nghiem trongden lanh tho, tdi sdn vd ngudi ddn cua qudc gia khdc; nhirng thiet hai phdi thi hiin d nhirng chimg cie xdc thycc vd thuyitphuc".
" CB Boume, The Primacy of the Principle of Equitable Utilisation in the 1997 Watercourses Convention, 35 Canadian Yearbook of International Law 215, 1997, p. 215.
' Vi du: Tranh chip giira An Do va Pakistan (nhirng nam 1950); Ao va Biic (nhiing nam 1950); Chile va Bolivia (nhung nam 1920).
68 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 05(n7)/2018 Trong dd, each giai quyet dugc thdng nhdt
dp dung la cac ben dugc su dung cdng bang, hgp ly ngudn nude chung. Theo nguyen tac nay, tat ca cac qudc gia lien quan den vung nuoc deu cd quyen binh dang trong viec sir dung ngudn nude chimg va mdi qudc gia phai tdn trpng chu quyen va cac quyen ddi ling ciia cac qudc gia cd nguon nude khac.'"
Nguyen t i c cdng bang va hop ly the hi?n hai chiic nang c a ban. Thii nhat, nguyen tac nay thiit lap muc tieu can dat dugc (sir dung ngudn nude cdng bang va hgp ly), xac dinh tinh hgp phap cua viec sir dung ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi. Thii hai, nguyen tac yeu cau tdt ca cac y i u td va hoan canh (tu nhien va kinh t l - xa hdi, nhu cau sir dung ngudn nude va thuc tien sii dung ngudn nude ciia cac qudc gia,...) dupe dua vao danh gia, xem xet viec cd hay khdng viec sir dung ngudn nude mpt each cdng bang va hgp ly." Lgi the cua nguyen tac nay la ddng thdi cdng tihan quyen cua cac qudc gia thugng ngudn va ha ngudn nen dugc chap nhan rdng rai '^ va da dugc ghi nhan trong kha nhieu dieu u d c qudc te '^
'° Rieu-Clarke, International Law and Sustainable Development: Lessons from the Law of International Watercourses, 2005, tr. 148.
" Rieu-Clarke, tldd, tr. 148.
" A Tanzi and M Arcan, The United Nations Convention on the Law of International Watercourses.
A Framework for Sharing, Kluwer Law International, 2001, tr, 136.
" Trong viec sir dung nguon nuoc quoc te, nguyen tie nay ciing duac phap dien hoa trong nhi^u van ban phip ly quoc te co hen quan nhu. Cong uoc New York nam 1997 ve Luat Sir dyng cac nguon nuoc xuyen bien giai vi muc dich phi giao thong duong thuy cua Lien hpp qu6c, Hiep dinh ve Hap tac phat triSn b^n viing luu vyc song MeKong nam 1995; Cong uoc vk Bao v | vh sir dung cac nguon nude xuyen bien giai va cac ho qu6c tS nam 1996; Cong u6c Bao ve song Danube nam 1994; cac dieu uac song phuong va da phuong khu vuc nhu Hipp djnh ve Chat luong nuoc cac h6 Ion giiia Canada va My nam 1978; Hiep dinh phan chia nguon nuoc Pakistan (WAA) nam 1991; Nghi djnh thu sua ddi ve cac Nguon nuac chia se cua Cong dong Phat trien Nam Phi nam 1995; Hiep dmh vS Khung hop tac chau th6 song Nile nam 2009, Diiu 5 Hiep dinh Hop tac phat trien ben vimg luu vuc song Mekong...
va an le.'''
Trong viec chdng d nhiem khdng khi xuyen bien gidi, nguyen t5c nay cung dugc thira nhan t u a n g ttr. Theo nguyen tac so 21 cua Tuyen bd Rio:'^ 'Thu hop v&i Hien chuong Lien hop quoc vd nhi^ng^ nguyen tdc cua lugt phdp quoc te, cdc quoc gia co chu quyen khai thdc tdi nguyen cua minh theo nhiing chinh sdch ve moi truang vd phdt trien cua minh, vd co trdch nhiem bdo ddm rdng nhiing hoqt dong trong pham vi quyen han vd kiem sodt cita minh khong gdy tdc hai gi den moi truang ciia cdc quoc gia khdc hoac cua nhung khu vuc ngoai phcim vi quyen han quoc gia". Ben canh do, nguyen tac nay con d u g c thita nhan trong y kien tu van cua Tda an Cdng ly qudc te lien quan den tinh h g p phap cua cac mdi de doa hoac su dung vii khi hat nhan nam 1996,'^
'•* Tranh chap ve viec sir dung nguon nu6c song Meuse nam 1856 giua Bi va Ha Lan. Ha Lan phan doi viSc Bi chan dong chay de dan nuoc vao kenh dao Campine, cho rang bien phap nay gay ra thiSt hai bang each giam kha nang luu thong thuy cila song Meuse va tang kha nang gay ngap lut. Phan quyet ciia Phap vien Thuong true quoc te cho rang hai quoc gia co the cai tao, ma rong vai dieu kien la cac kenh rach khong vugt ra khoi lanh tho va khong lam anh huong den luu luong nuac. Xem: Permanent Court of International Justice, Series A/B, No. 70, Series C, No. 81.
Viec ung ho cac quoc gia deu duoc huang quyen binh dang trong viec su dung nguon nuoc quoc te tiep tuc duQC khang dinh boi phan quyet cua Toa an Cong ly quoc t€ (ICJ) trong vu Gabcikovo-Nagymaros. Theo do, ICJ cho rang hoat dgng dan phuong ciia Cong hoa Slovakia tren song Danube, cho phep Slovakia (vao thai diem bay gia la Tiep Khac) su dung tu 80% den 90% vung nu6c ciia song xuyen bien gioi cho Ipi ich cua minh, l i mpt hanh vi xam pham quy6n ca ban ciia Hungary trong vi?c chia se cong bang va ht?p ty ngu6n nu6c quoc te. Xem: Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), date 25/9/1997, ICJ Reports 1997, pp. 78.
'5 Tuyen bo la ket qua cua Hoi nghi Lien hpp qu6c vk moi trudmg va phat trien hpp tai Rio De Janeiro tir 3 dgn 14/6/1992.
I* Xem v\i tranh chdp do thii vu khi hiit nhan (Nuclear Test) giiia Uc/ New Zealand va Phap 1973- 1974(4 ), ICf Reports,1996, tr. 241-242. 5 3 . Case Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Northern Irelandv. Albania), ICJ Reports 1949, tr. 22.
L U A T O U Q C Tf. 69 Dieu 2.2 Cdng udc ve Danh gia tac ddng
mdi trudng trong mdt bdi canh xuyen bien gidi nam 1991 (Cdng udc Espoo), D i i u 2 Cdng udc v l O n h i l m khdng khi tdm xa 1979,'^ D i i u 3.1 Hiep dinh AATHP.
Nhu vay cd the thdy rang, nguyen tac cong bang hgp ly dugc hinh thanh va ap dung trong ca hai van de mdi trudng xuyen quoc gia la sir dung ngudn nude qudc te va chdng d nhiem khdng khi xuyen bien gidi tir lau ddi va dugc ap dung trong nhiiu vu viec cung nhu dugc phap d i i n hda trong cac quy pham dieu udc.
2. Khai ni@m "cong b a n g " t r o n g nguyen tac cong bang, hcrp ly
Ban chat cua khai niem "cdng bang"
trong nguyen tac cdng bang, hgp ly sir dung nguon tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia kha m o hd.Trong luat phap qudc te, "cdng bang"
thudng dugc su dung nhu mdt tir ddng nghia cho su khdng thien vi (fairness), hoac cdng ly (justice) ve ca phan hinh thiic va npi dung.'^ Trong khi hinh thiic b i i u hien cua khai niem "cdng b a n g " lien quan den cac hoat ddng thuc tien trong viec khai thac tai nguyen ciia cac qudc gia, thi npi dung cua khai niem "cdng b a n g " hudng den su phan phdi lgi ich, lan thiet hai mdt each cdng bang.^^
Khi xem xet van de cdng bang trong nhirng linh vuc khac cd sir dung thuat ngit nay nhu van de kiem soat d nhiem khdng khi, bien ddi khi hau thi ngi ham cua thuat ngii cua "phan chia cdng bang" la quan trpng nhat vdi nhieu tranh cai xoay quanh
" Digu 2 Cong uoc ve 6 nhilm khong khi tam xa dat ra nghia vu chung cho cac ben tham gia c6 gang gioi han va trong chimg muc co the, giam thieu va ngan ngira 6 nhiSm khong khi bao g6m 6 nhilm khong khi xuySn bien gioi.
'* TM Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1995, tr. 9.
'^ D Shelton, "Equity' in Bodansky D, Brunnee J and Hey E", The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, Oxford University Press, 2007, tr 640.
ba ndi dung co ban:^"
- Cac qudc gia phai tinh d i n quyin cua cac qudc gia khac de giam thieu phat thai;
- Nhung ddng gdp va chi phi d l giam thiiu phat thai edn dupe chia se cho tirng qudc gia theo nang lire tai chinh;
Nhung ddng gdp giam phat thai can dugc phan bd theo ty le trach nhiem cua qudc gia xa thai.
D i i u 5.1 Cdng udc New York nam 1997 ciing quy dinh ve viec sir dung cdng bang:
"Cdc quoc gia chung nguon nuac, trong lanh tho ciia minh, phdi su dung mot nguon nuac lien quoc gia mot cdch cong bdng vd hap ly. Cu the, mot nguon nuac lien quoc gia phdi duac cdc quoc gia chung nguon nuac su dung vd phdt trien nhdm dat duac viec su dung toi uu vd ben vimg vd dqt duac lai ich do nguon nuac mang Iqi, co tinh den lai ich cua cdc quoc gia chung nguon nuac lien quan, cung vai bdo ve thich ddng nguon nuac do ".
Qua nghien ciiu, tinh cdng bang gdm ba ndi dung rat ca ban la "su dung cong bang",
"su tham gia cdng bang" va "tinh d i n nhu cau thiet yeu ciia con ngudi".
2.1. Sir dung cong bang
Viec sir dung "cdng bang" la sir dung va phat trien nham "sir dung tdi uu", nhung
"sir dung tdi u u " da phan dugc h i i u khdng dong nghia vdi sir dung den miic dat dupe muc dich tdi da, hieu qua nhat hoac tham chi la sit dung cd gia tri nhat (ve mat kinh t l ) . Thdng thudng viec "sir dung tdi u u " la nham dap img dugc lgi ich tdi da cd the cho tat ca ngudi dan va dat dugc su thda man Idn nhat cd the ddi vdi tat ca cac nhu cau cua hp va giam thieu tac ddng cd hai tiem tang.
2.2. Tham gia edng hdng
Trong viec sir dung ngudn nude qudc t l , khai niem "su tham gia cdng bdng" thira
^" L Ringius, "ATorvanger and AUnderdal, Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International Climate Policy", International Environmental Agreements. Politics, Law and Economics 1, 2002, tr. 17.
70 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY S6 05(117)/2018 nhan thuc te cac qudc gia cd quyen khai
thac tai nguyen xuyen quoc gia nhu nhau, nhung ddng thdi cd nghTa vu thuc hien nhiing bien phap bao tdn tai nguyen va khac phuc hau qua xay ra.^' Do dd, khai niem ve su tham gia cong bang co lien quan true tiep tai nguyen tac su diing cdng bang va hop ly. Su tham gia cdng bang se cho phep cac qudc gia cd quyen yeu cau su hgp tac cua cac qudc gia chung ngudn nude nham thuc hien cac bien phap can thiSt de bao ve ngudn nude.
Cd the xem xet vi du sau day: qudc gia A (d thugng luu) va qudc gia B (d ha luu) cung sir dung mpt con song qudc te. Qudc gia A cd y dinh ngan ddng, dua them nude vao kenh rach thuy lgi va thdng bao cho qudc gia B ve ke hoach nay. Trong thdng bao nay, A dam bao rang viec gia tang su dung nuac la khdng dang ke - chi mdt ty le phan tram rat nhd trong tdng lugng nude - nhung se mang lai nhirng lgi ich to Idn cho an ninh luong thirc qudc gia A. Trong phiic dap cua minh, qudc gia B cho rdng thay vi lang phi nhieu nude hon cho kenh thuy lgi, qudc gia A nen dau tu v^o he thdng tudi nhd gipt hoac mua lugng thuc phdm edn thiit tu qudc gia B. Trong khi qudc gia B thiia nhan rang viec rut nude khdi sdng chi d miic thap van anh hudng din vi$c cung cdp nude cho dan sd ngay cang tang nhanh, cd thi anh hudng din kl hoach md rpng khu nghi duong ciia hp dpc theo sdng. Cau hdi dat ra la lieu A va B cd sir dung ngudn nude higu qua nhat hoac cd lgi nhdt khdng? Nhu da trinh bay d tren, yeu cdu vl "su dung tdi uu", "sir dung ben virng" khdng yeu cau su dung tiet kiem nhat {d day la su dung cdng nghe tudi tien tiln nhdt theo lap luan cua B), trong dd phai tinh den deu kien kinh te, xa hpi cua tung quoc gia, dac biet la qudc gia dang phat trien. Trong vi du nay, tren tinh than hgp tac, A da thien chi thdng bao cho B ke hoach quy hoach ngudn nude va B ciing cdng nhan rang viec nit nude ciia A la
^' Dieu 8 cua Cong u6c v8 Nguon nu6c ciia Lien hpp qu6c.
khdng dang kl, chi la muc dich sir dung cua hai qudc gia la khac nhau va viec sir dyng ciia A chi dan thudn cd kha nang anh hudng den B. Do dd, viec sii dung ngudn nude cua A cd thi coi la hgp ly. Sau khi xac dinh rang viec sir dimg ngudn nude qudc tl la hgp l^, cac quoc gia A va B phai tranh luan tilp tuc ve vi?c lieu nd cd cdng bdng hay khong. 6 day, mdt lan niia cd thi thdy rdng, lap luan ciia B khdng hgp ly, bdi vi viec su dung tai nguyen nuoc dung chung de nang cap cac hoat dpng du lich dpc theo bd sdng se khdng dugc coi la cd gia tri cao hon nhu cdu ve thuy lgi cua A.
Xet ve mdi tuang quan giiia tinh cdng bang va tinh hgp ly thi cdng bdng cd tinh uu tien hon. Dieu nay cd nghia la nhirng gi cd the dugc coi la hoan toan hgp ly bdi mdt qudc gia cd the la khdng cdng bdng khi xem xet trong biic tranh toan canh vl toan bp ngudn nude va cac nhu cdu va lgi ich khac nhau cua c^c quoc gia sii dung chung ngudn nude. Do dd, viec "sir dung hgp ly"
van phai tuan theo su phan bd cdng bdng.
Neu viec sir dung tai nguydn cd thi hgp ly vdi qudc gia nay nhung cd thi khdng cdng bdng vdi qudc gia khac thi dugc xem \k khdng phu hgp vdi nguyen tac nay.
2.3. Nhu cdu thiet yeu cua con nguoi Khdng mdt nhu cau sir dung ngudn nude qudc te nao cd the uu tien han so vdi nhung nhu cau khac. Tuy nhien, giira nhiing nhu cau canh tranh cua cac qudc gia thi yiu td nao dugc xem la quan trpng nhdt khi danh gia tdng thi cac yiu td dl xem xet su cdng bang?
Diiu 10 Cdng udc New York nam 1997 vl Luat Sir dung cac ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi vi muc dich phi giao thdng dudng thuy cua Lien hop qudc sii diing thuat ngu
"nhu cdu thiet yeu aia con nguai" va xem nd la yeu td quan trgng nhdt trong sir dung ngudn nude. Nhu cau thiet yiu cua con ngudi trong sir dung ngudn nude thi hien d hai yiu td: thu nhdt, dl duy tri cugc song con ngudi - nude dl udng; thii hai, nude edn thiit 6B san xudt luong thuc ngan ngira
LUAT QUOC TE 71 nan ddi. Nhu vay, nhu cdu thiet yeu cua con
ngudi chi dl cap nhiing nhu cau de ngan ngira tir vong do mdt nude hoac ddi.^^ Cach tiep can nay hep ban so vdi Tuyen bd chung nam 2002 kem theo Cdng udc ciia Lien hgp qudc nam 1966 vl cac Quyen kinh te, van hda, xa hdi,^^ theo dd md rdng han, nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngudi bao gdm nude udng, che pham thuc pham, ve sinh cho ca nhan va hg gia dinh.^'' Ngoai ra, edn cd mpt sd van ban ghi nhan quyen con ngudi ve viec dam bao ngudn nude cho su sdng nhu mdt quyen ca ban: Tuyen ngdn Nhan quyen nam 1948, Dieu 14 cua Cdng udc veXoabd mpi hinh thiic phan biet ddi xu vdi phu nii va Dieu 24 ciia Cdng uac ve Quyen tre em.
Nam 2002, Uy ban ve cac Quyen kinh te, xa hpi va van hda cua Lien hgp qudc da thdng qua nhan xet chung ve ''quyen nuac "
nham mang lai sir ro rang ban ve y dinh, y nghTa va ndi dung cua Cdng udc.^^ Theo dd, con ngudi cd quyen dugc cung cap du nude de sii dung cho muc dich sir dung ca nhan va trong gia dinh. Vi vay, can phai cd dii lugng nude an toan de ngan ngira tir vong do mdt nude, giam nguy ca mac benh lien quan din nude va cung cap cho tieu dimg, ndu an, ve sinh ca nhan. Ngay 28/7/2010, 122 qudc gia chinh thirc cdng nhan "quyen nuac" trong Nghi quyet Dai hpi ddng Lien
^^ Dieu 10 Cong uac New York nam 1997.
^^ Diiu 11 Cong uoc Qu6c te cua Lien hgp quoc nam 1966 vl cac Quyen kinh le, van hoa, xa hoi quy djnh ve quyin song phu hop va Dieu 12 quy dinh ve quyen dat duoc tieu chuan cao nhat c6 the dat duoc ve siic khoe the chat va tinh than, la hai dieu khoan c6 lien quan nhat - thua nhSn quyen duoc dam bao nuoc cho su song.
^* UN, The Right to Water, International Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc E/C, 2002. C Blake, Normative Instruments in International Human Rights Law. Locating the General Comment, Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice Working Paper, 17 Nov 2008.
^^ United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 15, 2002, para 2.
hop qudc.^^ Vao thang 9 cung nam, Hdi ddng nhan quyen Lien hgp qudc da thdng qua mdt nghi quyet cdng nhan cac quyen con ngudi den nude va ve sinh mdi trudng nhu la mdt phan ciia quyen cd mpt tieu chuan sdng day du.^'
Nhu vay, viec cung cap nude phuc vu cho nhu cau thiet yeu cua con nguai la quan trpng nhat trong tat ca cac yeu td dugc xem xet de xac dinh viec su dung nude giiia cac qudc gia cd cdng bang, hgp ly hay khdng.^^
3. Kien nghi
Ddi vdi Viet Nam hien nay, trong van de sir dung ngudn nude qudc te, Hiep dinh sdng Mekong van ddng vai trd rat quan trgng trong viec hgp tac va phan chia lgi ich cdng bang giiiacac nude trong luu vuc.
Tuy nhien, dieu dang tiec nhat la hai nude dau ngudn sdng Mekong la Trung Qudc va Myanmar khdng tham gia ky ket hiep dinh nay va ciing khdng bi rang budc bdi bat cii diiu udc quoc te da phuang toan cau nao vl quan ly ngudn nude sdng qudc tg ma chung ta la thanh vien. Ddng thdi, cac nude nay lien tiep xay dung cac dap thiiy dien lam anh hudng den dong chay va tai nguyen ciia con sdng tai khu vuc ha ngudn va Viet Nam la nude phai ganh chiu nhieu hau qua bat lgi nhat. Theo nghien ciiu ciia Uy hdi sdng Mekong qudc te nam 2010, hoat ddng xay dung dap thuy dien ciia cac nude thugng ngudn sdng Mekong lam giam ddng chay mua khd, ket hgp anh hudng cua biln ddi khi hau va nude bien dang se lam gia tang han man, anh hudng nghiem trgng den ndng nghiep va nudi trdng thuy san d
^^United Nations, Resolution of United Nations General Assembly, Ref A/64/L.63/Rev. 1.
^' OfFce ofthe United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UN united to make the right to water and sanitation legally binding, 01/102010.
^' M Falkenmark and C Widstrand, Population and Water Resources. A Delicate Balance, Population Bulletinl992, tr. 01; PH Gleick, Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs, 21 Water International, 1996, tr. 83.
72 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP hSi SO 05(n7)/2018 Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long (ma chiing ta
da chiing kien nam 2016). Ngoai ra, diiu nay edn lam giam lugng phii sa bdi dip cho ddng bang tir 26 trieu tan/ nam xuong con 7 trieu tan/ nam. Thuy san bien, nude ngpt va nudi trdng deu bi anh hudng vdi udc tinh tdn that it nhat tir 500 trieu cho den 1 ti USD mdi nam.^^
Khd khan cua Viet Nam la giua Viet Nam, Trung Qudc khdng cd dieu udc nao dieu chinh van de d nhiem khdng khi xuySn bien gidi. Ddi vdi Indonesia, Viet Nam ciing gap khd khan khi kha nang ap dung Hiep dinh AATHP khdng cao.
Tren phuang dien luat qudc te, Viet Nam cd the thuc hien bien phap sau de bao ve quyen lgi cua minh trong trudng hop nay:
Thir nhdt, thudng xuyen td chiic hdi thao, diin dan qudc te ve cac van de phat sinh trong qua trinh khai thac, sir dung sdng Mekong va kiem soat d nhiem khdng khi xuyen bien gidi; keu gpi cac quoc gia cd lien quan va cac nha khoa hpc ciing tham gia de trao ddi, hgc hdi kinh nghiem ap dung nguyen tac cdng bang, hgp ly trong quan ly, sii dung, bao tdn sdng qudc te, kiem soat d nhiem khong khi xuyen bien gidi, thdng qua dd dat dupe nhan thirc chung ve lgi ich ciia viec hgp tac giiia cac qudc gia. Ket qua cua cac hpi thao qudc te nay ciing la kenh thdng tin quan trpng de tu vdn cho Chinh phii nham xay dung cac bien phap ling phd vdi bien ddi khi hau va cac dien bien bat thudng cd the anh hudng den san xuat va sinh hoat cua ngudi dan.
Thu hai, dua ra sang kien ve viec thanh lap cac td chiic qudc te phi chinh phu nhu Hiep hdi Bao ve quyen lgi cua ngu dan, ndng dan dpc luu vuc sdng Mekong, Hiep hdi Khi tugng ASEAN va giiia cac qudc gia hiiu quan nhu giiia ViSt Nam - Trung
=' Trinh Le Nguyen - Tran Thi Thanh Thuy,
"B6i canh phat tnin luu vuc song Me Kong va giai phap iJTig pho cho Viet Nam", http.//nature.org.vn/
vn/2012/ll/boi-canh-phat-trien-luu-vuc-song-me- kong-va-giai-phap-ung-pho-cho-viet-nam/, truy cap ngay 10/01/2018.
Qudc... nhdm tap hgp sir quan tam va tham gia ciia cu dan cac nude cd lien quan, thdng qua dd tdc ddng din hanh dpng cua cac chinh phu. Mac du Hiep dinh sdng Mekong da lap ra td chuc qudc tl lien chinh phu la Uy hpi sdng Mekong, nhung hai nude thugng ngudn la Trung Qudc va Myanmar khdng tham gia nen rdt khd yeu cau hp thuc hien su hgp tac. Trong trudng hgp nay, hoat ddng ciia cac td churc phi chinh phu ndi tren cd the phat huy tac dung. Vi xet cho cimg, lgi ich chinh tri cua cac qudc gia cd the khac nhau, nhung lgi ich cua nhiing ngudi dan cd cugc sdng phu thupc vao con sdng deu gidng nhau, dd la mong mudn xay dung mdt cupc sdng dn dinh, an toan va phat trien.
Thir ba, bang con dudng ngoai giao, kien tri thuyet phuc cac qudc gia cd lien quan, dac biet la cac qudc gia d vi tri thugng ngudn ciing tham gia ky ket Hiep dinh Sdng Mekong hoac cd the ky ket mdt thda thuan song phuang rieng vdi Viet Nam nham dat dugc mdt lgi ich cdng bang cho tat ca cac ben trong dd dac biet la quy dinh chi tiet ve nguyen tac cdng bang, hgp ly trong sir dung tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia.
Thu tu, tir gdc do luat qudc te, cac qudc gia cd thi khdng edn phai chinh thiic ky kit cac dieu udc qudc te vdi nhau, nhung van cd the bi rang budc bdi cac quy pham tap quan, vdi dieu kidn quy pham tap quan do la quy tac x\t su dupe thira nhan rdng rai; dupe ap dung lap di lap lai nhieu idn va dugc cac chu thi cLia luat qudc tl thira nhan la nhirng quy pham mang tinh bat budc^" va ndi dung cua cac quy pham dd khdng dugc trai vdi cac nguyen tdc ca ban cua luat qudc tl. Nhu da phan tich, nguyen tdc cong bdng va hgp ly trong su dung tai nguyen xuyen qudc gia dugc ghi nhan rgng rai trong cac diiu udc qudc te, cac phan quyet cua Tda an Qudc tl va cac van kien chinh tri, ngoai giao giua
^^ Truong Dai hoc Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh, Gido trinh Cdng phdp qudc te (quyin 1), Nxb H6ng Due - Hoi Luat gia Vi^t Nam, tr. 151 - 152.
LUAT QUOC TE 73 cac qudc gia.^' Day la tien de quan trpng
de xac dinh nguyen tdc nay tdn tai nhu mpt chung cir thuc tiln chung, dugc thira nhan la tap quan qudc tl cd gia tri bat budc ddi vdi tat ca cac nude cd lien quan. Do dd, Viet Nam nen manh dan sir dung nguyen tdc nay trong viec ddu tranh ddi hdi quyen lgi chinh dang ciia minh tai luu vuc sdng Mekong, yeu cdu cham diit hanh vi gay d nhilm khdng khi xuyen bien gidi, thu thap cac chiing cu ro rang ve thiet hai xuat phat tir hanh vi khai thac qua miic cua cac nude d thugng ngudn, cac hanh vi gay d nhiem khdng khi xuyen bien gidi ket hgp thuang
^' Tap quan quoc te nay dugc thua nhan trong mot thoi gian dai, 6 ca trong viec su dung nguon nuac quoc te va 6 nhiem khong khi xuyen bien giai. Trong d6, tap quan quoc te nay dugc ghi nhan trong rat nhieu dieu u a c quoc te nhu da phIn tich a tren nhu. Cong uoc New York nam 1997 ve Luat Su dung cac nguon niroc xuyen bien gioi vi muc dich phi giao thong duong thuy, Hiep djnh ve Hgp tac phat tnen ben vimg luu vuc song Mekong nam 1995 va Hiep dinh ASEAN ve Khoi mu xuyen bien gioi 2002, Cong uoc ve Danh gia Tac dong Moi truang trong mot B6i canh xuySn biSn gioi nam 1991, Dieu 2 Cong u 6 c v l 6 nhilm khong khi t ^ x a 1979,Dieu 194 Cong uoc Lien hgp quoc ve Luat bien 1982. Ben canh do, tap ijuan quoc te nay con duac ghi nhSn trong cac phan quyet ciia ca quan tai phan quoc te li6n quan den cac trmh chip ve su dung tai nguyen xuyen qu6c gia nhu;
tranh chdp giua Hoa Ky va Mexico nam 1895 khi Hoa Ky sii dung ngu6n nuac song lam anh hudng den khu vuc Rio Grande ciia Mexico, vu Trail Smelter (1939- 1941) - tranh chdp giiia Hoa Ky va Canada, tranh chap ve viec su dung nguon nuoc song Meuse nam 1856 giiia Bi v^ Ha Lan, phan quySt ciia Toa an Cong ly^ quoc te (ICJ) ttong vu Gabcikovo-Nagymaros, ttanh chap Cotfii Channel, ttanh chdp do thii vii khi hat nhan {Nuclear Test) giiia Cfc/ New Zealand va Phap, 1973-1974. Ngoai ra, tap quan nay dugc ghi nhan ttong cac thoa thuan hay van ban qu6c t% mang tinh chdt khuyen nghi. Hoi nghi Lien hop quoc ve Moi truong va con nguai to chiic tai Stockholm vao nam 1972 da danh dau mpt buac ngoat trong viSc phat trien luat moi truang quoc te Trong do, nguy6n tic 21 va 22 ciia Tuyen bo Stockholm, keu goi cac qu6c gia xay dung^luat quoc te v6 b6i thucmg cho cac nan nhan bi 6 nhiem xuyen bien gioi va dam bao rdng viec khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien ciia hp khong gay ra gaj; ra thiet hai cho moi ttuong cua cac nuoc lang gieng. Didu 15 TuySn bo Rio dua ra nguyen tac "trong tnrdng hap co^ nguy ca gdy ra thiet hai nghiem trong hoac khdng the dao ngirac, thiiu su chac chan day du ve khoa hoc se khong duac su di^ng lam ly do tri hoan cdc bien phdp co hiiu qud ve chi phi di ngdn ngira syr thoai hod mdi trudng".
lugng ngoai giao, khdng loai trir kha nang dua van de ra trudc cac hdi nghi qudc te, td chiic qudc te. •
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] CB Bourne, The Primacy ofthe Principle of Equitable Utilisation in the 1997Watercourses Convention, 35 Canadian Yearbook of International Law 215, 1997.
[2] C Blake, Normative Instruments in International Human Rights Law" Locating the General Comment, Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice Working Paper, 2008.
[3] M Falkenmark and C Widstrand, Population and Water Resources: A Delicate Balance, 47 Population Bulletin 1, 1992
[4] TM Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions, Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1995
[5] PH Gleick, Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities- Meeting Basic Needs, 21 Water International 83, 1996
[6] McCaffiey SC, The Law of International Watercourses, 2ndedn Oxford University Press, 2007
[7] A Rieu Clarke, International Law and SustainableDevelopment . Lessons from the Law of International Watercourses (), IWA Publishing, 2005
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"Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International Climate Policy", International Environmental Agreements • Politics. Law and Economics 1, 2002.
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[10] Truong Dai hgc Luat TR H6 Chi Minh, Gido trinh Cdng phdp qudc ti (quyen I), Nxb. Hong Diic - Hoi Luat gia Viet Nam, 2015 [ttans:
Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, Public International Law, Hong Due Publishing House - Vietnamese Lawyers Association, 2015]
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[12] UN, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 15, The Right to Water, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (29th Session, 26 Nov 2002) UN Doc E/C 12/2002/11
